The overall dimensions of trucks are set in accordance with accepted international standards and regulations of individual countries. The regulation is designed primarily to ensure the safety of traffic, the safety of transported goods and environmental standards. The EU has a simplified system of national rules, the purpose of which is to create a level playing field and facilitate the process of transport between member states of the European Union. In the recent past, these rules were also necessary to prevent discrepancies in the size of transported goods, which, after motor transport, are transferred for transportation to the railway.
Council Directive 96/53/EC of 25 July 1996 established standardized dimensions and maximum weights for cross-border goods transport. Their observance is obligatory at least in the territory of the European Union. Each Member State may, in its national legislation (for example, in Germany, these are the rules of the road), may slightly modify the established restrictions.
International Classification of Goods Vehicles (ATS)
|
Gross weight (tons) |
Notes |
||
|
Trucks, special vehicles |
|||
|
Vehicles with an engine designed for the transport of goods |
Over 3.5 to 12.0 |
||
|
Vehicles with an engine designed for the transport of goods |
Trucks, tractors, special vehicles |
||
|
PBX without a driver |
Trailers and semi-trailers |
||
|
PBX without a driver |
Over 0.75 to 3.5 |
Trailers and semi-trailers |
|
|
PBX without a driver |
Over 3.5 to 10.0 |
Trailers and semi-trailers |
|
|
PBX without a driver |
Trailers and semi-trailers |
Currently in Russia transportation of heavy and oversized cargo is regulated by:
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2011 N 272. Appendix 2 does not distinguish between single or dual wheels.
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 9, 2014 No. 12, come into force t Only from January 1, 2015 of the year.
18.75 m
24.0 tons
10.0 tons
11.5 tons
40.0 tons
Permissible truck sizes in Europe
|
dimensions (meter) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Width (standard truck) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Width (refrigerator) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Truck length |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
trailer length |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Length of a saddle train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Road train length |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Length of the three-axle bus |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Articulated bus length |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum weight of trucks in Europe. Truck axle loads in Europe
|
maximum weight for axles (tons) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Non-driving axle |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
drive axle |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
double cart |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
triple cart |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
total weight of single truck (tons) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
2 axle truck |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Three axle truck |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
four-axle truck |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
total trailer weight (tons) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Double axle trailer |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
3 axle trailer |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
total weight of road train (tons) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Three-axle truck train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Four-axle truck train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Five-axle truck train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Six-axle truck train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Four-axle road train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Five-axle road train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Six-axle road train |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Three-axle bus |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Permissible mass of a road train in Russia. Maximum axle load in Russia.
Application №2
to the Rules for the carriage of goods by road (as amended by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 12 dated January 9, 2014)
Permissible axle loads of vehicles
|
Distance between closely spaced axes (meters) |
Permissible axle loads of wheeled vehicles depending on the standard (calculated) axle load (tons) and the number of wheels on the axle |
|||
|
for highways designed for an axle load of 6 tons / axle ( * ) |
for highways designed for an axle load of 10 tons/axle |
for highways designed for an axle load of 11.5 tons/axle |
||
| Single axles | ||||
| Tandem axles of trailers, semi-trailers, trucks, tractors, truck tractors with distance between axles (bogie load, sum of axle masses) |
up to 1 (inclusive) |
|||
|
from 1 to 1.3 (inclusive) |
||||
|
from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive) |
||||
|
from 1.8 and more |
||||
| Triple axles of trailers, semi-trailers, trucks, tractors, truck tractors with distance between axles (bogie load, sum of axle masses) |
up to 1 (inclusive) |
|||
|
up to 1.3 (inclusive) |
||||
|
from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive) |
21 (22,5 ** ) |
|||
|
from 1.8 and more |
||||
| Contiguous axles of trucks, tractors, truck tractors, trailers and semi-trailers with more than three axles at a distance between axles (one axle load) |
up to 1 (inclusive) |
|||
|
from 1 to 1.3 (inclusive) |
||||
|
from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive) |
||||
|
from 1.8 and more |
||||
|
Contiguous axles of vehicles with eight or more wheels on each axle (load per axle) |
up to 1 (inclusive) |
|||
|
from 1 to 1.3 (inclusive) |
||||
|
from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive) |
||||
|
from 1.8 and more |
||||
(*
) In the event that the owner of the highway establishes the appropriate road signs and posts information on the vehicle's axle load permissible for the highway on its official website.
(**
) For vehicles with single wheels equipped with air suspension or equivalent.
Notes:
- Values in parentheses are for dual wheels, outside brackets are for single wheels.
- Axles with single and double wheels, combined in a group of close axles, should be considered as close axles with single wheels, with the exception of a two-axle bogie with a dump axle.
- For tandem and triple axles structurally combined into a common bogie, the permissible axle load is determined by dividing the total bogie load by the corresponding number of axles.
- The permissible axle load for a two-axle bogie with an axle to be discharged is assumed to be equal to the ratio of 60 percent of the allowable load on a two-axle bogie for the driving axle and 40% for the axle to be discharged.
European norms for the toxicity of exhaust gases of diesel engines of trucks
Requirements of the UN General Assembly in terms of emissions of pollutants for heavy trucks equipped with a diesel engine, g/(kWh)
Each truck must be marked in accordance with its standard. Letters of the Latin alphabet are used for designation.
|
Standard (year) |
Carbon monoxide - CO |
Hydrocarbons - HC |
Nitric oxide - N0x |
Smoke |
|
|
Euro 0 (1988) |
|||||
|
Euro 1 (1992) |
|||||
|
Euro 2 (1996) |
|||||
|
Euro 3 (2000) |
|||||
|
Euro 4 (2005) |
|||||
|
Euro 5 (2008) |
|||||
|
Euro 6 (2013) |
A motor vehicle that meets the relevant requirements is identified by a letter placed on the cab or truck bumper:
- U - "Umwelt" ("Nature"), Euro-1 standard,
- E - "Green Lorry" ("Green Truck"). The concept of "Green Lorry" includes the following requirements: emission standards for pollutants EURO-2, noise standards - 78-80 dBA. On such a truck, a certificate of conformity is filled out and a plate U or E is installed
- S - "Supergreen" ("Very green"), Euro-2 standard
- G - Greener and Safe Lorry
- L - "Larmarm Kraftfahzeuge" (low noise tractor) in Austria since December 1, 1989, a truck moving at night (from 22:00 to 5:00) on the territory of Austria must comply with these noise standards.
Since 2001, another definition of a vehicle has been introduced - “EURO-3 safe”, it has been in force since 2002. Such a truck must comply with the EURO-3 standards in terms of emissions, and the usual 78-80 dBA in terms of noise. Then a green sign with a white border and a white number 3 is hung.
For cars that comply with "EURO-4" and "EURO-5" signs are green with a white border and the numbers 4 and 5.
All of the above signs must be confirmed by the manufacturer's certificate and be on board the vehicle.
Amendments to Federal Law No. 248-FZ dated July 13, 2015 regulating the movement of heavy and large vehicles.
In the Federal Law “On Highways and Road Activities in the Russian Federation and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, the concepts of “heavy cargo” and “oversized cargo” are replaced by the concepts of “heavy vehicle” and “oversized vehicle”, respectively.
The federal law introduces a ban on the movement on highways of heavy vehicles and large-sized vehicles carrying goods that are not indivisible, with the exception of large-sized vehicles carrying out movement on the basis of special permits, the dimensions of which are no more than 2 percent higher than the permissible ones.
The federal law improves the procedure for the implementation of procedures related to the issuance of a special permit for the movement on highways of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle, as well as a vehicle transporting dangerous goods.
The right to issue a special permit for the movement of a vehicle transporting dangerous goods on the roads is assigned to the Rostransnadzor of Russia.
It is established that the relevant authorized bodies may issue special permits for the movement of heavy and (or) large vehicles on the roads through their authorized subordinate organizations.
In addition, the Federal Law provides for the possibility of driving on heavy vehicles, the mass of which, with or without cargo and (or) the axle load of which is no more than 2 percent higher than the permissible mass of the vehicle and (or) the permissible axle load, without special permissions.
If the axle load of a heavy vehicle exceeds the permissible axle load of the vehicle by more than 2 percent, but not more than 10 percent, a special permit is issued under a simplified procedure.
The federal law also establishes that a special permit is issued within a period of not more than one day from the date of confirmation of the payment of a fee to compensate for damage caused by a heavy vehicle.
For violation of the established deadlines for coordinating the routes of a heavy-weight vehicle and (or) large-sized vehicle or the period for issuing a special permit, or an unreasonable refusal to coordinate such routes, as well as for violating the rules for the movement of a heavy-weight and (or) large-sized vehicle, the Federal Law provides for administrative liability .
An excursion into the history of the formation of restrictions on the size of trucks
The main regulatory document regarding restrictions on the size of commercial vehicles in Europe is Council Directive 96/53/EC. Sweden and Finland were the first states of the old world to change the permissible length and weight of road trains to 25.25 m and 60 tons. In these countries, the operation of two types of road trains is allowed: formed from a three-axle tractor and a 5-axle trailer, made on the basis of a serial 3-axle semi-trailer with a 2-axle bogie, and semi-trailer road trains (SPA), where a 2-axle trailer is attached to a serial semi-trailer trailer, usually with a central axle.
On domestic roads, road trains of new models appeared quite a long time ago. They run between the cities of Sweden, Finland and St. cars. The situation is similar in the CIS countries. The useful volume of such road trains reaches 160 cubic meters.
The Scandinavian states did not immediately come to the length of road trains of 25.5 meters. At first they managed to allow trucks 24 meters long. There are currently no standards that determine the permissible mass norms for trucks and tractors in the post-Soviet space. The only suitable GOST was canceled more than 25 years ago. According to it, the total weight of a 5-axle saddle or single-trailer road train should not exceed 40 tons, length 20 meters, and with two trailers - 24 meters.
Experts consider the “Agreement on the mass and dimensions of vehicles carrying out interstate transportation on the roads of the CIS member countries”, which entered into force on June 4, 1999, to be contradictory and thoughtless. The maximum permissible mass of a road train under this "agreement" should be 44 tons. Even in North American countries, which have the world's toughest regulations for axle loads and mass combinations, this figure is 48 tons. A similar situation is with a 6-axle saddle train, the mass of which should not exceed 38 tons. At the same time, in the European Union, in accordance with EU Directive No. 96/53, the permissible mass of a road train is 44 tons.
China has the most liberal attitude to the size of trucks. Any restrictions there exist only on paper. According to the documents, regulations similar to EU Directive No. 96/53 / EC are regulated, but there are huge “monsters” on the roads.
In North America, the length of the trailer must not exceed 16.15 m, and the width - 2.6 m. In Europe, similar restrictions are stricter: length - 13.6 m, width - 2.6 m. Due to similar disagreements regarding allowed standards the process of transporting goods in containers becomes more complicated. So 45, 48 and 53 foot containers are not found in Europe at all, although they are widely used in the USA and Canada.
What is an Auto Train?
A road train is considered to be a car with an arbitrary number of trailers or a tractor car.
A feature of such a vehicle is the presence of a towing device. The use of road trains increases the use of the power potential of cars, reduces the cost of transportation, increases productivity, reduces the need for drivers, reduces fuel consumption per 1 ton of transported cargo by increasing the maximum allowable volume of cargo that can be transported at a time by one freight vehicle.
Classification of trucks by purpose
All trucks can be divided into the following popular categories by body type:
- Tents, semi-trailers - the most common type of truck. Used to transport any cargo. Loading of the body is carried out from any side, which greatly simplifies this process. The average lifting capacity varies from 20 to 25 tons;
- Refrigerators, semi-trailers are semi-trailers that are equipped with refrigeration units necessary for the transport of perishable products. Temperature in the refrigerator: from +25 to -25. The average carrying capacity of these types of trucks is 12-20 tons;
- Automatic coupler is a car and a trailer to it. They are very convenient in terms of loading / unloading. They can carry almost any cargo, except for long ones, as well as those requiring special conditions. Capacity: from 16 to 25 tons;
- jumbo These are high capacity trailers. The floor of the trailer is made in the form of the letter "G", and the diameter of the wheels is also reduced, due to which additional space is achieved. The average carrying capacity of such trailers is up to 20 tons;
- Container ship- a vehicle used to transport containers;
- tank truck- a vehicle used for the transportation of liquid and bulk cargo;
- car transporter- a vehicle used to transport cars;
- grain carrier- a vehicle used to transport grain;
- dump truck- a vehicle used for the transport of bulk cargo.
Terms used in transport documents
- "Freight car"- a vehicle equipped with a mechanical drive. Operated for the transportation of goods by road;
- "Vehicle"- a device on which cargo or passengers are installed for their transportation by road;
- "Road Train"- a combined vehicle consisting of a truck and a trailer (trailer road train), a tractor and a semi-trailer (saddle road train);
- "Tractor"- a vehicle equipped with its own engine and designed exclusively or primarily for the towing of a trailer or semi-trailer;
- "combined vehicle"- a combination of a car and a trailer (semi-trailer);
- "Full Trailer" drawbar trailer - a towed vehicle having at least two axles, of which at least one axle is steerable and, in addition:
- equipped with a towing device (drawbar), which has the ability to move vertically with respect to the tractor;
- not transferring any significant vertical load to the tractor (not more than 100 daN).
When a semi-trailer is coupled to a semi-trailer base bogie, it is considered a full trailer; - "Semitrailer"- a towed vehicle that is designed to be connected to a truck tractor (or semi-trailer base truck) and transmits a significant vertical load to the tractor hitch (or semi-trailer base truck);
- "Semi-trailer trolley"- A trailer with a central axle equipped with a fifth wheel coupling.
- "Maximum vehicle length"- the length of the vehicle, which does not exceed the established allowable values (for each country);
- "Maximum Vehicle Width"- the width of the vehicle, which does not exceed the established allowable values (for each country);
- "Maximum Vehicle Height"- the height of the vehicle, which does not exceed the established allowable values (for each country);
- "Maximum Vehicle Weight"- the mass of the vehicle with or without cargo, which does not exceed the established allowable values (for each country);
- "Maximum axle weight"- mass transmitted through the axle of the vehicle to the surface of the road, which does not exceed the established allowable values (for each country);
- "Weight of the vehicle in running order"- the mass of an empty vehicle with a body and a coupling device in the case of a tractor bus, or the mass of a chassis with a cab, if the manufacturer does not install a body, and / or a coupling device. This mass includes the masses of coolant, oils, at least 90% fuel, 100% other liquids (excluding used water), tools, driver (75 kg), and spare wheel.
- "Technically permissible maximum vehicle weight"- the maximum mass of the vehicle, due to its design and specified characteristics, established by the vehicle manufacturer.
- "Indivisible cargo"- cargo that cannot be divided during transportation due to the risk of damage or large expenditures of time and money;
- "Air Suspension"- a suspension system in which the shock-absorbing element is air, providing at least 75% of the shock-absorbing effect;
Freight forwarder or carrier? Three secrets and international cargo transportation
Forwarder or carrier: which one to choose? If the carrier is good and the forwarder is bad, then the first one. If the carrier is bad, and the forwarder is good, then the second one. Such a choice is simple. But how to decide when both applicants are good? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The problem is that these options are not equal.
Scary stories of international transportation
BETWEEN THE HAMMER AND THE ANVIL.
It is not easy to live between a transportation customer and a very cunningly economical cargo owner. One day we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional conditions for two sheets, the collection is called .... Loading on Wednesday. The car is already in place on Tuesday, and by lunchtime the next day, the warehouse begins to slowly throw into the trailer everything that your forwarder has collected for his customers-recipients.
ENCHANTED PLACE - PTO KOZLOVICHI.
According to legends and experience, everyone who transported goods from Europe by road knows what a terrible place is the PTO Kozlovichi, Brest customs. What chaos the Belarusian customs officers are doing, they find fault in every possible way and tear at exorbitant prices. And it is true. But not all...
HOW UNDER THE NEW YEAR WE CARRIED DRY MILK.
Groupage loading at a consolidation warehouse in Germany. One of the cargoes is powdered milk from Italy, the delivery of which was ordered by the Forwarder .... A classic example of the work of the forwarder-"transmitter" (he does not delve into anything, he only passes along the chain).
Documents for international transport
International road transport of goods is very organized and bureaucratic, as a result - for the implementation of international road transport of goods, a lot of unified documents are used. It doesn’t matter if it’s a customs carrier or an ordinary one – he won’t go without documents. Although it is not very exciting, we have tried to make it easier to state the purpose of these documents and the meaning that they have. They gave an example of filling in TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, Invoice, Packing List...
Calculation of axle load for trucking
Purpose - to study the possibility of redistributing loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer when changing the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer. And the application of this knowledge in practice.
In the system we are considering, there are 3 objects: a tractor $(T)$, a semi-trailer $(\large ((p.p.)))$ and a load $(\large (gr))$. All variables related to each of these objects will be superscripted $T$, $(\large (p.p.))$ and $(\large (gr))$ respectively. For example, the unladen weight of a tractor would be denoted as $m^(T)$.
Why don't you eat mushrooms? Customs exhaled sadness.
What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation has already banned the issuance of TIR Carnets without additional guarantees in several federal districts. And she notified that from December 1 of this year she would completely break the contract with the IRU as inappropriate for the requirements of the Customs Union and put forward non-childish financial claims.
IRU responded: “The explanations of the Russian Federal Customs Service regarding the alleged debt of ASMAP in the amount of 20 billion rubles are a complete fabrication, since all the old TIR claims have been fully settled ..... What do we, simple carriers, think?
Stowage Factor Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation
The calculation of the cost of transportation depends on the weight and volume of the cargo. For maritime transport, volume is most often decisive, for air transport it is weight. For road transport of goods, a complex indicator plays an important role. Which parameter for calculations will be chosen in a particular case depends on specific weight of cargo (Stowage Factor) .
Transportation by road today is, perhaps, the most demanded in the segment of cargo transportation. Reasons: comparative accessibility and prevalence of road infrastructure compared to rail lines or air links. Long-distance road transport is carried out both within the same state and between neighboring countries that have common land borders. In order for a vehicle to be able to freely follow the highways of any state without violating traffic rules, the permissible cargo dimensions for road transport are agreed and established at the international level.
Uniform general norms of transportation
Uniform weight and size norms are fixed in mutual agreements of international organizations, duplicated and specified by the legislation of individual countries. Such a complex regulation has its goals:
- creation of unified conditions for road transportation;
- ensuring road safety in all its sections;
- guaranteeing the safety of goods and the timeliness of delivery.
Maximum automotive standards in Europe
The maximum allowable dimensions and weight of cargo for through and closed road transport are regulated by both national legislation and international multilateral agreements - conventions and directives. The requirements for such parameters are set rigidly and unambiguously, since, as stated in EU Directive No. 96/53, “differences between the current standards regarding the weight and dimensions of commercial vehicles can have a negative effect on competition and act as an obstacle to transport between Member States of the European Union. Union".
Exact information on the maximum weight and dimensions of vehicles adopted in the countries of the European Community is given in the annexes to the directive:
Rationing of cargo vehicles in the Russian Federation
As for the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 257 “On Automobile Roads and Road Activities” is in force here, as well as Government Decree No. No. 272. Paragraph 2 of this by-law states that the carriage of goods by road in international traffic through the territory of Russia is carried out in accordance with international treaties and Russian laws. Of greatest interest are the 1st and 3rd annexes concerning the permitted mass and maximum dimensions of the cargo.
Thus, Annex 1 establishes the permissible masses depending on the type of vehicle, the combination of loading platforms and the number of axles. In the table below, the weight limits are given in tons:
Appendix 3 is dedicated to the size limits:
It follows that the heaviest and largest truck that is allowed to roll out onto domestic roads, in any case, should not weigh more than 44 tons and have a length of more than 20, and a height of more than 4 meters. Otherwise, there is an oversized cargo.
Features of transportation of oversized cargo
Oversized cargo is such cargo, the weight and size characteristics of which are beyond the permitted. Transportation of goods exceeding the established dimensions is, in principle, permissible, but must be carried out in compliance with a number of special conditions provided for in paragraph 23 of the Rules of the Road of the Russian Federation. So, if the load protrudes from the back by more than 1 meter, and from the side by more than 40 cm, it is marked with identification marks "Oversized cargo", as well as lights and reflectors in white (front) and red (rear) colors.
The movement of oversized cargo protruding from the rear by more than 2 meters and exceeding 4 meters in height, as well as road trains, is carried out according to special rules established by government regulations and order of the Ministry of Transport of 2012 No. 258:
- the route of movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized transporter is agreed in advance;
- special permits for the transportation of oversized items on federal public highways are issued by an authorized body, namely the Federal Highway Agency;
- movement along the route is carried out accompanied by patrol cars of the traffic police or military traffic police;
- if, after passing the oversized gauge, the roadbed or other elements of the road infrastructure were damaged, the owner of the vehicle is obliged to compensate for the damage caused.
Exceeding the weight and dimensions when transporting goods while ignoring specially established rules is a violation of traffic rules and entails administrative liability.
Responsibility for violation of weight and size requirements
For violation of the requirements of traffic rules established by Russian law for the dimensions of the transported cargo, legal liability is provided, in particular, administrative. Violators are subject to administrative sanctions. Which? Fine or deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle for a certain period. For a detailed acquaintance with the size of administrative penalties for transported oversized cargo, see Article 12.21.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. It should be borne in mind that when an administrative case is initiated, an oversized transporter automatically enters the arrest site along with the goods being transported. And the delay causes additional expenses.
conclusions
From a comparative analysis of the requirements for the dimensions and weight of transported goods, it can be seen that, in general, for the European Community and the Russian Federation, these parameters coincide. The mass of a saddle or trailer road train with 6 or more axles cannot exceed 40 tons for Europe and 44 tons for Russia. The maximum height for all types of transport, both with us and with them, is 4 m. The maximum width is 2.55 meters, for refrigerators - 2.6. Truck standards are the same for most countries, which is quite reasonable given the purpose of such regulation.
FEDERAL ROAD SERVICE
RUSSIA
VEHICLE,
PUBLIC ROADS
Moscow, 1999
FEDERAL ROAD SERVICE OF RUSSIA
(FDS of Russia)
ORDER
Moscow city
On approval of the norms "Maximum weights and dimensions of vehicles operated on public roads"
In order to ensure traffic safety, reliability and safety of public roads and road structures, taking into account their bearing capacity and carrying capacity I ORDER: one . Approve the attached norms "Maximum weights and dimensions of vehicles operated on public roads", agreed with the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2. The Department for ensuring the safety of roads of the FDS of Russia (Sorokin S.F.) together with the Legal Department of the FDS of Russia (Enikeev Sh.S.) to coordinate in the prescribed manner with the interested ministries and departments and submit until June 1, 1999 for approval to the leadership of the FDS of Russia "Rules passage of heavy and (or) oversized vehicles on public roads” and “Instructions on the procedure for compensating for damage caused by heavy vehicles when driving on public roads”. 3 . To impose control over the execution of this order on the deputy head of the FDS of Russia Urmanov I.A. Head V.G. Artyukhov
FEDERAL ROAD SERVICE
RUSSIA
MAXIMUM WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS
VEHICLE,
OPERATING ON VEHICLES
PUBLIC ROADS
Moscow, 1999
one . General provisions
1.1. The provisions set forth in these standards relate to the mass and dimensions of vehicles permitted for use in the Russian Federation on public roads, established based on the requirements for ensuring road safety, reliability and safety of roads and road structures, taking into account their bearing capacity and load capacity. The following restrictions on the weight and dimensions of vehicles do not apply to the production of vehicles, the requirements for which are established by other standards and norms. 1.2. Vehicles or parts thereof that form part of combined vehicles, the dimensions, as well as the total mass and axle load of which do not exceed the values established by sections 3, 4 and 5 of these standards, are allowed to travel on federal and territorial public roads. For other highways designed and built for loads less than those specified in sections 3, 4 and 5, the owners of roads may set other (lower) maximum values for the mass of vehicles, for federal highways - by the Federal Road Service of Russia, for territorial roads roads - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, for municipal highways - by local governments. Decisions to reduce the dimensions and weights of vehicles listed below are based on the results of a road survey and may be permanent or temporary. At the same time, the body that made such a decision is obliged, in accordance with the established procedure, to install appropriate traffic signs on the highway or its section, where additional restrictions on the mass and size of vehicles are introduced and inform road users about this. 1.3. A vehicle and its part forming a combined vehicle, the mass and/or axle load of which and/or the size of which exceed the maximum values established by these standards, may travel on roads only if there are special permits issued in the prescribed manner by the competent authorities. The movement of such vehicles on roads is carried out in accordance with the "Instructions for the transportation of bulky and heavy goods by road on the roads of the Russian Federation", approved by the Ministry of Transport of Russia 27. 05.96 1.4. In addition to the limit values of the total mass and axle loads established by these requirements, the mass of the transported cargo and the distribution of the load along the axles must not exceed the values \u200b\u200bestablished by the manufacturer for a particular vehicle. 1.5. For the purposes of these standards, the following concepts and definitions are used: Vehicle - a device designed for the carriage of goods and passengers on roads; Truck - a vehicle designed and built exclusively or primarily for the carriage of goods; Tractor - a vehicle designed and built exclusively or primarily for towing a trailer or semi-trailer; Trailer - a vehicle intended for the carriage of goods by towing by a tractor or truck; Semi-trailer - specially equipped for the carriage of goods, designed to be connected to a tractor in such a way that a part of this vehicle is located directly on the tractor and transfers a significant proportion of its weight to it; Road train - a combined vehicle consisting of a truck and a trailer; Articulated vehicle - a combined vehicle consisting of a tractor, articulated with a semi-trailer; Bus - a vehicle designed to carry passengers and their luggage, with more than nine seats, including a driver's seat; Articulated bus- a bus consisting of two or more rigid sections connected to each other and having a passenger compartment in each section, allowing passengers to move freely from one compartment to another; Combined vehicle- combination of a truck, consisting of a truck connected to a semi-trailer; The maximum length, width and height of the vehicle - length, width and height of the vehicle with or without cargo, not exceeding the values specified in section 3 of these standards; Maximum linear parameters of the vehicle - linear parameters not exceeding the values specified in section 3 of these standards; Maximum vehicle weight- the mass of the vehicle with or without cargo, which does not exceed the values specified in section 4 of these standards; - mass transmitted through the axle of the vehicle to the surface of the road, not exceeding the standard value; Indivisible cargo- cargo which, when transported by road, cannot be divided into two or more parts without undue cost or risk of deterioration and which, when loaded onto a vehicle, would exceed its maximum dimensions and mass; Air suspension- a suspension system in which the damping element is air; Cart- two or more axles having a common suspension to the vehicle; single axle- an axle of a vehicle located at a distance of more than 1.8 m from the nearest axle of this vehicle; close axes- axes (two or more) of the vehicle, located at a distance between them of less than 1.8 m.2. Measuring the mass and dimensions of vehicles
2.1. Vehicle length is measured in accordance with ISO 612-1978 paragraph 6.1. However, when measuring length in accordance with the provisions of this standard, the following devices mounted on the vehicle are not taken into account: glass cleaner and mudguards; front and side marking plates; devices for sealing and protective devices for them; devices for fixing tarpaulins and protective devices for them; electrical lighting equipment; rear view mirrors; devices for viewing the space behind the car; air tubes; length of valves and connectors for connection to trailers or swap bodies; steps for access to the body; lift for a note tire; lifting platforms, access steps and similar equipment not exceeding 200 mm in working position and designed in such a way that they cannot increase the vehicle's load limit; coupling devices for towing vehicles or trailers. 2.2. Vehicle height is measured in accordance with ISO 612-1978 paragraph 6.3. Moreover, when measuring the height, taking into account the provisions of this standard, the following devices mounted on the vehicle should not be taken into account: antennas; pantograph in raised position. For vehicles equipped with an axle lifting device, the effect of this device is taken into account. 2.3. Vehicle width is measured in accordance with ISO 612-1978 paragraph 6.2. When measuring the width of a vehicle, taking into account the provisions of this standard, the following devices mounted on a vehicle should not be taken into account: devices for seals and seals and protective devices for them; devices for fixing tarpaulins and protective devices for them; devices for identifying damage to tires ; protruding flexible parts of mudguards; lighting equipment; steps in working position, suspended platforms and similar equipment which, in working position, do not exceed 10 mm on each side of the vehicle and facing forward or backward, the corners of which are rounded with a radius of at least 5 mm, and the edges of which are rounded with a radius of at least 2 .5 mm; rearview mirrors; tire pressure indicators; retractable or retractable steps; the curved portion of a tire's surface that extends beyond its point of contact with the ground. 2.4. Axle mass of a vehicle is measured with a dynamic vertical load transmitted through a single axle to the road surface from a loaded vehicle. The measurement is carried out by special automobile scales that have passed certification in the prescribed manner. The axle weight of a bogie located on one suspension, taking into account the design of the vehicle, is determined as the sum of the measurements of the mass of each of the axles included in the bogie. 2.5. The total mass of a vehicle or part thereof forming part of a combined vehicle is determined as the sum of the measured masses of all axles of the vehicle or part thereof.3 . Maximum dimensions and other parameters of vehicles
The maximum dimensions of vehicles, taking into account the dimensions of swap bodies and containers for cargo, including containers, must not exceed the values given below. 3.1. Maximum length: truck - 12.00 m trailer - 12.00 m articulated vehicle - 16.5 m articulated bus - 18.00 m road train - 20.00 m 3.2. Maximum width: all vehicles - 2.50 m 3.3 . Maximum height - 4.00 m 3.4 . The maximum distance between the locking axle of the coupling device and the rear part of the semi-trailer must not exceed 12.00 m. 3.5. The maximum distance measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the road train from the outer front point of the body or platform for placing the load behind the cab to the rear outer point of the trailer, minus the distance between the rear of the tractor and the front of the trailer, must not exceed 15.65 m. 3.6. The maximum distance, measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the road train, from the outer front point of the body or platform for placing cargo behind the cab to the rear outer point of the semi-trailer must not exceed 16.40 m. 3.7. The load installed in the body of the vehicle must not protrude beyond the rear outer point of the vehicle or trailer by more than 2.00 m. 3.8. The distance between the rear axle of the truck and the front axle of the trailer must be at least 3.00 m. 3.9. The horizontally measured distance between the pivot point of the semi-trailer and any point of the front part of the semi-trailer shall not exceed 2.04 m. 3.10. Any vehicle, when moving, must be able to turn within the space limited by an outer radius of 12.50 m and an inner radius of 5.30 m. 3.11. The maximum distance between the locking pin of the hitch and the rear of the combination vehicle must not exceed 12.00 m.four . Regulatory total mass of vehicles*
* Regulatory total masses of vehicles must not be exceeded by more than 20%.Table 4.1
|
Vehicle type |
Regulatory total weight of the vehicle, t |
|
| Trucks a) two-axle vehicle | ||
| b) three-axle car | ||
| d) a four-axle vehicle with two driving axles, each of which consists of two pairs of wheels and has an air or equivalent suspension | ||
| Vehicles forming part of a combination vehicle (a) Two-axle trailer | ||
| b) three-axle trailer | ||
| Combined vehicles Articulated vehicles | ||
| a) a two-axle tractor with a two-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 11.2 m or more | ||
| b) a two-axle tractor with a three-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 12.1 m or more | ||
| c) a three-axle tractor with a two-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 11.7 m or more | ||
| d) a three-axle tractor with a three-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 12.1 or more | ||
| e) a vehicle consisting of an 18-ton truck and a 20-ton semi-trailer if the vehicle has a drive axle consisting of twin wheels and is equipped with air or equivalent suspension with a total wheelbase of 13.3 m or more | ||
| Road trains a) a two-axle truck with a two-axle trailer with a total base of 12.1 m or more | ||
| b) a two-axle truck with a three-axle trailer with a total base of 14.6 m or more | ||
| c) a two-axle truck with a four-axle trailer with a total base of 16.5 m or more | ||
| d) a three-axle truck with a two-axle trailer with a total base of 14.6 m or more | ||
| e) a three-axle truck with a three-axle trailer with a total base of 15.9 m or more | ||
| f) a three-axle truck with a four-axle trailer with a total base of 18 m or more | ||
| Buses a) two-axle bus | ||
| b) three-axle bus | ||
| c) three-axle articulated bus | ||
| d) four-axle articulated bus | ||
5 . Regulatory axial loads of vehicles
Table 5.1.
Regulatory axial loads of vehicles *
* Axle loads of motor vehicles should not exceed the normative axle loads by more than 40%.
|
Vehicle axle types |
Estimated axial load for which the pavement is designed, tf |
|||
|
gable |
lean-to |
|||
| Single axles | ||||
| Twin axles of trailers, semi-trailers, drive axles of trucks and buses with distances between axles: | ||||
| d) equal to or more than 1.8 m | ||||
| Triple axles of trailers and semi-trailers with distances between axles: | ||||
| a) more than 0.5 m, but less than 1.0 m | ||||
| b) equal to or more than 1.0 m, but less than 1.3 m | ||||
| c) equal to or more than 1.3 m, but less than 1.8 m | ||||
| d) equal to or more than 1.8 m | ||||
| - the same, when mounted on an air suspension or equivalent | ||||
| 1. General Provisions. 2 2. Measurement of the mass and dimensions of vehicles. 3 3. Maximum dimensions and other parameters of vehicles. 4 4. Regulatory total mass of vehicles. 5 5. Regulatory axial loads of vehicles. 6 |
Today, one of the most demanded segments of cargo transportation is automobile. There are many reasons for this - availability, low cost and high speed of delivery.
Dear readers! The article talks about typical ways to solve legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve exactly your problem- contact a consultant:
APPLICATIONS AND CALLS ARE ACCEPTED 24/7 and 7 days a week.
It's fast and IS FREE!
It is also possible to transport oversized cargo with this type of transport - but you need to remember some restrictions both in width and height.
Who sets the allowable dimensions
Today, rather stringent restrictions are being established on the amount of goods transported through the territory of both the Russian Federation and other countries.
It should be remembered: for violations of the dimensional rules, quite a serious responsibility is due.
And not just a fine is imposed, but the vehicle is placed in a special penalty parking lot along with the cargo. Which consequently leads to a significant delay in time.
Today, the maximum allowable cargo dimensions are set:
- special bodies within the country;
- various international standards.
The Russian Federation, along with many different other states, is a member of various trade associations.
Today in the Russian Federation, the State Duma and the Council of Federations are engaged in the formation of laws regulating the type of moment in question. It is these legislatures that develop federal laws.
The fundamental legal document on the basis of which various kinds of standards are established is
It is in accordance with this legislative act, the standards established by it, that it is necessary to place oversized cargo on the platform. There are a fairly large number of features associated with the measurement of the overall dimensions of the cargo.
Abroad, specialized state bodies are engaged in establishing the maximum allowable overall dimensions. This applies today to almost all countries without exception.
Including Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan. At the same time, the EU has a single body that forms specialized legislative norms, the effect of which extends to the territory of all countries included in it.
Therefore, if there is a need to transport oversized cargo through the territory of other countries, it is necessary to take into account the legislation in force in their territory.
Otherwise, there will be serious delays and other problems when traveling through these countries. There are a large number of different nuances, features.
Restrictions
A very large number of various transport companies operate on the territory of the Russian Federation and other countries. All of them offer an extensive list of various services for the transport of goods.
And it is on the shoulders of their logisticians that the problem of laying the route for moving a particular cargo falls. At the same time, the transportation customer himself should still familiarize himself with the standards, permissible overall dimensions of the transported goods.
At the moment, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the permissible overall dimensions in the following countries:
- Russian Federation;
- Belarus;
- Kazakhstan;
- Ukraine;
Most often, it is through the territory of these countries that various types of goods are transported, which for some reason do not fit into the dimensions established by law.
In Russia
At the moment, the following permissible overall dimensions of cargo transported on public roads are established in the territory of the Russian Federation:
It is important to consider: it is allowed to exceed the height established by law by a value of 4 meters. But at the same time, certain rules must be observed without fail.
Mandatory measures include:
- application of special color graphic designations directly on the car body, cargo boundaries;
- the use of special escort vehicles (the number depends on several individual parameters).
In Belarus
In accordance with the agreement of the CIS countries, in Belarus there are standards regarding the height of the cargo and its other overall dimensions similar to those in Russia.
The following standards are currently in place:
- maximum length:
- maximum width:
- the maximum allowable height is no more than 4 m.
It is also possible to transport all kinds of oversized cargo. But again - you should remember the need to comply with certain rules, standards.
It will be necessary to apply special designations to the cargo, vehicle. You will need an escort vehicle.
In Kazakhstan
For the transportation of goods through the territory of Kazakhstan, it is required to comply with the same overall standards that are used directly on the territory of the Russian Federation.
The maximum allowable height of the load is 4 meters, together with the height of the platform on which it is located.
The situation is similar with other overall parameters of the transported cargo (width, length). Similar standards apply for the mass of vehicles.
In Ukraine
When transporting goods through the territory of the country of Ukraine, it will be necessary to comply with the following standards regarding overall dimensions:
Separate standards exist for the transport of heavy goods. The situation is similar with oversized cargo transportation.
If possible, it will be necessary to familiarize yourself with all of them in advance. In this way, a large number of various troubles can be avoided.
EU
On the territory of the EU, the standards for the dimensions transported by cargo differ from those adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation, but not significantly.
It must be remembered that in all EU countries there are uniform standards regarding this moment. But within some individual subjects, their violation is possible to a greater extent.
If necessary, through the EU, it will be necessary to familiarize yourself with all standards.
They look like this:
| Size/Country name | Height, m | Width, m | Length, m |
| A | 4 | 2.55 | 12 |
| B | 4 | 2.5 | 12 |
| bg | 4 | 2.5 | 12 |
| Ch | 4 | 2.5 | 12 |
| D | 4 | 2.55 | 12 |
| Dk | 4 | 2.55 | 12 |
| E | 4 | 2.55 | 12 |
| Eg | 4 | 2.5 | 12 |
| F | 4 | 2.55 | 12 |
The cost depends primarily on the weight of the cargo and its dimensions. If the dimensions fit within the limits established by law, then usually the cost is relatively small.
If the cargo is oversized, then in some cases the cost of its transportation (especially within the EU countries) increases significantly.
What is fraught with violations of the height of the cargo during road transport
The issue of fines for the transportation of goods in violation of the established overall dimensions is reflected in the maximum detail in the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. There is a separate article for each individual violation.
Today, the most significant, which you need to familiarize yourself with in advance, are the following:
- part 1 - carrying out transportation of bulky cargo without an appropriate permit, license:
- transportation of goods exceeding the dimensions by more than 10 cm is carried out:
- provides for violations not covered in parts 1 and 2 of this article, involves a fine:
If there is a repeated violation of existing standards and regulations, then much more serious penalties may be imposed. Up to a ban on conducting a certain type of activity.
How to transport exceeding the maximum height
To carry out the transportation of cargo exceeding the maximum height, it will be necessary to comply with certain rules established by law.
The most significant include the following:
- it is necessary to have a special permit to carry out transportation of this kind;
- a special route must be developed and approved by a special department - the driver is forbidden to deviate from it;
- it is obligatory to have special signs on the borders of the cargo that protrude beyond certain dimensions;
- 1 or more escort vehicles are required.
Also, the cargo itself, the order of its placement on the platform must meet certain specific requirements:
- do not close the view of the road to the driver;
- not create any other interference when driving;
- not create obstacles for other road users;
- do not pollute the environment (noise, dust, etc. are not allowed).
