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“We cannot revive or build Russia on either racial or party hatred... We must cleanse ourselves of these destructive forces and extinguish, eradicate in ourselves this spirit of civil wars that threaten us” I. Ilyin

Lesson plan 1. The concept of the Civil War and periodization. 2. Causes of the Civil War. 3. The beginning of the Civil War. 4.White movement. 5.Creation of the Red Army. 6.The course of the Civil War. 7. Reasons for the defeat of the white movement. 8. Results of the Civil War.

The concept of the Civil War What is the Civil War? A period of acute class clashes. A method of resolving contradictions between the parties with the help of armed forces. Confrontation of class and social groups.

Periodization of the Civil War Different approaches to periodization February 1917 – October 1922 Spring 1918 – Autumn 1920 October 1917 – October 1922: October 1917 – Spring 1918 – “soft Civil War” Spring – Summer 1918 – the beginning of the “front” stage of the Civil War December 1918 – June 1919 – confrontation between the regular Red and White armies. "Year of the Whites" The second half of 1919 - Autumn 1920 - the period of military defeat of the white armies. The end of 1920 – 1922 – the period of the “small Civil War”

Causes of the Civil War The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk offended the patriotic feelings of officers and intelligentsia Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks The desire of the landowners and bourgeoisie to preserve their property Bolshevik policy in the countryside: the creation of committees of the poor, surplus appropriation.

The beginning of the Civil War In the spring of 1918, dissatisfaction with the Bolshevik policies became widespread. Intervention has become a reality - the violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state. Germany occupied Ukraine, troops of the Entente countries landed in Arkhangelsk. The economy was falling into chaos. Repressions against the opposition and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk provided massive social support to opponents of the Bolsheviks. British troops in Arkhangelsk

Beginning of the Civil War May 1918 - mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps, stationed in Siberia and the Urals. By the end of the summer of 1918, a significant part of the territories of Russia came under the rule of anti-Bolshevik governments: in Samara - KOMUCH, in Yekaterinburg - the Ural Regional Government, in Tomsk - the Provisional Siberian Government. September 1918, a unified government of “democratic counter-revolution” - the Ufa Directory - was created in Ufa. Czechoslovakian train in Siberia.

White movement On the Don, Ataman Kaledin declared his disobedience to the Bolsheviks. In December 1917, the formation of the Volunteer Army began here from officers. It was headed by Gen. M. Alekseev. Participants in the movement wanted to revive the former power of the empire and set the task of fighting all socialist parties. The population reacted favorably to the Soviets. Kaledin was forced to shoot himself. Soon Alekseev died and was replaced by General L. Kornilov. General M. Alekseev General L. Kornilov

White movement In the spring of 1918, under the influence of rumors about the forced redistribution of land on the Don, anti-Soviet protests began to arise. When German troops appeared on the Don, the Cossack elite entered into an agreement with them. Here the Don Army was formed, led by General Krasnov. The Soviets formed the Southern Front and stopped the Cossack advance in December. Soon all the White Guards came under the banner of Denikin. General P. Krasnov

White movement Kornilov died in April 1918 during an unsuccessful assault on the capital of the Kuban, Ekaterinodar. And General A. Denikin became commander-in-chief. In the Southern Urals, resistance to the Bolsheviks was led by Ataman A. Dutov, and in Transbaikalia by Ataman G. Semenov. The first anti-Bolshevik protests were spontaneous and scattered. But gradually two centers of struggle emerged - in Siberia, where wealthy peasants predominated, dissatisfied with the activities of the Podkom, and in the south with its Cossack population, accustomed to freemen. Volunteer Army.

Creation of the Red Army Lenin believed that the army should be replaced by the general arming of the people. But the fight against counter-revolution forced him to reconsider his approach. By decrees of January 15 and 29, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and the Red Navy were created on a voluntary basis. But in conditions of a protracted war, there were not particularly large numbers of volunteers. Therefore, on May 30, universal conscription was introduced. People's Commissar for Military Affairs N. Krylenko

Creation of the Red Army This made it possible by 1920 to increase the number of troops to 5 million people. Courses were organized to train commanders, and in March 1918 a decree was issued to recruit “bourgeois specialists” into the army. To control them, the positions of commissars were introduced. In September 1918, a unified army command structure was formed. At the head of the fronts was a revolutionary military council consisting of a commander and 2 commissars. They were subordinate to the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, headed by L. Trotsky. L. Trotsky among the members of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front.

Progress of the Civil War 1. The fight against Kolchak in 1919 On November 28, 1918, Kolchak announced the introduction of sole power to fight the Bolsheviks. After the victory, he planned to convene a National Assembly. In the spring of 1919, 400 thousand. the army launched an offensive and approached the Volga. Kolchak’s plans included the capture of Moscow with the help of Denikin’s army. But in April, the Eastern Front under the command of M. Frunze defeated the Kolchakites near Samara and Ufa. In July, Yekaterinburg was liberated. In November, Omsk, the capital of Kolchak, fell. A. V. Kolchak

Progress of the Civil War 1. The fight against Kolchak in 1919 Under the blows of the Red Army, the White Guards retreated to Irkutsk. On December 24, an anti-Kolchak uprising broke out here, the Czechoslovak corps declared neutrality, and in early January 1920 they arrested Kolchak and handed him over to the leaders of the uprising. Kolchak was shot. The Red Army's offensive soon stopped. On April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic was proclaimed in Verkhneudinsk - a “buffer state” headed by the Bolsheviks. Siberian partisans

Progress of the Civil War 2. Defeat of the army of N. Yudenich In the spring of 1919, the Russian political committee in Finland, headed by general. N. Yudenich formed an army on its territory and in May launched an attack on Petrograd. The front between Narva and Lake Peipsi was broken through. On June 13, a rebellion began in a number of Petrograd forts. The Bolsheviks, relying on Baltic sailors and units of the Red Army, suppressed the rebellion and went on the offensive. At the beginning of 1920, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk were liberated. The Russian north became Soviet again. N.N. Yudenich

Progress of the Civil War 3. Liquidation of the Volunteer Army In May-June 1919, Denikin’s offensive began in the south. The White Guards occupied Donbass, Belgorod, Tsaritsyn and announced the start of a campaign against Moscow. The Bolsheviks mobilized and launched a counteroffensive in October. The First Cavalry Army under the command of S. Budyonny cut the White Guards into 2 parts - Caucasian and Crimean. At the beginning of 1920, the Volunteer Army ceased to exist. Before being sent to the Southern Front

The remnants of the Volunteer Army moved to Crimea. Wrangel, trying to gain social support, issued on May 25 the “Law on Land”, which transferred it to those who worked on it. Local power passed to the volost zemstvos. Cossack self-government was restored, and workers were promised protection of their rights. But time was lost. After Wrangel’s first successes, the Bolsheviks began transferring a significant part of the Red Army to the South. Progress of the Civil War 3. Liquidation of the Volunteer Army First Cavalry Army.

In April 1920, J. Pilsudski gave the order to attack Kyiv. On May 7, the city was taken, but the population perceived the Poles as occupiers. Units of the Western and Southern Fronts under the command of M. Tukhachevsky were thrown against them. On June 12, Kyiv was liberated and soon the Red Army crossed the border, but was defeated. On October 12, peace was signed in Riga. The Poles received Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Progress of the Civil War 4. War with Poland. The defeat of P. Wrangel. Jozef Pilsudski.

Units of the Red Army were transferred to the south and began an assault on the Perekop Isthmus, but they failed to immediately capture the powerful fortifications. On November 8, one of the detachments crossed the Sivash and struck the White Guards in the rear. Soon the fortifications on Perekop and Chongar passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks. The remnants of the White Guards rushed to Sevastopol in the hope of fleeing abroad, but the blow inflicted by Frunze eliminated the remnants of the Volunteer Army. Progress of the Civil War 4. War with Poland. The defeat of P. Wrangel. M. Samsonov. Crossing Sivash.

The leaders of the White movement were unable to offer the people an attractive program. They restored previous laws, returned land and enterprises to their former owners, and supported the idea of ​​​​restoring the monarchy. Residents of the national outskirts could not accept the slogan “United and indivisible Russia.” Reasons for the defeat of the white movement. The White generals refused to cooperate with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries and split the anti-Bolshevik front. They have stained themselves by collaborating with the interventionists. They failed to achieve unity in their ranks. Defeat of the white armies in the south.

Results of the Civil War By 1921, the population of Russia compared to the fall of 1917. decreased by more than 10 million people; industrial production decreased by 7 times; transport was in complete disrepair; coal and oil production was at the level of the late 19th century; the area under cultivation has sharply decreased; gross agricultural output was 67% of the pre-war level. The people were exhausted. There were not enough clothes, shoes, and medicines. In the spring and summer of 1921. A terrible famine broke out in the Volga region, more than 5 million people died. In February 1921, 64 factories shut down. The workers found themselves on the street. Child homelessness has increased sharply. Many representatives of the officers, Cossacks, and bourgeoisie were forced to leave the country. About 2 million people immigrated by the end of the war. By the end of the war, a command-administrative economic system had been established. The war left a bloody mark on people’s souls; many were never able to get used to peaceful life.

Slide 2

Civil war is a form of armed struggle for power within the country between various political and social groups. Intervention is the intervention of foreign states in the affairs of another country. Periodization of the Civil War The civil war does not have a clear chronological framework! Stage I – October 1917 – May 1918. Stage II – May-November 1918 Stage III – November 1918 – February 1919. Stage IV – March 1919 – spring 1920. Stage V – May 1920 – November 1920

Slide 3

Causes of the civil war Forced displacement Provisional government Refusal of the Bolsheviks from the idea of ​​a heterogeneous socialist government and the principles of parliamentarism Economic policy of the Bolsheviks Conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty Undemocratic measures of the Bolsheviks (dictatorship, repression, activities of the Cheka, ban on the opposition press) Participation in the world war taught people to solve all issues through violence Reluctance of former owners to put up with the nationalization of their property

Slide 4

Reasons for the intervention Foreign states wanted to restore the power of the emperor, put an end to the Russian revolution Refusal of the Soviet government to pay the state to creditors of monetary loans Nationalization of the property of foreign citizens Interventionists wanted to defeat Russia so that the revolution would not spread to their countries Interventionists wanted the territorial division of Russia British troops in Arkhangelsk Czech armored train

Slide 5

Slide 6

White movement in Russia Social base of the white movement: Russian officers; Representatives of the old intelligentsia; Supporters of monarchist parties; Liberal parties; Left-wing political parties that initially sided with the revolution; Part of the workers and peasants who were dissatisfied with the internal policies of the Bolshevik Party Denikin A.I. A.V. Kolchak Miller Yudenich N.N. Wrangel P.N.

Slide 7

Objectives of the white movement: Destruction of Bolshevik anarchy and restoration of order in the country; Restoration of a united and indivisible Russia; Convening a national assembly on the basis of universal suffrage; Establishment of regional autonomy and local self-government; Civil liberties, freedom of conscience; Land reform; Progressive labor legislation.

(the program was compiled at the headquarters of Denikin’s Volunteer Army)

Slide 8

Reds in the Civil War Social support of the Bolsheviks: Workers, poor peasants; Part of the intelligentsia. - Identify the tasks that faced the Soviet government during the Civil War? Trotsky L. Tukhachevsky M. Voroshilov K. Blucher V. Frunze M. Egorov A. Budyonny S. Dybenko P. Chapaev V.

Slide 9

“Green” movement During the Civil War, the peasantry especially suffered, subjected to forced recruitment into the army of the Reds and Whites, their property was requisitioned and confiscated. This led to a growing wave of peasant uprisings - the emergence of a “third force” in the Civil War (“greens”). By the end of 1920 the largest peasant armies of Makhno (in Ukraine) and Antonov (in the Tambov region) numbered 50 thousand people each. Only after the defeat of the Whites was the Red Army able to suppress the peasant uprisings. What role did the “third force” play in the Civil War? What policies did the “whites” and “reds” pursue towards the peasantry? Makhno N.I.

“Red” and “White” Terror Violence during the Civil War became the norm of behavior of the country's population. The White Guard troops and the Red Army had their own punitive detachments, the victims of which were hundreds of thousands of people. Formally, the “red terror” was proclaimed in response to the “white” terror, after attempts on the lives of the leaders of the Soviet state and riots in the center of Russia. “The idea of ​​class killed the idea of ​​man in Russia” Berdyaev N. House of the merchant Ipatiev in Yekaterinburg, where on July 17, 1918 the royal family was shot

Slide 11

Fill out the table Comparison questions - fronts - Commanders - main events

Slide 12

White and Red: the future of Russia (comparative table)

Slide 13

Russian Civil War

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Soviet-Polish war in 1920

Slide 17

Results of the Civil War As a result of losses on the fronts, red and white terror, hunger, and disease, the country lost more than 8 million people, about 2 million people - almost the entire political, financial and industrial, and to a lesser extent, the scientific and artistic elite of pre-revolutionary Russia - ended up in exile .

The war had a devastating impact on the people's psyche. Human life has ceased to be valuable.

The damage caused to the national economy amounted to over 50 billion gold rubles. Industrial production in 1920 Compared to 1913 Decreased by 7 times, agricultural production by 38%.

Slide 18

Lessons from the Civil War The task of political parties and authorities is to seek peaceful ways of social transformation, to implement reforms in the interests of the majority of the people, without denying the minority the right and opportunity to defend their interests.

The dictatorship of one class, one party or group must be excluded. Society needs unification; the combination of the state-patriotic idea with the ideal of social justice should become a factor in the development of Russia, which will allow it to take its rightful place among the civilized countries of the world. Social and political conflicts must be resolved peacefully.

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Topic study plan: Causes of the Civil War. Main events of autumn 1917 – October 1922 "War Communism". Reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the civil war. Consequences.

1. Causes of the Civil War The October Revolution led to the establishment of Soviet power. Political and economic measures of the Soviet government, which led to a deep internal split. Intensification of the struggle of various socio-political forces: - confiscation of landownership - resistance of the landowner-bourgeois strata of society. - the authoritarianism of the new government pushed democratic and socialist forces away from the Bolsheviks. 4. Foreign intervention caused by the desire to eliminate the Bolshevik regime, prevent the spread of the revolution in Europe, and dismember Russia.

Concepts Civil war is the most acute form of social struggle of the population within the state, the confrontation of internal forces (civil war) for power and the solution of basic life problems. Intervention (Latin - interference) - violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state, violation of its sovereignty.

Political forces and movements during the Civil War

Participants in the war White movement Socialist and democratic parties (Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, etc.) Reds - military-bureaucratic elite of old Russia - landowner-bourgeois circles (cadets, Octobrists) - liberal intelligentsia - peasants - democratically oriented intelligentsia - Bolsheviks - left-wing radical layers working class - the poorest peasants Goals: 1) introduction of constitutional order 2) preservation of the integrity and indivisibility of the Russian state Goals: democratic Russia, elections to the Constituent Assembly Goal: retain power

By 1920, the size of the Red Army was 5 million people. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (Revolutionary Military Council) was formed, headed by L.D. Trotsky. In order to transform the country into a single military camp, the highest military-political and military-economic body was formed - the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense, headed by V.I. Lenin.

Goals of foreign intervention: Suppression of the source of the “revolutionary” infection. Maximum weakening of Russia. Territorial division of the former Russian Empire. The struggle for the return of invested capital into the Russian economy. Interventionist troops in Arkhangelsk. 1918 Entrance to the interventionist headquarters in Vladivostok. 1918

2. Main stages of the Civil War: Stages of the war (time frame) Characteristic features of the stage October 1917 - May 1918. 2. Summer - autumn 1918 3. November 1918 - spring 1919 4. Spring 1919 – spring 1920 5. 1920

3. “War Communism” “War Communism” is a set of socio-economic and political measures carried out by the Bolshevik regime.

The policy of war communism: Nationalization of all means of production. Introduction of centralized management. Equal distribution of products. Forced labor (class principle: “he who does not work, neither shall he eat”). Dictatorship of the Bolshevik Party.

Activities: From January 1, 1919, the food appropriation system (a set amount of agricultural products goes to the state; for receipts received, the right to purchase industrial products) turned out to be ineffective. Introduction of a card system for food distribution. Restriction on the sale of food and industrial goods. Equal pay.

Consequences: Elimination of private property in industry. Formation of a rigid economic management system. Establishment of a state monopoly on foreign trade (Decree of November 21, 1918). Supply of bread and food (June 11, 1918): Committees of the peasant poor (kombeds) + “food army” (prodarmiya). This led to resistance from the peasants. As a result, in 1918 the committees were dissolved.

4. Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War. The Soviet government skillfully redistributed resources for one front or another. The Bolsheviks created a five-million-strong regular army with the broad participation of old military specialists. The system of “war communism” turned the country into a single military camp. Over 370 foreign military units, including divisions, fought on the side of the Red Army. Support for the poor peasantry and the masses who believe in the prospect of universal equality.

5. Consequences of the war Large losses (15 million people) Fall in production levels. Changing the social structure of Russian society: Landowners, capitalists, intelligentsia - liquidated. There is a skew in social stratification: 80% are peasants, 18% are declassed elements and the bureaucracy, 2% (3 million) are the working class. Thus, the social structure was at the level of traditional agrarian societies.

Internet resources: http://rkka.kiev.ua/?page_id=469 http://www.ido.rudn.ru/ffec/hist/h7.html http://www.zona-k45.ru http: //www.zona-k45.ru/ www.newideology.ru http://www.calend.ru http://www.redorchestra.ru

Materials for lessons on the topic of the Civil War are developed for 9th grade students. It is expected to work in three combined lessons in the classroom, complete independent homework, followed by testing. Work in class is accompanied by a slide show with teacher comments. The presentation allows for visual perception of events, personalization of material (photos of historical figures with brief biographical information), penetration into the emotional atmosphere of that era (analysis of posters, listening to songs), allows you to better understand and better remember a historical event.

Purpose: To familiarize students with the events of the Civil War

Educational tasks:

• Give an idea of ​​the civil war as an alternative to the development of Russia; highlight the main reasons; introduce periodization and main events; find out the reasons for the defeat of the “whites” and the victory of the “reds”, the results and consequences of the Civil War.
• Develop skills in working with the textbook text, with a comparative historical table, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
• To cultivate respect for controversial events in the history of the country, empathy for people.

Type of lessons: combined (mastering new knowledge, developing skills, independent work of students with subsequent testing).

Technological map of lessons.

progress of lessons	comments	concepts	Slide no.	time (min.)
Lesson #1
1 goal setting	the task is to get acquainted with events, analyze them, develop your own opinion on what was happening in Russia;			2
2. main causes of the Civil War	bring students to the conclusion that the Civil War is the only remaining alternative for the development of the country;	Civil War, democratic alternative;	1	5
3 characteristics of opposing forces	characterize the opposing forces from the point of view of social and party composition;	White, red, green, democratic counter-revolution;	2	10
4. characteristics of the intervention of foreign states in Russia	reasons, participants, results of the intervention;	intervention	3	5
5. characteristics of the white movement and its leaders	events related to the formation of the white movement, interesting biographical information of individual representatives of the white movement;		5	10
6. formation of the Red Army, characteristics of its leaders	stages of building the Red Army, developing concepts, interesting biographical information of individual representatives of the Red Army; (Annex 1)	Red Army, universal conscription, military experts, commissars, RVS, Defense Council;	10	10
7 explanation	filling out table No. 1 yourself			3
Lesson #2
8 periodization of events	D/Z check: frontal survey;		17	15
9 posters	pay attention to the ideas of artists, the artistic image they created;		24	5
10 songs from the Civil War	pay attention to the emotions conveyed by poets and composers			5
11 red and white terror	presentation of facts, their assessment by students	terror	28	5
12 economic policy of whites and reds	working with a textbook on tables No. 2 and No. 3, work with concepts;	“war communism”, surplus appropriation, universal labor conscription, equal distribution, ration cards;	31	14
13 explanation	filling out tables No. 2 and No. 3, learning concepts and their definitions, basic facts;			1
Lesson #3
14 testing students' knowledge	in the form of conceptual dictation or independent work;			20
15 end of the Civil War	characteristics of the Small Civil War	Antonovschina	35	8
16 reasons for White's defeat and Red's victory	highlighting the root causes		36	8
17 consequences of the Civil War	highlight the consequences of the Civil War, focusing on human losses, their assessment by students;		38	8
18 explanation of D/Z	preparation for final work			1

Table No. 1 Main events of the Civil War period

Table No. 2 “War communism”

Table No. 3 Solutions to major issues by “white” governments.

Issues that need to be addressed	Ufa Directory A. Kolchak	Government of the South of Russia A. Denikin	Government of Northern Russia	Reform activities of P. Wrangel
political structure
national-state structure
solution to the agrarian question
solution to a work issue