Do those who go sailing know what awaits them on the high seas? For 12 years now, the City of Translators has been living the life of an organic spaceship. On board everything happens that can happen in... any family: any weather, any power surges, poles attract and repel, lethargy and dynamics not only replace each other, but sometimes occur in “neighboring tunnels.” We know a lot about each other and forgive each other a lot, remaining faithful to the City, its traditions and its desire to remain a professional resource.

For the fact that the City exists now, thanks to everyone who voluntarily stood up to protect it and looked after it in the past or is now looking after certain sections of it, everyone who asks, answers, reflects, thinks and remembers.

After I wrote the introduction, i.e. the first sentence in the form of a question, my daughter suddenly ran on my heels until she read aloud an excerpt from Vladislav Krapivin’s book “Frigate Ringing”:

Ksenya - in her grandfather's naval cap - climbed up onto the sofa. I looked through the window through binoculars. And... looked around in confusion:
- What should we do now? We sail and sail... Why give orders?
Yakov Platonovich squinted, looked up (apparently at the sails) and boomed loudly:
- The wind has completely moved towards the stern!.. Hey on the helm! Two points to the left! Set up, let the backstay be on port tack so that all the sails work! And on the beam of Cape Wolf you will again fall to the jibe, so that the compass will show south-west!

I thought thoughtfully about what flowers I would like to bring into the house today, and for some reason I had a burning desire for cornflowers. I don’t know if it’s possible to find cornflowers in Moscow on a winter October day, but you can always see them in photographs:

Tell me, wise man, having understood the dolphins,
having mastered the epic of the gloomy Finns,
advanced, having listened to the Dalai Lamas,
who were those who were sticky on the sleepers
until now the echelon is flexible
slowly going about their business?

(Complete poem.)

From the song:

Time is golden. No you can't hold it in your hand
Words, they are stolen, and you will never understand

From another:

Memory is in the gaps, but also in the gaps
I can discern fuel oil on the sleepers,
single track commuter siding,
rowan on the left between the frail willows,
the hollow on the right - and us, walking
along the canvas, swaying, to the north-northwest.

Mikhail Shcherbakov, “After Childhood”
(Complete poem.)

Thank you all so much for your attention today, even without any words! You have no idea how bright it feels and how much it means.

P.P.S. The next morning, a marzipan congratulatory letter from my daughter was waiting for me in the kitchen.

This DIY circuit can be used as a speed controller for a 12V DC motor with a current rating of up to 5A, or as a dimmer for 12V halogen and LED lamps up to 50W. Control is carried out using pulse width modulation (PWM) at a pulse repetition rate of about 200 Hz. Naturally, the frequency can be changed if necessary, selecting for maximum stability and efficiency.

Most of these structures are assembled according to a much simpler scheme. Here we present a more advanced version that uses a 7555 timer, a bipolar transistor driver and a powerful MOSFET. This design provides improved speed control and operates over a wide load range. This is indeed a very effective scheme and the cost of its parts when purchased for self-assembly is quite low.

PWM controller circuit for 12 V motor

The circuit uses a 7555 Timer to create a variable pulse width of about 200 Hz. It controls transistor Q3 (via transistors Q1 - Q2), which controls the speed of the electric motor or light bulbs.

There are many applications for this circuit that will be powered by 12V: electric motors, fans or lamps. It can be used in cars, boats and electric vehicles, in model railways and so on.

12 V LED lamps, for example LED strips, can also be safely connected here. Everyone knows that LED bulbs are much more efficient than halogen or incandescent bulbs and will last much longer. And if necessary, power the PWM controller from 24 volts or more, since the microcircuit itself with a buffer stage has a power stabilizer.

AC Motor Speed ​​Controller

PWM controller 12 volt

Half Bridge DC Regulator Driver

Mini drill speed controller circuit

ENGINE SPEED CONTROL WITH REVERSE

Hello everyone, probably many radio amateurs, like me, have more than one hobby, but several. In addition to designing electronic devices, I do photography, video shooting with a DSLR camera, and video editing. As a videographer, I needed a slider for video shooting, and first I’ll briefly explain what it is. The photo below shows the factory slider.

The slider is designed for video shooting on cameras and video cameras. It is analogous to the rail system used in wide-format cinema. With its help, a smooth movement of the camera around the object being photographed is created. Another very powerful effect that can be used when working with a slider is the ability to move closer or further from the subject. The next photo shows the engine that was chosen to make the slider.

The slider is driven by a 12-volt DC motor. A diagram of a regulator for the motor that moves the slider carriage was found on the Internet. The next photo shows the power indicator on the LED, the toggle switch that controls the reverse and the power switch.

When operating such a device, it is important that there is smooth speed control, plus easy inclusion of engine reverse. The speed of rotation of the motor shaft, in the case of using our regulator, is smoothly adjusted by rotating the knob of a 5 kOhm variable resistor. Perhaps I am not the only one of the users of this site who is interested in photography, and someone else will want to replicate this device; those who wish can download an archive with a circuit diagram and printed circuit board of the regulator at the end of the article. The following figure shows a schematic diagram of a regulator for an engine:

Regulator circuit

The circuit is very simple and can be easily assembled even by novice radio amateurs. Among the advantages of assembling this device, I can name its low cost and the ability to customize it to meet your needs. The figure shows the controller's printed circuit board:

But the scope of application of this regulator is not limited to sliders alone; it can easily be used as a speed regulator, for example, a machine drill, a homemade Dremel powered by 12 volts, or a computer cooler, for example, with dimensions of 80 x 80 or 120 x 120 mm. I also developed a scheme for reversing the engine, or in other words, quickly changing the rotation of the shaft in the other direction. To do this, I used a six-pin toggle switch with 2 positions. The following figure shows its connection diagram:

The middle contacts of the toggle switch, marked (+) and (-), are connected to the contacts on the board marked M1.1 and M1.2, the polarity does not matter. Everyone knows that computer coolers, when the supply voltage and, accordingly, the speed are reduced, make much less noise during operation. In the next photo, the KT805AM transistor is on the radiator:

Almost any medium and high power n-p-n structure transistor can be used in the circuit. The diode can also be replaced with analogues suitable for current, for example 1N4001, 1N4007 and others. The motor terminals are shunted by a diode in reverse connection; this was done to protect the transistor during switch-on and switch-off moments of the circuit, since our motor has an inductive load. Also, the circuit provides an indication that the slider is turned on on an LED connected in series with a resistor.

When using an engine of greater power than shown in the photo, the transistor must be attached to the radiator to improve cooling. A photo of the resulting board is shown below:

The regulator board was manufactured using the LUT method. You can see what happened in the end in the video.

Video of work

Soon, as soon as the missing parts, mainly mechanics, are acquired, I will begin assembling the device in the case. Sent the article Alexey Sitkov .

Diagrams and overview of 220V electric motor speed controllers

To smoothly increase and decrease the shaft rotation speed, there is a special device - a 220V electric motor speed controller. Stable operation, no voltage interruptions, long service life - the advantages of using an engine speed controller for 220, 12 and 24 volts.

• Why do you need a frequency converter?
• Application area
• Selecting a device
• IF device
• Types of devices
  • Triac device
• • Proportional Signal Process

Why do you need a frequency converter?

The function of the regulator is to invert the voltage of 12, 24 volts, ensuring smooth start and stop using pulse width modulation.

Speed ​​controllers are included in the structure of many devices, as they ensure the accuracy of electrical control. This allows you to adjust the speed to the desired amount.

Application area

DC motor speed controller is used in many industrial and domestic applications. For example:

• heating complex;
• equipment drives;
• welding machine;
• electric ovens;
• vacuum cleaners;
• Sewing machines;
• washing machines.

Selecting a device

In order to select an effective regulator, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the device and its intended purpose.

1. Vector controllers are common for commutator motors, but scalar controllers are more reliable.
2. An important selection criterion is power. It must correspond to that permitted on the unit used. It is better to exceed for safe operation of the system.
3. The voltage must be within acceptable wide ranges.
4. The main purpose of the regulator is to convert frequency, so this aspect must be selected according to the technical requirements.
5. You also need to pay attention to the service life, dimensions, number of inputs.

IF device

• AC motor natural controller;
• drive unit;
• additional elements.

The circuit diagram of the 12 V engine speed controller is shown in the figure. The speed is adjusted using a potentiometer. If pulses with a frequency of 8 kHz are received at the input, then the supply voltage will be 12 volts.

The device can be purchased at specialized sales points, or you can make it yourself.

AC speed controller circuit

When starting a three-phase motor at full power, current is transmitted, the action is repeated about 7 times. The current bends the motor windings, generating heat over a long period of time. A converter is an inverter that provides energy conversion. The voltage enters the regulator, where 220 volts are rectified using a diode located at the input. Then the current is filtered through 2 capacitors. PWM is generated. Next, the pulse signal is transmitted from the motor windings to a specific sinusoid.

There is a universal 12V device for brushless motors.

To save on electricity bills, our readers recommend the Electricity Saving Box. Monthly payments will be 30-50% less than they were before using the saver. It removes the reactive component from the network, resulting in a reduction in load and, as a consequence, current consumption. Electrical appliances consume less electricity and costs are reduced.

The circuit consists of two parts - logical and power. The microcontroller is located on a chip. This scheme is typical for a powerful engine. The uniqueness of the regulator lies in its use with various types of engines. The circuits are powered separately; the key drivers require 12V power.

Types of devices

Triac device

The triac device is used to control lighting, the power of heating elements, and rotation speed.

The controller circuit based on a triac contains a minimum of parts shown in the figure, where C1 is a capacitor, R1 is the first resistor, R2 is the second resistor.

Using a converter, power is regulated by changing the time of an open triac. If it is closed, the capacitor is charged by the load and resistors. One resistor controls the amount of current, and the second regulates the charging rate.

When the capacitor reaches the maximum voltage threshold of 12V or 24V, the switch is activated. The triac goes into the open state. When the mains voltage passes through zero, the triac is locked, and then the capacitor gives a negative charge.

Converters on electronic keys

Common thyristor regulators with a simple operating circuit.

Thyristor, works in alternating current network.

A separate type is the AC voltage stabilizer. The stabilizer contains a transformer with numerous windings.

DC stabilizer circuit

24 volt thyristor charger

To a 24 volt voltage source. The principle of operation is to charge a capacitor and a locked thyristor, and when the capacitor reaches voltage, the thyristor sends current to the load.

Proportional Signal Process

Signals arriving at the system input form feedback. Let's take a closer look using a microcircuit.

Chip TDA 1085

The TDA 1085 chip pictured above provides feedback control of a 12V, 24V motor without loss of power. It is mandatory to contain a tachometer, which provides feedback from the engine to the control board. The stabilization sensor signal goes to a microcircuit, which transmits the task to the power elements - to add voltage to the motor. When the shaft is loaded, the board increases the voltage and the power increases. By releasing the shaft, the tension decreases. The revolutions will be constant, but the power torque will not change. The frequency is controlled over a wide range. Such a 12, 24 volt motor is installed in washing machines.

With your own hands you can make a device for a grinder, wood lathe, sharpener, concrete mixer, straw cutter, lawn mower, wood splitter and much more.

Industrial regulators, consisting of 12, 24 volt controllers, are filled with resin and therefore cannot be repaired. Therefore, a 12V device is often made independently. A simple option using the U2008B chip. The controller uses current feedback or soft start. If the latter is used, elements C1, R4 are required, jumper X1 is not needed, but with feedback, vice versa.

When assembling the regulator, choose the right resistor. Since with a large resistor there may be jerks at the start, and with a small resistor the compensation will be insufficient.

Important! When adjusting the power controller, you need to remember that all parts of the device are connected to the AC network, so safety precautions must be observed!

Speed ​​controllers for single-phase and three-phase 24, 12 volt motors are a functional and valuable device, both in everyday life and in industry.

Rotation controller for motor

On simple mechanisms it is convenient to install analog current regulators. For example, they can change the speed of rotation of the motor shaft. From the technical side, implementing such a regulator is simple (you will need to install one transistor). Suitable for adjusting independent speed of motors in robotics and power supplies. The most common types of regulators are single-channel and two-channel.

Video No. 1. Single-channel regulator in operation. Changes the rotation speed of the motor shaft by rotating the variable resistor knob.

Video No. 2. Increasing the rotation speed of the motor shaft when operating a single-channel regulator. An increase in the number of revolutions from the minimum to the maximum value when rotating the variable resistor knob.

Video No. 3. Two-channel regulator in operation. Independent setting of the torsion speed of motor shafts based on trimming resistors.

Video No. 4. The voltage at the output of the regulator was measured with a digital multimeter. The resulting value is equal to the battery voltage, from which 0.6 volts have been subtracted (the difference arises due to the voltage drop across the transistor junction). When using a 9.55 volt battery, a change from 0 to 8.9 volts is recorded.

Functions and main characteristics

The load current of single-channel (photo 1) and two-channel (photo 2) regulators does not exceed 1.5 A. Therefore, to increase the load capacity, the KT815A transistor is replaced with KT972A. The numbering of the pins for these transistors is the same (e-k-b). But the KT972A model is operational with currents up to 4A.

Single channel motor controller

The device controls one motor, powered by voltage in the range from 2 to 12 volts.

Device design

The main design elements of the regulator are shown in the photo. 3. The device consists of five components: two variable resistance resistors with a resistance of 10 kOhm (No. 1) and 1 kOhm (No. 2), a transistor model KT815A (No. 3), a pair of two-section screw terminal blocks for the output for connecting a motor (No. 4) and input for connecting a battery (No. 5).

Note 1. Installation of screw terminal blocks is not necessary. Using a thin stranded mounting wire, you can connect the motor and power source directly.

Principle of operation

The operating procedure of the motor controller is described in the electrical diagram (Fig. 1). Taking into account the polarity, a constant voltage is supplied to the XT1 connector. The light bulb or motor is connected to the XT2 connector. A variable resistor R1 is turned on at the input; rotating its knob changes the potential at the middle output as opposed to the minus of the battery. Through current limiter R2, the middle output is connected to the base terminal of transistor VT1. In this case, the transistor is switched on according to a regular current circuit. The positive potential at the base output increases as the middle output moves upward from the smooth rotation of the variable resistor knob. There is an increase in current, which is due to a decrease in the resistance of the collector-emitter junction in transistor VT1. The potential will decrease if the situation is reversed.

Electrical circuit diagram

Materials and details

A printed circuit board measuring 20x30 mm is required, made of a fiberglass sheet foiled on one side (permissible thickness 1-1.5 mm). Table 1 provides a list of radio components.

Note 2. The variable resistor required for the device can be of any manufacture; it is important to observe the current resistance values ​​​​for it indicated in Table 1.

Note 3. To regulate currents above 1.5A, the KT815G transistor is replaced with a more powerful KT972A (with a maximum current of 4A). In this case, the printed circuit board design does not need to be changed, since the distribution of pins for both transistors is identical.

Build process

For further work, you need to download the archive file located at the end of the article, unzip it and print it. The regulator drawing (termo1 file) is printed on glossy paper, and the installation drawing (montag1 file) is printed on a white office sheet (A4 format).

Next, the drawing of the circuit board (No. 1 in photo. 4) is glued to the current-carrying tracks on the opposite side of the printed circuit board (No. 2 in photo. 4). It is necessary to make holes (No. 3 in photo. 14) on the installation drawing in the mounting locations. The installation drawing is attached to the printed circuit board with dry glue, and the holes must match. Photo 5 shows the pinout of the KT815 transistor.

The input and output of terminal blocks-connectors are marked in white. A voltage source is connected to the terminal block via a clip. A fully assembled single-channel regulator is shown in the photo. The power source (9 volt battery) is connected at the final stage of assembly. Now you can adjust the shaft rotation speed using the motor; to do this, you need to smoothly rotate the variable resistor adjustment knob.

To test the device, you need to print a disk drawing from the archive. Next, you need to paste this drawing (No. 1) onto thick and thin cardboard paper (No. 2). Then, using scissors, a disc is cut out (No. 3).

The resulting workpiece is turned over (No. 1) and a square of black electrical tape (No. 2) is attached to the center for better adhesion of the surface of the motor shaft to the disk. You need to make a hole (No. 3) as shown in the image. Then the disk is installed on the motor shaft and testing can begin. The single-channel motor controller is ready!

Two-channel motor controller

Used to independently control a pair of motors simultaneously. Power is supplied from a voltage ranging from 2 to 12 volts. The load current is rated up to 1.5A per channel.

The main components of the design are shown in photo.10 and include: two trimming resistors for adjusting the 2nd channel (No. 1) and the 1st channel (No. 2), three two-section screw terminal blocks for output to the 2nd motor (No. 3), for output to the 1st motor (No. 4) and for input (No. 5).

Note:1 Installation of screw terminal blocks is optional. Using a thin stranded mounting wire, you can connect the motor and power source directly.

Principle of operation

The circuit of a two-channel regulator is identical to the electrical circuit of a single-channel regulator. Consists of two parts (Fig. 2). The main difference: the variable resistance resistor is replaced with a trimming resistor. The rotation speed of the shafts is set in advance.

Note.2. To quickly adjust the rotation speed of the motors, the trimming resistors are replaced using a mounting wire with variable resistance resistors with the resistance values ​​indicated in the diagram.

Materials and details

You will need a printed circuit board measuring 30x30 mm, made of a fiberglass sheet foiled on one side with a thickness of 1-1.5 mm. Table 2 provides a list of radio components.

Build process

After downloading the archive file located at the end of the article, you need to unzip it and print it. The regulator drawing for thermal transfer (termo2 file) is printed on glossy paper, and the installation drawing (montag2 file) is printed on a white office sheet (A4 format).

The circuit board drawing is glued to the current-carrying tracks on the opposite side of the printed circuit board. Form holes on the installation drawing in the mounting locations. The installation drawing is attached to the printed circuit board with dry glue, and the holes must match. The KT815 transistor is being pinned. To check, you need to temporarily connect inputs 1 and 2 with a mounting wire.

Any of the inputs is connected to the pole of the power source (a 9-volt battery is shown in the example). The negative of the power supply is attached to the center of the terminal block. It is important to remember: the black wire is “-” and the red wire is “+”.

The motors must be connected to two terminal blocks, and the desired speed must also be set. After successful testing, you need to remove the temporary connection of the inputs and install the device on the robot model. The two-channel motor controller is ready!

THE ARCHIVE contains the necessary diagrams and drawings for the work. The emitters of the transistors are marked with red arrows.

DC motor speed controller diagram

The DC motor speed controller circuit operates on the principles of pulse width modulation and is used to change the speed of a 12 volt DC motor. Regulating the engine shaft speed using pulse-width modulation gives greater efficiency than simply changing the DC voltage supplied to the engine, although we will also consider these schemes

DC motor speed controller circuit for 12 volts

The motor is connected in a circuit to a field-effect transistor which is controlled by pulse-width modulation carried out on the NE555 timer chip, which is why the circuit turned out to be so simple.

The PWM controller is implemented using a conventional pulse generator on an astable multivibrator, generating pulses with a repetition rate of 50 Hz and built on the popular NE555 timer. The signals coming from the multivibrator create a bias field at the gate of the field-effect transistor. The duration of the positive pulse is adjusted using variable resistance R2. The longer the duration of the positive pulse arriving at the gate of the field-effect transistor, the greater the power supplied to the DC motor. And vice versa, the shorter the pulse duration, the weaker the electric motor rotates. This circuit works great on a 12 volt battery.

DC motor speed control circuit for 6 volts

The speed of the 6 volt motor can be adjusted within 5-95%

Engine speed controller on PIC controller

Speed ​​control in this circuit is achieved by applying voltage pulses of varying duration to the electric motor. For these purposes, PWM (pulse width modulators) are used. In this case, pulse width control is provided by a PIC microcontroller. To control the engine rotation speed, two buttons SB1 and SB2, “More” and “Less,” are used. You can change the rotation speed only when the “Start” toggle switch is pressed. The pulse duration varies, as a percentage of the period, from 30 to 100%.

As a voltage stabilizer for the PIC16F628A microcontroller, a three-pin KR1158EN5V stabilizer is used, which has a low input-output voltage drop, only about 0.6V. The maximum input voltage is 30V. All this allows the use of motors with voltages from 6V to 27V. The KT829A composite transistor is used as a power switch, which is preferably installed on a radiator.

The device is assembled on a printed circuit board measuring 61 x 52 mm. You can download the PCB drawing and firmware file from the link above. (See folder in the archive 027-el)

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Nowadays, in order to write correctly, you can rely on autocorrect on your phone. In order to speak correctly, you still have to read books and study Russian. Sometimes a phrase you hear seems quite simple right up to the moment when you need to write it.

Editorial website fights for the purity of the Russian language and therefore has collected phrases that we often pronounce with errors.

1. “I’m eating”

Modern norms of the Russian language determine the use of the word “eat” only in relation to children or women.

The use of the verb “eat” in men’s speech about themselves (I want to eat, I eat, I didn’t eat) contradicts the stylistic norm of the Russian language. This phrase gives mannerism to speech and qualifies as a manifestation of philistinism in speech. In other words, you need to treat yourself more simply and say simply: “I eat,” “I ate.”

2. “Upon arrival”

As Russian language teachers say: “If everyone says ‘upon arrival’, this does not mean that it is correct.” The preposition “by” (meaning “after something”) is used with nouns in the prepositional case. Therefore - “on arrival”, “on arrival”, “on completion”.

3. “In general”

There are so many variations in the spelling of these two words that we find in our time. It is worth remembering only these two, because only they are correct. And don’t blame it on T9 and autocorrect in your phone.

4. “Silently”

The expression “quietly” meaning “sneakily, slowly, unnoticed, leisurely” originally meant “to secretly undermine, dig a secret tunnel”: sapa is a trench or ditch for approaching a fortress.

The reflexive suffix “-sya” or “-sya” denotes an action directed at oneself. I wash myself, I wash myself, I dress, I dress myself. It turns out that when I apologize, I apologize to myself. Also, modern dictionaries classify this form as colloquial. It is better to use the forms “sorry” and “I beg your pardon.”

6. “More or less”

Currently, the correct ways of writing, and therefore pronunciating, are “more or less” and “more or less.” The formal option (as well as stylistically neutral) is considered to be the first option of writing a phrase - in 3 words. Hyphenated - mostly used as a colloquial form.

7. “Greeking of the Heart”

And without “reluctantly.”

“Hardening” is the same as “strengthening.” The heart is not creaked - it is held together. Synonyms for this phrase: “against your will”, “against your convictions”, “not at the call of your heart”. This expression is associated with the movement of grabbing your heart with your hand when you are very excited, that is, it literally means “to make the heart strong.”

8. “It takes place”

“... the genitive case, which in Russian means a wish, traditionally used precisely as a farewell: “Have a nice journey!”, “Good luck!”, “Happiness to you!”, etc. (with the omitted verb “I wish”). The greeting is expressed in a different case (“Good afternoon!”, “Bread and salt!”!).”

“... “Good day!” is becoming increasingly common on the Internet, emphasizing the fact that an email can be received at any time.

“The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown”, M. A. Krongauz

Do you get upset when you open a letter or message at night that starts with “Good afternoon!”? Maybe it’s worth fighting for the beauty and purity of the “great and mighty”, giving up trying to come up with something new, and using the universal “Hello!” and in emails too?

10. “Sink into oblivion”

Smooth engine operation, without jerks or power surges, is the key to its durability. To control these indicators, an electric motor speed controller is used for 220V, 12V and 24V; all of these frequencies can be made with your own hands or you can buy a ready-made unit.

Why do you need a speed controller?

An engine speed controller, a frequency converter, is a device with a powerful transistor, which is necessary to invert the voltage, as well as to ensure smooth stopping and starting of an asynchronous motor using PWM. PWM – wide-pulse control of electrical devices. It is used to create a specific sinusoid of alternating and direct current.

Photo - a powerful regulator for an asynchronous motor

The simplest example of a converter is a conventional voltage stabilizer. But the device under discussion has a much wider range of operation and power.

Frequency converters are used in any device that is powered by electrical energy. Governors provide extremely precise electrical motor control so that engine speed can be adjusted up or down, maintaining revs at the desired level, and protecting instruments from sudden revving. In this case, the electric motor uses only the energy needed to operate, instead of running it at full power.

Photo - DC motor speed controller

Why do you need a speed controller for an asynchronous electric motor:

1. To save energy. By controlling the speed of the motor, the smoothness of its start and stop, strength and speed, you can achieve significant savings in personal funds. As an example, reducing speed by 20% can result in energy savings of 50%.
2. The frequency converter can be used to control process temperature, pressure or without the use of a separate controller;
3. No additional controller required for soft start;
4. Maintenance costs are significantly reduced.

The device is often used for a welding machine (mainly for semi-automatic machines), an electric stove, a number of household appliances (vacuum cleaner, sewing machine, radio, washing machine), home heater, various ship models, etc.

Photo - PWM speed controller

Operating principle of the speed controller

The speed controller is a device consisting of the following three main subsystems:

1. AC motor;
2. Main drive controller;
3. Drive and additional parts.

When the AC motor is started at full power, current is transferred with the full power of the load, this is repeated 7-8 times. This current bends the motor windings and generates heat that will be generated for a long time. This can significantly reduce engine longevity. In other words, the converter is a kind of step inverter that provides double energy conversion.

Photo - regulator diagram for a commutator motor

Depending on the incoming voltage, the frequency regulator of the speed of a three-phase or single-phase electric motor rectifies the current of 220 or 380 volts. This action is carried out using a rectifying diode, which is located at the energy input. Next, the current is filtered using capacitors. Next, PWM is generated, the electrical circuit is responsible for this. Now the windings of the induction motor are ready to transmit the pulse signal and integrate them into the desired sine wave. Even with a microelectric motor, these signals are issued, literally, in batches.

Photo - sinusoid of normal operation of an electric motor

How to choose a regulator

There are several characteristics by which you need to choose a speed controller for a car, machine electric motor, or household needs:

1. Control type. For commutator motors, there are regulators with a vector or scalar control system. The former are more often used, but the latter are considered more reliable;
2. Power. This is one of the most important factors for choosing an electrical frequency converter. It is necessary to select a frequency generator with a power that corresponds to the maximum permissible on the protected device. But for a low-voltage motor it is better to choose a regulator more powerful than the permissible watt value;
3. Voltage. Naturally, everything here is individual, but if possible, you need to buy a speed controller for an electric motor, the circuit diagram of which has a wide range of permissible voltages;
4. Frequency range. Frequency conversion is the main task of this device, so try to choose a model that will best suit your needs. Let's say, for a manual router, 1000 Hertz will be enough;
5. According to other characteristics. This is the warranty period, the number of inputs, the size (there is a special attachment for desktop machines and hand tools).

At the same time, you also need to understand that there is a so-called universal rotation regulator. This is a frequency converter for brushless motors.

Photo - regulator diagram for brushless motors

There are two parts in this circuit - one is logical, where the microcontroller is located on the chip, and the second is power. Basically, such an electrical circuit is used for a powerful electric motor.

Video: electric motor speed controller with SHIRO V2

How to make a homemade engine speed controller

You can make a simple triac motor speed controller, its diagram is presented below, and the price consists only of parts sold in any electrical store.

To work, we need a powerful triac of the BT138-600 type, it is recommended by a radio engineering magazine.

Photo - do-it-yourself speed controller diagram

In the described circuit, the speed will be adjusted using potentiometer P1. Parameter P1 determines the phase of the incoming pulse signal, which in turn opens the triac. This scheme can be used both in field farming and at home. You can use this regulator for sewing machines, fans, tabletop drilling machines.

The principle of operation is simple: at the moment when the motor slows down a little, its inductance drops, and this increases the voltage in R2-P1 and C3, which in turn leads to a longer opening of the triac.

A thyristor feedback regulator works a little differently. It allows energy to flow back into the energy system, which is very economical and beneficial. This electronic device involves the inclusion of a powerful thyristor in the electrical circuit. His diagram looks like this:

Here, to supply direct current and rectify, a control signal generator, an amplifier, a thyristor, and a speed stabilization circuit are required.

Many electronic circuits use active cooling systems with fans. Most often, their motors are controlled by a microcontroller or other specialized chip, and the rotation speed is controlled using PWM. This solution is characterized by not very smooth operation, can lead to unstable operation of the fan, and in addition, creates a lot of interference.

An analog fan speed controller has been developed for the needs of high-quality audio equipment. The circuit is useful in the construction of low-frequency amplifiers with an active cooling system and allows for smooth adjustment of fan speed depending on temperature. Performance and power depend mainly on the output transistor; tests were carried out with output currents up to 2 A, which allows you to connect even several large 12 V fans. Naturally, this device can also be used to control conventional DC motors, increasing the supply voltage if necessary. Although for very powerful engines you will have to use soft start systems tehprivod.su/katalog/ustroystva-plavnogo-puska

Schematic diagram of the motor speed controller

The circuit consists of two parts: a differential amplifier and a voltage stabilizer. The first part deals with temperature measurement and provides a voltage proportional to the temperature when it exceeds a set threshold. This voltage is the control voltage for the voltage stabilizer, the output of which controls the power supply to the fans.

The circuit diagram of the DC motor speed controller is shown in the figure. The basis is the comparator U2 (LM393), which works in this configuration as a regular operational amplifier. Its first part, U2A, works as a differential amplifier, whose operating conditions are determined by resistors R4-R5 (47k) and R6-R7 (220k). Capacitor C10 (22pF) improves the stability of the amplifier, and R12 (10k) pulls the comparator output to the power supply positive.

A voltage is applied to one of the inputs of the differential amplifier, which is generated through a divider consisting of R2 (6.8k), R3 (680 Ohms) and PR1 (500 Ohms), and is filtered using C4 (100nF). The second input of this amplifier receives voltage from the temperature sensor, which in this case is one of the connectors of transistor T1 (BD139), polarized with a small current using R1 (6.8k).

Capacitor C2 (100nF) was added to filter the voltage from the temperature sensor. The polarity of the sensor and reference voltage divider is set by regulator U1 (78L05) along with capacitors C1 (1000uF/16V), C3 (100nF) and C5 (47uF/25V), providing a stabilized voltage of 5 V.

The U2B comparator works as a classic error amplifier. It compares the voltage from the output of the differential amplifier with the output voltage using R10 (3.3k), R11 (47 ohms) and PR2 (200 ohms). The executive element of the stabilizer is transistor T2 (IRF5305), the base of which is controlled by the divider R8 (10k) and R9 (5.1k).

Capacitor C6 (1uF) and C7 (22pF) and C9 (10nF) improve feedback loop stability. Capacitor C8 (1000uF/16V) filters the output voltage, it has a significant impact on system stability. The output connector is AR2 (TB2), and the power connector is AR1 (TB2).

Thanks to the use of a low on-resistance output transistor, the circuit has a very low voltage dropout - about 50 mV at an output current of 1 A, which does not require a higher voltage power supply to drive 12 V fans.

In most cases, the popular operational amplifier LM358 can be used as U2, although the output parameters will be slightly worse.

Regulator assembly

Installation should begin with the installation of two jumpers, then all resistors and small ceramic capacitors should be installed.

In most cases, both of these elements will be mounted at the bottom of the board on legs that are bent at a 90-degree angle. This arrangement will allow them to be screwed directly to the radiator (be sure to use insulating gaskets).

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