“Russian language and biology” - Vegetable oils. Plants. List the animals. The meaning of seed in nature. Write down the phrases. The seeds serve as food for many animals. The importance of seeds for the animal world. Coconut palm seeds. The letter e is in the suffix. Biology teacher questions. Questions from a Russian language teacher.

“Dialogue of cultures” - The term “dialogue of cultures”. Updating problems. Conversation about the meaning of words. Historical and cultural commentary. Dialogue of cultures as a methodological principle. Dialogue of cultures. Concepts. Inclusion of a given word in a phrase. Proverbs. Conceptual method. Differentiated approach. Group forms of activity.

“Why study Russian” - Man. The set of all words in the Russian language. Language is the soul of the people. I.A. Ilyin. Love, appreciate and know your language. Synonyms. The project will help you learn vocabulary. The ability to prevent errors. Research methods. Antonyms. Language is the confession of the people. Results of project activities. The structure of the project's connections with areas of knowledge.

“Functions of language” - Working with words disciplines feelings and disciplines thinking. Reading..., I learned about..., as if I had been there myself. We live in a society and communicate in a certain society in a certain space at a certain time. You can write in the conclusion. I read: “Century. Age to seize. Functions of language and speech.

“The wealth of the Russian language” - Relevance. “The Russian language is a national wealth.” Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Northwestern Russian dialects. The problem of preserving the Russian language is now very relevant. Monument to the Russian language. Language is the link between times and generations. Origin of the Russian language. Language is a priceless gift that a person is endowed with.

“Business Russian” - Method of situational learning, method of analyzing situations. Self confidence. Tagline. Problem-search. About Russian speech etiquette. Six rules for creating good advertising copy. What advertising should not be like. Genres of business speech. Language of business correspondence. Correctness of speech, culture of words. Business letter.

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Slide captions:

Lexical norms. Lexical errors and their elimination. Prepared by: I.M. Arkhireiskaya, teacher of Russian language and literature.

Plan. 1. The concept of a language norm. 2. General concept of lexical norms of the Russian language. 3. Lexical errors and ways to eliminate them.

The concept of a language norm. A linguistic norm is the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of a literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means accepted in social and linguistic practice.

The concept of a language norm. There are norms: orthoepic (pronunciation, accentology, intonation); word-forming; lexical; grammatical (morphological, syntactic); spelling (spelling and punctuation).

The concept of a language norm. Characteristic features of the literary language norm: relative stability; prevalence; common usage; universal obligatory; compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

General concept of lexical norms of the Russian language. Lexical norms are the rules for the use of words, as well as stable phrases, in strict accordance with their meanings.

Lexical errors and their elimination. 1. Ignorance of the lexical meaning of the word. For example: Ionych prances on a chaise with a lazy coachman on the box. To prance is to ride a horse bravely. Our plans for success did not come true. A plan is a planned plan of action, activity, intention.

Lexical errors and their elimination. 2. Mixing of paronyms. Paronyms are words that are similar in sound, but completely different in meaning: spectacular - effective; skillful - artificial; elemental-elementary. For example: She was wearing a red efficient dress.

Lexical errors and their elimination. 3. Violation of lexical compatibility. For example: Most of the time was spent preparing for exams. The level of culture of our people is growing from year to year. Young people need to constantly work on themselves, that is, improve their horizons.

Lexical errors and their elimination. Violation of lexical compatibility. Incorrect Correct Play the role Have a role The lion's share Achieve success Wear the significance Waste your nerves Play the main violin The fuss is brewing Have a significance Play the role The lion's share Achieve success Win a victory Carry the character Worry your nerves Play the first violin The fuss is on fire

Lexical errors and their elimination. 4. Pleonasms. Pleonasms are figures of speech in which words are unnecessarily repeated that partially or completely coincide in meaning or those in which the meaning of one word is already included in another. For example, about twenty people; your own autobiography; native aborigine.

Lexical errors and their elimination. 5. Tautology. Tautology is the repetition of the same thing in other words, or the use of unnecessary words of the same root. For example, a figurative image; residents live; urgent emergency care.

Lexical errors and their elimination. 6. Unmotivated use of high book vocabulary. For example: She worked as a nurse for twenty years. We have committed to erecting cowsheds by the end of the year.

Lexical errors and their elimination. 7. Unjustified use of foreign language vocabulary. For example: The order fulfillment period can be extended. Representatives of youth prevailed among those gathered.

Lexical errors and their elimination. 8.Use of bureaucratic language in an alien context. These are basically words and expressions that have a typical official business style coloring (where they are quite appropriate and even necessary). For example, incoming-outgoing; We, the undersigned…; takes place according to the order….

Lexical errors and their elimination. 9. Anachronisms. This is an incorrect correlation of events with the phenomena of time. For example, Gerasim had a small living space (a closet for living).

Lexical errors and their elimination. 10.Speech stamps. Speech cliches are usually called any familiar, boring and tasteless expressions that are the result of a careless attitude to speech. For example, at this stage; completely; cannot be ignored; for the past period of time.

Edit the sentences. 1. At the station there is a notice: “The ticket office for business travelers is on the second floor.” 2. You can start the meeting: the forum already exists. 3. The authors provided the publisher with the manuscript of the book. 4. The author of the article writes about another requirement of L.N. Tolstoy to language, about the requirement of simplicity and clarity, intelligibility. 5. The station can supply energy to a plant with great effect.

Edit the sentences. 6. When you buy an imported item, be sure to study the label. 7. A partner is an accomplice to any action, event, or game. 8. The landscape of the city has been enriched with new buildings. 9. The passenger was reprimanded for his tactless behavior. 10. Fashion designers have proposed several new designs for women's dresses.

Lesson topic: “Lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language” Lesson type: combined Method of implementation: practical, partially exploratory

Completed by V.V. Zhulega, teacher of Russian language and literature

State Autonomous Institution "College of Entrepreneurship"

Kaliningrad

Lesson objectives:

• educational: introduce the lexical norms of the Russian literary language, practice the ability to correctly use lexical units in speech and correct speech errors, construct statements in accordance with the norms of the Russian literary language
• developing: promote the development of expressive speech, form logical thinking when performing independent work, develop communicative competence
• educational: to help awaken interest in the discipline being studied, to form a speech culture, to cultivate independence, responsibility, and love for the artistic word

Open lesson plan for academic discipline

Russian language and culture of speech

Lesson type: combined

Method: practical, partially exploratory

Lesson equipment: video projector, lesson presentation, handouts

MPS: Russian language and literature

“The system of vowels and consonants of the Russian language”

“The word is the central unit of language.”

"Lexical groups: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms."

“Fine and expressive means of the Russian language”

"Words as parts of speech"

“Basic units of syntax. Collocation"

"Language and Speech"

“Orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language”

During the classes

Name of the structural element of the lesson

Organizing time.

Checking students' readiness for the lesson (attendance, availability of writing materials)

Time

Initial motivation

Teacher's activities

Updating students' knowledge

Orthoepic minute

Terminological warm-up

Practical work on the formation of lexical skills

Marks absentees, explains the course of the lesson, makes demands

Student activities

Prepare for the lesson, divide into groups, choose a “captain”

Communication of new knowledge

Paronyms and their use

(insert missing word)

Synonyms and their use

Dialect words

(match synonyms of dialect words to commonly used words)

Speaks of relevance. Comments on the epigraph to the lesson

Fixing the material

Test

Offers to “voice” the text, observing the norms of literary pronunciation

Offers to find correspondences between the concept and definition, gives an explanatory comment

Offers to compose word combinations, comments and monitors the completion of the task

Ultimate Motivation

Gives theoretical material, suggests performing practical tasks, comments and monitors their implementation, sums up the practical work

Prepare in groups, answer at the board

Work in groups, give answers, compare with the standard

Distributes individual test tasks. Based on the results of execution, gives the correct answers

They work in groups, give answers, conduct mutual testing and self-testing according to the standard of answers, fill out assessment sheets

Summing up the lesson.

Assessment of group work

Talks about the importance of the lesson topic

Homework

Complete tasks. Get answer options and test yourself

Summarizes the lesson, analyzes the work of groups, gives grades

Offers to prepare presentations on the topic: “The origin of phraseological units”

Write down homework in a notebook

Teacher _____________________ Zhulega V.V.

Epigraph

«… A word can kill, a word can save,

With a word you can lead the shelves with you … »

V. Shefner

“Voice” the text by placing emphasis on the highlighted words.

Third the quarter has begun unsuccessful. Agreement not signed - exhausted All facilities . Blinds broken. Before drivers Not you'll get through by phone– line busy. U bartender whooping cough- sent to dispensary. In the morning they uncorked banks with beets- and thrown into garbage chute . Cakes on wholesale market, one more beautiful the other one was taken away carpenters - Ukrainians . Jealous and it’s offensive to the point of tears. Directly Apocalypse some kind.

Terminological warm-up

1. words related to the characteristics of any specialty - PROFESSIONALISM

2. Vocabulary, vocabulary - LEXICON

3. New words - NEOLOGISMS

4. Words that have fallen out of active use due to the disappearance of any objects or phenomena from life HISTORISM

5. Words of the same part of speech that have similar lexical meanings - SYNONYMS

6. Words that have fallen out of active use, although the corresponding object (phenomenon) remains in real life and receives other names - ARCHAISMS

7. Words of the same part of speech that are written and pronounced the same way, but have different lexical meanings - HOMONYMS

8. A word of the same part of speech with opposite lexical meaning – ANTONYMS

9. The science that studies the lexical meaning of words - LEXICOLOGY

“Theory without practice is dead. Practice without theory is blind!” (Roger Bacon)

Make up phrases.

1. Flock a. camels

2. Herd b. cows

3. Caravan c. curious

4. Otara city of demonstrators

5. School of sheep

6. A herd of fish

7. Crowd bees

8. Column h. pigeons

9. Roy and. horses

10. Group of tourists.

Response standard

1. Flock h. pigeons

2. Herd and. horses

3. Caravan a. camels

4. Flock of sheep

5. School of fish

6. Herd b. cows

7. Crowd c. curious

8. Column of demonstrators

9. Roy f. bees

10. Group of tourists.

Speech culture and literary norms for the use of words.

DRESS WEAR

(someone) (to myself)

• DRESS WEAR (someone) (to myself)
• DRESS WEAR (someone) (to myself)
• DRESS WEAR (someone) (to myself)
• DRESS WEAR (someone) (to myself)

REMEMBER:

• REMEMBER:
• REMEMBER:
• REMEMBER:
• REMEMBER:

DRESS - UNDRESS

PUT ON – TAKE OFF

• DRESS - UNDRESS PUT ON – TAKE OFF
• DRESS - UNDRESS PUT ON – TAKE OFF
• DRESS - UNDRESS PUT ON – TAKE OFF
• DRESS - UNDRESS PUT ON – TAKE OFF

Insert the verbs to dress/wear into the sentences

1. Mom __________ suitcase cover

2. Girl ______________ doll

3. Older brother __________ sister

4. Today the girl ________ new shoes

5. Brother ______________ the watch on his hand.

6. The girl was given a game "_______ teddy bear"

7. Grandmother ___________ grandson

8. Grandma ______________ new coat

9. The astronaut ______________ spacesuit.

10. The coniferous forest _______ all the mountains and came close to the sea.

STANDARD ANSWER

1. Mom put a cover on her suitcase.

2. The girl DRESSED the doll

3. The older brother dressed his sister

4. Today the girl WEARED new shoes

5. The brother put the watch on his hand.

6. The girl was given a game « DRESS little bear"

7. Grandmother DRESSED her grandson

8. Grandma WEARED a new coat

9. The astronaut put on a spacesuit.

10. The coniferous forest covered all the mountains and came close to the sea.

PARONYMS(from Greek para - near and onyma - name) – These are words with the same root, similar in meaning and sound.

Addressee-sender

Addressee - recipient

Emigrant – leaving the country

immigrant - one entering a country

Export-export of goods

Import – import of goods

Mixing paronyms indicates insufficient speech culture of the speaker and is a typical speech error

Dialect words – These are words used by the inhabitants of a particular area.

Synonyms – These are words that are close in meaning and belong to the same part of speech.

Match common words with synonyms of dialect words

1. Grip a) stag, containers

2. Buzz b) rukoternik

3. Hide and seek c) wipe

4. Sneak d) weak-armed

5. Towel d) rotan

6. Pugnacious e) bumming, bumming

7. Handkerchief g) smear

8. Loud man h) puff

9. Bell and) choronushki, lovichki

10. Mushroom-raincoat k) vertebra

STANDARD ANSWER

1. Grip a) stag, containers

2. To buzz e) to buzz, to buzz

3. Hide and seek and) choronushki, traps

4. Whisper g) smack

5. Towel b) rukoternik

6. Pugnacious d) weak-armed

7. Handkerchief c) wiping

8. Loud man d) rotan

9. Bell k) vertebra

10. Mushroom raincoat h) puff

1. Indicate the extra word in a series of synonyms.

A) in vain

B) carefully

B) pointless

D) in vain

2. indicate the word that has a homonym

A) success

B) spicy

B) drown

D) sit

3. Which of the four words is considered obsolete?

A) sailboat

B) guard

B) frontier

D) patrol

4. What word means “PUBLIC SALE IN WHICH THE HIGHEST PRICE BIDDER BECOMES THE BUYER”?

A) competition

B) vacancy

B) auction

D) deal

5. Which of the following words means “INAPPROPRIATELY CHEESE, TOO LOOSE”?

A) extravagant

B) eccentric

B) enchanting

D) familiar

6. Which of the following words means “A FEELING OF HOSTILITY, DISPOSALITY TO SOMEONE OR SOMETHING”

A) apathy

B) antipathy

B) skepticism

D) pessimism

7. Which of the following words means “STRONG EXCITATION, EXCITATION; THE STRUGGLE OF INTERESTS AROUND SOMETHING”?

A) courage

B) mirage

B) hype

D) surroundings

8. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

A) addressee - person, sending letter

B) auction - public sale

B) misinform – report distorted or false information

D) import - export of goods from countries for sale

9. In what example is the word “deaf” used in its literal meaning?

A) deep dissatisfaction

B) deaf to requests

B) voiceless consonant

D) deaf old man

10. In which series are pairs of words NOT antonyms?

A) routine – innovation

B) denial - affirmation

C) wise - stupid

D) abstract - secret

Criteria for assessing group work

"5" - 38-39 correct answers

"4" - 31-37 correct answers

"3" - 21-30 correct answers

Homework

Prepare a presentation “ORIGIN OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNISM”

Norms of word use Lexical norms, or as they can also be called, norms of word use, in literary Russian are as follows: 1. a word must be used taking into account its lexical meaning; 2. the word should be used taking into account its stylistic coloring (affiliation); 3. the word must be used taking into account its lexical compatibility.

Classification of lexical errors 1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of a word Misunderstanding of the meaning of a word 2. Lexical compatibility Lexical compatibility 3. Use of synonyms, homonyms, polysemantic words Use of synonyms, homonyms, polysemantic words 4. Verbosity Verbosity 5. Lexical incompleteness of a statement Lexical incompleteness of a statement 6. Use of words with limited sphere of distribution Use of words with a limited sphere of distribution 7. Phraseologisms, stable combinations, cliches and cliches Phraseologisms, stable combinations, cliches and cliches

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word 1.1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. Example: The fire grew hotter and hotter. The mistake lies in the wrong choice of word: Inflame - 1. Heat to a very high temperature, become hot. 2. (trans.) To become very excited, to become overwhelmed by some strong feeling. To flare up - to begin to burn strongly or well, evenly.

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word 1.2. The use of significant and function words without taking into account their semantics (meaning). Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of ​​forest burned down. In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb to thank and is usually used only in cases where the reasons that cause a desired result are spoken of: thanks to someone’s help, support.

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word 1.3. Selection of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary). Example: We offer complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases. If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced with alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to drinking alcoholic beverages.

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word 1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms. Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today. Idle and festive are very similar words, with the same root. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for holiday (celebratory dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with business, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility When choosing a word, you should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the meaning of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc. Example: A good leader must show an example to his subordinates in everything. You can show an example, but not a sample. And you can be a role model, for example.

2. Lexical compatibility What should be distinguished from a speech error is the deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - oxymoron.oxymoron. In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary

Oxymoron Oxymoron (Greek literally witty-stupid), a stylistic device, a combination of words with the opposite meaning, forming a new semantic whole, for example, “sad joy” (S. A. Yesenin). An oxymoron enriches the meaning and enhances the emotionality of artistic speech, allowing one to reveal the unity of opposites, the integral inconsistency of the phenomena of life: Look, it’s fun for her to be sad, so elegantly naked. (A. Akhmatova). We love everything and the heat of cold numbers, And the gift of divine visions. (A. Blok).

3.1. Using synonyms Synonyms enrich the language and make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic connotations. Thus, the words error, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral and commonly used; hole, overlay - colloquial; gaffe - colloquial; blunder - professional slang. Using one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error. Example: Having made a mistake, the plant director immediately began to correct it.

3.2. The use of homonyms Thanks to the context, homonyms, as a rule, are understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously. Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a cart or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.

3.3. The use of polysemantic words When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation is clear. When using ambiguous words, context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of a word is clear. But it also happens differently. Example: He has already sung. It’s not clear: either he started singing and got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

4. Verbosity The following types of verbosity are encountered: 1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excessiveness) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant. Example: All guests received memorable souvenirs. A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable is an extra word in this sentence. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a characteristic in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the characteristic.

4. Verbosity 2. Use of unnecessary words. Superfluous not because their inherent lexical meaning is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text. Example: Then the Druzhba bookstore will take care of this so that you can smile on April 11th.

4. Verbosity 3. Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same logos - word) - repetition of words with the same root or identical morphemes. Not only students’ essays, but also newspapers and magazines are replete with tautological errors. Example: Business leaders have a business mindset.

4. Verbosity 4. Splitting the predicate. This is the replacement of a verbal predicate with a synonymous verbal-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean - clean. Example: The students decided to clean up the school yard. Perhaps in an official business style such expressions are appropriate, but in a speech situation it is better: The students decided to clean the school yard.

5. Lexical incompleteness of the statement This error is the opposite in meaning to verbosity. An incomplete statement consists of missing a necessary word in the sentence. Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may have nothing superfluous, but this sentence is missing (and not even just one) word. Or: “... do not allow statements on the pages of the press and television that could incite ethnic hatred.” So it turns out - “television page”.

6.1. New words Poorly formed neologisms are speech errors. Example: Last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on pothole repairs after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “pothole repair” is the repair of holes.

6.2. Obsolete words Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason have been supplanted from active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate. Example: Today there was an open day at the university. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, currently) is completely inappropriate.

6.3. Obsolete words Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denote: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning. Example: The peasants cannot stand their hard life and go to the main governor of the city. A governor is the head of a region (for example, a province in Tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Consequently, the chief governor is an absurdity; moreover, there could only be one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

6.4. Words of foreign origin Nowadays, many people have an addiction to foreign words, sometimes without even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word. Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading specialists. Limit - set a limit on something, limit it. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced with the words: goes slower, stopped, etc.

6.5. Dialectisms Dialectisms are words or stable combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create speech characteristics of heroes. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates insufficient knowledge of the norms of the literary language. Example: A scavenger came to me and sat there the whole evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the statement.

6.6. Colloquial and colloquial words Colloquial words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used primarily in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Colloquial speech is a word, grammatical form or phrase used in a literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple casual speech containing such words, forms and phrases. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the entire people. Example: I have a very thin jacket. Thin (colloquial) - holey, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur in cases where the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by context.

6.7. Professional jargons Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: a typo - in the speech of journalists - a blunder; The steering wheel is a steering wheel in drivers' speech. But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, listening and others spoil literary speech.

6.8. Professional jargons Due to the limited use and nature of expression (jocular, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (jargon of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren) . Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use. Example: I wanted to invite guests to a holiday, but the shack does not allow it. Khibara is a house.

7.1. Phraseologisms It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, imaginative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units also give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.

7.1. Phraseologisms 1. Errors in learning the meaning of phraseological units 1) There is a danger of literal understanding of phraseological units, which can be perceived as free associations of words. 2) Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit. Example: Khlestakov always casts pearls before swine, but everyone believes him. Here the phraseology "throw pearls before swine", meaning "to talk about something in vain or prove something to someone who is not able to understand it", is used incorrectly - in the meaning of "to invent, to weave fables."

7.1. Phraseological units 2. Errors in mastering the form of phraseological units 1) Grammatical modification of phraseological units. Example: I am used to giving myself full reports. The form of the number has been changed here. There is a phraseological unit to give account. Example: He always sits with his hands folded. Phraseologisms like folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfective participle with the suffix -a (-я). Some phraseological units use short forms of adjectives; replacing them with full forms is erroneous.

7.1. Phraseologisms 2) Lexical modification of phraseological units. Example: It's time for you to take charge of your mind. Most phraseological units are impenetrable: an additional unit cannot be introduced into the phraseological unit. Example: Well, at least hit the wall! Omitting a phraseological unit component is also a speech error. Example: Everything returns to normal in a spiral!.. There is a phraseological unit back to normal. Substitution of a word is not allowed.

7.1. Phraseologisms 3. Changing the lexical compatibility of phraseological units. Example: These and other questions have a big role in the development of this still young science. There has been a mixture of two stable expressions: it plays a role and it matters. You could say this: questions matter... or questions matter a lot.

7.2. Clichés and cliches Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even whole sentences become cliches, which appear as new, stylistically expressive means of speech, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. Example: A forest of hands went up during the vote.

7.2. Clichés and cliches A type of cliches are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by cliché appendages: work - everyday, level - high, support - warm. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), and literary cliches (an exciting image, an angry protest).

7.2. Clichés and cliches Clichés - speech stereotypes, ready-made phrases used as a standard that can be easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts - are constructive units of speech and, despite their frequent use, retain their meaning. Clichés are used in official business documents (summit meeting); in scientific literature (requires proof); in journalism (our own correspondent reports from); in different situations of everyday speech (Hello! Goodbye! Who is the last one?).

• How do you understand the different meanings of the words below? Prove this in one of the following ways: by composing phrases; selection of synonyms; a detailed interpretation of the meaning of the word. Place numbers 1 and 2 above homonym words: if a word has two homonyms, write down also number 3.

• Share, grandma, block, advice, care, salt, farm, tact, current, tour, focus, faction, vulture, union, advance, no time.

• Let's say - let's say, say, give birth - give birth, drizzle - drizzle, cry? - crying?, alternately..ku - alternately..ku, pr..vision - pr..vision, s..det - s..det, ..love - ..love, marriage - marriage, oman - .. Oman.
• Make up word combinations with these pairs of words, inserting the missing letters, and confirm the correct spelling.

• homoforms - matching only a separate form of words: I'm flying (from treat) - I'm flying(from fly); my(possessive pronoun) - my(will command, mood of the verb wash);
• homophones - so-called phonetic homonyms (words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings) Gray wolf in thick forest met a redhead fox (S. Ma rshak):
• homographs - graphic homonyms (words are written the same, but pronounced differently, mainly depending on stress; sometimes due to the fact that dots are not always used e): by e m - sing; P O years - flight; A tlas - atl A With.

1) ...And didn’t care about

What is my daughter's secret volume?

I dozed under my pillow until morning.

2) I was going to come to you, but the road is expensive.

3) Forever powerful, forever young

In the countries of Darkness and Ice,

The prophetic hammer made me sing,

Filled the city with glitter.

4) Your principles are simple.

You really like witticisms,

But you are afraid of sharpness.

Select the paronyms needed in these contexts. Explain your choice.

1. He did not like to work and led a (holiday - idle) lifestyle. 2. (Subscription, subscriber) does not answer. 3. It was (unbearably, unbearably) hot all summer. 4. Report (submitted - provided) in two copies. 5. The girl (dressed - put on) a fancy dress. 6. Circumference and diameter (incommensurable, immeasurable) quantities.

• Read the sentences in which pleonasm occurs, correct the mistakes.
• Read the sentences in which pleonasm occurs, correct the mistakes.
• Read the sentences in which pleonasm occurs, correct the mistakes.
• Read the sentences in which pleonasm occurs, correct the mistakes.

• 1. The first premiere of Roman Viktyuk’s new play was sold out. 2. This company has a vacancy for an accountant. 3. When we first met, he presented me with a souvenir - several keychains with the symbols of St. Petersburg.4. The time limit for completing each task is 15 minutes. 5. I already told you my autobiography yesterday. 6. After completing the training, our training center guarantees you employment
• 1. The first premiere of Roman Viktyuk’s new play was sold out. 2. This company has a vacancy for an accountant. 3. When we first met, he presented me with a souvenir - several keychains with the symbols of St. Petersburg.4. The time limit for completing each task is 15 minutes. 5. I already told you my autobiography yesterday. 6. After completing the training, our training center guarantees you employment
• 1. The first premiere of Roman Viktyuk’s new play was sold out. 2. This company has a vacancy for an accountant. 3. When we first met, he presented me with a souvenir - several keychains with the symbols of St. Petersburg.4. The time limit for completing each task is 15 minutes. 5. I already told you my autobiography yesterday. 6. After completing the training, our training center guarantees you employment
• 1. The first premiere of Roman Viktyuk’s new play was sold out. 2. This company has a vacancy for an accountant. 3. When we first met, he presented me with a souvenir - several keychains with the symbols of St. Petersburg.4. The time limit for completing each task is 15 minutes. 5. I already told you my autobiography yesterday. 6. After completing the training, our training center guarantees you employment

• Test.

Tasks testing knowledge of lexical norms:

• 1. In which sentence instead of the word introduce must be consumed provide?

1) INTRODUCE your friend to the guests.

2) The actor knew how to IMAGINE the singing of a nightingale.

3) You must promptly SUBMIT a travel report.

4) I GRANTED to you the right to decide these issues on your own.

• 2. In which sentence should we use BUDNAY instead of the word BUDNAL?

1) One day, on a weekday morning, my grandfather and I were shoveling snow in the yard.

2) From one EVERYDAY environment Natalya found herself in another, equally monotonous and boring.

3) The artist devotes significant space to depicting the EVERYDAY side of the war.

4) “So we’ve arrived home,” the captain said in a different, everyday voice.

• 3. In which sentence should I use HOSTILE instead of the word HOSTILE?

1) Oksana was ready for anything, but still did not expect such a dry, even HOSTILE reception.

2) In this capricious air there was the elegance of the south, its emphasized beauty HOSTILE to the north.

3) A HOSTILE regiment was stationed around this settlement.

4) In folk tales, animals sometimes act as a HOSTILE force, dangerous to people.

• 4. In which sentence should we use EXPLOSIVE instead of again EXPLOSIVE?

1) The EXPLOSIVE wave threw the box about three meters away.

2) EXPLOSIVES cannot be stored here.

3) Snipers neutralized an EXPLOSIVE device that threatened people's lives.

4) Passionate, sometimes EXPLOSIVE feelings burned in him, burning.

• 5. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

1) SOUVENIR - a gift, a product in memory of a city, country, etc.

2) END - the side of the house.

3) UNIQUE - rare, one of a kind.

4) MEDIUM - noticeable, attracting attention.

• 6. In which sentence is it appropriate to use the verb “to dress”?

1) It was windy, all the excursionists...were wearing raincoats and jackets.

2) Kids... warmer.

3) Grandfather took the newspaper and... glasses.

4) This time Igor... put on the mask of a repentant one.

• 7. What word is appropriate to use in the sentence “Many people with technical education have become ... entrepreneurs”?

1)successful

2) successful

3) successful

4) fruitful.

• Answers:

• I : 4. Provide used in the meaning of “to give, to put something at someone’s disposal, to allow someone to do something, to provide someone with something”, provide the opportunity, provide the means, allow (to) choose the method
• 2: 1. Weekday - relative adjective, antonym of the word weekend (day), everyday - qualitative adjective, close in meaning to words everyday, ordinary, casual, routine.
• 3:3. Hostile- qualitative adjective, synonym of words hostile, unfriendly; enemy - relative adjective meaning belonging to the enemy's camp.
• 4: 2. Relative adjective explosive, as opposed to an adjective explosive, indicates the chemical composition of a substance.
• 5: 4. Ordinary means ordinary, nothing special.
• 6:2. Verb dress used in construction dress someone (+ how, what), put on - in design put something on (on whom)
• 7: 2. Other adjectives (including successful), according to the norms of literary language, they do not combine with animate nouns.

• Read and indicate what mistakes were made when using phraseological units. Correct and rewrite.

• 1). The writer’s thought about the greatness of man is the red thread of his works. 2) This novel played a great educational value. 3) The performance of the artists had a huge impression on the audience. 4) Bazarov declares that Nikolai Petrovich’s song has already been sung. 5) The news of the arrival of the auditor led the mayor to a dead end. 6) Members of the team that won the championship were awarded valuable gifts. 7) The article placed great emphasis on sensitive attitude towards personnel.

• P. 73,74, 80, exercises 135,136.