Rechargeable battery is exactly what is found on absolutely all modern vehicles. The main purpose of this node has always consisted and is today in the supply of electricity to the electronic devices of the machine, if it is required by the generator bypass. In general, the first batteries appeared a few hundred years ago. Starting from the 1800s, the design and technical development of batteries led to the creation of one of the most famous species in the world - a lead-acid accumulator. Taking into account the demand for such batteries for motorists, our resource decided to consider them in more detail.

The history of the appearance of such akb

The first who created and designed a really working lead-acid acb, was a French scientist - Gaston Plante. This man was seriously interested in creating universal batteries at that time, since he had not only scientific interest, but also in part financial. According to historical reports, Gaston Plante battery manufacturers, which at that time were a bit, offered a lot of money for creating a new type of battery and convenient charging to it.

As a result, the French scientist partially managed to achieve the goal. To be more accurate, the planter created the design of the battery using lead electrodes and a 10-% solution of sulfuric acid. Despite the innovativeness of the acid battery in those year, his lack of it was essential - the need to pass a huge number of charge-discharge cycles to charge the battery "on the complete". By the way, the amount of cycles data was so large that for complete accommodation in the battery of electricity could be required for several years. In many ways, this was due to the design of lead electrodes and separators used in the battery batteries, as a result of which the next few decades of the "rechargeable case" the minds fought with this short-term batteries.

So, in the period from the 1880-1900 years, such scientists as odds and folkmar structured almost the perfect among all types of lead-acid batteries. The essence of such a battery was to use non-solid plates from lead, but only its oxide, combined with antimony and applied to special plates. Later, Cellon patented the most successful form of the design of this battery, introducing in it smeared lead oxides and antimony metal grille, which in the end:

• increased battery capacity several times;
• strengthened commercial interest from companies to AKB;
• and, in general, a certain evolutionary leap in a battery case.

It should be noted that from the beginning of 1890, lead acid batteries went into serial release and began to be widely used everywhere.

In the 1970s, batteries were sealing, due to the replacement of standard acid electrolytes in them, for advanced gases and gels. As a result, the battery became partly hermetic. However, it was not possible to achieve complete seal, since, in any case, some gases are formed when charging and dischargeing the battery, which is important to produce a battery from the internals for its own. It is since then that sealed lead-acid batteries began to be used on a huge scale and practically did not change, with the exception of minor improvements of electrolytes and electrodes used in their designs.

Device lead-acid battery

According to its overall design, lead-acid battles have been unchanged for more than 110 years. In general, the battery consists of the following elements:

• plastic or rubber body in the form of a prism;
• metal lattice having an appropriate lead nappy and a positive division, negative electrodes;
• valve for relief of gases;
• filling areas with electrolyte, otherwise separators;
• interdurspathic areas filled with mastic;
• cap.

All elements of both a stationary lead-acid battery and a non-stationary battery of this species are a sealed complex. Partially complete sealing is available in most modern batteries, for it has an excessive gaseing system. The complete sealing is structurally provided only in high batteries using a special design of the electrodes, which allows you to completely not add the electrolyte during operation and not to output the exhaust gases. In any case, that AKB with partially complete sealing, which is made with completely complete isolation, it is customary to be called sealed lead accumulators, so there is no difference between different types of batteries.

Varieties of AKB and the principle of their work

Earlier it was already mentioned that lead-acid battles are divided into different types. Regardless of the type of their organization, they operate on the principle of electrolytic chemical reactions. The basis is the interaction of lead (or other metal), lead oxide (with antimony) and sulfuric acid (or other electrolyte). It was this type of interaction in acid batteries was recognized as the best, since with hydrolysis of acid, other combinations of substances interaction lead either to a low battery resource (when calciting), or to excessive "boiling" inside the part (in the absence of antimony), or to insufficient power (When using only lead plates).

To date, there are three main varieties of lead-acid batteries, or rather:

1. Lead-acid batteries 6V. It was built on the principle of using 6 elements, that is, the battery is separated from the inside to 6 blocks working together, each of which, in the general case, produces about 2.1 volts of voltage, which ultimately gives 12.6 volts to a whole battery. At the moment, lead-acid batteries 6V are most used in the field of automotive industry, as they are fulfilled with the qualitative all of all parties to consider their work;
2. Hybrid batteries. These "beasts" are a mixture where one electrode is used (often positive) with lead-antimilad oxide, and the other (usually negative) with lead calcium. Such an acb due to the use of calcium in their design is less durable;
3. Gel lead acid batteries. Slightly differ from the design of the types of acB described above, since they have gel electrolyte, which allows them to be used in any position. According to the characteristics, gel batteries are similar to conventional lead-surmist batteries and today they are actively conquered by the autoinadustry market in their segment.

As practice shows, the most successful decorations of lead-acid batteries are standard with the presence of antimony on the electrode grid and gel, relatively young. As for hybrid, then, due to their characteristics of demand in the market, they do not have, so they are practically not sold and meet them is extremely rare.

Operating Rules

Compared to other types of batteries, lead-acid batteries are less speculative to use. General requirements for the operation of batteries impose special organizations and directly their manufacturer. By the way, the requirements are different for stationary and non-stationary acb. For the first types of batteries, they are as follows:

• Check and inspection - weekly specializing in this personnel;
• Current repairs - no less than once every 1 year;
• Capital recovery - no less than 3 years, and only if possible;
• Reliable mounting of the battery during operation on special stands;
• Mandatory availability of lighting in the place of storage;
• Painting the surface on which the battery is worth, in an acidic paint;
• Maintenance in electrolyte battery separators at the proper level (check / merging monthly);
• The presence of charging devices and compliance with the charging rules;
• Rated voltage on the network by 5% more than the battery charged in it;
• Preventing the battery storage in a discharged state for more than 12 hours;
• Storage temperature from -20 to +45 degrees Celsius, for 50% accumulated by -20 to +30. Uncharged batteries are unacceptable.

In the case of non-stationary lead-acid batteries, the storage conditions consist only in their timely recharging, electrolyte control (if necessary) and using the battery strictly for its intended purpose.

Charging rules

Charging any battery is that the procedure that should be carried out in the only correct mode. Otherwise, a couple of incorrect operations for charging the battery will make or a low-power current source, or "kill" the part. Knowing a similar feature of batteries, their owners are often asked for two questions:

1. How to charge the battery?
2. What kind of chicketer charger for lead-acid equipment is best used?

Regarding the second question, you can unambiguously say that the battery is permissible to charge any equipment, the main thing is that it is good. And on how to charge a lead acid battery, let's talk in more detail. In general, the correct charging order is:

1. The battery is placed in a specially equipped place for charging: the surface is painted in anti-cylinder paint, open sources of water and fire, access to the territory is limited;
2. After that, the ACB is connected to the charger;
3. Then the charging mode is set to the charging equipment in compliance with the two main conditions:
   • the voltage is constantly equal to about 2.35-2.45 volts;
   • the current at the beginning of the charge is the highest, by the end - gradually and noticeably decreases.

The battery charging process in standard mode lasts about 3-6 hours, except in cases using a cheap and weak hardware, as well as when the "killed" recovery charge is charged.

Battery recovery

At the end of today, we pay attention to the process of restoring lead-acid battery. It is believed that with a deep discharge, this type of batteries is either "dead" or keeps a very weak charge. In fact, the situation is different.

According to numerous studies, lead acid batteries are capable of not losing the nominal capacity even after 2-4 full discharges. For this, a fairly competent procedure for their recovery. How to restore this acb? In the following order:

1. The battery is placed in a specially prepared place with an air temperature of about 5-35 degrees higher Celsius;
2. A battery and charger is connected;
3. The latter are displayed as indicators as:
   • voltage - 2.45 volts;
   • the current is 0.05 sa.
4. There is a cyclical charge with small interruptions of about 2-3 times;
5. The battery is restored.

Note that far from each situation, such a procedure ends with success, but if the Rules for the restoration of the ACB are observed and the battery itself is made of high-quality materials, it is not necessary to doubt the success of the event.

This, perhaps, the most important information on lead-acid batteries approached the end. We hope today's material was useful for you and gave answers to questions of interest.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

Page 26 of 26

9.5 Maintenance of batteries

9.5.1 Types of maintenance

During operation at certain intervals to maintain batteries in good condition, the following types of maintenance must be carried out:

1. rechargeable battery inspections;
2. preventive control;
3. preventive recovery (repair).

Current and capital repairs of batteries should be performed as needed.

9.5. 2. Rechargeable battery inspections

Current battery inspections conducts battery personnel. In installations with constant duty personnel, such an inspection must be made one Rae per day, and in installations without constant duty personnel, the current inspection of the battery should be carried out during the inspection of other installation equipment for special graphics (but at least once and 10 days).
During the current inspection it is necessary to check:

1. voltage, density and electrolyte temperature in control batteries (voltage and density of electrolyte in all and temperature in control batteries - at least once a month);
2. voltage and current of the rechargeable and additional batteries;
3. electrolyte level in tanks;
4. correctness of the position of covers and filter plugs;
5. the intake of tanks, purity of tanks, racks and gender;
6. ventilation and heating (winter);
7. the presence of a slight separation of gas bubbles from batteries;
8. the level and color of the sludge in transparent tanks.

If defects are revealed during the inspection, which can be eliminated only inspecting, it should receive by calling the resolution of the head of the electric cauldron to carry out this work. If the defect cannot be eliminated alone, the method and the deadline for the defect is determined by the head of the workshop.
Inspector inspections are held by two employees: a person serving the battery, and the responsible person of engineering and technical personnel. Inspectory inspections are carried out within the time determined by local instructions (but at least once a month), as well as after installation, replace electrodes or electrolyte.
During the inspection inspection, it is necessary to repeat the amount of current inspection and additionally check:

1. voltage and density of electrolyte in all battery batteries, electrolyte temperature in control batteries;
2. lack of defects leading to short circuit;
3. state of electrodes (warming, excessive growth of positive electrodes, growths on negative, sulfation);
4. insulation resistance;
5. the content of records in the journal, the correctness of its maintenance.

When detecting during the inspection inspection of defects, it is necessary to outline the timing and order of their elimination.
The results of the inspections and the timing of the defects are entered into the battery log.

9.5. .3 Preventive control

Preventive control is carried out in order to test the condition and efficiency of the battery.
Checking the performance of the battery on the PS is provided instead of checking the container. It is allowed to produce it when turning on the switch closest to the AB with the most powerful inclusion electromagnet.
In the control discharge of the electrolyte samples, it is necessary to select at the end of the discharge, since during the discharge a number of harmful impurities go into the electrolyte.
An unscheduled analysis of electrolyte from control batteries should be carried out when bulk defects are found in the battery:

1. blocking and excessive growth of positive "electrodes, if disorders of the battery mode are not found;
2. losing light gray sludge;
3. reduced tank without visible reasons.

With an unscheduled analysis, except for iron and chlorine, the following impurities are determined in the presence of appropriate readings:

1. manganese (the electrolyte acquires a raspberry shade);
2. copper (elevated self-discharge, in the absence of increased iron content);
3. nitrogen oxides (the destruction of positive electrodes in the absence of chlorine in the electrolyte).

The sample must be selected with a rubber pear with a glass tube, reaching the lower third of the battery tank. The sample is poured into the jar with the fit plug. The bank should be pre-wash with hot water and rinse with distilled water. To the bank stick the label with the name of the battery, the battery number and the sampling date.
The limit content of impurities in the electrolyte of working batteries can be tentatively taken twice as much as in a freshly prepared electrolyte from a variety of accumulatory acid.
The resistance of the charged battery is measured using an insulation control device on DC shield tires or a voltmeter with an internal resistance of at least 50 com.
Calculation of insulation resistance ( RIP) In kiloma, when measuring the voltmeter is made by the formula:
,
Where RIs - voltmeter resistance, com;
U. - battery voltage, in;
U +, u_ -voltage plus and minus relative to "Earth", V.
According to the results of the same measurements, the poles insulation resistance can be determined ( RIz + I. RIz-) in kiloma.

9.5. 4 Current repair of SC batteries

The current repairs include work to eliminate various battery malfunctions performed, as a rule, by operating personnel.
It is often difficult to determine the presence of sulfate on external signs is often difficult due to the impossibility or insufficiency of the electrode review, and also because more specific features are exposed to significant. And deep sulfation.
An explicit sign of sulfation is the specific nature of the dependence of the charging voltage compared to a working battery. When charging a sulfated battery, the voltage immediately and quickly, depending on the degree of sulfate, reaches the maximum value and only as sulfate is dissolved, it starts to decline. Urgent battery voltage as the charge increases
Systematic shortages are possible due to the insufficiency of the voltage and current of the recharge. The timely conduct of equal charges ensures the prevention of sulfation, it is impossed to eliminate minor sulfate.
The elimination of sulfate requires considerable time and is not always successful, therefore it is advisable to prevent its occurrence.
Inappropriate and shallow sulfate is recommended to be eliminated by the next mode.
After a normal charge, the battery is discharged by a ten-hour regime current to a voltage of 1.8 V to the battery and leave it by 10-12 hours. Then the battery is charged with a current of 0.1 · C10 to gas formation and turn off for 15 minutes, after which it is subjected to charge 0, one Izar.max Prior to the onset of intensive gas formation on the electrodes of both polarities and the achievement of normal electrolyte density.
With sulfate phenomena, it is recommended to carry out the specified charge mode in the dilute electrolyte. For this, the electrolyte after discharge is diluted with distilled water to a density of 1.03-1.05 g / cm 3, charge immigrates.
The effectiveness of the regime is determined by the systematic growth of the electrolyte density.
The charge is carried out to the receipt of the unchanging electrolyte density (usually less than 1.21 g / cm 3) and strong uniform gas emissions. After that, the electrolyte density is adjusted to 1.21 g / cm 3.
If sulfate turned out to be so significant that the specified modes may be unsuccessful to restore the performance of the battery, the electrode replacement is necessary.
When signs of short circuit, the batteries in glass tanks must be carefully examined with a translucent label. Batteries in ebonite and wooden pots are viewed from above.
In the batteries working with a constant recharge with high voltage, tree-like spongy lead growths can be formed on negative electrodes, which can cause short circuit. When the growths are detected at the top edges of the electrodes, it is necessary to scrape them with a strip of glass or other acid-resistant material. Prevention and removal of growths in other places of electrodes are recommended to perform in small movements of separators up and down.
A short closure through the sludge in the battery in a wooden tank with lead clacks can be determined by the results of the voltage measurement between the electrodes and the folding. In the presence of closure, the voltage will be zero.
A good accumulator, which is at rest, the stress "plus-idle" is close to 1.3 V, and "minus-trunk" close to 0.7 V.
When the closure is detected through the sludge, it is necessary to pump sludge. If it is impossible to immediately pump, you need to try to ram with the cooler, and eliminate contact with the electrodes.
To determine the short circuit, you can use the compass in the plastic case. The compass moves along the connecting bands above the ears of the electrodes, first of the same polarity of the battery, then another.
A sharp change in the deviation of the compass arrow from two sides of the electrode indicates a short circuit of this electrode with an electrode of another polarity, which is determined in the same way on the other side of the battery (Fig. 9.2).
If there are still short-circuited electrodes in the battery, the arrow will deviate near each of them.

Fig. 9.2. Determination of a short circuit site by compass
1 - negative plate; 2 - positive plate; 3 - vessel; 4 - compass
Electrode charging occurs mainly with an uneven current distribution between the electrodes.
The uneven distribution of the current in the height of the electrodes, for example, with a bundle of electrolyte, with excessively large and long-term charging and discharge currents leads to the uneven movement of reactions in different parts of the electrodes, and, as a result, the appearance of mechanical stresses, as well as the capability capability. The presence of impurities in the electrolyte impurities of nitrogen and acetic acid enhances the oxidation of deeper layers of positive electrodes. Since lead dioxide takes a larger volume than lead, from which it was formed, the growth and curvature of the electrodes take place.
Deep discharges up to voltage below the permissible also lead to the bertifications and growth of positive electrodes.
Positive electrodes are prone to storage and growth. The curvature of negative electrodes takes place mainly as a result of pressure on them from the neighboring victims of positive.
It is possible to straighten the swapping electrodes only after removing them from the battery. Correction is subject to electrodes, uncomputed and fully charged, since in this state they are softer and easier to edit.
Carved sword-bred electrodes are wrapped with water and placed between smooth solid rock boards (beech, oak, birch). On the top board it is necessary to install the cargo, increasing as electrodes edit. It is forbidden to edit electrodes with blows of a blue or hammer, directly or through the board to avoid the destruction of the active layer.
If the victorious electrodes are not dangerous for neighboring negative electrodes, it is allowed to limit the measures that prevent the occurrence of a short circuit, for this, with the convex side of the cordless electrode, an additional separator must be paved. The replacement of such electrodes should be made at the other repairs of the battery.
With a significant and progressive charge, you must replace all positive electrodes to new ones in the battery. Replacing only the borne-free electrodes on new is not allowed.
The visible signs of unsatisfactory quality of the electrolyte include its color, namely:

1. color from light to dark brown indicates the presence of organic substances, which during operation quickly (at least partially) are moving into acetic acids;
2. purple electrolyte color indicates the presence of manganese compounds, when the battery discharge, this purple color disappears.

The main source of harmful impurities in the electrolyte during operation is piling water. Therefore, to prevent harmful impurities into the electrolyte, it is necessary to use distilled water distilled or equivalent to it.
The use of electrolyte with the content of impurities above the permissible norms entails:

1. significant self-discharge in the case of the presence of copper, iron, arsenic, antimony, bismuth;
2. an increase in internal resistance in the case of the presence of manganese;
3. destruction of positive electrodes due to the presence of acetic and nitric acids or their derivatives;
4. the destruction of positive and negative electrodes under the action of hydrochloric acid or compounds containing chlorine.

In case of chloride electrolyte (there may be external signs - the smell of chlorine and the deposits of light gray sludge) or nitrogen oxides (there are no external signs), the batteries are exposed to 3-4 cycles of the discharge-charge, during which these impurities are usually due to electrolysis Delete.
To remove iron, the batteries are discharged, the contaminated electrolyte is removed along with sludge and washed with distilled water. After washing, the batteries are filled with an electrolyte with a density of 1.04-1.06 g / cm 3 and charged to the receipt of the constant voltage and electrolyte density. Then, the solution from the battery must be removed, replaced with a fresh electrolyte density of 1.20 g / cm 3 and the batteries discharge up to 1.8 V. At the end of the discharge, the electrolyte is checked on the iron content. With a favorable analysis, the batteries are normally charged. In case of adverse analysis, the processing cycle must be repeated.
To remove contamination by manganese, batteries are discharged. The electrolyte is replaced with fresh and batteries normally charge. If contamination is fresh, one is enough to replace the electrolyte.
Copper from batteries with electrolyte is not removed. To remove it, batteries charge. When charging, copper is transferred to negative electrodes that are replaced after charge. The installation of new negative electrodes to the old positive leads to the accelerated failure of the latter. Therefore, such a replacement is advisable if there are oldest negative electrodes in the reserve.
We find the detection of a large number of copper-contaminated copper batteries more profitable to replace all electrodes and separation.
If the sludge accumulators reached the level at which the distance to the lower edge of the electrodes in the glass tanks decreased to 10 mm, and the sludge is needed in opaque up to 20 mm.
In batteries with opaque tanks, check the level of sludge with the help of an acidic material. It is necessary to remove the separator from the middle of the battery, as well as lift several separators nearby and in the gap between the electrodes to lower the square to contact with the sludge. Then the carbon is rotated 90 ° and lifted up to contact with the lower edge of the electrodes. The distance from the surface of the slag to the lower edge of the electrodes will be equal to the difference between the measurements at the upper end of the coal plus 10 mm. If the square does not turn or turns hard, then the sludge or already comes into contact with the electrodes or is close to it.
When pumping the sludge is simultaneously removed and electrolyte. So that the charged negative electrodes in the air did not heat up and do not lose the container when pumping, it is necessary to pre-prepare the required amount of electrolyte and pour it into the battery immediately after pumping.
The pumping is produced using a vacuum pump or blower. As a dish, in which the sludge is pumped out, take a bottle, through the plug into which two glass tubes with a diameter of 12-15 mm passes. A short tube can be a brass diameter of 8-10 mm. To skim the sludge from the battery, sometimes you have to remove the springs and even cut one lateral electrode. The sludge must be carefully stirred by a coated from a textolite or viniplast.
Excessive self-discord is a consequence of low battery insulation resistance, high electrolyte density, unacceptably high accumulatory room temperature.
The consequences of the self-discharge from the first three reasons usually do not require special battery correction measures. It is enough to find and eliminate the reason for lowering the resistance of the battery isolation, lead the density of the electrolyte and the room temperature.
Excessive self-discharge due to short circuits or contamination of electrolyte with harmful impurities, if it is allowed for a long time, leads to the sulfate of the electrodes and to the loss of the container. The electrolyte must be replaced, and defective batteries desulphated and subjected to a controlling discharge.
Battery cakes are possible with deep battery discharges when individual batteries having a poured capacity are completely discharged, and then charged in the opposite direction of the load current from serviceable batteries.
The outed battery has a reverse voltage voltage 2 V. Such a battery reduces the battery discharge voltage by 4 V.
To correct it, the ipired battery is discharged and then charged with a small current in the right direction to the constancy of the electrolyte density. Then discharge a decade-hour mode and repeatedly charge and so repeat the voltage does not reach the same 2.5 -2.7 V value for two hours, and the electrolyte density of the value is 1.20-1.21 g / cm 3.
Damage to glass tanks is usually beginning with cracks. Therefore, with regular inspections of the battery, the defect can be detected in the initial stage. The greatest amount of cracks appears in the first years of battery operation due to improper installation of insulators under the tanks (different thickness or lack of pads between the bottom of the tank and insulators), as well as due to the deformation of the racks made from raw wood. Cracks can also appear due to local heating of the wall of the tank caused by a short circuit.
Damage to the wooden tanks, laid out, most often arise due to damage to the lead plated. The reasons are: Bad Spryaching of the seams, lead defects, the installation of retaining glasses without grooves, when the positive electrodes are closed directly or through the sludge.
When the positive electrodes are closed on the plane, lead dioxide is formed on it. As a result, the laying loses its strength, and through holes may appear in it.
If you need to cut a defective battery from a working battery, it is first shunt with a jumper with a resistance of 0.25-1.0 ohms, designed for the passage of normal load current. Curbed along the connecting strip on one side of the battery. Insert a strip of insulating material insert.
If the troubleshooting requires a long time (for example, the elimination of the outer battery), the shunt resistance replaces the copper slot, designed for the emergency discharge current.
Since the use of shunt resistances is not well proven to be in operation, it is preferable to use the battery, included in parallel defective to output the latter for repair.
The replacement of the damaged tank on the operating battery is performed when the battery is shunking with an impedance with an emission of electrodes.
The charged negative electrodes as a result of the interaction of the air remaining in the pores of the electrolyte and oxygen oxidize with the release of a large amount of heat, heavily distinguished. Therefore, when the tank is damaged, with the flow of electrolyte, first of all, it is necessary to cut negative electrodes and put into a tank with distilled water, and after replacing the tank after the positive electrodes.
Cuttering from a battery of a single positive electrode for editing on a working battery is allowed in multi-electrode batteries. With a small number of electrodes, in order to avoid the reversal of the battery when the battery switch to the discharge mode, it is necessary to shut it with a jumper with a diode designed for the discharge current.
If a low-capacity battery is detected in the battery in the absence of short circuit and sulfate, then using a cadmium electrode to determine the electrodes of which polarity have insufficient containers.
Check the capacity of the electrodes should be made on the battery discharged to 1.8 V at the end of the control discharge. In such a battery, the potential of positive electrodes relative to the cadmium electrode should be approximately equal to 1.96 V, and the negative - 0.16 V. The sign of the insufficiency of the capacity of positive electrodes is the reduction of their potential below 1.96 V, and negative electrodes - increase their potential more than 0.2 V.
Measurements are produced on a battery included on the load voltmeter with a large internal resistance (more than 1000 ohms).
The cadmium electrode (coins be a rod with a diameter of 5-5 mm and a length of 8-10 cm) 0.5 hours before the measurement starts, it is necessary to omit the electrolyte with a density of 1.18 g / cm 3. When interrupted in measurements, it is necessary to dry out the cadmium electrode. The new cadmium electrode must be designed in the electrolyte for two or three days. After measurements, the electrode must be thoroughly rinsed with water. On the cadmium electrode, the perforated tube from the insulating material is hoped.

9.5. 5 Current repair of CH batteries

When changing the electrolyte, the battery is discharged by a 10-hour mode to the voltage of 1.8 V and poured the electrolyte, then poured it with distilled water to the top mark and leave for 3-4 hours. The number of water is poured, the electrolyte is poured with a density of 1,210 ± 0.005 R / cm 3 shown in 20 ° C, and charge the battery before reaching the constant voltage and the density of the electrolyte for two hours. After charge, the electrolyte density is adjusted to 1.230 ± 1 , 005 g / cm 3.

9.5. 6 Overhaul of rechargeable batteries

To capital repairs of the battery-type batteries include the following works:

1. replacement of electrodes;
2. replacing tanks or layout their acid-resistant material;
3. repair of emissions of electrodes;
4. repair or replacement racks.

The replacement of electrodes should be made, as a rule, not earlier than 15-30 years of operation.
The overhaul of CH batteries are not produced, the batteries are replaced. Replacement must be made no earlier than 10 years of operation.
For overhaul, it is advisable to invite specialized repair companies. Repair are performed according to the current technological instructions of the repair enterprises.
Depending on the working conditions of the battery, the entire battery is entirely or part of it.
The number of batteries derived in parts are determined from the condition of ensuring the minimum allowable voltage on DC tires for specific consumers of this battery.
To close the battery circuit when repairing it in groups, jumpers from an isolated flexible copper wire must be made. The wire section is chosen so that its resistance (R) in Omach does not exceed the resistance of the group of disconnected batteries, determined by the formula:
,
Where n.- the number of batteries disconnected;
№A - battery number.
The ends of the jumpers must be clamped by clamps.
With partial replacement of electrodes, you must be guided by the following rules:

1. it is not allowed in the same battery at the same time old and new, as well as varying degrees of wear electrodes of one polarity;
2. when replacing in the battery to new only positive electrodes, it is allowed to leave old negative, if they are checked by a cadmium electrode.

3. Maintenance of lead-acid batteries

Modern lead acid rechargeable batteries are reliable devices and have significant exploitation. Good quality batteries have a service life for at least five years, subject to careful and timely care. Therefore, we will consider the rules of operation of batteries and regular maintenance methods that will significantly increase their resource with minimal time and finance costs.

General rules of operation of batteries

The battery during operation is necessary to periodically examine the presence of cracks of the body, contain clean and in the charged state.
Pollution of the battery surface, the presence of oxides or dirt on the pins, as well as a loose tightening of wire clips cause a quick discharge of a battery and prevent its normal charge. To avoid this follows:

• Contain the surface of the battery and monitor the degree of tightening of contact terminals. The electrolyte, which fell to the surface of the battery, wipe the dry cloth or a rag moistened in the ammonic alcohol or a solution of soda calcined (10% solution). The oxidized contact pins of the battery and the wire terminals clear, non-touching surfaces to lubricate with technical vaseline or solidol.
• Follow the purity of the drainage holes of the battery. In the process of operation, the electrolyte allocates pairs, and when driving the drainage holes, these pairs are highlighted in other all possible places. As a rule, this happens near the contact pins of the battery, which leads to an increased oxidation. If necessary, clean them.
• Periodically check the voltage on the contact pins of the battery with the engine running. This procedure will allow you to estimate the level of charge that provides the generator. If the voltage, depending on the crankshaft revolutions, is in the range of 12.5 -14.5 V for passenger cars and 24.5 - 26.5 V for trucks, this means that the unit is working. Deviations from the specified parameters speaks of the formation of various oxides on the contacts of the wiring on the generator connection line, its wear and the need to diagnose and troubleshoot. After repair, repeat the control measures in different modes of engine operation, including when the headers and other electrical power consumers are included.
• With a long-term simple car, turn off the battery from the "mass", and during long-term storage - periodically recharge it. If the battery is often and for a long time are in a discharged or even half-breasted state, the effect of sulfate plates arises (coating of the battery plates by a large-crystal sulphate lead). This leads to a decrease in the capacity of the battery, to an increase in its internal resistance and gradual complete inoperability. For recharging, special devices are used, which reduce the voltage to the required level and then go to battery charging mode. Modern chargers for the most part automatic and in the process of their application do not require control from human.
• Avoid long-term engine start, special, in the cold season. When you start a cold engine, the starter consumes a large starting current, which can cause the "warping" of the plates of the battery and the attachment of the active mass of them. What will ultimately lead to the complete inoperability of the battery.

The serviceability of the battery is checked by a special device for a load fork. The battery is considered to be worked if its voltage does not fall for at least 5 seconds.

Care of maintenanceable battery

The batteries of this type are increasingly distributed and are becoming increasingly popular. Care of the non-servant battery is reduced to standard actions required for all types of batteries described above.

Unnwided batteries do not have technological holes with traffic jams to control the level and tensioning the electrolyte to the desired level and density. Some batteries of this type are built-in hydrometers. In the case of a critical drop in the electrolyte level or reduce its density, the battery is subject to replacement.

Care of serviced battery

Rechargeable batteries of this type have technological holes for filling electrolyte with dense threaded plugs. The total maintenance of a car battery of this type is made in the same manner as for all, but it is additionally necessary to perform work on checking the density and level of electrolyte.

Checking the level of electrolyte produce visually or using a special dimensional tube. On naked (as a result of the drop in the electrolyte level) parts of the plates, the sulfate process occurs. To raise the electrolyte level, in the banks of the battery tighten distilled water.

The electrolyte density is checked by acidometer-areometer and it is estimated according to the charge level of the battery.
Before checking the density, if the electrolyte tightened to the battery, you need to start the engine and give it to work so that when the battery is recharged, the electrolyte moves or use the charger.

In areas with a sharply continental climate when switching from winter operation on summer, and on the contrary, rechargeable
Remove the battery from the car, connect to the charger, perform a charge of current 7 A. at the end of the charging process, without turning off the charger, bring the density of the electrolyte to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table 1 and Table 2. The procedure should be carried out in several techniques, with the help of rubber pear, by sucking or adding electrolyte or distilled water. When transitioning to summer exploitation, foster distilled water, when moving to winter operation, add the electrolyte with a density of 1.400 g / cm 3.
The difference in the density of the electrolyte in various banks of the battery is also also tightened with a distilled water or electrolyte topping.
The gap between two water or electrolyte additives should be at least 30 minutes.

Care for collapsible batteries

Maintenance of collapsible batteries does not differ from the conditions of maintenance of non-separable batteries, only additionally needed to monitor the surface of the mastic surface. If cracks appeared on the surface of the mastic, they need to be eliminated by plating mastic with the help of an electric soldering iron or other heating instrument. You should not allow the tension of the wires when connecting the battery to the car, as it leads to the formation of cracks in mastic.

Features of the launch of dried batteries.

In the case of acquiring you not a flooded drone battery, it must be filmed by an electrolyte with a density of 1.27 g / cm 3 to a set level. 20 minutes after fill, but no later than two hours, the electrolyte density was measured using an acidometer-aometer. If the density drop has not exceeded 0.03 g / cm 3, the battery can be installed on the car for operation. If the electrolyte density drop has occurred above the norm, you must connect the charger and exercise. The charge current should not exceed 10% of the nominal value and the procedure is carried out until the abundant isolating gases in the battery banks appear. After that, the density and level are re-monitored. If necessary, distilled water fills in banks. Then the charger is again connected for half an hour for the uniform distribution of electrolyte throughout the volume of cans. Now the battery is ready for use and can be installed on the car for operation.

Regular care for the battery will allow to extend its life and avoid sulfatization of plates or their mechanical destruction. Proper operation of the battery significantly increases its resource, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of operation of the car.

When, If the electrolyte density is unknowndischarged batteries determine lA-2 loaderBy checking each battery separately for 5 s. The plug has a voltmeter, contact legs, two load resistance made of nichrome wire. Depending on the nominal charge ("capacitance") of the battery using resistances create three Battery Load Options:

• at nominal charge batteries 40-65 A-h include greater resistance (0.018-0.2), screwing the left and unscrewing right terminals;
• when charging 70-100 A-h include less resistance (0.01-0,012), screwing up the left and unscrewing right terminals;
• when charging 100-135 A-h Include both resistance in parallel, screwing both terminals.

Voltmeter readings are compared with the data of the table 2. The voltage of a fully charged battery should not fall below 1.7 V. The voltage difference of individual batteries does not have to exceed 0.1 V. If the difference is greater than this value or battery is discharged by more than 50% or more than 25% in winter, it is recharged.

Dry-grooved batteries come in dry, and to enter them into action prepare electrolyte. To do this, use rechargeable sulfuric acid (GOST 667-73), distilled water (GOST 6709-72) and clean glass, porcelain, ebonite or disconnected dishes.

The density of the filled electrolyte must be 20-30 kg / m3 less than the density required under these operating conditions (see Table 1), since in the active mass of the plates of a dry-charged battery contains up to 20% or more lead sulfate, which when charging Transformed into sponge lead, lead dioxide and sulfuric acid. The amount of distilled water and sulfuric acid required for the preparation of 1 l electrolyte depends on its density (Table 3).

To prepare the desired volume of electrolyte, for example, for the battery 6T-75 batteries, into which 5 liters of electrolyte with a density of 1270 kg / m3, the values \u200b\u200bof Table 3 at a density of 1270 kg / m3 are multiplied by five, poured into pure porcelain, ebonite or glass Tank 0.778-5 \u003d \u003d 3.89 l of distilled water and, stirring, is poured into it with small portions 0.269-5 \u003d 1.345 liters of sulfuric acid. It is strictly forbidden to pour water into acid, since it will cause boiling jet of water and emissions of vapors and drops of sulfuric acid. The resulting electrolyte is thoroughly mixed, cooled to a temperature of 15-20 ° C and check its density to a densimeter. In case of contact with skin, the electrolyte is washed with a 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (food soda).

The electrolyte is poured into batteries in rubber gloves using a porcelain mug and a glass funnel to a level of 10-15 mm above the grille. After 3 hours after fill, the electrolyte density is measured in all batteries to control the degree of charge of negative plates. Then spend several control cycles. On the last cycle at the end of the charge, the electrolyte density is adjusted to a strictly identical value in all batteries by taking a distilled water or electrolyte with a density of 1400 kg / m3.

Commissioning without conducting control cycles usually accelerates self-discharge and reduces battery life.

The current value of the first and subsequent (training) battery charging is indicated in Table 27 and is usually supported by adjusting the charger. The duration of the first charging depends on the duration and storage conditions of the battery to the pouring of the electrolyte and can reach 25-50 hours. Charging continues until abundant gas dividing in all batteries, and the electrolyte density and voltage will not be constant for 3 hours that And serves as a sign of the end of charging. To reduce corrosion of positive plates, the charging current at the end of the charge can be reduced twice.

The battery discharge is carried out by connecting via an ammeter to the outputs of a wire or lamp retirement battery, supporting its adjustment value of a discharge current equal to 0.05 nominal battery charge in A-h. Charging finish when the voltage of the worst (lagging) battery battery will be 1.75 V. After discharging, the battery is immediately charged by the current of subsequent (training) charges. If a battery charge defined during the first discharge was insufficient (less than 75%), the training cycle is repeated.

Store the dried-out, not activated batteries in dry rooms with air temperature above 0 ° C. The dry-harness of the batteries is guaranteed during the year, the total shelf life is three years from the moment of manufacture.

Maintenance of batteries

The issues of the use and operation of acid-lead hermetic batteries are considered, the most widely used to reduce the equipment of the security and fire alarm system (OPS)

The acid-lead hermetic batteries that appeared in the Russian market (hereinafter referred to as the batteries) intended for use as sources of DC for power supply or reservations of OPS, communication and video surveillance equipment, in a short time gained popularity of users and developers . The most widely used batteries produced by firms: "Power Sonic", "CSB", "FIMM", "Sonnenschein", "Cobe", "Yuasa", "Panasonic", "Vision".

The batteries of this type have the following advantages:

• tightness, lack of harmful emissions into the atmosphere;
• no replacement of electrolyte and tapped water;
• the ability to operate in any position;
• does not cause corrosion of ops equipment;
• stability without damage to deep discharge;
• small self-discharge (less than 0.1%) from nominal capacity per day at ambient temperature plus 20 ° C;
• preservation of performance with more than 1000 cycles of 30% discharge and over 200 full-time cycles;
• the possibility of storage in a charged state without a subband for two years at ambient temperature plus 20 ° C;
• the possibility of rapid capacity recovery (up to 70% in two hours) when charging a fully discharged battery;
• simplicity charge;
• when handling products, compliance with any precautionary measures is required (since the electrolyte is in the form of a gel, there is no leakage of acid during damage to the case).

One of the main characteristics is the battery capacity C (the product of the discharge current A during the discharge of h). The rated capacity (the value is indicated on the battery) is equal to the container that the battery gives at a 20-hour discharge to 1.75 V voltage on each cell. For a 12-volt battery containing six cells, this voltage is 10.5 V. For example, a battery with a rating capacity of 7 Ah provides operation for 20 hours with a discharge current of 0.35 A. When calculating the battery life at a discharge current, excellent From the 20-hour, the real container will differ from the nominal. So, at a more than 20-hour discharge current, the actual battery capacity will be less nominal ( picture 1).

Figure 1 - The dependence of the battery discharge time from the discharge current

Figure 2 - Dependence of the capacity of the battery from ambient temperature

The battery capacity also depends on the ambient temperature ( figure 2.).
All manufacturers producers produce batteries of two denominations: 6 and 12 V with a nominal capacity of 1.2 ... 65.0 Ah.

Operation of batteries

When operating batteries, it is necessary to comply with the requirements for their discharge, charge and storage.

1. Battery discharge

When the battery discharge, the ambient temperature should be maintained in the range of minus 20 (for some types of batteries from minus 30 ° C) to plus 50 ° C. Such a wide temperature range allows you to install batteries in unheated premises without additional heating.
It is not recommended to expose the battery "deep" discharge, as this can lead to it. IN table 1. The values \u200b\u200bof the permissible discharge voltage are given for various discharge current values.

Table 1

The battery after the discharge should be charged immediately. This is especially true of the battery, which was subjected to a "deep" discharge. If the battery for a long period of time is in a discharged state, then a situation is possible at which it is possible to restore it completely.

Some power source developers with a built-in battery set a battery disconnect voltage with its discharge extremely low (9.5 ... 10.0 V), trying to increase the time of operation in the reserve. In fact, an increase in the duration of its work in this case is slightly. For example, the residual battery capacity with its discharge 0.05 ° C to 11 V is 10% of the nominal, and when the current discharge, this value decreases.

2. Connection of multiple batteries

To obtain voltage ratings above 12 V (for example, 24 V) used to reduce the receiving and control devices and detectors for open sites, a sequential connection of several batteries is allowed. The following rules should be followed:

• It is necessary to use the same type of batteries produced by one manufacturer.
• It is not recommended to connect the batteries with the difference of the date of manufacture of more than 1 month.
• It is necessary to maintain the temperature difference between the batteries within 3 ° C.
• It is recommended to observe the required distance (10 mm) between batteries.

3. Storage

It is allowed to store batteries at ambient temperatures from minus 20 to plus 40 ° C.

Batteries supplied by manufacturers in a fully charged state have a sufficiently small self-discharge current, however, with long-term storage or use of cyclic charge mode, it is possible to reduce their capacity ( figure 3.). During the storage of batteries, it is recommended to recharge them at least 1 time in 6 months.

Figure 3 - Dependence of the capacity of the battery capacity at the time of storage at different temperatures

Figure 4 - Dependence of battery life from ambient temperature

4. Battery charge

The battery charge can be carried out at ambient temperature from 0 to plus 40 ° C.
When charging the battery, it is impossible to put it into a hermetically closed container, since it is possible to release gases (when charging with a large current).

Select charger

The need to choose the correct choice of the charger is dictated by the fact that an excessive charge will not only reduce the amount of electrolyte, but will lead to a rapid failure of the battery elements. At the same time, the decrease in the charge current leads to an increase in the duration of the charge. This is not always desirable, especially when reserving OPS equipment on facilities, where electricity disconnects often occur,
The battery life is significantly dependent on the methods of charge and ambient temperature ( figures 4, 5, 6).

Figure 5 - Dependence of the change in the relative capacity of the battery from the service life in the buffer chapter mode

Figure 6 - The dependence of the number of battery discharge cycles from the depth of the *% shows the depth of the discharge to each cycle of the nominal container, taken as 100%

Buffer charging mode

When buffer charging mode, the battery is always connected to a DC source. At the beginning of the charge, the source works as a current limiter, at the end (when the voltage on the battery reaches the required value) - begins to work as a voltage limiter. From this point on, the charge current begins to fall and reaches the magnitude compensating for the battery self-discharge.

Cyclic charge mode

With cyclic charge mode, the battery is performed, then it turns off from the charger. The next charge cycle is carried out only after the battery discharge or after a certain time to compensate for the self-discharge. Battery Characteristics are given in table 2..

table 2

Note - Temperature coefficient should not be taken into account if the charge flows at an ambient temperature of 10 ... 30 ° C.

On the figure 6. The number of discharge cycles are shown, which can be subjected to the battery depending on the discharge depth.

Accelerated battery charge

The accelerated charge of the battery is allowed (only for cyclic charge mode). For this mode, the presence of temperature compensation circuits and built-in temperature protective devices is characterized, since it is possible to warm the battery during a large charge current. Characteristics of the accelerated charge of the battery are given in Table 3.

Table 3.

Note - You should use a timer to prevent battery charge.

For batteries having a capacity of more than 10 Ah, the initial current should not exceed 1C.

The service life of acid-lead hermetic batteries can be 4 ... 6 years (subject to the requirements for charge, storage and operation of batteries). At the same time, no additional maintenance is required during the specified period of operation.

* All drawings and specifications are provided from the documentation for FIMM batteries, and also fully comply with the specifications of batteries manufactured by COBE and YUASA.