The three-axle vehicle ZIL-131 is the main model of the off-road truck of the Moscow Likhachev Plant in the period from 1966 to 1994. This is one of the most famous and recognizable cars of the Soviet automobile industry throughout the world. ZIL-131 is a car, first of all, a military one, which for decades has been supplied to the Soviet army and the armed forces of the countries that are allies of the USSR.

Thanks to this prevalence, not only in the socialist states, but also in many, so to speak, "banana republics", ZIL-131, unexpectedly for itself, made a long and successful film career in Hollywood.

In addition to dozens of films about James Bond and other numerous, less well-known, Cold War movie fighters, ZIL-131 has repeatedly appeared in frames of modern foreign cinema.

The Expendables team quickly restored the abandoned ZIL-131: Statham deals with the engine, Stallone provides "wise leadership."

In the same "Transformers", for example. Or in "The Expendables-2": Sylvester Stallone and his "dream-team" from the stars of retro action movies famously burst into the terrorists' lair on a military "ZILka"! At the same time, the creators of all these films - both the old and the new time, during their shooting have never visited not only Russia, but even the CIS.

ZIL-131 is a front-engine all-wheel drive truck with a 6x6 wheel formula. Initially, it was created as a cross-country vehicle. For the transport of goods and people, as well as for towing trailers - both on all types of roads and on rough terrain.

In the lineup of the Likhachev Plant, the ZIL-131 replaced the no less famous, and even the legendary off-road car.

In terms of its cross-country ability, the ZIL-131 is not inferior even to tracked vehicles. This truck was created on the basis of the production experience of its predecessor, the ZIL-157. The new ZIL off-road truck has been significantly improved; equipped with an innovative bridge, eight-ply tires with a special tread pattern. At ZIL-131, the front axle was made disconnectable, and one common driveshaft goes to both rear axles from the transfer case.

ZIL-131 proved to be an extremely hardy machine for operation in any climatic conditions, including the Far North, tropical and equatorial latitudes, demonstrating stable and trouble-free operation at air temperatures from -45 to +55 ° C.

Developing the ZIL-131, the designers of the Likhachev Plant successfully coped with the task of creating an off-road army truck, inexpensive to manufacture, easy to operate and most unified with its "civilian counterpart".

The first mass production was nevertheless launched a new mass truck for the national economy -; and three years after that - the army ZIL-131. However, less than five years later, from January 1971, it ceased to be a purely military vehicle and began to be mass-produced as a simplified national economic truck - without the units characteristic of army vehicles.

The serial, “classic” ZIL-131 was produced for twenty years: from 1966 to 1986, when its modernized version, the ZIL-131N, was launched into the series. This version was equipped with an improved engine (improved efficiency, extended working life), more modern optics and an awning made of new synthetic materials.

A few years later, they began to try to equip the ZIL-131N not with carburetor, but with diesel engines: their own ZIL-0550; motors from other manufacturers: D-245.20; YaMZ-236 and even Caterpillar.

However, the modernized 131st was not widely used, despite the fact that, in addition to the Likhachev plant, it was also produced at the Ural Automobile Plant until 2006. It's just that production volumes were far from the same. In the Urals, by the way, ZIL-131N has been produced in recent years under the name Amur-521320.

The maximum level of production of trucks of the 131st series fell on the 80s, when up to 48 thousand such vehicles were produced per year. And the number of workers employed by that time at ZIL reached 120 thousand people. In total, the Likhachev plant built 998,429 cars of the ZIL-131 family. The vast majority of them, of course - in the years of the USSR. And for the entire period of 1987 - 2006, both enterprises assembled 52,349 cars of an updated modification - ZIL-131N.

The main technical characteristics of the serial ZIL-131

• Length: 7,040m; Width: 2,500 m.
• Height (without load): in the cabin - 2.510 m; on the awning - 2,970 m.
• Wheelbase: 3350 + 1250 mm.
• Ground clearance: under the front axle - 33 cm; under the intermediate and rear axles - 35.5 cm.
• The track size of the front and rear wheels is the same: 1.820 m.
• The smallest turning radius on a dry paved road with the front axle turned off is: in the middle of the track of the outer front wheel - 10.2 m; on the wing of the outer front wheel - 10.8 m.
• Tire size is 12.00-20″.
• Load platform dimensions (length/width/height, mm): 3600 / 2322 / 346+569.
• Loading height: 1430 mm.
• Carrying capacity on the highway: 5 tons; on ground cover: 3.5 tons.
• Empty car weight: 5.275 tons.
• Curb weight: 6.135 tons - without winch; 6.375 tons - with a winch.
• Gross vehicle weight: without winch - 10.185 tons; with a winch - 10.425 tons.

The distribution of the load transmitted to the road from the mass of the equipped vehicle through the tires of the wheels is: 27.5 / 30.45 kN (2750/3045 kgf) - front axle; 33.85 / 33.30 kN (3385/3330 kgf) - rear bogie.

The distribution of the load transmitted to the road from the total mass of the vehicle through the tires of the wheels is: 30.60 / 33.55 kN (3060/3355 kgf) - front axle; 71.25 / 70.70 kN (7125/7070 kgf) - rear bogie.

The parameters of the overhang angles are as follows: front without a winch - 45 degrees, with a winch - 36 degrees; rear - 40 degrees.

Engines ZIL-131

• The main, “native” engine of the serial ZIL-131 is a 4-stroke eight-cylinder V-shaped 90 ° carburetor engine with a volume of 6 liters. Its rated power (with rev limiter) is 150 horsepower. The power unit belongs to the overhead valve type of engines, liquid cooling. The cylinder diameter is 100mm; piston stroke - 95 mm. The compression ratio is 6.5. Torque - 41 kgf * m (410 Nm). Specific fuel consumption is at least 35-38 liters per 100 kilometers. Its considerable nutritional requirements are provided by two fuel tanks of 170 liters each.

• Upgraded in 1986, the year 150-horsepower engine ZIL-5081 V8 differs from the previous engine in cylinder heads with screw inlet channels and a compression ratio increased to 7.1. This engine was also slightly more economical than its predecessor.
• Diesel engines, which, already in its recent history, were equipped with ZIL-131: D-245.20- in-line four-cylinder diesel engine with a working volume of 4.75 liters. The rated engine power of this is 81 horsepower, the maximum torque reaches 29.6 kgm. Diesel fuel consumption is 18 liters per 100 km; YaMZ-236- six-cylinder V-shaped diesel engine with a volume of 11.15 liters. The rated power of this motor is 180 hp; own four-stroke diesel plant named after Likhachev ZIL-0550(6.28 l, 132 hp). However, the ZIL-131 diesel truck is still a rarity.

Frame and suspension of the truck ZIL-131

The frame of the ZILovsky "SUV" is stamped, riveted, with channel section spars, which are connected by stamped crossbars. Behind is a hook with a rubber shock absorber; in front of the frame - two rigid tow hooks.

Front suspension - on longitudinal springs; the front ends of the springs are fixed to the frame with lugs and pins, and the rear ends of the springs are “slippery”. The rear suspension is balanced, on two longitudinal springs. Shock absorbers (on the front suspension) are hydraulic, telescopic, double-acting.

The truck is equipped with disc wheels mounted on 8 studs. The truck's front dependent suspension is mounted on two semi-elliptical springs, equipped with shock absorbers and rear sliding ends. The rear suspension (balanced) is mounted on two semi-elliptical springs with sliding ends and 6 jet rods.

Steering and brake control; transmission ZIL-131

The truck is equipped with a hydraulic booster steering gear located in a common crankcase with a steering gear. The steering mechanism - a working pair - is a screw with a nut on circulating balls, and a rack engaged with a gear sector.

The power steering pump is a double-acting vane pump driven by a belt from the crankshaft pulley. Gear ratio of the steering mechanism - 20. Longitudinal and transverse steering rods - with heads on ball pins, with self-clamping crackers.

Brake mechanisms of the working brake system - drum type with two inner pads, unclenched by a fist, are installed on all wheels. Brake drum diameter is 420mm; pad width - 100 mm.

The total area of ​​the brake linings is 4800 cm2. The drive of the brake mechanisms when the service brake system is turned on is pneumatic, without separation along the axes. There are six brake chambers, type 16th.

The brake mechanism of the parking brake system is a drum type with two internal pads, unclenched by a fist, mounted on the transmission shaft. The braking distance on a dry, asphalted, level road from a speed of 60 km/h is about 25 meters.

ZIL-131 is equipped with a mechanical five-speed gearbox, with two inertial-type synchronizers for switching on the second - third, fourth - fifth gears. Transfer case - mechanical, 2-speed (2.08: 1 and 1: 1); main gear - double, with a pair of bevel (gear ratio 1.583) and a pair of cylindrical (gear ratio 4.25) gears. Cardan transmission - open type.

The clutch is single-disk, dry, with a spring-loaded torsional vibration damper (damper) on the driven disk. Friction linings are made of asbestos composition. The number of pairs of friction surfaces - 2.

Separate modifications of the car are equipped with a drum-type winch, supplemented by a worm gear with a maximum traction force of 5000 kgf. The length of the winch cable is 65 meters.

Bridges of the truck ZIL-131

Drive axle beams are steel, welded from two stamped halves with welded flanges and a cover. Four cardan shafts are equipped with needle bearing joints. Main gear - two-stage rear axle drive (sequential, through)

The front axle drive is switched on automatically (by an electro-pneumatic valve), when the first (lower) gear is engaged in the transfer case; forced - when the second (direct) gear is switched on by a switch installed on the front shield of the cab.

When the front axle is turned on, the control lamp lights up on the instrument panel in the cab. When starting with the downshift lever, which is part of the transfer case, the front axle pneumatic drive was forcibly turned on.

ZIL-131 is equipped with a contactless ignition system equipped with an electronic switch and an increased power car generator. Additionally, there is an emergency generator that allows, in case of failure of the electronic switch, to move on its own for about 30 hours, without significant loss in dynamics.

Cabin ZIL-131

The cabin is all-metal, triple, heat-insulated. Cabin heating - water, from the engine cooling system, with a centrifugal fan. The control knob for the heater channel damper is located on the cab shield. Cabin ventilation is carried out through the lowering windows, rotary door vents and a channel in the right mudguard of the wing.

The seats in the cab are separate. At the same time, the driver's seat is adjustable, the passenger seat is double. The seat cushions are made of sponge rubber.

Cargo platform and body of the base ZIL-131

The ZIL-131 body is a wooden platform with metal fittings and metal transverse base bars. The front and side sides of the body are blind, the tailgate is folding.

The truck platform is adapted for transporting people: folding benches for 16 seats are provided on the gratings of the side boards, there is also an additional middle removable bench for 8 seats. The body is closed with an awning on the installed arcs.

Overview of modifications ZIL-131

• ZIL-131- the basic version, the mass production of which lasted from 1966 to 1986.
• ZIL-131A– special version with unshielded electrical equipment. It differed from the basic modification in the absence of special military equipment, an average bench in the back and a searchlight.
• ZIL-131V- a truck tractor developed on the basis of the ZIL-131. In this modification, the frame was shortened to the car; equipped it with a fifth wheel coupling and two spares. The ZIL-131V tractor could carry a semi-trailer weighing 12 tons (on a paved highway) or 10 tons (on dirt roads). Produced from 1968 to 1986.

• ZIL-131D- dump truck. By the way, the same name was given in 1992 to a rare and “exotic” version of the 131st ZIL, equipped with an imported Caterpillar diesel engine, which, in very modest quantities, was produced until 1994.
• ZIL -131C and ZIL-131AC– trucks for the regions of the Far North, Siberia and the Far East. These modifications were equipped with a cab with an autonomous heater, rubber products resistant to frost, additional thermal insulation, standard fog lights, battery thermal insulation and double glazing. Designed for use at temperatures up to -60 degrees. Gathered in Transbaikalia, at the Chita car assembly plant.
• ZIL-131X– version adapted for desert and tropical climates.
• ZIL-131N- upgraded in 1986 version of the base model. Innovations: an improved ZIL-5081 V8 engine with a resource increased to 250 thousand km, an awning made of more modern synthetic materials and improved optics.
• ZIL-131NA- ZIL-131N version, equipped with unshielded electrical equipment.

• ZIL-131NV- a truck tractor with an improved platform.
• ZIL-131N1- modification with a 105-horsepower diesel engine D-245.20;
• ZIL-131N2- version with a 132-horsepower diesel engine ZIL-0550;
• ZIL-131NS, ZIL-131NAS and ZIL-131NVS- modified versions of the northern version;
• ZIL-131-137B- road train.

Special vehicles based on ZIL-131

A significant volume in production was occupied by a universal chassis designed for mounting various superstructures and special equipment. In addition to the well-known fire engines, the following were also produced on the ZIL-131 chassis:

• Fuel tankers: ATZ-3.4-131, ATZ-4.4-131, ATZ-4-131;
• Oil tankers: MZ-131;
• Universal tank trucks: AC-4.0-131, AC-4.3-131.
• Aerodrome mobile units (tractors): APA-50M; APA-35-2V. It is interesting that these ZIL-131s serving in aviation had a total mass in excess of the officially permitted: 10,950 and 11,370 tons, respectively.

For army versions of workshops, laboratories, mobile radio stations, command and staff vehicles, standard KUNG K-131 and KM-131 van bodies were developed. These KUNGs were equipped with a special filtration unit FVUA-100N-12. It takes air from the surrounding atmosphere and feeds it into the van, while decontaminating it.

Army ZIL-131 managed to become a legend of the Soviet and Russian automotive industry. This car showed that in Russia, no matter how they scolded the auto industry, they knew how to make cars and know how. ZIL131 is still in demand in various areas of the national economy.

ZIL-131 was released half a century ago, replacing the outdated ZIL-157. And in 1986, its first modifications appeared. Initially, the machine was developed for the needs of the Soviet Army.

Due to its high cross-country ability and carrying capacity for that time, which reached 5 tons on an asphalt road and 3.5 tons on an unpaved road (for ZIL-5301 this figure is only 3 tons), the truck found application in the national economy. ZIL-131 overcomes a ford 1.4 meters deep and is able to climb uphill at an angle of 30o.

Read an article about a modern car used in the armed forces - Kamaz Punisher.

Description

The first ZIL-131 cars were intended to move not only goods, but also people, so folding benches for 16 seats were mounted in a plank body with a folding tailgate, and one eight-seat bench was separate.

On the sides, dismantled arches for an awning were provided, which made it possible to shelter people and cargo in case of bad weather. In this form, with side bodies, the first cars were produced and immediately entered service with the army, came to collective farms, to large construction sites.

Army airborne vehicles were supplied with:

• observation hatch. It was located on the right in the cab roof;
• blackout headlights and a spotlight on the left;
• windshield reinforcement in the form of an average pillar;
• fasteners for vehicles.

The cars were equipped with a special kit, which included:

• drill nests for weapons,
• night-vision device,
• box for documents and cards,
• dosimeters;
• tool for engineering and earthworks;
• fire fighting equipment and first aid kit.

Slightly modernized, airborne vehicles with a winch and a platform above the top of the cabin, additional lighting, and marked with special signs, provided the missile systems with special equipment, reloaded and delivered equipment.

On the video - a comparison of diesel and gasoline ZIL-131.

Specifications

The car is conditionally divided into three main components:

An engine is a set of components that make a car move.

A chassis is, to put it simply, a trolley with wheels, or something that carries out movement.

The body is a functional filling of the car. The purpose of the car depends on the content of the body. For example, on one chassis, changing the body, you can assemble dozens of different cars - from dump trucks to buses.

ZIL-131, together with a winch, weighs 6.8 tons, with the maximum allowable load, its weight reaches 10.5 tons. Thus, the carrying capacity of the machine is 3.5 tons. ZIL-131 also works with a trailer, the permissible weight of which is 4 tons.

If the machine will work with a significant overload, it will quickly fail.

In this form, in detail about the ZIL-131:

Engine

The car is equipped with an eight-cylinder ZIL-131 engine with carburetor fuel supply. The power of the internal combustion engine is 150 horsepower. The working volume of a four-stroke engine is 6 liters. The highest engine speed is 3100, the maximum torque at 1800-2000 rpm is 402N / m.

Cylinders measuring 100 mm in diameter, are located at an angle of 90o, and work in the following order − 1−5−4−2−6−3−7−8.

The cylinder block of an overhead valve internal combustion engine, made of cast iron, consists of:

• easily removable sleeves, in the upper part of which there are inserts that are resistant to acidic environments, in the lower part there are rubber o-rings.
• oval pistons made of aluminum alloy,
• two aluminum cylinder heads with plug-in seats,
• piston rings, 3 of which are compression, made of cast iron, and 1 oil scraper, steel.

The engine runs on A-76 gasoline, the fuel is forced, diaphragm, sealed pump. Fuel consumption per 100 km at a speed of 40 km / h is 40 liters (this is 10 liters more than that of ZIL-431410).

Chassis

The chassis consists of basic elements, the action of which is aimed at transferring forces from the engine to the wheels. It:

• transmission,
• chassis,
• control.

All-wheel drive transmission with a 6x6 wheel formula in ZIL 131 is represented by:

• mechanical, with 5 gears and two synchronizers, gearbox;
• transfer case with two gears.
  

  The razdatka, consisting of a lever, a coupling spring, a rod, clamps, a locking device and rods, is mounted on the longitudinal beams of the frame and secured with bolts.

  The transfer gears are switched by a lever that has three positions: direct gear - the position of the lever back, downshift - the lever forward and neutral places the handle in the middle.

• a hinge of equal angular velocities, which transmits uniform rotation independent of the angle between the connected axes, and ensures the transmission of torque when turning up to 70 degrees relative to the axis.
• single-disk dry clutch with an elastic damper of torsional vibrations;
• double final drive;
• conical, with four satellites, differential;
• 4 cardan shafts;
• three bridges. The front axle is leading and driven, the middle and rear axles ZIL-131 are leading. The gearboxes of the front and rear axles are installed above the axle housing and are fixed with flanges installed horizontally.

Chassis

The frames are made by stamping and connected to channel spars and crossbars by riveting. A hook is mounted at the back for towing other, machines with less cross-country ability.

• front and rear suspension. The first suspension is mounted on a pair of longitudinal springs. The front ends of the springs are fixed to the frame with pins inserted into the forged lugs. This is the oldest and classic suspension design. The rear suspension is balanced, distributing the load between the rear and middle axles. This type of suspension is typical for three-axle machines.
• double-acting hydraulic shock absorbers mounted on the front suspension;
• double final drive with a pair of bevel and a pair of cylindrical gears.

The wheels on the ZIL-131 are disc, special, with a collapsible ring and rim. Tires are also special, eight-layer, size 12.00-20 with lugs. Here, special mention should be made of the wheels. Initially, the rim was fastened with bolts, and after 1977, wheels with a solid rim and lock rings began to be installed.

Thanks to this innovation, drivers breathed a sigh of relief, now they do not need to unscrew the bolts seized by rust, or worse, bolts frozen in the cold.

And finally, the truck control system, which includes hydraulic power steering and braking system. The hydraulic power steering together with the steering unit is located in the crankcase. The action of the power steering is based on the operation of a vane pump, which is started from the crankshaft by a wedge gear. The pump is equipped with an oil cooler.

The steering mechanism is a screw with a nut on rotating balls and a rack, part of which is serrated.

The brakes on the ZIL 131 are disc brakes, with internal pads, with an air drive on the workers, and a mechanical drive on the parking brakes. The brake system is designed in such a way that when they are turned on, the brakes of the trailer or semi-trailer attached to the machine are also activated.

Applications

ZIL-131 trucks were actively used not only within the USSR, but were also exported to the Warsaw Pact countries and other friendly states. The truck with a solid margin of safety and enhanced traction was able to operate at air temperatures from -40 to + 50 ° C, on any roads.

At that time, there was no concept - an SUV, because there were practically no good roads, so the designers developed cars taking into account the low road traffic. ZIL 131 was the main transport for the delivery of army cargo and personnel up to 24 people, served as a tractor for artillery pieces, two-ton cargo trailers of the SMZ-8325 type.

Airborne models ZIL-131 were adapted for transportation by An-22, An-124 and Il-76 cargo aircraft.

All military ZIL-131 models from the first days of production were equipped with shielded electrical equipment, three-stage air filtration and sealed units, which made it possible to use them in all army formations, and in critical road and weather conditions (as well as MAZ-5551).

Later, fuel and oil tankers, tankers were produced on the ZIL131 chassis, and fire engines were developed. For mobile laboratories, radar installations and radio stations, closed-type bodies were created - vans. Special vehicles for airfields were also produced.

• transportation of active chemicals;
• decontamination of gases and toxic compounds;
• disinfection of the area, as well as the decontamination of poisonous and contaminated substances that have fallen on military weapons, equipment, with special liquid solutions in the event of a chemical or bacteriological attack.

The station was intended for the needs of the Army. The special equipment of the ARS-14 station consists of:

• two pumps: manual and mechanical self-priming,
• pipeline,
• sleeves, adapters and manifolds.

During operation, the liquid is pumped by a pump from a reservoir, tank or other container and is supplied to the places to be processed.

The ARS-14 design was used to create fire engines.

Sleeve car AR-2

A hose car delivers a team of firefighters, pressure fire hoses with a total length of up to 5 km and three different sections (150, 170, and 77 mm) and a fire extinguishing agent (water or foam) to the fire site. Structurally, the machine is adapted for extinguishing fires. The built-in pump delivers a powerful jet of water or fire-fighting foam through a special barrel.

The price of a fire truck based on the ZIL-131 chassis ranges from 350-600 thousand rubles.

Fuel trucks and tank trucks

On the basis of ZIL 131, tankers, fuel and oil tankers were produced. Refueling vehicles were equipped with a self-priming pump, initial filters, valves, valves, and pipelines. Sleeves were laid in boxes on the side of the tank.

The tanker control cabin was located between the tank and the driver's workplace. The level indicator controlled the amount of fuel, which turned on light or sound signals when the allowable amount was exceeded.

KUNG ZIL 131

The first KUNG ZIL 131 vans appeared in 1970. Kung - a unified body, sealed, closed on all sides. Cars with such vans have been and continue to be used as mobile laboratories, mobile medical facilities and for other research purposes.

On the ZIL-131 chassis with a KUNG van, mobile radio stations, radio communications equipment, and observations were placed.

Vans were also used for recreation and living in the field. They controlled the troops. All bodies of this type are equipped with living conditions, ventilation and heating systems, and lighting. The heating devices provided filters for air purification.

Depending on the equipment, and the functions assigned to the KUNG ZIL-131, a separate van weighs from 1200 to 1800 tons.

Now 3IL131 with a KUNG-type van can be bought for an amount from 150 to 350 thousand rubles. How much KUNG costs without a car depends on its equipment and year of manufacture. You can work or live in a fully equipped van.

Maintenance workshop

The MTO AT mobile auto repair shop is another area of ​​​​application for a van body on the ZIL-131 chassis. The mobile workshop consisted of the following elements:

• chassis ZIL-131;
• a winch located in front and bolted to the buffer and the front cross member of the frame;
• body frame-metal KM131 or K131 (van);
• special technological equipment, tools and devices for car maintenance.

Separate workshops were developed for the repair of tracked vehicles, for the technical repair of four-axle vehicles, which were equipped in accordance with the needs of these vehicles.

Drive axles of three-axle vehicles ZIL

The three-axle ZIL-131 car, with a drive to all axles, uses a sequential drive of the rear drive axles with a through drive shaft in the first axle.

In the rear axles, a double main gear is used, located in the crankcase, cast from ductile iron. The final drive housing, which has a side hatch closed with a lid, is bolted to the top of the cast banjo-type rear axle housing using a horizontally located flange. A puller bolt is wrapped in the crankcase cover, used to press out the pin of the rear axle suspension reaction rod. The lower opening of the rear axle housing is closed with a cover welded to the housing. The cavity of the crankcase of the rear axle communicates with the atmosphere through a breather.

In the first rear axle, the main gear drive shaft with a small bevel gear fixed to it is made through and mounted in front on a cylindrical roller bearing in the crankcase tide, and in the rear - on two tapered roller bearings, the housing of which is fixed in the flange in the crankcase and closed with a cover. At both outer ends of the shaft, the flanges of the cardan joints of the cardan drive of the drive axles are fixed on slots with nuts. The shaft ends are sealed with self-clamping glands and mud deflectors are welded on the hinge flanges. At the second axle, at the rear protruding end of the drive shaft, instead of a flange, a spacer sleeve is installed and the shaft is closed with a blind cover. Otherwise, the design of both rear axles is the same.

To adjust the meshing of the bevel gears, shims are supplied under the flange of the rear shaft bearing housing, and shims are installed between their inner rings to adjust the tightening of the bevel bearings.

The small bevel gear engages with the large gear pressed onto the key on the intermediate shaft, made together with the small spur gear. The shaft is installed in the internal partition of the crankcase on a cylindrical roller bearing. The outer end of the shaft rests on a double-row tapered roller bearing, the housing of which, together with the cover, is bolted to the flange in the crankcase wall. Gaskets for adjusting the engagement of bevel gears are supplied under the housing flange, and shims are supplied between its inner rings to adjust the tapered roller bearing.

A small spur gear with helical teeth engages with a large gear bolted to differential cups mounted in the main gear case housings on tapered roller bearings. The bearings are fixed in the sockets with caps on the studs. Adjusting nuts are screwed into the sockets on the sides to adjust the tightening of the bearings. The nuts are secured with stoppers. On the differential crosspiece, four satellites are installed on bronze bushings, which engage with the side gears mounted on the splines of the inner ends of the leading axle shafts. Thrust washers are placed under the bearing surfaces of satellites and side gears.

Fully unloaded drive axle shafts are connected by their flanges with studs and nuts with tapered bushings to drive wheel hubs cast from steel. Each hub is mounted on two tapered roller bearings on a tubular pin, the flange of which is bolted together with the brake shield to the flange of the tip welded to the semi-axial sleeve of the rear axle beam. The bearings are fixed on the trunnion with an adjusting nut 44, fixed with a lock washer and a lock nut. On the inner side of the hub there is a self-clamping stuffing box and the hub is covered by an outer felt stuffing box fixed in the oil deflector.

A cast iron brake drum with a wheel disk is attached to the hub flange on studs with nuts. The air supply hose 49 from the centralized tire pressure control system is attached to the fitting wrapped in a trunnion. The fitting communicates with the help of a sealing sleeve 35 with a channel drilled in the axle shaft. The air inlet sealing coupling consists of an annular body, to which two covers with self-clamping rubber seals are tightly attached, tightly covering the ground neck of the axle shaft on both sides of the outlet of the air channel, ensuring that, when the axle shaft rotates, air flows into its channel from the hose. The coupling is closed in the undercut of the trunnion with a stamped cover attached to the trunnion with bolts. The semi-axis in the flange of the tip of the semi-axial sleeve is sealed with an oil seal. The internal cavity formed by the flanges communicates with the atmosphere through a breather.

A tire valve body is wrapped into the end of the axle shaft, which is connected by a hose to the valve tube of the wheel tire chamber. The tap and hose are covered with a protective cover.

Oil is poured into the crankcase of each rear axle through a hole closed with a plug 6 on the upper wall of the final drive crankcase. The same hole is a viewing hole and is used to check the meshing of the bevel gears. Oil is poured up to the level of the control hole. The oil is drained through the lower hole on the cover of the rear axle beam and through the hole on the rear wall of the final drive housing. All openings are closed with plugs. The oil level in the rear axles during operation is checked with a special dipstick included in the tool kit. The feeler gauge is inserted into the hole in the crankcase after the rear bolt of the main gear housing flange is unscrewed.

The main gear of the front drive axle has the same arrangement as the main gear of the rear axles, but its shafts are located in the same plane with the axle shafts, and therefore the main gear housing has a different shape and is attached to the front axle housing with a flange located in a vertical plane.

Rice. 1. Driving axles of the ZIL-131 car

The outer end of the drive shaft with a small bevel gear is installed in the crankcase on two tapered roller bearings, and the inner end is on a roller bearing; cylindrical bearing. Oil is poured into the crankcase of the front drive axle through the control hole located in front in the beam cover, closed with a stopper. The oil is drained through a hole located in the lower part of the front axle beam.

The outer end of each semi-axle is connected by means of a ball-type equal angular velocity joint to the wheel drive shaft mounted in the pivot pin on a bronze bushing. The knuckles are made as one piece with the axle shaft and the drive shaft. Thrust washers are placed under the fists. A flange is installed on the splines of the end of the drive shaft, connected on studs with nuts to the wheel hub.

The front wheel with hub, bearings, seals and air supply system to the tire has basically the same arrangement as the rear wheel.

The stub axle flange is bolted to the split housing. The housing is mounted on tapered roller bearings on pivot pins, welded in a spherical tip, attached on studs with nuts to the end of the semi-axial sleeve of the front axle beam. On the inside, a double self-clamping axle shaft seal with a guide cone is fixed in the tip. Adjusting shims are installed under the journal bearing caps. To fill the oil into the body and drain it, the spherical tip has holes closed with plugs. A stuffing box sealing device is fixed on the body of the rotary pin from the outside, covering the spherical tip.

For cars ZIL -157 and ZIL -157K - three-axle high cross-country ability, the rear axles in the design of the central part are similar to the drive axle of the GAZ-63 car and have a single final drive, consisting of two bevel gears, and a differential with four satellites. The main gear is installed in the crankcase, which has a connector in the longitudinal vertical plane.

Tapered roller bearings of the small bevel gear shaft are adjusted by spacers or washers installed between the inner races of the bearing. The engagement of the gears is regulated by gaskets installed under the flange of the bearing housing.

Each drive semi-axle is flanged on studs with nuts to the hub cover. The cover, together with the wheel disk and the brake drum, is studded to the hub flange. In addition, the cover is attached to the hub with screws.

The hub is mounted on a trunnion on two tapered roller bearings reinforced with an adjustable nut, a lock washer and a lock nut. From the inner edge of the hub, an inner rubber self-clamping gland and an outer felt seal are installed.

The trunnion with a sleeve pressed into it is attached to the flange of the semi-axial sleeve. There is a channel in the trunnion wall, to which the hose of the centralized tire pressure control system is connected from the outside. A sealing coupling for air supply is fixed in the hub cover, consisting of a housing in which two self-clamping oil seals are fixed with covers; the coupling is connected by means of a fitting to the air supply pipe to the wheel tire. The tube is equipped with a stopcock; the crane body is fixed on the wheel disk.

The main gear, differential and crankcase of the front drive axle have the same device as the same devices of the rear axle. The end of each semi-axle of the front axle is connected to the wheel drive shaft by means of a ball-type equal angular velocity joint.

Driving axles of cars ZIL-157 and ZIL-157K

The drive shaft is mounted in a trunnion on the bushing and is connected with studs to the hub cover using a flange. The design of the trunnion, hub with bearings, air supply channels to the tire is the same as the design of similar devices of the rear drive axles.

The trunnion flange is attached to a split housing mounted on tapered roller bearings on pivot pins fixed in the spherical tip of the semi-axial sleeve. Adjusting shims are installed under the bearing caps. An stuffing box sealing device is fixed on the trunnion body from the outside.

Rice. 3. The first drive axle of the car ZIL -133

The three-axle ZIL-133 car has rear drive axles with a through shaft, which eliminates the need to install a transfer case and simplifies the design of the driveline. The main gear in both drive axles is hypoid.

In the first drive axle, the drive shaft (Fig. 3) is connected to the drive shaft of the second axle through an interaxle differential, which, if necessary, can be locked using a clutch. The clutch is controlled using a pneumatic diaphragm working chamber located on the main gear housing and controlled by a special valve from the general pneumatic system of the vehicle. The crane handle is located in front of the driver.

The rotation from the input shaft to the lower shaft with a small bevel gear of the hypoid gear is transmitted using gears. The upper gear is mounted freely on the shaft and is connected to it through the center differential mechanism. The lower gear is tightly fixed on the lower shaft. The transmission takes place through an intermediate gear mounted on bearings on an axle fixed in the crankcase.

The large bevel gear of the hypoid gear is mounted on a differential box mounted on bearings in the housings of the final drive housing. From the differential, with the help of fully unloaded axle shafts, the force is transmitted to the drive wheels, the hubs of which are mounted on the ends of the semi-axial sleeves of the rear axles on tapered roller bearings.

To Category: - Vehicle Chassis

Mechanisms of driving axles of the ZIL-131 car

The main gear is double, one pair - bevel gears with spiral teeth, the second pair - spur gears with oblique teeth, the total gear ratio is 7.33.

The main gears of the middle and rear axles are the same in design and location, their crankcases are attached to the axle beams with horizontal flanges. The main gear of the front axle has the same device, but is attached to the axle beam with a vertical flange.

Rice. 1. Hinges of equal angular velocities:
1, 2, 8 - fists; 3 - leading balls; 4 - finger; 5 - centering ball; 6 - outer axle shaft; 7-fork; 9 - disk; 10 - inner half shaft

Rice. 2. Scheme of the device and operation of the gear differential:
a - the car goes in a straight line, the satellites do not rotate, the drive wheels rotate at the same speed; b - the car moves in a curve, the speeds of the driving wheels are different, the satellites rotate around their axes; 1 - driven gear; 2 - drive gear; 3 - satellite; 4 - side gear; 5 - half shaft

The main gear consists of a crankcase with a cover, an input shaft with a bevel gear and bearings, a driven bevel gear, a driving spur gear with a shaft, a driven spur gear.

The crankcase is bolted to the axle beam; two of them are located inside the crankcase (they can be accessed through the side cover). The filler hole, closed by a plug, is located on top of the crankcases of the middle and rear axles, the drain hole with the plug is in the axle housing, the plug of the additional drain hole is in the final drive housing. Checking the oil level is carried out using a special pointer available in the driver's tool kit; this pointer is inserted into the hole for one of the bolts securing the final drive housing to the axle beam. The oil level during filling can also be checked through the control hole, which is located in the axle housing. The crankcase is ventilated through a breather. At the front axle, the control filler hole is located in the cover of the axle beam, and the drain hole is in the lower part of the axle beam.

The drive shaft rotates on one roller cylindrical and two tapered bearings. Metal gaskets are installed between the flanges of the bearing cup and the crankcase.

Rice. 3. Rear axle of the car ZIL-Sh:
1 - breather; 2-axle; 3 - driven bevel gear; 4- shaft of the leading cylindrical gear; 5 - leading bevel gear; 6 - filler plug; 7, 31 - driving and driven cylindrical gears; 8 - main gear housing; 9, 34 - shims; 10 - bearing glass; 11 - bearing cover; 12 - differential cup; 13 - side gear; 14 - block of glands for air supply; 15 - brake drum; 16, 17 - hub seals; 18 - lock washer; 19 - locknut; 20 - tire crane; 21 - axle shaft flange; 22 - adjusting nut; 23 - screw; 24 - hub; 25 - hairpin; 26 - platter; 27 - trunnion; 28 - brake drum; 29 - drain plug; 30 - satellite; 32 - input shaft; 33 - shims

Rice. 4. Lubrication of the main gear of the car ZIL -131;

The driving spur gear is made integral with the shaft, which rotates on cylindrical roller and double-row tapered bearings. Gaskets are located between the bearing cup and the crankcase. The driven spur gear is a ring gear that is attached to the differential cups.

During the operation of the main gear, the torque changes in both pairs of gears in magnitude, and in the bevel pair, in addition, in direction.

The main gear is lubricated by splashing; there are channels in the walls of the crankcase for the passage of oil to the bearings. 5 liters of oil are poured into the crankcases of the main gears of all axles.

Adjustment of the conical bearings of the drive bevel gear shaft is carried out when an axial clearance appears in them and is carried out by selecting shims of the required thickness located between the inner rings of the bearings. The correctness of the adjustment is checked by the force required to rotate the shaft in the bearings. This force, determined using a dynamometer hooked to the shaft flange, should be in the range of 1.3-2.7 kgf.

The double-row tapered bearing of the spur gear is installed with a matched adjusting ring and does not require additional adjustment.

The lateral gap between the teeth of the bevel gears should be 0.15-0.45 mm at the widest part of the tooth, which corresponds to the rotation of the input shaft flange by 0.18-0.54 mm when measured at the radius of the bolt holes and with the driven gear stationary . The specified clearance is adjusted by moving the drive and driven gears by changing the number of shims.

When a fundamentally new family of ZIL-130 trucks with a modern design and a powerful 8-cylinder engine appeared in the early 60s, a new cross-country vehicle ZIL-131 was developed on its basis, designed to replace the ZIL-157. However, for a number of reasons, the start of production was delayed, and mass production began only in 1967. Nevertheless, it stood on the ZIL conveyor until the beginning of the 90s (later it was assembled in the Urals). The car turned out to be very successful.

The cockpit of the ZIL-130 with an advanced design for that time, in a military version with flat wings and a modified lining, does not look outdated even now. The ZIL-131 very successfully combines elegance and rationalism, simplicity of design and modern technical solutions. This wonderful car deserves to talk about it in more detail. Since the ZIL-131 was developed on the basis of the ZIL-130, it is unified with it in terms of the main components and assemblies (engine, clutch, gearbox, steering, brake system elements, cab).

Of course, these units are not absolutely identical, they have characteristic features due to specific operating conditions. The ZIL-131 engine is adapted to work with significant longitudinal and transverse rolls. For this purpose, there is a recess in the crankcase, in which there is a fixed oil receiver. It is possible to turn off the crankcase ventilation in order to create excess pressure in the crankcase to prevent water from entering the engine when wading. To facilitate wading, the fan drive and water pump drive are separated, which allows you to turn off the fan by removing the belt. The water pump continues to run.

The power steering pump and compressor also remain on. Radiator cooling area increased. It was also possible to install a compensation (expansion) tank. In this case, the valves, usually installed in the radiator cap, were located in the reservoir cap. When the car storms the water barrier, the exhaust manifold of the engine, which has the highest temperature, is rapidly cooled. In order to avoid its destruction, a composite exhaust manifold was installed on the ZIL-131 engine.

Another innovation - the ZIL-131 used a foam-oil air filter with a three-stage air purification. It cleans the air much better when driving on dusty steppe roads, as well as in deserts. The brake compressor also receives air from this filter. In the power system, the performance of the fuel pump has been increased from 140 to 180 l / min, which ensures uninterrupted operation in the heat, when vapor-air locks can form in the system. Fuel tank caps are made deaf, without valves.

And the valves were installed in a separate sealed housing, which was connected to the atmosphere with a special tube. Its end was above the level of the maximum ford. To prevent water from entering the clutch housing, the release fork is sealed. And the ventilation hole of the clutch housing, when overcoming the fords, was closed with a special blind plug, which under normal conditions was located on the cover of the front axle gearbox housing. A feature of the gearbox is a ventilation system through a breather with a tube, the end of which is above the level of the maximum ford.

As we can see, on the ZIL-131, the closest attention was paid to the possibility of operation in extreme conditions. With this in mind, the electrical equipment of the car was also made. Instruments such as the starter, distributor and ignition coil are sealed. The starter uses special rubber gaskets to prevent water from entering. In general, special requirements are imposed on the starters of military vehicles. In the event that the engine stalls, for example, when overcoming a ford, the starter must provide the ability to land on land, the ignition devices are shielded, and special filters are included in the circuit of the ignition coil and voltage regulator.

But the most interesting place in an all-wheel drive car is the transmission. On the ZIL-131, a transmission with a through middle axle was used.
This greatly simplifies the transfer case, which becomes a 3-shaft. The highest gear in it is direct, which increases efficiency. The cardan transmission, which is through, is also simplified. The front axle is switched on automatically when the downshift is switched on in the transfer case, for this purpose an electric pneumatic actuator is used. If necessary, the front axle can also be switched on in direct transmission in the transfer case using a switch. The transfer box has a hatch for installing various types of power take-offs.

A separate oil pump is not required for this, the ZIL-131 main gears are double: a pair of bevel gears and a pair of cylindrical gears. The middle axle gearbox, as already mentioned, is a through passage. The front axle gearbox is located horizontally, the middle and rear axle gearboxes are vertical. The axis of the rotary rack ZIL-131 has a transverse slope. The design of the remaining ZIL-131 systems is quite traditional and does not fundamentally differ from the design of similar systems of conventional trucks.

The ZIL-131 also had modifications, the most famous of which is the ZIL-131V truck tractor, there was also an ATZ-3.4-131 tanker. Most of the ZIL-131 was intended for military service. Various special vehicles were created on its chassis, including a twin installation of anti-aircraft missiles, vehicles with radio equipment (for this, the electrical equipment of military trucks was shielded). There was also a modification of the ZiL-131A without shielded electrical equipment.

But its most interesting modification was the ZIL-137 - an active road train, with a semi-trailer having a wheel drive from the tractor engine. The drive was carried out using a hydraulic lifting gear. In addition to serving in the army, ZIL-131 vehicles were actively used in the national economy, mainly in difficult places, in the taiga, for geological exploration, drilling, in the North (there was a special northern modification ZIL-131S), in mountainous areas, in swampy areas. Thanks to the centralized tire pressure control system, the car confidently moved through quicksand, loose snow, and swampy ground.

As for military service, the ZIL-131 is still in service with the armies of many countries. It can also be seen at military parades. If the ZIL-157 was an image of a rational, but extremely simple, ascetic, unpretentious car with good cross-country ability, then in the ZIL-131 high cross-country ability was combined with a much greater level of comfort, modern solutions and modern design. The design of the ZIL-130 cabin with a developed panoramic glass, revolutionary at the time, turned out to be extremely successful. Even now, half a century later, this cabin is pleasing to the eye.

The cabin 4331, which appeared later, is clearly inferior in design to it. And an all-wheel drive truck with this cab, although it was similar in design to the ZIL-131, looked much less attractive. The production of ZIL-131 in the early nineties was transferred to the Ural branch of ZIL. Its chassis with a diesel engine called AMUR (Cars and Motors of the Urals) is still in production. Thus, ZIL-131 surpassed its predecessor ZIL-157 in longevity, which was assembled for 36 years. And the unique ZIL-131 cab at the same plant is also installed on a conventional ZIL-130 chassis.

©. Photos taken from publicly available sources.