Robots have long since moved beyond the level of planned projects that will soon take place in our wonderful world, and today tangible progress can be felt. Science fiction writers claim that most professions performed by humans today can be replaced by robots tomorrow.
OFFICEPLANKTON wrote below about the most advanced robots of all existing in 2016.
1 Curiosity
You heard about this traveler and discoverer of Martian lands on November 26, 2011. The third generation Mars science laboratory, called Curiocity (translated from English as “curiosity, inquisitiveness”), which cost more than 2 billion US dollars to create, today plows the surface of Mars, studying the soil and various rocks of the red planet, and is also capable of taking photographs in high resolution and transmit them to Earth.
2 Geminoid DK
In the world of Fallout 4, the Geminoid DK robot can undoubtedly be called a real synth. A team of Japanese scientists from Japan's Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, led by Hiroshi Ishiguro, were able to create a robot that copies human movements. You won’t even be able to believe at first that this is a robot and not a person.
3 Paul
Paul is a robotic artist in the form of a mechanical arm that can independently draw portraits based on facial scans. Once Paul has scanned you, he picks up a pen or pencil and creates his unique portrait.
Even if you put two twins in front of Paul, the portraits will turn out different. Paul manages to recreate exactly the emotions on the face of the person sitting in front of him.
4 WildCat
WildCat is a robot scout. It looks like man's mechanical four-legged friend and is capable of reaching speeds of up to 26 km/h over rough terrain. The only disadvantage is the size and it is too noticeable, but the advantage is the design of the robot, against which you need to try to make the robot fall.
5 S-One
S-One is a jack-of-all-trades robot that is as functional as most human professions: it can open doors and windows and use many built-in tools. S-One looks like a person, only smaller.
6 Row-bot
Row-bot is still a prototype, but it has a very bright future, because Row-bot was created as a robot that cleans water bodies and destroys dangerous microbes that will serve as a recharge for Row-bot. Endless progress so to speak.
7 Atlas
The latest generation robot with a rather beautiful name was created in the city of Boston (USA). Boston Dynamisc created Atlas in the likeness of a person, but its functionality is amazing. When moving, he does not fall (where a person might fall) and is able to move through the most difficult terrain. The swamp, desert or winter forests of Siberia are not afraid of him.
Give three examples of technological progress in modern society.
1) the creation of instruments and equipment that make it possible to record what is happening at large distances from it;
2) creation of long-range attack weapons;
3) construction of interplanetary spacecraft and organization of scientific research on other planets.
The contradictions of social progress
Examples
1. Progress in one area is not progress in another.
The growth of production progressively affects the material well-being of people → a negative impact on the ecology of nature.
Technical devices that facilitate human work and life → have an adverse effect on human health.
2. Progress today can turn into a disaster.
Discoveries in the field of nuclear physics (X-rays, fission of the uranium nucleus) → weapons of mass destruction - nuclear weapons
3. Progress in one country does not lead to progress in another.
Tamerlane contributed to the development of his country → robbery and ruin of foreign lands.
The colonization of Asia and Africa by Europeans contributed to the growth of wealth and the level of development of the peoples of Europe → ruin and stagnation of social life in the devastated countries of the East.The fact is that the development of technology and science leads to disbelief. For example, now you can fake any photo or video through certain programs, for example Photoshop, etc. If earlier a photograph was, so to speak, evidence, now they may think that it is a fake. ..
If previously there were so-called manufactories (this is the division of worker and machine labor), now machines do a lot for us.
Example:
Previously, to produce...let's say a carpet, you needed a person who knew how to properly operate a spinning machine, that is, to produce 4-5 carpets, you need people who have the skills...as for time...the production could take weeks . ..
Today, the production of the same carpets takes much less time (an hour or two...if not faster) and effort...those who work in factories need to press buttons every now and then. ..
something like thisConflicts of various kinds permeate not only the entire history of mankind and the history of individual nations, but also the life of each individual person. If we talk about the most general definition of conflict, then it could be given as follows: conflict is a clash of interests of various groups, communities of people, and individuals. At the same time, the conflict of interests itself must be realized by both sides of the conflict: people, actors, participants in social movements in the very development of the conflict begin to understand its content, become familiar with the goals put forward by the conflicting parties, and perceive them like your own. . Of course, a conflict can be caused by significant reasons that affect the very foundations of the existence of the corresponding conflicting groups, but it cannot be an illusory, imaginary conflict when people believe that their interests are incompatible and mutually exclusive.
It should be noted that there is an endless variety of conflict situations and the impossibility of reducing them completely to any single principle and common denominator. Nevertheless, historical experience and social practice make it possible to identify a certain number of those problems regarding which conflict situations are formed that develop into conflicts. Let's name four main conflicts at the source, which are quite common in all human communities. These are wealth, power, prestige and dignity, i.e. those values and interests that matter in any society and give meaning to the actions of specific individuals involved in conflicts.
The source of aggravation of conflicts between large groups is the accumulation of dissatisfaction with the existing state of affairs, an increase in claims, a fundamental change in self-awareness and social well-being. As a rule, at first the process of accumulating dissatisfaction goes slowly and latently, until some event occurs that plays the role of a kind of trigger mechanism that brings out this feeling of dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction, which takes on an open form, stimulates the emergence of a social movement, during which leaders are nominated, programs and slogans are worked out, and an ideology for protecting interests is formed. At this stage, the conflict becomes open and irreversible.<...>
So, conflict is the most important aspect of the interaction of people in society, a kind of cell of social life.
(Adapted from the book: Social studies: a guide for applicants to universities / V.V. Barabanov,C1. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
C2. What is conflict? What reasons for its occurrence are mentioned in the text?
NW. Using the content of the text, identify the main sources of conflict. Why can these sources be considered the main ones?
C4. The text speaks of “an endless variety of conflict situations.” Based on social science knowledge, give three examples of types of conflict.
C5. Talking about social conflict in class, the student argued that conflict cannot be recognized as a normal phenomenon of social life. Society as a whole is characterized by harmony of interests, rather than internal tension and clashes. Not all students in the class supported this opinion. Which of the two points of view is reflected in the text? Provide a piece of text that helps answer the question.
Sat. Do you agree that conflict is a stimulus for social development and progress? Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.C1. Plan: 1. General definition of conflict 2. Variety of conflicts 3. Sources of aggravation of conflicts 4. Scientific definition of conflict c2. Conflict is a clash of interests of various groups, communities of people, individuals. the conflict of interests must be recognized by both parties to the conflict.
C1. plan: 1. general definition of conflict 2. variety of conflicts 3. sources of aggravation of conflicts 4. scientific definition of conflict
C2. conflict is a clash of interests of various groups, communities of people, individuals. the conflict of interests must be recognized by both parties to the conflict. a conflict can be caused by significant reasons that affect the very foundations of the existence of the corresponding conflicting groups, but it cannot be an illusory, imaginary conflict when people believe that their interests are incompatible and mutually exclusive.
C3. wealth, power, prestige and dignity. The source of aggravated conflicts between large groups is the accumulation of dissatisfaction with the existing state of affairs, increasing aspirations, and a fundamental change in self-awareness and social well-being.
“In the social system there are continuous
processes that can lead both to the emergence of new elements and to
the disappearance of previously existing elements and relationships. It's about the problem
social changes. There are two main forms of social change:
evolution and revolution. The equilibrium model of social change is
evolution. Sociologist G. Spencer defined evolution as a gradual process
the emergence of increasingly complex social forms.Disequilibrium model of social change
revolution stands out. Social revolution is a way of transition to a new
quality in which the social system finds itself in an unstable state:
its destabilization occurs, the balance of social forces is disrupted...Social progress should be understood as one of
forms of development of society, based on such irreversible changes in it, in
as a result of which a transition to a higher level of material
well-being and spiritual development of the individual.Progress as a concept can be applied both to
the system as a whole and its individual elements. Attitude to results
social progress in science is far from clear. Some scientists believe that
hopes for limitless progress were not realized, that social change was more
are complex and contradictory, their types and rates are different. Possibly stagnant, backward
more developed society, movement in a circle. However, the concept of “progress” is still
used to characterize social change.To determine the level of progressivity of a particular
In other societies, two criteria have traditionally been used: the level
labor productivity and the degree of individual freedom in society. The more
The more progressive the society, the higher these criteria are. In modern social
science, both of these criteria are questioned due to the changing nature
labor (labor is becoming more and more intellectual, which means it is more difficult to
quantitative accounting) and the complication of human social behavior (the phenomenon
“escape from freedom”, discovered by E. Fromm). In scientific discussions about “price”
progress" the third criterion gradually begins to stand out and become established -
level of morality in society. Apparently, this criterion will
having developed and taken shape, become an integral criterion reflecting the most important
trends in changes in social relations."(A. B. Bezborodov, V. P. Filatov).
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT.
2. Explain why the attitude of scientists to the concept
“progress” is ambiguous. Give any two explanations based on the text.3. Illustrate any three with examples
properties of social progress mentioned in the text. To each property
Give one example.4. Based on the content of the text and knowledge of the course,
give three evidence that the level of morality is
integral criterion of progress.As required by the assignment, there are “excerpts” and quotes from the text!
There are two main forms of social change:
evolution and revolution.Revolution is a non-equilibrium model of social change
Represents fundamental, qualitative and more significant transformations
Evolution denotes more or less slow, gradual, but quantitative changes, while the social system finds itself in a more stable state2 Explain why the attitude of scientists to the concept
“progress” is ambiguous. Give any two explanations based on the text.The attitude of scientists to scientists to the concept
“progress” is ambiguous. definitely. Some believe that this is one of the main forms of social development, which results in a transition to a higher level of material well-being and spiritual development of the individual.
The opinion of others is opposite: they believe that hopes for limitless progress have not been justified, that social changes are more complex and contradictory, their types and pace are different. Therefore, stagnant and slow development of society is possible3) Illustrate any three with examples
properties of social progress mentioned in the text.1. Transition to more complex and higher forms of social life. 2 transition to a higher level of material well-being and spiritual development of the individual, social growth. freedom and justice 3. Transition to a higher level of maturity, for example, to strengthening social ties, mitigating social contradictions, and improving people's living conditions.
4. Based on the content of the text and knowledge of the course,
Give three proofs that the level of morality is an integral criterion of progress.In scientific discussions, one more criterion is gradually beginning to stand out and become established:
the level of morality in society 1) reflects the most important trends in changes in social relations 2) depends on education and upbringing, position in society 3) depends on the development of the progress of morality and the assimilation of moral standards of behavior in society
achievements of scientific and technological progress as a factor in increasing
labor productivity.
1. Name the main components of the social structure of society. Give their characteristics. Be specific with examples.
2. Why is the middle class the guarantor of economic, political and social stability in society?
3. Analyze the social structure of modern Belarusian society from the point of view of class and stratification approaches.
4. What is a nation? Concretize the process of nation formation using the example of the Belarusian nation.
5. Prove or disprove the thesis: “the modern family is experiencing a crisis.”
6. Give examples (from history or modern times) of cooperation between social groups in various types of social relations.
7. Give examples showing conflicts of social groups in various types of social relations. What interests of social groups collided in these conflicts?
8. Every person from birth occupies some cell in the social structure of society. Could he change it in a feudal society? Under conditions of classical capitalism? In modern society? What is needed for this?
9. Prepare a message “Ways to solve the demographic problems of modern society.”
10. In the modern world there are more than two thousand different nations, and most of them live in multinational states. The national question throughout history has been one of the most pressing.
Analyze examples of national movements known to you from your history course. What trends can be traced in the national movement? Describe interethnic conflicts according to plan: causes, essence, consequences, solutions.
11. What are the main socio-psychological characteristics of young people as a social group?
12. What does the concept of “youth subculture” include? What are the features of the subculture of Belarusian youth?Globalization has deep roots in history, and yet it is a phenomenon of the 20th century. From this point of view, our century can also be defined as the century of globalization. Therefore, the lessons of the 20th century are especially significant and important for understanding its prospects.
Historians and politicians will argue for a long time about the rich heritage of the outgoing century, but its ideological and political results are unlikely to be revised in the foreseeable future. Briefly, they boil down to the following: human rights are fundamental, democracy is stronger than tyranny, the market is more effective than a command economy, openness is better than self-isolation. This system of values and attitudes, the creator and active promoter of which was historically the West, has become widespread and recognized in the modern world. .. For the first time in history, the absolute majority of people living on Earth are gradually developing a common understanding of the basic principles of life.
Just like one hundred and two hundred years ago, the end of the century is marked by a new scientific and technological revolution. Intelligence, knowledge, and technology are becoming the most important economic assets. In the advanced countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, more than half of the gross domestic product is created in intellectually intensive production. The information revolution, based on connecting computers with telecommunication networks, is radically transforming human existence. It compresses time and space, opens borders, and allows you to establish contacts anywhere in the world. It transforms individuals into global citizens. ..
Among the impressive range of problems that require the combined efforts of the inhabitants of the Earth, the state of the environment undoubtedly comes first. Today it is so alarming that the survival of humanity as a highly developed, civilized community is in question. The situation is aggravated by the great inertia of processes in the biosphere. Stopping and reversing destructive trends requires the mobilization of enormous resources over many years.
The unprecedented intensity of connections between people, individual groups, nations, states, and civilizations makes individuals humanity and opens up universal space for the forces of good and evil. Globalization is undermining the foundations of “island consciousness.” No matter how much you want, in the modern world you cannot isolate yourself from global problems for long, much less forever. If the world becomes interdependent, then it means that it is also mutually vulnerable.
(V. Kuvaldin)
C 2. What ideological and political results of the 20th century did the author give? Name any four. What term do social scientists call the process of implementing a new system of values that developed by the 20th century? ?
C4. Based on the content of the text, explain the term “island consciousness” used by the author. Based on the text, course knowledge and facts of social life, give two manifestations of “island consciousness” in the modern world.
From 5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “interpersonal relationships”? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about interpersonal relationships.
From 6. Every person in his life is faced with economic phenomena that have a significant impact on him. Give three examples of the impact of economic phenomena on human life.
C2: “Human rights are fundamental, democracy is stronger than tyranny, the market is more effective than a command economy, openness is better than self-isolation.” Globalization.
C3: "State of the environment." You can mention global warming, the greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, extinction of animal species, etc.
C4: Island consciousness is the structure of life of ancient tribal peoples who practically did not interact with other tribes and nationalities. Today, in the era of globalization, such a way of life is becoming impossible. Examples: non-participation in global world processes.Globalization is the process of creating a single financial and information space. The removal of formal barriers led. Along with the integration of the most developed part of humanity, to the formation of a barrier, primarily technological, between developed countries and the rest of the world. This barrier is practically insurmountable for weak countries due to the qualitative tightening of competition, which is literally aimed at destruction.
Global media impose high standards of consumption, including in undeveloped countries, whose population feels the inaccessibility of these standards not only for themselves, but also for their children and grandchildren. The result is a feeling of hopelessness, which in turn gives rise to growing global tension. One of its manifestations is international terrorism.
The hopelessness of the situation in undeveloped countries also affects prosperous societies that cannot expand markets for their products. A systemic crisis of the world economy is emerging. At the same time, global monopoly does not allow prices to be reduced, and the cultural and civilizational barrier leads to attempts at forced Westernization of non-Western societies. Weak societies can be destroyed, but strong ones resist. In both cases, fertile ground is created for international terrorism... the situation is aggravated by the general decline in management efficiency associated with globalization and the transformation of the formation of consciousness into the most profitable type of commercial activity...
Controlling to an increasing extent with the help of persuasion, with the help of consciousness-shaping technologies, they begin to act on the basis of the ideas they introduce, rather than reality, ceasing to distinguish what is desired from what is real and losing the ability to solve real problems, including those that give rise to terrorism.
Only the destruction of decaying global monopolies, access of countries to modern cheap technologies and the restoration of opportunities for progress for the entire population of the Earth will radically narrow the social base of terrorism and destroy it as a significant global problem. But the path to this will not be easy and painful. (M. Delyagin)
C1 What consequences of the removal of formal barriers in the process of globalization did the author note? Name two consequences.C3, what, according to the author, is the relationship between the development of prosperous societies and underdeveloped countries? Name two manifestations. Based on social science knowledge and facts of social life, illustrate each of them with a specific example.
C4 The author argues that “restoring the possibilities of progress for the entire population of the Earth will radically narrow the social base of terrorism.” Do you agree with this statement? Based on social science knowledge and facts of social life, give three arguments to support your position.
C5 What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “criterion of social progress”? Using knowledge from a social science course, compose two sentences containing information about the criteria for social progress.
C6 Use examples to reveal the influence of the natural environment on any three spheres of social life
C7, a well-known contemporary public figure said that in the era of globalization, isolation within national borders is “tantamount to mass suicide.” Based on your knowledge of the social science course, give three arguments to support your stated position.
C8 You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Changes in the interaction between man and nature in the process of social development.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
C2) Global media impose high standards of consumption, including in undeveloped countries, whose population feels the inaccessibility of these standards not only for themselves, but also for their children and grandchildren. The result is a feeling of hopelessness, which in turn gives rise to growing global tension. FEELING OF HOPELESS
Today this is the most pressing topic; the technological progress of modern society is developing rapidly. A person strives for convenience, prosperity, a full and healthy lifestyle. Science today does not stand still and you can see how new and at the same time incomprehensible things are being invented in human life.
It can be compared with the fact that 30 years ago a person did not know what a computer, the Internet and many other things were, which in three decades have accelerated a person’s life. Technical progress, like technological progress, is a chain of interconnected things.
A person’s life becomes convenient in communication, finding new friends, new opportunities and, most importantly, the convenience of leading a fulfilling life.
Previously, people did not know how to deal with certain diseases, but today modern society offers us a huge selection of services from diagnosis to complete recovery.
I would also like to draw attention to doing business in modern society, which today is rapidly moving to the World Wide Web of the Internet. On the Internet, you can purchase any thing that we cannot find in a small town, as well as order food products to your home when, for reasons of work, we cannot find time to go to the supermarket. What is most interesting is that today every self-respecting businessman makes it convenient and along with this, it is developing, this concerns the delivery of goods, often these are courier services that have accelerated this process.
Our future is also developing rapidly and modern technological progress has come to our aid, making our lives faster and more diverse. Today it is impossible not to keep up with the times, since a person’s active and fulfilling, as well as happy and carefree lifestyle depends on it.
We should think about how to keep up in this fast-developing society, have time to be first among other people, achieve what was previously considered unrealistic, but today, thanks to progress, all our dreams and desires are turning into reality.
Our wish: Always be on the lookout for new information, but never forget the mistakes of the past. Our future depends on the study of our past and the right attitude towards the present. Our present depends on avoiding the mistakes of the past and future technological progress.
To be the first today is only possible from knowledge of the huge information flow, since we live in a time of information technological progress. By acquiring information, you acquire a carefree future.
Funny tasty plates
The most beautiful beards.
Slow Motion
Airbrushing on cars. Issue 2. (30 photos)
Water printing fountain.
Unusual glowing mushrooms.
The world's largest cactus.
How to draw graffiti.
Just an unusual tree.
Is your head still thinking? Test yourself!
A task for children!
Computerization is technical as a holy version of knowledge; 2creation of advanced technologies for painkillers, 3treatment of diseases with inappropriate technologies. There are examples of the objectivity of the field of society: 2 the creation of modern activations for space exploration, 3 the treatment of activations with laser technologies. The beginning of progress and comparison, freezing to fix the assuring on the unproven society from him; 2creating technical animal test updates; 3building episcopal societies and a program of scientific descriptions on other progress. For the floor, the breeders in each house carried the Russifier and the server, and now other things have a modern telephone, 2 now the heat can be passed exotically for the purpose of the Internet, 3 quieter at home for phenylacetic use of telephone servers. Setting up lists as petition assessments of knowledge; 2creation of aromatic pandas to update the example, technical code with laser technologies. This site uses cookies from the Cookies server. Or let others with the code. Half an hour of TV screens for clearer fossils 2 half-way techniques for treating birch bark with a laser 3 registration rotate video calls to any hemisphere of the earth, with the invention of smartphones, webcams and localization.
The current state of scientific and technological progress is determined by the concept of scientific and technological revolution.
A scientific and technological revolution is a leap in the development of the productive forces of society, their transition to a qualitatively new state based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.
The scientific and technological revolution distinguishes two stages:
- 50s - late 70s. XX century Automation of production processes;
- late 70s - to date. Development of microelectronics, introduction of computers, technological revolution.
Main directions of scientific and technological revolution:
- automation and computerization of production;
- introduction of the latest information technologies;
- biotechnology development;
- creation of new structural materials;
- development of new energy sources;
- revolutionary changes in the means of communication and communications.
Socio-economic consequences of scientific and technological revolution:
- increasing requirements for the qualifications and education of workers;
- investments in science and knowledge-intensive industries are increasing;
- the number of people with higher education is growing;
- employment problems are getting worse;
- The social orientation of economic growth is strengthening.
Science and society
Science is usually called theoretical, systematized views of the world around us, reproducing its essential aspects in an abstract and logical form and based on scientific research data.
Social functions of science:
- cognitive-explanatory (consists in explaining: how the world works and what are the laws of its development);
- worldview (helps a person explain the knowledge he knows about the world and build it into an integral system);
- predictive (science allows a person to change the world around him and predict the consequences of such changes).
Science experiences certain influences from society.
The need for the development of society is often the main factor determining the problems of scientific research.
The state of scientific research depends on the material and technical base of society, on the funds allocated for the development of science.
Science as part of culture
Science is a multifaceted social phenomenon. This is the most important component of the spiritual life of society. Science is theoretically systematized views on the world around us, reproducing its essential aspects in an abstract logical form (concepts, theories, laws) and based on the results of scientific research.
Science and society had different relationships in certain periods of historical development. In some historical eras, science did not have a significant impact on the life of society; it was carried out by individual enthusiastic researchers, and the costs of maintaining scientific activity were minimal. At other stages, the role of science increases sharply, as do the funds allocated by society for its development. Representing a subsystem of a more complex system called society, science experiences a certain impact from society:
The development needs of society are often the main factor determining the scope of scientific research (the so-called social order) that society gives to scientists (for example, to find ways to treat AIDS, discover new alternative types of energy, solve environmental problems, etc.).
The state of scientific research depends on the material and technical base of society, on the funds allocated for the development of science. Thus, a reduction in funding for basic sciences in the Russian Federation may lead to a crisis in applied sciences. The prestige of science and the status of a scientist in society also directly influence the development of science.
Low salaries and social vulnerability of scientists lead to an outflow of talented young people from science to other areas of production.
Science is not only a system of knowledge, but also a type of spiritual production. Spiritual production is usually understood as the production of consciousness in a special social form, carried out by specialized groups of people professionally engaged in qualified mental labor. The results of spiritual production include scientific theories and ideas. Spiritual production is aimed at improving all other spheres of public life - economic, political, social. New ideas and technologies created within the framework of science allow society to develop itself.
Some researchers believe that the development of science does not occur through a smooth accumulation of new knowledge on old ones, but through periodic fundamental changes and changes in leading ideas, i.e. through periodically occurring scientific revolutions.
An example of such a revolution is the scientific revolution of the 17th century. Its representatives were G. Galileo, I. Kepler, I. Newton, R. Descartes, F. Bacon, J. Locke and others. From that time on, scientific thought acquired the features of objective experimentally confirmed knowledge, and on the other hand, machine production itself became a stimulus development of science, while simultaneously creating the necessary material base for it. The role of science is constantly increasing.
The peculiarities of modern science are that the functions of science in society have become more complex. The cultural and ideological function of science lies in the fact that modern science has become a determining factor in resolving issues of paramount ideological significance.
Science has become the direct productive force of society. It predetermined the emergence of new branches of material production (chemical, radio engineering, electronic, nuclear industries, etc.). At the same time, some problems arising during the development of technology become the subject of scientific research and even give rise to new scientific disciplines.
Science becomes a catalyst for the process of continuous improvement of production. Today, science is increasingly revealing another function - it is beginning to act as a social force, directly involved in the processes of social development and its management. The so-called scientific models of social development acquire a huge role, with the help of which society has the opportunity, without resorting to such methods of cognition as experiment, to determine the goals and direction of its development.
The development of modern science is determined by two processes - differentiation and integration of sciences. The increased volume of information and deepening of knowledge led to the emergence of separate sciences within the framework of traditional sciences. This differentiation of sciences, for example, has led to the fact that within the framework of mathematics alone, dozens of directions are now being developed that claim to be a separate science (theory of functions of a complex variable, analytical geometry, set theory, mathematical logic, functional analysis, discrete mathematics, etc. .).
At the same time, the integration of sciences is developing. To solve new complex problems, it is necessary to build a knowledge system, attracting its elements from various scientific disciplines.
Integration of knowledge contributes to the emergence of new sciences that are at the intersection of knowledge (mathematical linguistics, mathematical statistics, mathematical physics, etc.). The scientific picture of the world and the value-ideological forms of knowledge are closely related. Questions of paramount ideological significance concerning the structure of matter, the structure of the Universe, the origin and essence of life, the origin of man are now resolved not in the sphere of mythological and religious consciousness, but with the help of scientific knowledge.
There are two levels of scientific knowledge.
The empirical level is a description of objects and phenomena, obtaining an empirical fact. At the theoretical level, the phenomena being studied are explained, and the resulting knowledge is recorded in the form of laws, principles and scientific theories, in which the essence of the knowable objects is revealed.
The main methods of scientific knowledge are the observation method, the empirical description method, the experimental method, the hypothesis method and the formation of scientific theory.
In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the role of science increases sharply. Science becomes a constant source of new ideas, indicating ways of development of material production. Discoveries in the field of atomic and molecular structure of matter created the prerequisites for the production of new materials; advances in chemistry have made it possible to create substances with desired properties; the study of electrical phenomena in solids and gases served as the basis for the emergence of electronics; research into the structure of the atomic nucleus opened the way to the use of atomic energy; Thanks to the development of mathematics, means of automating production and management were created; the development of microelectronics led to the creation of a computer.
In turn, the computer revolution led to a sharp increase in the flow of information, which became an impetus for the further development of science.
The limitless possibilities of modern science have made the problems of scientific ethics particularly relevant. With the help of science it is possible to improve deserts, but it is also possible to turn blooming gardens into deserts. Research in the field of atomic physics has led to the creation of nuclear weapons, which could lead to the death of humanity. The development of genetic engineering has come close to the possibility of human cloning. But what consequences can this lead to for humanity? Therefore, the problem of freedom of scientific research and social responsibility of a scientist must be resolved from the standpoint of universal human requirements and prohibitions. It is not without reason that many countries around the world have imposed a moratorium on research into human cloning. Science must obey the demands of morality.
Lecture added 04/12/2012 at 03:51:51
Abstract: Scientific and technological progress and human activity
Scientific and technological progress and people's livelihoods.
Approaching the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. humanity is analyzing and re-evaluating much of what determined its development over the last decades of the last century. What should be taken into the new century and new millennium, and what should be discarded, what needs changes or reorientation of values.
Never before has humanity been so close to the fatal line, and the question is - to be or not to be? - never sounded so literally as a final warning to the minds of people and at the same time as a test of their ability to overcome the accumulating difficulties of the world order. Science and technology, scientific and technological progress, being the greatest achievements of our time, are the most concrete expression of the human mind, which means that together with it they are subjected to such a test.
What happened here in the 20th century and what position do science and technology find themselves in today, what do they promise and how do they threaten peoples in the future? These are concrete, practical questions that inevitably acquire political implications.
Until relatively recently - just half a century ago, science functioned as if with processes that developed in the sphere of production, without affecting the social foundations of people's life. Despite some brilliant achievements of natural science, scientific research in the eyes of many remained an activity of importance that could be given due credit, but which could not be included on a large scale in the sphere of business interests. Accordingly, the activities of scientists continued to be perceived traditionally - only as the work of loners, incomprehensible to a wide circle, engaged in the contemplation of natural phenomena. The situation changed after the first nuclear device was detonated at Los Alamo. It became obvious that even the most abstract branches of science have a close connection with socio-economic life and politics.
However, the previously unprecedented direct influence of science on human affairs is revealed, of course, not only in the fact that its military application opened the question of the life or death of mankind; Her voice is heard by the public not only through atomic explosions. The direct nature of this influence makes itself felt in the sphere of creation, in the everyday life of the population. What consequences will this have for the person himself and the society in which we live, and what real, urgent social and human problems arise in connection with this today. If we try to briefly answer the questions posed and thereby determine the main social problem, then the answer may sound like this: the higher the level of production technology and all human activity, the higher should be the degree of development of society, of man himself in their interaction with nature.
A similar conclusion was made a long time ago: a deep relationship was revealed between the development of science and technology and social transformations, as well as the development of man, his culture, including his attitude to nature. What new does the new type of development of science and technology bring? It aggravates the problems that have arisen here to the limit, requiring precisely high contact: new technology with society, man, nature, and this becomes not only a vital necessity, but also an indispensable condition for both the effective use of this technology and the very existence of society, man, nature . This problem is of wide significance in modern conditions, since the construction of a strategy for scientific and technological progress as a force that can either threaten or contribute to the development of man and civilization depends on how it is solved. And here the idols of technocratism stand in the way of understanding the humanistic orientation of science.
There is a certain logic in which principles are currently being brought to the fore, what really opposes them, and what is an imaginary alternative. This logic is determined by objective and subjective factors of social development in their connection with progress and technology.
The current situation can be briefly characterized as follows. The utmost intensity of human thought, concentrated in modern science, has come into contact with its “anti-world” - with the distorting power of inhumane social relations, with the sphere of false consciousness alienated from genuine science, striving to be mass and it would seem that there can be only one result - social explosion. But it does not happen, or in any case, it is expressed, although in quite sharp, but limited forms. This is the case, firstly, because the specialization of science has gone too far for any contact with the sphere of alienated mass consciousness to affect the deep, so to speak, essential forces of science; secondly, because trends have emerged that have a “calming effect” and among them, not the last (if not the first) role is played by those material benefits that were directly related to the successes of science and technology and significantly influenced the growth of public mass consumption.
These latest trends were not slow to take shape, if not theoretically, then, at least ideologically, in the corresponding technocratic concepts that absolutize the importance of science and technology in the life of society, arguing that they transform it directly and directly bypassing social factors.
In 1949, J. Fourastier’s book “The Great Hope of the 20th Century” was published, which became the banner of bourgeois reformist technocracy. According to Fourastier, intensive technical and scientific development opens up the possibility of evolution for humanity towards the creation of a so-called “scientific society”, freed from the burden of political, social, religious and other antagonisms. Science and technology in this future society will become the basis of life activity not only of the social organism as a whole, but equally of the individual individuals that make up this whole. Fourastier's "Computer Utopia" has been praised as "The Greatest Hope of the 20th Century." In his later works, the French author argues that the task of science is to make it impossible for the existence of an outdated system of values and to lay the foundation for a new one, and this, he believes, will be associated with the emergence of a new cosmic religion, which will be a healing principle permeating the entire fabric of the coming "scientific society". This reconstruction is carried out, according to Fourastier, by adherents of science, or more precisely, by theologians, “imbued with a scientific-experimental spirit and familiar with the greatest achievements of science.”
This is the result of J. Fourastier’s reasoning, unexpected at first glance, and natural for technocratic thinking. Fourastier was one of the first to attract the attention of the world community to modern problems, called global, including the problem of man and his future in connection with the processes of development of science and technology. However, in the case of Fourastier, the pattern of transition of technocratic thinking from excessive optimism to pessimism, from overexaggerated hope to disappointment, from the absolutization of science to doubt in its capabilities and even to religious faith is clearly visible.
The views of J. Fourastier are a kind of source of many other technocratic views. This can easily be seen by turning to examples of technocratic thinking, presented, in particular, in the works of the American sociologist D. Bell, who speaks of the coming “new society”, built structurally and functionally in direct dependence on science and technology. D. Bell believes that in this, as he called it, post-industrial society, the determining factors are ultimately the different types of scientific knowledge used in the economy, and therefore the main problem becomes the organization of science. In accordance with this, “post-industrial society”, according to Bell, is characterized by a new social structure based not on property relations, but on knowledge and qualifications. In the book “Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism”, Bell brings the previously proclaimed ideas to a gap between economics and culture in accordance with the concept of “separation of spheres”.
There are many supporters of the line of “technocratic thinking” who believe that the impact of science and technology on individuals and society, especially in the most developed countries of the world, is becoming a powerful source of modern change. Thus, Z. Brzezinski in his book “Between Two Centuries” argues that post-industrial society becomes a technotronic society as a result of the direct influence of technology and electronics on various aspects of society’s life, its morals, social structure and spiritual values. Although Z. Brzezinski, like many other supporters of technocratic ideas, constantly spoke about social changes of a global nature, in fact, he uses references to the development of science and technology only to prove the ability of society to preserve itself in the conditions of changes taking place in the world.
Technocratic tendencies were clearly developed by G. Kahn and W. Brown: “The next 200 years. A scenario for America and the whole world." Touching upon the question of the role and significance of science and technology (are they forces of good or evil), the authors talk about the “Faustian bargain” that supposedly exists between humanity and science and technology. Having gained power through science and technology, humanity exposes itself to the danger that lies within them.
Technological progress and society
The authors, however, oppose policies aimed at stopping or slowing down scientific and technological progress. On the contrary, they consider it necessary in individual cases to accelerate this development, maintaining caution and vigilance in order to prevent or reduce possible adverse consequences. As the authors believe, in the future, during the emergence of a relatively full “super-industrial economy”, the multilateral trend in the development of Western culture will be expressed in continuous economic growth, technological improvements, rationalism and the elimination of prejudices, and finally, in an open classless society, where the belief that only people and human life are absolutely sacred.
Western philosophy increasingly reveals a desire to avoid the popularization of technocracy. K. Jaspers notes that in Europe the Promethean interest in technology has almost disappeared. Rejecting the idea of “demonism” of technology, K. Japers believes that it is aimed at transforming the person himself in the course of transforming human labor activity. Moreover, in his opinion, the entire future fate of man depends on the way in which he subjugates the consequences of scientific and technological development. According to Jasper, “technology is only a means; in itself it is not good. It all depends on what a person makes of it, what it serves, and in what conditions he places it. The whole question is what kind of person will subjugate it, how he will show himself with its help. Technology does not depend on what can be achieved by it; it is only a toy in the hands of man.
K. Jaspers formulated a clear program, which particularly concerns new technology that can radically change the structure of human activity. The use of “high technologies” creates a fundamentally new situation in the sphere of production, everyday life, and recreation, and largely changes the worldview and psychology of people.
Addressing the social problems arising in connection with the use of new technology, British researchers - member of the National Economic Development Council Y. Benson and sociologist J. Moyd believe that “rapid technological changes unfolding in a free market entail excessive economic, social , personal costs on the part of that part of society that is least able to withstand them.”
The consequences of scientific and technological progress gave rise to various technocratic theories in the West. Their essence boiled down to the idea that the general technicalization of life could solve all social problems. The concept of a “post-industrial” society (D. Bell and others) has become widespread, according to which society will be managed by the organizers of science and technology (managers), and scientific centers will become the determining factor in the development of social life. The fallacy of its main provisions lies in the absolutization, exaggeration of the role of science and technology in society, in the unlawful transfer of organizational functions from one, narrow sphere to the whole of society as a whole; here the whole is replaced by one of its component parts. Neither technology nor science on their own can solve complex political problems. We must not forget that technology constitutes only a part of the productive forces, and not the most important one. Man, as the main productive force of society, completely fell out of sight of the supporters of this concept. This is her main misconception.
In recent years, the directly opposite concepts of technophobia, that is, fear of the all-pervasive and all-consuming power of technology, have become widespread. A person feels like a helpless toy in the “iron vice” of scientific and technological progress. From this point of view, scientific and technological progress is taking on such a scale that it threatens to escape the control of society and become a formidable destructive force of civilization, capable of causing irreparable harm to nature, as the human environment and to man himself. Of course, this causes concern for all of humanity, but it should not take on the character of an inevitable fatal force, because this involuntarily diminishes the importance of the rational principles inherent in humanity itself.
Society and scientific and technological progress. The inconsistency of scientific and technological progress.
| Scientific and technological progress (STP) is the interdependent, progressive development of science and technology, production and consumption. Scientific and technological progress first began to converge in the 16th-18th centuries, when the development of manufacturing, trade, and navigation required theoretical and experimental solutions to practical problems. Since the end of the 18th century, science and technology have finally come closer together, which determines their interconnected, interdependent further development. |
| The current stage of scientific and technical progress is characterized by a sharp acceleration of its pace, which gave rise to the introduction of the term “scientific and technological revolution” (STR). Scientific and technological progress includes: conducting fundamental and applied scientific research; bringing their results to practical use in the form of scientific and technical developments and engineering solutions; organization of production of new equipment; improving the organization of production, labor, management; constant technical re-equipment of enterprises. |
| Scientific and technological revolution has identified such innovations of modern society as integrated automation, computerization, robotization, informatization, radioelectronization, chemicalization, biologization, genetic engineering, the use of atomic energy, the creation of new materials, etc. |
| Scientific and technological revolution covers all spheres of society, exerting a huge influence on politics, ideology, international relations, and the development of countries. |
| It involves expanding the sphere of human activity, exploring new areas of the biosphere and space. The main feature of scientific and technological revolution is the intellectualization of all types of human activity. |
| However, scientific and technological revolution also poses serious dangers for public life. Abusing the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, even under conditions of certain control over their use, can, according to social scientists, lead to the creation of a totalitarian technocratic system in which the overwhelming majority of the population will be under the rule of a privileged ruling elite for a long historical period. If scientific and technological revolution takes the form of an uncontrolled process, then it can lead humanity to a thermonuclear, environmental or social catastrophe. |
| Thus, science and technology in their development bring not only benefits, but also a threat to humans and humanity. This has become a reality today and requires new constructive approaches to the study of the future and its alternatives. Already in today's reality, preventing undesirable results and negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution has become an urgent need for humanity as a whole. It offers timely anticipation of specific dangers combined with the ability of society to counteract them. The problem of humanistic use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the interests of society, in the interests of the spiritual enrichment of all mankind, comes to the fore today. |
Scientific and technological revolution is a multifaceted and contradictory process. It means a revolution in the productive forces, the greatest saving of living labor, its displacement from the production process itself. It also aggravates the employment problem and increases the anthropogenic load on the natural environment. Scientific and technological progress immeasurably increases the technical capabilities of producing consumer goods and creates conditions for increasing the efficiency of healthcare and education.
Give three examples of technological progress in modern society.
But it also makes it possible to create gigantic forces of destruction and mass destruction. Scientific and technological progress has created the means through which the highest cultural achievements have become the property of millions of people, but it has also created unprecedented opportunities for manipulating the consciousness of people for purposes and life attitudes alien to them. Scientific and technological progress has brought the danger of new types of disasters that are becoming global in nature. They are primarily associated with nuclear energy, accidents in which cause a large number of casualties and enormous material losses. The increase in cancer, genetic disorders, and contamination of agricultural land is not a complete list of nuclear disasters.
No satisfactory methods have been found for disposing of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, submarine reactors, etc. Another problem is related to genetic engineering, the use of new agricultural techniques, as a result of which genes that might be needed in the future are lost. The number of victims caused by industrial accidents is also increasing, especially in the chemical production zone, coal mining industries, and in aviation and railway transport. Scientific and technological revolution in the countries of Western Europe, North America, and Japan caused an increase in unemployment. The collapse of traditional industries led to mass layoffs of workers in outdated professions and low qualifications. The increased demand for labor from new industries did not always make it possible to attract people from among the unemployed. The problem of advanced training and obtaining a new specialty has become more acute. A significant part of the unemployed - middle-aged people and young people - often do not have the opportunity, and sometimes even the desire, to study and bring their qualifications in line with the requirements of the scientific and technological revolution. Their fate is social degradation, transformation into the lumpen proletariat, living on benefits, odd jobs, and the help of charitable organizations. As we see, in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, unemployment is generated not only by cyclical declines in production, but also by the development of automation, which displaces living labor from production, and by structural restructuring of the economy, accompanied by the collapse of old industries and the withering away of many traditional professions. The environmental problems discussed earlier are also associated with scientific and technological revolution. Only a humane, democratic system that uses its achievements for the benefit of all and does not allow its fruits to be appropriated by only a part of society can fully realize the potential of scientific and technological revolution in the interests of people.
Culture and civilization.
The concepts of “culture” and “civilization” indicate extremely important points of growth on the endless thread of human knowledge and life itself. The phenomena of culture and civilization are rapidly transforming the environment and are assessed as factors of creative life, a means of human self-realization, and an inexhaustible source of social innovation. Hence the desire to identify their potential and ways to fully utilize them.
The cultural and civilizational characteristics of specific societies, their constituent peoples or ethnic groups not only impart significant originality and specificity to the historical process, but also bizarrely change its direction. Therefore, the fate of the world largely depends on the philosophical understanding of the essence of culture and civilization, their relationship and interaction.
Philosophy explores the essence of culture and civilization, the nature of their impact on nature, history, reveals the ontological and existential foundations of human life, the gaps between the well-being of a real individual and the objective, often impersonal flow of cultural creativity.
In modern philosophical language, the concepts of “culture” and “civilization” are among the most widespread and polysemantic. Their use today goes far beyond their original, etymological meaning. The term “culture” (Latin cultura) is translated as “cultivation, processing, development, veneration” and implies, in the early stages of its use, the purposeful impact of man on nature (cultivation of the soil, etc.), as well as the upbringing and training of man himself. The concept of “civilization” (Latin civilis - civil, state) appeared in French as part of the theory of progress in the 18th century, although the words “civilize” and “civilized” were known already at the end of the 16th century. M. Montenu, and denoted an ideal society based on reason and justice.
The evolution of ideas about culture. Interest in culture and attempts to comprehend this complex phenomenon go back to ancient times. In the ancient consciousness, the concept of culture is identified with paideia, i.e. good manners, education, which distinguished the Hellenes from the “uncultured” barbarians. At the same time, among the Sophists and Cynics there is a contrast between nature as a relatively constant phenomenon and human law, or institution, which is changeable and arbitrary. Culture in this value system is interpreted as a phenomenon less significant than nature.
In the late Roman era, a different set of meanings arose and became widespread in the Middle Ages: attention to the inner world of man increased, culture began to be associated with signs of personal perfection, such as the elimination of sin and approaching the divine plan. At the same time, a positive attitude towards the values of urban social life emerged, which marked a movement towards the later concept of civilization.
Renaissance philosophers viewed culture as a means of forming an ideal universal personality - comprehensively educated, well-mannered, consistent with humanistic values, promoting the development of sciences and arts and strengthening the state.
The concept of culture becomes one of the central ones in the philosophy of the Enlightenment. In the works of Voltaire, Turgot, Condorcet, Vico, culture appears as the result of the progressive development of history and the degree of embodiment of the rational principle, realized in religion, philosophy, science, law, morality as objectifications of reason. The goal of culture, corresponding to the highest purpose of “reason,” is to make people happy, living in accordance with the needs of their “natural” nature.
Gaining more and more strength, civilization<...>steadily spread across the planet, using all possible ways and means for this -migration, colonization, conquest, trade, industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Little by little, all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them in the image established by it<...>
And the Earth, no matter how generous it is, is still unable to accommodate the continuously growing population and satisfy more and more of its needs, desires and whims. That is why a new, deeper split has now emerged - between overdeveloped and underdeveloped countries. But even this rebellion of the world proletariat, which seeks to join in the wealth of its more prosperous brethren, takes place within the framework of the same dominant civilization.
It is unlikely that she will be able to withstand this new test, especially now, when her own social body is torn apart by numerous ailments. NTR is becoming more and more obstinate and it is becoming more and more difficult to pacify it. Having endowed us with unprecedented power and instilled a taste for a level of life that we had never even thought about before, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our capabilities and demands under control. And it’s time for our generation to finally understand that it now depends only on us whether we can overcome this critical discrepancy, since for the first time in history the fate of not individual countries and regions, but of all humanity as a whole depends on it.
S2: What global problems of modern society are highlighted by the author of the text? List 2 problems.
C3: Write out a phrase from the text that reflects the main economic problem of society. What is the essence of this problem?
S4: What does the author mean by stating: “Having endowed us with hitherto unprecedented power and instilled a taste for a level of life that we had never even imagined, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our capabilities and demands under control”? Do 3 assumptions.
their characteristic economic structures, forms of cultural, political, social life.”
1. Macroeconomic analysis ex post is used: a) to predict the functioning of the economy in the future b) to assess the degree of implementationeconomic policy c) to evaluate achieved results d) to model the behavior of the economy in the future e) to maintain national accounting
2. Macroeconomic analysis ex ante is used a) for predictive modeling of economic processes b) to assess the degree of implementation of economic policy c) to identify patterns in the formation of economic parameters d) for conducting national accounting e) for statistical accounting of the main parameters of the national economy
