Return back to
Any capital construction must be preceded by design and survey work (D&R). The quality of the future object directly depends on how skillfully the designers perform their functions. The efficiency of capital investments, increasing the technical level, productivity and working conditions - all this largely depends on what technical and technological solutions, building structures, design elements and materials are included in the project.
Design and survey work (D&R) is a set of works for conducting engineering surveys, preparing documentation for territory planning, developing design and working documentation, and drawing up estimates. These works are carried out for the implementation of new construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of facilities, buildings, and artificial structures. As for the road sector, all these works are carried out for the construction, reconstruction, overhaul and repair of highways and artificial structures.
Survey work represents a complex of economic and technical studies of the construction area. In the process of preparing a future project, specialists collect initial data. An important part of them are the results of engineering surveys aimed at studying the natural conditions of construction. Research objectives, requirements for results, and initial data are established in the technical specifications. The terms of reference for the survey are drawn up by the developer. Its content is regulated by the standards for conducting engineering surveys. It should include the goals and objectives of engineering surveys, data on the location and boundaries of the route, basic information about the object being designed, requirements for the composition, content, form of expected results, requirements for the timing of presentation of these results and a number of other instructions specifying the needs of the developer.
Engineering surveys are divided into five main types:
Engineering and geodetic,
- geotechnical engineering,
- engineering and hydrometeorological,
- engineering and environmental,
- research for building materials and water supply sources.
An integral part of design and survey work (D&R) is design. It includes the development of design and estimate documentation necessary for construction (repair) work. The content of design documentation, the form of its presentation, and the rules for drawing up drawings are regulated by special regulatory documents.
The solution of some construction design problems can be indirectly influenced by the results of specific types of research, which should include search, examination of existing cultural heritage monuments, archaeological research; search, discovery and identification of military burial sites; search, inspection of territories for the presence of explosive objects in places of military operations and in the territory of former military graves.
Of great importance in design and survey work (R&D) is design related to the introduction of new equipment and innovative technologies, carried out on the basis of the results of scientific research, as well as the study and generalization of advanced domestic and foreign experience in the design, construction and reconstruction of highways and artificial structures in them.
Introduction
Construction is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of financial and economic activity. The result of construction is real estate objects. Construction, like any other activity, is carried out in several stages. One of the most important stages of construction is the implementation of design and survey work. In the process of carrying out design and survey work, a project for the future property is created, a cost estimate is drawn up and the initial cost of this property is formed. If the project is developed poorly, then the construction result will not be in sufficient demand, and there will also be a threat of collapse or other damage to the property. If the estimate is drawn up in bad faith, there may simply not be enough resources for the construction of the building, which will lead to undesirable results.
To identify tax offenses in the field of design and survey work, it is necessary:
know exactly what kind of work is included in the design and survey group, what their content is, when and how they are carried out;
what legal documents regulate design and survey work in construction;
what documents are generated at the beginning, during and at the end of design and survey work;
what primary accounting and other documents are subject to mandatory verification in the process of exercising tax control over design and survey work.
The questions posed are discussed in detail in the relevant parts of this work.
The essence and composition of design and survey work in construction
Design and survey work is a complex of works for carrying out engineering surveys, developing feasibility studies for construction, preparing projects, working documentation, drawing up estimate documentation for the construction of objects, buildings, structures. Survey work represents a complex of technical and economic studies of the construction area. Depending on the contractual relationship, they are carried out by the customer of design and construction or the general designer. Under a contract for design and survey work, the contractor undertakes, on the customer’s instructions, to develop technical documentation and (or) perform survey work, and the customer undertakes to accept and pay for the result. Like other types of contract, this contract, by its legal nature, is consensual, bilateral and compensated. At the same time, it stands out as a separate type of contract due to two characteristic features:
the special nature of the work performed by the contractor;
specific features of the work result to be transferred to the customer.
Carrying out design and survey work is a necessary stage preceding any construction. Engineering surveys are carried out for the preparation of design and technical documentation, construction, and reconstruction of capital construction projects. Preparation and implementation of design and technical documentation without performing appropriate engineering surveys is not allowed.
Engineering surveys are carried out in order to obtain:
materials on the natural conditions of the territory where the construction or reconstruction of facilities will be carried out, and on the factors of technogenic impact on the environment, the forecast of their changes, necessary for developing decisions regarding such a territory;
materials necessary for the foundation of the layout of buildings, structures, structures, making constructive and space-planning decisions in relation to these buildings, structures, structures, designing engineering protection of such objects, developing environmental protection measures, construction organization projects, reconstruction of capital construction projects;
materials necessary for carrying out calculations of foundations, foundations and structures of buildings, structures, structures, their engineering protection, developing decisions on carrying out preventive and other necessary measures, performing earthworks, as well as for preparing decisions on issues that arose during the preparation of design and technical documentation , its agreement or approval.
There are five main types of engineering surveys:
engineering and geodetic;
geotechnical engineering;
engineering and hydrometeorological;
engineering and environmental;
exploration of soil building materials and sources of water supply based on groundwater.
Engineering surveys also include about a dozen types of auxiliary work
geotechnical control;
soil inspection of the foundations of existing buildings and structures;
assessment of hazards and risks from natural and man-made processes;
justification of measures for engineering protection of territories;
The need to perform certain types of engineering surveys, as well as their composition, volume, and method of execution are established by the engineering survey program. This program was developed based on the customer’s specifications and taking into account the requirements of technical regulations. The engineering survey program may vary depending on the type and purpose of capital construction projects, their design features, technical complexity and potential danger, the stage of architectural and construction design, as well as the complexity of topographical, geotechnical, hydrological, meteorological and climatic conditions of the territory, in which the construction or reconstruction of objects will be carried out, the degree of knowledge of these conditions. Depending on the size and complexity of the designed objects, the complexity of the engineering and geological survey conditions are carried out by one or several survey organizations. In the latter case, one of the organizations performs the function of the general contractor, and the rest work as a subcontractor (i.e., on the basis of contracts with the general contractor). In the vast majority of cases, the entire scope of work for a specific construction is carried out by one organization. The engineering survey stage ends with the transfer to the customer of the results of the specified work in the form of conclusions, descriptions, technical measurements, reference materials and other similar documents.
The implementation of design work consists of the preparation of design and technical documentation that defines architectural, functional, technological, structural and engineering solutions to ensure the construction or reconstruction of its facilities. During this stage of construction organization, construction projects and estimates for them are drawn up, and this stage ends with the examination of design and technical documentation with its subsequent transfer to the customer. Design and technical documentation is usually understood as a set of documentation, including a feasibility study (feasibility study), drawings, explanatory notes and other materials necessary for the planned construction or reconstruction of a building, structure or other facility.
The subject of the contract for design and survey work is the implementation of the relevant work and the transfer of their results to the customer. The latter is of an intermediate nature in relation to relations in the organization of construction. The final result is achieved through the implementation of a construction contract, under which construction is carried out on the basis of appropriate design and technical documentation. Therefore, the final assessment of the design and technical documentation and data obtained as a result of survey work may appear upon completion of construction and subsequent operation of the facility, built in accordance with the design and technical documentation and taking into account the surveys carried out. The liability of the contractor under a contract for the performance of design and survey work for shortcomings in the performance of these works and in their material result extends to cases when these shortcomings reveal themselves during the construction and subsequent operation of the facility created on the basis of relevant data from survey work and design and technical documentation.
Another feature of the result of a contract for design and survey work, which largely determines the specifics of its legal regulation, is that it may be an object of copyright or contain signs of an official or commercial secret protected by law. Objects of copyright include works of architecture, urban planning and landscape art. The person whose creative work created the project is recognized as the copyright to the said project, to the construction documentation, as well as to the architectural object itself.
This explains the legal provision obliging the contractor to guarantee to the customer that third parties do not have the right to prevent or limit the execution of work on the basis of the design and technical documentation prepared by the contractor.
In the event that design and technical documentation meets the requirements of official or commercial secrets, the rights of the subjects of the contract to carry out design and survey work are protected by the following restrictions:
prohibiting the contractor from transferring technical documentation to third parties without the consent of the customer;
prohibiting the customer from transferring documentation to third parties and disclosing the data contained in it without the consent of the contractor.
Fulfillment of the obligations of the parties under a contract for design and survey work usually begins with the customer fulfilling his obligation to transfer the design task to the contractor, as well as other initial data necessary for the preparation of the relevant technical documentation.
The task for performing design work can be prepared by the contractor on behalf of the customer. In this case, the specified task becomes binding for the parties from the moment it is approved by the customer. From the moment of receipt of the customer’s assignment or the customer’s approval of the assignment prepared by the contractor, the latter must begin to fulfill the obligation arising from the contract for design and survey work. When performing design and survey work, any deviations from the received assignment are possible for the contractor only with the consent of the customer. The result of the design work, to be transferred to the customer, is the design and technical documentation prepared by the contractor for the capital construction project. The design and technical documentation prepared by the contractor must in all cases be agreed upon with the customer, and, if provided for by law, also with the competent authorities and organizations whose responsibilities include conducting the relevant examination. Design documentation of capital construction projects is subject to state examination. The subject of the state examination of design and technical documentation is the assessment of its compliance with the requirements of technical regulations, including sanitary and epidemiological, environmental requirements, requirements for state protection of cultural heritage sites, fire, industrial, nuclear, radiation and other safety, as well as the results of engineering surveys.
Based on the results of the state examination, the authorized state body adopts a conclusion on the compliance or non-compliance of the design and technical documentation with the requirements of technical regulations and the results of engineering surveys. A negative conclusion of the state examination of design and technical documentation can be corrected by the customer and sent for re-examination or challenged by the customer in court.
As a general rule, the fulfillment of the contractor's obligations under this contract ends with the transfer of finished design and technical documentation and the results of survey work to the customer. However, even after this, the contractor remains obligated not to transfer design and technical documentation to third parties without the consent of the customer.
Design organizations performing work for capital construction include design, survey and integrated design, survey and research organizations of various forms (institutes, departments, design bureaus, workshops). Design is carried out at the expense of customer organizations, which enter into contracts for the implementation of design work with the general designer. The general designer is the organization that carries out the bulk of the design work (in industrial construction - technological work). To carry out individual parts of the project (research, special work, etc.), the general designer engages specialized organizations on a contractual basis as subcontractors. At the same time, he is responsible for the complexity of the project, i.e. for linking all sections of the project with each other.
4. Survey work
An important element of the pre-design stage of designing objects in construction is economic, engineering or technical research, as a result of which the economic feasibility and technical feasibility of construction are determined, and the conditions for its implementation are identified.
Research- a set of economic and engineering (technical) studies of the construction area or site (route), allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction and operation of the future facility, substantiation of the economic feasibility and technical feasibility and volume of new enterprises, buildings and structures being built or reconstruction, and preparation of initial data for design .
The quality of surveys largely determines the efficiency of construction and operation of future facilities. There are cases where insufficiently complete surveys or errors made in them led to significant damage associated with the elimination of subsidence, landslides, flooding of the territory, etc.
Research is divided into economic and engineering or technical.
The survey is preceded by the selection of a site or route for construction, which is carried out by the general design organization on behalf of the customer.
Economic research- identification and justification of options for providing construction with raw materials, local materials, fuel, electricity, water, gas, heat, transport links, labor, housing, cultural and community institutions. These surveys are carried out by the general design organization after receiving an approved design assignment from the customer. The collection of source materials for economic research is carried out on the basis of development schemes for industrial sectors, feasibility studies for the design of territorial-industrial complexes and industrial units, technical and economic calculations (TEC) of transport schemes, TER for environmental protection, etc. TER. Some of the necessary data for economic research can be obtained from data banks and passports of reserve sites. In the process of economic research, the economic development of the construction area is studied, balances of available and required resources are drawn up, proposals for covering resource shortages are determined, the population size, the dynamics of its growth in connection with the deployment of construction and, accordingly, the dynamics of housing and social construction are determined.
Economic survey data is the source for subsequent design stages - project development and working documentation.
Engineering (technical) surveys are carried out to study the natural conditions of the area and construction site at all stages of design and include the following types of work:
topographic-geodetic,
geological,
hydrogeological,
hydrometeorological,
soil-geobotanical,
sanitary and hygienic, etc.
The organization of surveys is carried out by the general designer, who conducts them independently or with the involvement of specialized survey organizations.
Survey work is carried out by expeditions, parties, detachments, teams, which can be complex or specialized.
The work is carried out in three periods: preparatory, field and office.
In preparatory period, the necessary data on the survey object is collected and studied from archives, reference books, reports and other materials, and organizational measures for survey work are planned; at the same time, the task issued to the survey party is clarified.
Field work are carried out directly at the future construction site. In the process of field work, all fundamental technical solutions of the master plan of the enterprise must be outlined. The survey party carrying them out acts on the basis of an assignment issued to it, which clearly states the assigned tasks, lists all the field work to be performed and a list of materials that must be presented as a result of the party’s work. Work at the survey site begins with obtaining from local organizations all materials that can be used to supplement and clarify previously collected information.
During the office period field materials are processed and a summary report on the research conducted is compiled. Office processing at the last stage is usually carried out at the permanent location of the survey team, where all the necessary conditions and tools are available for this.
5. Organizational and technological design. Composition and content of the construction organization project (COP) and work execution projects (PPR)
Composition of the construction organization project
Construction organization begins with the design stage of an object or system. All design decisions must be made taking into account the possibility of implementation during the construction period using modern means and methods.
Issues of organizing construction are resolved in varying degrees of detail at all stages of design, including pre-design. At the feasibility study stage, the basic provisions of the organization are developed, which are necessary to identify the required resources and the necessary capital investments.
During the two-stage design of large objects, at the technical design stage, the section “Construction Organization Project” (COP) is developed. As part of single-stage technical work projects, an abbreviated project for the organization and execution of work is given.
The PIC must answer all the main questions directly related to the construction of the designed facility. Requirements for their composition and content are regulated by building codes.
When developing a PIC, it is necessary to proceed from the general requirements for production construction: reducing costs, reducing time, improving the quality of construction with a continuous increase in labor productivity.
As part of the PIC, the following main tasks are solved:
establish the optimal duration of construction of the facility;
develop a calendar plan or network schedule;
funding schedule by year;
identify the required resources (materials, equipment, workers, construction machines and mechanisms) and the period of their use in construction;
select and agree on sources of materials, develop a transport scheme;
justify the need for the development and use of the existing production base with the development of construction plans;
develop technological schemes for the production of complex types of work or use standard technological schemes and maps;
resolve issues of labor protection and safety during work.
To develop a PIC, source materials are selected that characterize the natural conditions of the construction area (climatic, geological, hydrological, hydrological) and the parameters of the facility under construction (purpose, dimensions, volumes, materials). In addition, they conduct additional research and collect information about construction work; availability and location of local building materials, products and structures, repair shops and factories; transport organizations, road network and possibilities of their use; settlements, employment of the population and the possibility of attracting them to work; energy capabilities of the region - availability of power lines, power plants, fuel; water supply sources during construction. They are studying the capabilities and capacity of existing construction organizations and, first of all, the water management sector.
Taking these conditions into account, a PIC is drawn up that justifies the distribution of capital investments, the need for personnel and material resources. It serves as the source document for the development of PPR using the conventional and on-line method.
The detail of the development of the PIC and partly its content is determined by the degree of complexity of construction projects, which are divided into categories according to this criterion.
Category 1 includes particularly complex non-standard objects with complex types of work, individual technical and design solutions; with difficult conditions for the supply of basic equipment based on individual technical and design solutions; with difficult conditions for the supply of basic equipment for individual orders; with the participation of a large number of subcontractors.
The most important issue when developing a construction project is the choice of the optimal duration of construction, on which the capital costs of its implementation depend.
To find the optimal construction duration, it is necessary to develop and compare several PIC options.
The project for organizing the construction of the facility must be developed for the full volume of construction provided for by the project. When constructing a facility in stages, the project for organizing construction in the first place should be developed taking into account the implementation of construction for full development.
The construction organization project includes:
1. Construction calendar plan, which determines the timing and order of construction of main and auxiliary buildings and structures, technological units and stages of work, start-up complexes with the distribution of capital investments and volumes of construction and installation work by buildings and structures and construction periods.
2. Construction master plans for the preparatory and main periods of construction with the location of permanent buildings and structures, locations of temporary, including mobile (inventory) buildings and structures, permanent and temporary railways and roads and other routes for transporting equipment (including heavy and large-sized); structures, materials and products; paths for moving heavy-duty cranes; engineering networks, places of connection of temporary engineering communications (networks) to existing networks, indicating the sources of supplying the construction site with electricity, water, heat, steam; warehouse sites; main assembly cranes and other construction machines, mechanized installations; existing and subject to demolition buildings, locations of signs fixing the alignment axes of buildings and structures.
In cases where organizational and technical solutions cover the territory outside the construction site, in addition to the construction master plan, a situational construction plan is also developed with the location of material and technical base enterprises and quarries, residential settlements, external paths and roads (indicating their length and capacity) , stations adjacent to the tracks of the Ministry of Railways, communication and power lines, with transport schemes for the supply of building materials, structures, parts and equipment, with drawing the boundaries of the territory of the facility under construction and adjacent areas of existing buildings and structures, deforestation, areas temporarily allocated for needs construction;
3. Organizational and technological diagrams that determine the optimal sequence of construction of buildings and structures, indicating the technological sequence of work;
4. List of volumes of main construction, installation and special construction work, determined by design and estimate documentation, highlighting work on main buildings and structures, start-up complexes and construction periods.
5. List of requirements for building structures, products, materials and equipment with distribution by calendar periods of construction, compiled for the construction site as a whole and for the main buildings and structures based on the volume of work and current standards for the consumption of building materials.
6. Schedule of requirements for basic construction machines and vehicles for construction as a whole, compiled on the basis of the physical volume of work, volumes of cargo transportation and production standards for construction machines and vehicles.
7. Schedule of the need for construction workers by main categories, compiled on the basis of the standard labor intensity of the construction of the facility and the volume of construction and installation work for the main organizations involved in construction, taking into account the planned production standards per employee of these organizations.
8. Explanatory note containing: characteristics of construction conditions; justification of methods for performing construction, installation and special construction work, as well as technical solutions for the construction of complex buildings and structures; measures to perform work on a rotational basis; instructions on methods for implementing instrumental control over the quality of structures; occupational safety measures; conditions for preserving the natural environment; justification of the need for basic construction machines, mechanisms, vehicles, electrical energy, steam, water, oxygen, acetylene, compressed air, as well as temporary buildings and structures with a decision on a set of mobile (inventory) buildings and structures and an indication of the adopted standard projects; list of main construction organizations with characteristics of their production capacity.
Technical and economic indicators of the construction organization project
The construction organization project must include the following technical and economic indicators:
Total duration of construction, including the preparatory period and equipment installation period, months;
Maximum number of employees, people -
Labor costs for construction and installation work, man-days.
The company "GEODRILLING" carries out all types of survey work. We have our own fleet of modern equipment and a staff of qualified specialists with extensive professional experience. We guarantee our customers efficiency of work, high accuracy of results and reasonable cost of survey work.
Design and survey work is a whole range of activities that are carried out to develop the documentation necessary for the construction of buildings and structures. The complex includes pre-design work, engineering and survey work, development of a feasibility study for development, preparation of design, working and estimate documentation.
Engineering and survey work is carried out at the initial design stage. Their main task is a comprehensive study of the built-up area: its natural features, man-made factors. In addition, the conditions for connecting objects to utilities are determined. Then, upon completion of the work, based on the data received, design documentation is developed, which is necessary for the preparation of technical documentation. The latter is used during the construction of objects for various purposes. The result of the research work should be the identification of hazardous processes in the study area, which can increase the cost of the project or completely eliminate construction.
The information obtained during research work is included in the package of documents necessary to understand the feasibility of construction, obtain permits for it, determine the construction site, and choose the method of construction work. Engineering and survey work helps to avoid problems during the operation of structures: soil subsidence, cracks in the walls and foundation. Considering the importance of research, design and survey work should be trusted only to organizations that have all the necessary resources.
In the company "GEODRILLING" you can order the following types of survey work:
- design and survey work;
- geological surveys;
- geodetic surveys;
- engineering surveys;
- environmental research.
Reasonable cost of design and survey work
Despite the rather low cost of survey work, these studies are of great importance, since they are aimed at studying the conditions in which the future structure will be built and operated. Timely measures help to develop effective methods of engineering protection of a structure and ensure its safe operation.
Many developers understand that it is necessary to entrust design and survey work (engineering surveys) only to professionals, since the low quality of these services can lead to undesirable and even tragic consequences. The GEODRILLING company deservedly occupies a leading position in the field of engineering and survey design, being a reliable and conscientious contractor of orders of various levels of complexity. Highly qualified specialists of our company carry out survey work, the cost of which is reasonable and acceptable for many Russian enterprises.
Maximum accurate results at an affordable cost of work
At an affordable cost for survey work, we guarantee its high quality and maximum accuracy. All necessary actions are carried out by us using the latest specialized equipment, and the research results are processed in our own modern laboratory.
The GEODRILLING company specializes in providing services such as engineering surveys (Moscow and the Moscow region). We are also ready to travel outside the capital to the central regions of the Russian Federation to carry out work. Our qualified employees carry out engineering surveys at an affordable cost (Moscow, Moscow region and central regions of Russia), in accordance with current regulatory documents.
Geological surveys
Comprehensive geological surveys make it possible to determine the chemical and physical properties of the soil. During this work, soil samples are taken and groundwater samples are taken. Subsequently, they are subjected to various tests in the laboratory and serve as the basis for drawing up geological maps and sections.
