What are the sex chromosomes in a chicken? Sex determination in butterflies and birds. The human Y chromosome is as different from the chimpanzee Y chromosome as it is from the chicken chromosome.

From school biology textbooks, everyone has become familiar with the term chromosome. The concept was proposed by Waldeyer in 1888. It literally translates as painted body. The first object of research was the fruit fly.

General information about animal chromosomes

A chromosome is a structure in the cell nucleus that stores hereditary information. They are formed from a DNA molecule that contains many genes. In other words, a chromosome is a DNA molecule. Its amount varies among different animals. So, for example, a cat has 38, and a cow has 120. Interestingly, earthworms and ants have the smallest numbers. Their number is two chromosomes, and the male of the latter has one.

In higher animals, as well as in humans, the last pair is represented by XY sex chromosomes in males and XX in females. It should be noted that the number of these molecules is constant for all animals, but their number differs in each species. For example, we can consider the chromosome content of some organisms: chimpanzees - 48, crayfish - 196, wolves - 78, hare - 48. This is due to different levels of organization of a particular animal.

Note! Chromosomes are always arranged in pairs. Geneticists claim that these molecules are the elusive and invisible carriers of heredity. Each chromosome contains many genes. Some believe that the more of these molecules, the more developed the animal, and the more complex its body is. In this case, a person should have not 46 chromosomes, but more than any other animal.

How many chromosomes do different animals have?

You need to pay attention! In monkeys, the number of chromosomes is close to that of humans. But the results are different for each species. So, different monkeys have the following number of chromosomes:

  • Lemurs have 44-46 DNA molecules in their arsenal;
  • Chimpanzees – 48;
  • Baboons – 42,
  • Monkeys – 54;
  • Gibbons – 44;
  • Gorillas – 48;
  • Orangutan – 48;
  • Macaques - 42.

The canine family (carnivorous mammals) has more chromosomes than monkeys.

  • So, the wolf has 78,
  • the coyote has 78,
  • the small fox has 76,
  • but the ordinary one has 34.
  • The predatory animals lion and tiger have 38 chromosomes.
  • The cat's pet has 38, while his dog opponent has almost twice as many - 78.

In mammals that are of economic importance, the number of these molecules is as follows:

  • rabbit – 44,
  • cow – 60,
  • horse – 64,
  • pig – 38.

Educational! Hamsters have the largest chromosome sets among animals. They have 92 in their arsenal. Also in this row are hedgehogs. They have 88-90 chromosomes. And kangaroos have the smallest amount of these molecules. Their number is 12. A very interesting fact is that the mammoth has 58 chromosomes. Samples were taken from frozen tissue.

For greater clarity and convenience, data from other animals will be presented in the summary.

Name of animal and number of chromosomes:

Spotted martens 12
Kangaroo 12
Yellow marsupial mouse 14
Marsupial anteater 14
Common opossum 22
Opossum 22
Mink 30
American badger 32
Corsac (steppe fox) 36
Tibetan fox 36
Small panda 36
Cat 38
Lion 38
Tiger 38
Raccoon 38
Canadian beaver 40
Hyenas 40
House mouse 40
Baboons 42
Rats 42
Dolphin 44
Rabbits 44
Human 46
Hare 48
Gorilla 48
American fox 50
striped skunk 50
Sheep 54
Elephant (Asian, savannah) 56
Cow 60
Domestic goat 60
Woolly monkey 62
Donkey 62
Giraffe 62
Mule (hybrid of a donkey and a mare) 63
Chinchilla 64
Horse 64
Gray fox 66
White-tailed deer 70
Paraguayan fox 74
Small fox 76
Wolf (red, ginger, maned) 78
Dingo 78
Coyote 78
Dog 78
Common jackal 78
Chicken 78
Pigeon 80
Turkey 82
Ecuadorian hamster 92
Common lemur 44-60
Arctic fox 48-50
Echidna 63-64
Jerzy 88-90

Number of chromosomes in different animal species

As you can see, each animal has a different number of chromosomes. Even among representatives of the same family, indicators differ. We can look at the example of primates:

  • the gorilla has 48,
  • the macaque has 42, and the marmoset has 54 chromosomes.

Why this is so remains a mystery.

How many chromosomes do plants have?

Plant name and number of chromosomes:

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1 . Unlike DNA molecules, protein molecules contain atoms:

a) sulfur;
b) hydrogen;
c) nitrogen;
d) protein and DNA molecules contain the same atoms.

2 . Mutations occur as a result of changes in:

a) DNA;
b) cellular structures;
c) metabolism;
d) squirrel.

3 . If you take ribosomes and enzymes from bacteria, ATP and ADP and amino acids from a fungus, and DNA from a lizard for protein synthesis, then the following proteins will be synthesized:

a) mushroom;
b) lizards;
c) bacteria;
d) all three organisms.

4 . A living system corresponding to the biomolecular level of organization of living matter:

a) plant chloroplast;
b) egg of a mammal;
c) influenza virus;
d) there are no such living systems on Earth at all.

5 . A chemical element that is an essential component of the hemoglobin protein in mammals:

a) zinc;
b) copper;
c) chlorine;
d) iron.

6 . To quickly restore performance when tired during preparation for an exam, it is better to eat:

a) apple;
b) a piece of sugar;
c) sandwich;
d) a piece of meat.

7 . A plant cell, unlike an animal cell, contains:

a) ribosomes;
b) vacuoles, plastids and cellulose membrane;
c) reserve nutrients;
d) more chromosomes in the nucleus.

8 . All of the following organisms are prokaryotes:

a) bacteria, yeast, blue-green algae;
b) bacteria, blue-green algae;
c) yeast, bacteria;
d) viruses and bacteria.

9 . All of the following organisms have cell nuclei:

a) parrot, fly agaric, birch;
b) cat, nitrogen-fixing bacteria;
c) Escherichia coli, roundworm;
d) roundworm, AIDS virus, octopus.

10 . Of the listed cells, there are more mitochondria in:

a) bird eggs;
b) erythrocytes of mammals;
c) mammalian spermatozoa;
d) green plant cells.

11 . Chemical reactions of anabolism predominate in cells:

a) plants;
b) mushrooms;
c) animals;
d) the level of anabolism is the same for everyone.

12 . The following cells take part in sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms:

a) disputes;
b) eggs and sperm;
c) somatic;
d) various, depending on the circumstances.

13 . The cell cycle is:

a) the totality and order of all chemical reactions in the cell;
b) the life of a cell from division to division;
c) the life of a cell from division to division plus the time of division itself;
d) the time when the cell prepares to divide.

14 . Before entering the mitosis stage, a somatic cell of a diploid organism has a set of chromosomes:

a) diploid (2 n);
b) haploid ( n);
c) tetraploid (4 n);
d) depending on the circumstances.

15 . The set of chromosomes is haploid in:

a) a chicken egg;
b) wheat seed cells;
c) human leukocytes;
d) integumentary cells of higher plants.

16 . Reproduction methods typical only for plants:

a) seeds, tendrils, spores;
b) bulb, mustache, layering;
c) seeds, layering, spores;
d) cell division, bulb, whiskers.

17 . Advantages of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction:

a) the simplicity of the process;
b) the complexity of the process;
c) in greater genetic diversity of individuals of the next generation;
d) in accelerating the growth of species numbers.

18 . The stage of meiosis and the reason why mutations can occur in the germ cell:

a) as a result of crossing over in prophase I;
b) as a result of incorrect chromosome segregation in telophase I or II;
c) as a result of radioactive irradiation of the body during the formation of germ cells;
d) for any of the above reasons.

19 . A group of living systems representing the organismic level of organization:

a) apple tree, apple, codling moth caterpillar;
b) apple tree, earthworm, apple flower;
c) apple tree, earthworm, caterpillar;
d) apple, caterpillar, earthworm.

20 . The correct sequence of the initial stages of ontogenesis:

a) zygote, gastrula, blastula;
b) fertilization, gastrula, blastula;
c) gametogenesis, fertilization, blastula, gastrula;
d) none of the answers are correct.

21 . Fertilization in the female body in humans normally occurs:

a) in the uterus;
b) in the upper part of the fallopian tubes;
c) in the vagina;
d) in the ovaries.

22 . To conceive two identical twins, fertilization is necessary:

a) one egg with two sperm;
b) two eggs with one sperm;
c) two eggs with two sperm;
d) one egg with one sperm.

23 . More heterozygous individuals will be obtained from crossing:

A) AABB ґ aaBB;
b) ААbb ґ aaBB;
V) AaBb ґ AaBb;
G) aabb ґ Aabb.

24 . The normal set of sex chromosomes in a rooster is:

a) XO;
b) XXY;
c) XX;
d) XY.

25 . If parents have blood types I and IV, then children may have blood types:

a) only I;
b) IV only;
c) only II or III;
d) only I or IV.

26 . For the first time he discovered and described the fundamental laws of gene distribution in offspring when crossing hybrids:

a) J.-B. Lamarck;
b) G. Mendel;
c) C. Darwin;
d) N.I. Vavilov.

27 . The unit of evolution is:

a) individual;
b) type;
c) population;
d) ecosystem.

28 . An example of non-hereditary variability is:

a) the appearance of an albino in the offspring of a pride of lions;
b) an increase in the percentage of milk fat in cows with changes in the composition and feeding regimen;
c) increasing the percentage of milk fat in cows of a highly productive breed;
d) loss of vision in the mole as a result of evolution.

29 . The factor determining the direction of evolution is:

a) isolation;
b) mutation;
c) natural selection;
d) fluctuations in population numbers.

30 . An example of aromorphosis is:

a) the appearance of pulmonary respiration in amphibians;
b) flat body shape in bottom-dwelling fish;
c) lack of color in cave animals;
d) the presence of thorns and prickles in plant fruits.

31 . The presence of microbes in the environment surrounding the body is:

a) abiotic environmental factor;
b) biotic environmental factor;
c) anthropogenic factor;
d) limiting factor.

32. An example of biogeocenosis is:

a) a pond with all its inhabitants;
b) aquarium;
c) all living inhabitants of the pond;
d) all representatives of the pond flora.

33. A brown bear in a natural ecosystem acts as a third-order consumer when it eats:

a) berries;
b) pike;
c) wild boar;
d) bulbs of herbaceous plants.

34 . The signal for the start of migration in migratory birds is:

a) the onset of cold weather;
b) age of the chicks;
c) change in day length;
d) lack of food.

35 . An integral component of all natural ecosystems are:

a) fungi and bacteria;
b) herbivores;
c) carnivores;
d) insects.

36 . In the food chain grass – grasshoppers – lizards – owls For a pair of owls with a total weight of 5 kg to exist, the following grass is needed:

a) 50 t;
b) 5 t;
c) 500 kg;
d) 2.5 t.

37 . Indicate between which species competitive relationships may arise:

a) man and cockroaches;
b) hawk and wolf;
c) elk and mouse;
d) mustang and bison.

38 . The relationship between humans and E. coli is an example:

39. The gas function of living matter on Earth is carried out by:

a) only plants;
b) plants and some bacteria;
c) plants, bacteria and animals;
d) all living beings.

40. “There is no chemical force on the earth’s surface more constantly active, and therefore more powerful in its ultimate effects, than living organisms taken as a whole.” These words belong to:

a) N.I. Vavilov;
b) V.I. Vernadsky;
c) D.I. Mendeleev;
d) K.E. Tsiolkovsky.

Answers.

1 - A. 2 - A. 3 – b. 4 - V. 5 - G. 6 – b. 7 – b. 8 – b. 9 - A. 10 - V. 11 - A. 12 – b. 13 - V. 14 - A. 15 - A. 16 – b. 17 - V. 18 - G. 19 - V. 20 - G. 21 – b. 22 - G. 23 – b. 24 - V. 25 - V. 26 – b. 27 - V. 28 – b. 29 - V. 30 - A. 31 – b. 32 - A. 33 – b. 34 - V. 35 - A. 36 – b. 37 - G. 38 - G. 39 - G. 40 – b.

Selected tasks from the examination paper in biology for the 11th grade

The section on sex determination in butterflies and birds should begin with a small digression. In fact, we have just elucidated the method of determining sex in Drosophila and in animals in general and have emphasized its captivating simplicity and widespread distribution in the animal kingdom.

And here we are again faced with another mystery of nature, with a new complication of the question that interests us. It turns out that everything said above about sex determination by the Drosophila type is correct, but with one exception: this type of sex determination is not the only one in nature, common to all organisms. Along with it, there is another method, or type, of sex determination, first discovered in butterflies, and then in birds, including domestic chicken. Based on the name of the insect on which this type of sex determination was discovered for the first time, it is called the type of butterfly. Let's consider its features and differences from the Drosophila type. Let's take chickens as an object to describe the process: the reader is undoubtedly more familiar with them than with butterflies; and in the future we will have to deal with them more than once.

So, what is the difference between the mechanism of sex determination in birds and in Drosophila?

In Drosophila, as in all animals, males produce two types of sperm - with the X or Y chromosome, and in this sense they play a decisive role in determining the sex of future embryos. Females produce one type of egg - with an X chromosome.

In butterflies and birds, these relationships are diametrically opposed: in them the privilege of producing two types of reproductive cells belongs to females, as a result of which half of the eggs they lay (on females) contain one sex chromosome, and half of the eggs (on males) contain another, dissimilar sex chromosome . Male butterflies and birds produce one type of sperm. Consequently, their female sex is heterogametic, and their male sex is homogametic.

As for the divisions in the maturation of eggs and sperm, here they proceed in the same way as was described above for Drosophila and humans: the first of them, or the reduction division itself, proceeds according to the type of meiosis, and the second, or equational division, according to the type of mitosis .

In order to emphasize the difference in the methods of sex determination in Drosophila and animals, on the one hand, and in butterflies and birds, on the other, the sex chromosomes of the latter are sometimes designated by other letters, namely Z and W. According to this system, the sex chromosomes of a male are designated by the letters ZZ, and the female sex chromosomes are designated by ZW. Accordingly, one type of sperm produced by a rooster is designated by the letter Z, and two types of eggs produced by a hen are designated by the letters Z (for males) and W (for females).

However, following the precedents available in the literature, we will deviate from this rule and in the future we will adhere to a unified system for designating sex chromosomes, regardless of whether we are talking about determining sex by the Drosophila type or by the type of butterflies and birds. The point is not what letters to designate the sex chromosomes of the two groups of organisms being compared; it is more important to remember that, unlike Drosophila, in which the male sex is heterogametic, the female sex is heterogametic in butterflies and birds and that in them the sex of the embryos is established during the maturation of the eggs, i.e. even before fertilization.

At the same time, a unified system of designating sex chromosomes for all representatives of the animal world, with the exception of the noted polarity of types of sex determination, undoubtedly contributes to a more holistic and clear understanding of them.

Therefore, in the future, we will denote eggs of butterflies and birds as males by the letter X, and eggs as females by the letter Y. As for spermatozoa, here they are of the same type; We will denote them with the letter X. The process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in butterflies and birds proceeds in exactly the same way as in Drosophila (see Fig. 14).

Further details of the process of sex determination in butterflies and birds are as simple as in Drosophila, and boil down to the following. If a mature egg, for example, of a chicken, contains an X chromosome, then after fertilization with an X sperm, it will develop into a cockerel (XX). If the egg contains a Y chromosome, then after fertilization (by the same sperm - they are all the same in roosters) a hen (XY) will develop (Fig. 24).

In accordance with the polarity of the mechanisms of sex determination in Drosophila and birds, the results of fertilization are also presented differently. In fact, in Drosophila, as we have seen, the sex of the embryo is determined at the moment of fertilization and in each individual case depends on the combination of sex chromosomes in the fertilized egg. Unlike Drosophila, in butterflies and birds, fertilization of the egg, figuratively speaking, only gives impetus to the development of the embryo of the same sex that is already inherent in it during the maturation process. Thus, every chicken egg is literally “destined” to develop into a chicken of exactly the same sex, and not the opposite sex.

It is also necessary to keep in mind that the cells of birds and butterflies, like all organisms, contain sets of autosomes in addition to sex chromosomes. The diploid number of chromosomes in a chicken is 78. Accordingly, half of the chicken eggs contain an X chromosome and 38 autosomes (X + 38) and half of the eggs contain a Y chromosome and the same number of autosomes (Y + 38). Rooster sperm are all the same - they contain an X chromosome and 38 autosomes (X + 38).

To what has been said above about sex determination in chickens, the following caveat must be made. The fact is that due to the presence of a large number of very small chromosomes in a chicken and the difficulties of counting and identifying them, the question of whether it has a Y chromosome has not yet been finally resolved, and it is possible that it is not there at all.

If in the future this turns out to be true, then everything said above about sex determination in chickens will remain in force, with the exception that the composition of the sex chromosomes of a chicken will need to be designated as XO, and the two types of eggs it produces, respectively, as X + 38 and 0 + 38 Under this condition, the total number of chromosomes will be one less, i.e. 77. The designations of the sex chromosomes of the rooster and the sperm it produces will remain the same, and the diploid number of chromosomes in the rooster is one more than in the chicken.

The diploid number of chromosomes in butterflies, including silkworms (see Chapter IV) is 56.

How many chromosomes do roosters and chickens have, you will learn from this article.

How many chromosomes do a rooster and a chicken have?

After numerous studies, scientists have found that the body of a rooster and a chicken contains the same number of chromosomes - 78 units.

A rooster is a male hen, a member of the Galliformes family. They are distinguished from females by a large crest, earrings and a lush, multi-colored tail feathers.

It is interesting that in birds, unlike humans, gender is determined not by the XX (female) or XY (male) set, but by the ZZ and ZW sets, respectively. Also, only in chickens the cells of their body know their future sex even before the chicks are born. Scientists are at a loss what kind of sex determination system they have, because they have never encountered one before. Thus, the bird's cells themselves determine it. They do not obey the commands of the produced sex glands, but conduct their own internal routine.

What are chromosomes?

Chromosomes- This is the genetic material that is found in the body's cell. Each of them contains a DNA molecule in a twisted spiral. The complete set of chromosomes is called a karyotype. Each chromosome is a complex of proteins and DNA. And all types of living organisms have their own, constant and different chromosomal species set.

The appearance of a chromosome resembles a long thread on which hundreds of beads are strung. Each of them is a gene. In addition, the beads have their own strictly fixed place on the chromosome, called a locus, and it controls a separate trait or a whole group of traits of an individual.

1. What set of sex chromosomes is characteristic of male somatic cells? Women? Rooster? Chickens?

ZZ, ZW, WW, XX, XY, YY.

The set of sex chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of a man is XY, a woman is XX, a rooster is ZZ, and a chicken is ZW.

2. Why do most dioecious animals have approximately the same number of male and female offspring?

This is due to the fact that in most dioecious animals, one sex is homogametic and the other is homogametic. Individuals of the homogametic sex have the same sex chromosomes and, therefore, in relation to the sex chromosomes, form the same type of gametes. Individuals of the heterogametic sex have two different sex chromosomes (or one is unpaired), which means that in relation to sex chromosomes they form two types of gametes.

The sex of the offspring is determined by the type of germ cell of the heterogametic parent that participated in fertilization. And since heterogametic individuals form two types of gametes in equal proportions, a 1:1 sex split is observed in the offspring.

For example, in a human female body, one type of egg is formed: they all have a set of chromosomes 22A + X. In the male body, two types of sperm are formed in equal proportions: 22A + X and 22A + Y. If the egg is fertilized by a sperm containing the X chromosome, The female body develops from the zygote. If a sperm with a Y chromosome is involved in fertilization, a male child develops from the zygote. Since both types of male gametes are produced with equal probability, a 1:1 sex segregation is observed in the offspring.

3. The chimpanzee egg contains 23 autosomes. How many chromosomes does the chimpanzee karyotype have?

The chimpanzee egg has a haploid (1n) set of chromosomes. In addition to 23 autosomes, it contains one sex chromosome (X). This means that the haploid set of chimpanzees is represented by 24 chromosomes.

Chimpanzee somatic (diploid) cells contain 48 chromosomes. Thus, the chimpanzee karyotype is represented by 48 chromosomes (2n = 48).

4. What signs are called sex-linked? What are the features of inheritance of these traits?

Traits that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits.

If the genes that determine alternative traits are localized in autosomes, then the inheritance of these genes and the phenotypic manifestation of the corresponding traits in the offspring does not depend on which parent (mother or father) possessed one or another trait.

In contrast to the inheritance of autosomal genes, the inheritance of genes localized on sex chromosomes and the manifestation of corresponding traits have characteristic features. They are associated with differences in the structure of sex chromosomes in individuals of the heterogametic sex.

For example, in humans, the X chromosome contains genes that control blood clotting, color perception, development of the optic nerve, and many other characteristics. At the same time, the Y chromosome does not contain these genes. Therefore, in women (XX), the manifestation of a particular trait linked to the X chromosome is determined by two allelic genes, and in men (XY) - by one, and this gene is inherited only from the mother (since the father passes the Y chromosome to his son ) and always manifests itself in the phenotype, regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive.

Therefore, for example, in a family where the mother is a carrier of hemophilia and the father is healthy, all daughters have normal blood clotting (although they may be carriers of the disease), and among the sons there is a split according to phenotype: half are healthy, half are hemophiliacs. In a family where the mother has normal blood clotting (and is not a carrier), and the father is a hemophiliac, children are born with normal blood clotting, but all daughters inherit the hemophilia gene from their father (i.e., they are carriers of the disease).

5. Prove that the genotype of a living organism is an integral system.

Many traits of living organisms are controlled by one pair of allelic genes. Various types of interactions are observed between allelic genes. In some cases, the result of such interaction may be the appearance of a qualitatively new trait that is not determined by any of the genes separately (for example, in humans, the codominance of genes I A and I B leads to the formation of blood group IV).

At the same time, a huge number of traits are known in living organisms that are controlled not by one, but by two or more pairs of genes. The interaction of non-allelic genes determines, for example, height, body type and skin color in humans, the color of fur and plumage in many mammals and birds, the shape, size, color of fruits and seeds of plants, etc. The opposite phenomenon is often observed, when one pair of allelic genes affects several signs of the body at once. In addition, the action of some genes can be modified by the proximity of other genes or environmental conditions.

Thus, the genes are closely related and interact with each other. Therefore, the genotype of any organism cannot be considered as a simple sum of individual genes. A genotype is a complex integral system of interacting genes.

6. Color blindness is a recessive trait linked to the X chromosome. In a family where the mother has normal color perception, a color-blind daughter was born. Determine the genotypes of the parents. What is the likelihood of them having a healthy son?

● Let’s introduce gene designations:

A – normal color perception (norm);

a – color blindness.

● Let's determine the genotypes of the parents. This family had a colorblind daughter, her genotype is X a X a. It is known that a child inherits one of the allelic genes from the mother, and the other from the father. Consequently, the genotype of a mother with normal color perception is X A X a, i.e. she is color blind. The father's genotype is X a Y, he suffers from color blindness.

● Let's write down the crossing:

Thus, the probability of having a healthy son in this family is 25%.

Answer: the probability of having a healthy son is 25%.

7. In the polar owl, feathered legs dominate over bare ones. This trait is controlled by autosomal genes. Long claws are a dominant trait, which is determined by a gene localized on the Z chromosome.

A female with feathered legs was crossed with a male with long claws and feathered legs. As a result, we obtained offspring with different combinations of all phenotypic characteristics. What is the probability (%) of a male with bare legs and short claws appearing among the offspring?

● Let’s introduce gene designations:

A – feathered legs;

a – bare legs;

B – long claws;

b – short claws.

● In birds, the heterogametic sex is female, so for a female with feathered legs we can write the phenotypic radical A–Z – W, ​​and for a male with feathered legs and long claws: A–Z B Z – .

Various combinations of phenotypic traits were observed in the offspring. This means that the descendants had feathered (A–) and bare legs (aa), long (Z B W for females, Z B Z for males) and short claws (Z b W for females, Z b Z b for males).

Based on this, we supplement the genotypes of the parental individuals with the missing recessive genes. Thus, the genotype of the female is AaZ b W, the genotype of the male is AaZ B z b.

● Let's write down the crossing:

So, the probability of a male with bare legs and short claws appearing among the offspring is 1/16 × 100% = 6.25%.

Answer: the probability of a male appearing with bare legs and short claws is 6.25%.

8. In one of the butterfly species, the heterogametic sex is female. A red male with club-shaped antennae was crossed with a yellow female with thread-like antennae. Half of the offspring were yellow males with threadlike antennae, the other half were red females with threadlike antennae. How are body color and antennae type inherited? What signs dominate? Establish the genotypes of the crossed forms and their offspring.

● Let's analyze the inheritance of each trait separately.

When a female with thread-like antennae is crossed with a male with club-shaped antennae, all offspring inherit the thread-like shape of the antennae. Consequently, the filiform antennae are completely dominant over the club-shaped ones.

Let's introduce gene designations:

B – filamentous antennae;

b – club-shaped antennae.

Let us assume that this trait is sex-linked. Then the genotype of the female is Z B W, the genotype of the male is Z b Z b. In the offspring of parental individuals with such genotypes, all males would have filamentous antennae: Z B Z b, and females would have club-shaped antennae: Z b W. This contradicts the conditions of the problem, therefore, the type of antennae is determined by autosomal genes.

The presence of uniform offspring (all with filiform antennae) suggests that the parents were homozygous. Thus, the genotype of the female is BB, the male is bb.

● As a result of crossing a yellow female with a red male, in the offspring all females inherited the paternal trait (red coloring), and the males inherited the maternal trait (yellow coloring). This pattern of inheritance indicates that body color is a sex-linked trait.

If the red color (A) dominates over the yellow color (a), then the female has the genotype Z a W. For the male, we can write the phenotypic radical Z A Z – . Regardless of whether he is homozygous or heterozygous, the offspring should have been red males - Z A Z a. However, all males were yellow.

Consequently, the assumption that red color is dominant over yellow color turned out to be incorrect. In fact, the opposite is true: yellow color dominates over red.

● Let’s introduce gene designations:

A – yellow color;

a – red color.

The yellow female has the genotype Z A W, the red male has the genotype Z a Z a. Consequently, in the offspring all females should be red: Z a W, and males should be yellow: Z A Z a. This satisfies the conditions of the problem.

● Let's write down the crossing:

Answer: Body color is a sex-linked trait, antennae type is an autosomal trait. The yellow body color is completely dominant over the red one, and the thread-like antennae are dominant over the club-shaped ones. Parental individuals have the following genotypes: female – Z A WBB, male – Z a Z a bb. In the offspring, all females have the genotype Z a WBb, males - Z A Z a Bb.