Knowing firsthand what a front and a military operation are, Hitler was well aware that without proper support for advanced units, a large-scale military operation could not be carried out. Therefore, a significant role in building up military power in Germany was given to army vehicles.
Source: wikimedia.org
In fact, ordinary cars were quite suitable for conducting military operations in Europe, but the Fuhrer's plans were much more ambitious. For their implementation, all-wheel drive vehicles were needed that could cope with Russian impassability and the sands of Africa.
In the mid-thirties, the first motorization program for the army units of the Wehrmacht was adopted. The German automotive industry has begun developing off-road trucks of three sizes: light (with a payload of 1.5 tons), medium (with a payload of 3 tons) and heavy (for transporting 5-10 tons of cargo).
Army trucks were developed and manufactured by Daimler-Benz, Bussing and Magirus. In addition, the terms of reference stipulated that all cars, both externally and structurally, should be similar and have interchangeable main units.
Source: wikimedia.org
In addition, German automobile plants received an application for the production of special army vehicles for command and reconnaissance. They were produced by eight factories: BMW, Daimler-Benz, Ford, Hanomag, Horch, Opel, Stoewer and Wanderer. At the same time, the chassis for these machines were unified, but the manufacturers installed their own motors for the most part.
Source: wikimedia.org
German engineers have created excellent machines that combine all-wheel drive with independent suspension on coil springs. Equipped with locking inter-axle and inter-wheel differentials, as well as special "toothy" tires, these SUVs were able to overcome very serious off-road conditions, were hardy and reliable.
While hostilities were taking place in Europe and Africa, these vehicles completely satisfied the command of the ground forces. But as the Wehrmacht troops entered Eastern Europe, abhorrent road conditions began to gradually but methodically destroy the high-tech design of German cars.
The "Achilles heel" of these machines was the high technical complexity of the designs. Complex assemblies required daily maintenance. And the biggest drawback was the low carrying capacity of army trucks.
Be that as it may, but the fierce resistance of the Soviet troops near Moscow and a very cold winter finally "finished off" almost the entire fleet of army vehicles available to the Wehrmacht.
Complex, expensive and energy-intensive trucks were good during the almost bloodless European campaign, and in the conditions of this confrontation, Germany had to return to the production of simple and unpretentious civilian models.
Source: wikimedia.org
Now "one and a half" began to make: Opel, Phanomen, Stayr. Three-tons were produced by: Opel, Ford, Borgward, Mercedes, Magirus, MAN. Cars with a carrying capacity of 4.5 tons - Mercedes, MAN, Bussing-NAG. Six-ton - Mercedes, MAN, Krupp, Vomag.
In addition, the Wehrmacht operated a large number of vehicles from the occupied countries.
The most interesting German cars from WWII:
"Horch-901 Type 40"- a multi-purpose variant, the basic medium command vehicle, along with the Horch 108 and Stoewer, which became the main transport of the Wehrmacht. They were completed with a V8 petrol engine (3.5 l, 80 hp), various 4-speed gearboxes, independent suspension on double wishbones and springs, lockable differentials, hydraulic drive of all wheel brakes and 18-inch tires. Gross weight 3.3-3.7 tons, payload 320-980 kg, developed a speed of 90-95 km / h.
Source: wikimedia.org
Stoewer R200- produced by Stoewer, BMW and Hanomag under the control of Stoewer from 1938 to 1943. Stoewer became the founder of a whole family of light, standardized 4x4 command and reconnaissance vehicles.
The main technical features of these machines were permanent all-wheel drive with lockable inter-axle and inter-axle differentials and independent suspension of all driving and steered wheels on double wishbones and springs.
Source: wikimedia.org
They had a wheelbase of 2400 mm, a ground clearance of 235 mm, a gross weight of 2.2 tons, and a top speed of 75-80 km/h. The cars were equipped with a 5-speed gearbox, mechanical brakes and 18-inch wheels.
One of the most original and interesting machines in Germany was a multi-purpose half-track tractor NSU NK-101 Kleines Kettenkraftrad ultralight class. It was a kind of hybrid of a motorcycle and an artillery tractor.
A 1.5-liter engine with 36 hp was placed in the center of the spar frame. from Opel Olympia, which transmitted torque through a 3-speed gearbox to the front propeller sprockets with 4 disc road wheels and an automatic braking system for one of the tracks.
Source: wikimedia.org
From motorcycles, a single 19-inch front wheel with parallelogram suspension, a rider's saddle and motorcycle-style controls were borrowed. NSU tractors were widely used in all divisions of the Wehrmacht, had a payload of 325 kg, weighed 1280 kg and developed a speed of 70 km / h.
It is impossible to ignore the light staff car produced on the platform of the "people's car" - Kubelwagen Type 82.
The idea of the possibility of military use of the new car came from Ferdinand Porsche back in 1934, and already on February 1, 1938, the Army Armaments Office issued an order for the construction of a prototype light army vehicle.
Tests of the experimental Kubelwagen showed that it significantly outperforms all other Wehrmacht passenger cars, despite the lack of front-wheel drive. In addition, Kubelwagen was easy to maintain and operate.
The VW Kubelwagen Typ 82 was equipped with a four-cylinder boxer air-cooled carburetor engine, whose low power (first 23.5 hp, then 25 hp) was enough to move a car with a gross weight of 1175 kg at a speed of 80 km / h. Fuel consumption was 9 liters per 100 km when driving on the highway.
Source: wikimedia.org
The advantages of the car were also appreciated by the opponents of the Germans - captured "Kubelvagens" were used by both the Allied forces and the Red Army. The Americans especially liked him. Their officers bartered Kubelwagen from the French and British at a speculative rate. Three Willys MBs were offered for one captured Kubelwagen.
On a rear-wheel drive chassis type "82" in 1943-45. They also produced a staff car VW Typ 82E and a car for the SS troops Typ 92SS with a closed body from the pre-war KdF-38. In addition, an all-wheel drive staff car VW Typ 87 was produced with a transmission from the mass army amphibian VW Typ 166 (Schwimmwagen).
amphibious vehicle VW-166 Schwimmwagen, created as a further development of the successful KdF-38 design. The Arms Department gave Porsche an assignment to develop a floating passenger car designed to replace motorcycles with a sidecar, which were in service with reconnaissance and motorcycle battalions and turned out to be of little use for the conditions of the Eastern Front.
The floating passenger car type 166 was unified in many components and mechanisms with the KfZ 1 all-terrain vehicle and had the same layout with an engine installed in the rear of the hull. To ensure buoyancy, the all-metal hull of the machine was sealed.
For obvious reasons, the industry of Nazi Germany is associated exclusively with military equipment. But in fact, quite interesting civilian cars were also produced in the Third Reich.
The thirties of the twentieth century are not the easiest period in the history of Germany. The country has just begun to recover from the Great Depression, which directly affected the lives of citizens.
It is not surprising that the Nazis, who seized power in the country, actively played on these sentiments of the population. The automotive industry is by no means an exception. This is one of those areas in which the rulers of the Third Reich tried to show the superiority of their ideology over others, and clearly demonstrate how the new government can make people's lives better with the help of cars.
Today we will tell you about what cars were popular in Germany of that period, and you will also find out what car the fictional Soviet intelligence officer Otto von Stirlitz drove. Just in case, let's make a reservation: we strongly condemn the Nazi ideology, and in no case do we try to whitewash the activities of the Third Reich with this publication. The results of the Second World War and the Nuremberg trials are not subject to revision! We only give curious examples of the technology of that period, and we consider these cars exclusively from a historical point of view.
Mercedes-Benz 770
Mercedes-Benz 770
With the phrase "cars of the Third Reich" in the mind of many, a fairly stable image immediately arises - Adolf Hitler is driving a car. Admittedly, there is nothing surprising in such associations - Nazi propaganda actively showed the Fuhrer in their films and television magazines. Most often, the Nazi leader drove around in them in a Mercedes-Benz 770K with the numbers "1A 148 461".
At the time of the appearance in 1930, the Mercedes-Benz Typ 770, also known as the Großer Mercedes ("Big Mercedes"), was indeed the largest and most expensive car of the German brand. Under the hood of this car was a 7.6-liter engine that developed 150 hp. in the regular version and 200 hp. - on the supercharged version. Transmission - 4-speed manual. Of course, only the best materials were used in the interior decoration of the "Big Mercedes", including leather and wood. The 770 also had a convertible version.
In general, the Mercedes-Benz Typ 770 was not an easy car, and given the initial price of 29,500 Reichsmarks, not everyone could afford it. But the elite fell in love with the car, and not only the Nazis. For example, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, Japanese Emperor Hirohito, Popes Pius XI and Pius XII drove such a car. Well, in 1931, Adolf Hitler added to the list. Moreover, the Fuhrer preferred the open version of the car.
Maybach SW38
Just like today, Maybach cars were prominent in Nazi Germany and were among the most prestigious. True, then Maybach was not a division of Mercedes-Benz, but a separate company - Maybach-Motorenbau (this is precisely what explains the two letters "M" on the emblem of the brand). But by the 30s, Maybach had a real history and the glory of a pioneer behind it, because it was Wilhelm Maybach who once helped Gottlieb Daimler to create the first car in the world.
In general, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the SW family of cars, nicknamed the "little Maybach", turned out to be the most massive pre-war car of the brand. The first version - Maybach SW35 - appeared in 1935, was equipped with a 3.5-liter engine with 140 hp. But only 50 of these cars were built.
The Maybach SW38 deserves much more attention, equipped with a 3.8-liter 140-horsepower engine and a 4-speed transmission, which was produced from 1936 to 1939. The body of this car was created in the studio of Hermann Shpon. Moreover, several versions were released over the years: there was a four-door convertible, and a two-door car with an open top, and a special roadster. It is not surprising that in the summer of 2016 one of these cars went to auction at Sotheby's for $1,072,500.
By the way, in 1939 Maybach released a new modification of the SW - 42 family car. It was already a sedan with a fundamentally different body and a 4.2-liter engine, the power of which remained the same due to the features of the then technical regulations - 140 hp. True, the same obvious reason - the war - prevented this model from gaining mass distribution and popularity.
Volkswagen Kafer
Volkswagen Kafer
If the party bosses of the Third Reich drove Mercedes and Maybachs, then ordinary burghers should have received a simpler car. With this, the Nazis wanted to demonstrate the growth of the welfare of citizens. That is why Ferdinand Porsche, commissioned by Hitler, began to develop a truly "people's car". Actually, the name of the Volkswagen brand is exactly what is translated.
The result of the work was Käfer, or in translation - "Beetle". For the first time, the new model was shown in the spring of 1939 at an exhibition in Berlin, although at that time the Beetle was not yet a Volkswagen, but was produced under the KdF-Wagen brand. The rear-engined car was equipped with a 25-horsepower air-cooled engine and was extremely easy to maintain and manufacture. Of course, the public was very, very supportive of such a machine.
Volkswagen Kafer
True, an interesting nuance was associated with the purchase of Volkswagen Käfer. Although the nominal price of the car was 990 Reichsmarks, it was impossible to buy a car for cash. Instead, it was necessary to purchase a special "Cumulative Book" and paste special stamps into it every week. Any missed payment meant the loss of all invested funds. Nevertheless, the Germans were still reaching for the "People's Car",
True, in 1939 more than 330,000 people were still left without the coveted "Beetle". The reason is that the plant where Käfer was produced had already been completely transferred to the war footing. Only in the 60s, Volkswagen management went to meet the deceived depositors and offered them a discount on new cars. Well, the Beetle itself successfully survived this period, and was produced with various changes right up to 2003. True, the last copy of this model was not made in his native Germany, but in Mexico.
Another "people's car" that appeared in the Third Reich was the Opel Kadett. This car was built on the basis of another Opel model - Olympia, and since 1937 it was produced at the plant in Rüsselsheim.
I must say that the Opel Kadett turned out to be a very progressive car for its time. Firstly, the model inherited from the "Olympia" design with an all-metal load-bearing body. Secondly, the car was distinguished by a very advanced design. What are the lights alone, integrated into the wings! Finally, thirdly, and in terms of equipment, Opel Kadett gave odds to many competitors. For example, hydraulic brakes for all four wheels were installed here, and in the cabin there was, for example, a sensor for remaining fuel and oil pressure.
The Opel Kadett was powered by a 1.1-liter four-cylinder engine with 23 hp. Although this is not much, due to its small mass of 750 kg, the car could accelerate to 90 km / h, which was considered a very good indicator. And the Opel Kadett cost 2100 Reichsmarks - even if it was more expensive than the Beetle, but the car could be bought right away.
However, our readers will be interested in Opel Kadett for one more reason. The fact is that it was this model that became the basis for the future Soviet car Moskvich-400. And there is no secret in this. The fact is that the Soviet side received technical documentation and equipment from the Opel plant in Brandenburg as part of the reparations. And although the original Opel Kadett was produced elsewhere - at a plant in Rüsselsham, the Soviet Small Car Plant, thanks to the help of German designers, actually recreated the model and gave it the name "Moskvich-400". By the way, they say that the choice in favor of the Opel Kadett was also not accidental - supposedly Joseph Stalin liked this model.
Mercedes-Benz G4
Mercedes-Benz G4
If you like the six-wheeled off-road monster Mercedes-Benz G 63 AMG 6x6, then you will surely like its distant relative - the Mercedes-Benz G4. This car was originally created in the Third Reich for the needs of the army. The car was initially driven by a five-liter eight-cylinder engine with a capacity of 100 hp. and had a complex all-wheel drive system.
The military car did not like it. But in the Reich Chancellery they were delighted, and from 1938 they began to use it for trips to the occupied territories, primarily to Czechoslovakia and Austria. By that time, the Mercedes-Benz G4 was already equipped with another V8 engine - a 5.2-liter 115-horsepower unit. And over the next two years, it was replaced by a 5.4-liter "eight" with a capacity of 110 hp.
In general, from the "SUV" Mercedes-Benz G4 pretty quickly turned into almost a front limousine. In addition, this model was one of the models that Adolf Hitler personally drove. Moreover, the Fuhrer presented one car to Generalissimo of Spain Francisco Franco. True, the circulation of the G4 was quite small: in total, only 57 cars were produced during the entire production period. Of these, only three cars have survived to this day. One of them, a car that belonged to Franco, is now kept in the automobile collection of the Spanish royal family. Another car in which Hitler took the parade in the annexed Sudetenland is stored in the Museum of Technology in Sinsheim. Finally, the third car is located in American Hollywood, where it has been repeatedly used in the filming of films.
But what about BMW? Did the Bavarians really not produce cars during the period of the Nazi dictatorship? Released. True, we must not forget that, firstly, BMW became an automobile company only in 1929, and before that it was engaged in the production of aircraft engines and motorcycles. Secondly, it would not be entirely true to call BMW cars of that time completely "Bavarian". The fact is that in 1929 BMW acquired a plant in Eisenach, which is located in another part of Germany - Thuringia.
On the other hand, BMW managed to quickly start producing cars there, and by the mid-30s, the brand pleased customers with rather interesting cars. Such as, for example, the BMW 326 - a four-door model produced in a sedan and convertible body. The car was equipped with a two-liter six-cylinder engine with a capacity of about 50 hp, combined with a four-speed transmission. The maximum speed is 115 km / h, which at that time was considered a very good indicator.
The BMW 326 proved to be a fairly successful model. From 1936 to 1941, 15,936 cars were produced, despite the rather high price. For example, for a convertible, which was considered small, they asked for 6,650 Reichsmarks. It is not surprising that in 1940 BMW planned to replace the 326th with a new model built according to the same scheme - the BMW 332. However, the outbreak of World War II left only three pre-production prototypes from these plans.
Auto-Union-Rennwagen
Auto-Union-Rennwagen
It may seem that in the Third Reich there were only cars for the top of the NSDAP, cheap cars for the common people, and, well, military equipment. Actually, this is not so. There were also racing cars in Nazi Germany. First of all, this is Auto-Union-Rennwagen.
At the end of 1932, Ferdinand Porsche began work on a racing car, the main feature of which was the placement of the engine behind the driver in front of the rear axle. The car was developed under the order of the Auto Union AG concern to participate in the Grand Prix. The car called Typ A was equipped with a 4.4-liter sixteen-cylinder engine that developed 295 hp. and 530 N m. The result was not long in coming: already in 1934, the racer Hans Stuck set three world records on this car, accelerating to 265 km / h on the Berlin AFUS track.
Auto Union Type C V16 Streamliner
Incidentally, the Typ A was far from the only racing car produced by Auto Union AG. The "Type A" was followed by the cars Typ B, Typ C, Typ C / D and Typ D. Moreover, for example, Typ C, equipped with a six-liter 520-horsepower engine, was generally a unique car. It was on it that the racer Bernd Rosemeyer in 1937 managed to accelerate to 400 km / h on a regular road and set several world speed records.
In general, Auto-Union-Rennwagen clearly demonstrates that both time and money were devoted to motorsport in the Third Reich. For example, Auto Union and Mercedes-Benz received 500,000 Reichsmarks for the development of motorsport. But, despite the records and achievements of these machines in peacetime, the Second World War and, in particular, the opening of the Eastern Front, actually destroyed the development of motorsport in the Third Reich.
Horch 830
A quick question: what car did the Soviet intelligence officer Stirlitz drive? If you watch the movie "Seventeen Moments of Spring", then you can see the Mercedes-Benz Typ 230 (W153) in the frames. But it's on the screen. And in the original book by Y. Semenov, you can read "Stirlitz opened the gate, got behind the wheel and turned on the ignition. The reinforced engine of his Horch rumbled evenly and powerfully."
True, the author does not specify what kind of Horch model is in question. It is possible that we are talking about the Horch 830 - a rear-wheel drive car, first presented at the Berlin Motor Show in 1933. Initially, this car was offered with a three-liter 70-horsepower engine, but a year after the premiere, the Horch 830 had an upgraded version with a 3.25-liter engine of the same power. Subsequently, this engine gave way to a 3.5-liter, which in different versions produced 75 and 82 hp. And the most powerful versions were the Horch 830 BL and Horch 930 V, introduced in 1938. These cars were equipped with a 3.8-liter 92-horsepower engine.
However, regardless of the engine, Horch 830 was a prestigious car that not everyone could afford. The price is about 10,150 Reichsmarks, almost twice as expensive as the Mercedes-Benz Typ 230. And although 11,625 Horch 830s were produced at the Zwickau plant from 1933 to 1940, only representatives of the highest elite could buy it. It was impossible to imagine an SS standertenführer on such a machine - the relevant authorities would immediately become interested in him. So, as they say, Stirlitz has never been so close to failure.
Thus, by the time of entry into the Second World War, Nazi Germany had a fairly developed automobile industry. It is not known how her fate would have developed if it were not for the ideas of racial superiority, the desire to start a war for "living space" and "finally solve the Jewish question", covering the minds of the country's leaders. However, this is a topic for a completely different article.
It is difficult to say who and when was the first to use cars in the army. It is important that the very fact of the recognition of vehicles by the military departments of different countries turned out to be one of the turning points in the history of the automotive industry - in fact, it was a recognition that the car had become a truly reliable and efficient means of transportation and transportation.
However, the recognition of cars has not become widespread and unanimous. Some armies were so imbued with the idea of technological progress that they built their doctrine entirely on the use of vehicles. Others, however, did not particularly trust vehicles that were not sufficiently reliable and tied to fuel bases, moreover, the off-road qualities of which raised serious doubts. Horse units looked much more familiar and reliable. Both of these doctrines were seriously tested during the Second World War.
And if the use of trucks practically did not cause controversy in their effectiveness, and, as a result, the need, then with passenger cars everything was much more complicated.
Cars of the Second World War
Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, there were no specialized army cars in the Red Army - ordinary “civilian” GAZ M1 (“Emka”) and GAZ-A (the Soviet version of the legendary Ford A, the production license of which was purchased together with Ford AA) were engaged in transporting personnel , which became the legendary "one and a half").
Naturally, these cars were used to transport middle-level command personnel. The high command relied on "Soviet Buicks" - prestigious ZiMs.
However, it cannot be said that this situation satisfied the army. Both passenger cars produced by GAZ were purely "civilian" cars - cramped and not off-road enough. In winter uniforms and with personal weapons, they could not accommodate, and the power reserve for towing something, for example, a light gun or an ammunition trailer, was clearly not enough. Although a limited number of pickups were produced on the basis of Emka, they were not quite out of place in the army - the car was more suitable for supplying small shops and canteens. Elite ZiM is generally difficult to imagine anywhere except the central streets of Moscow and Leningrad.
Help legend
One of the first specialized army cars in the Soviet army is the legendary Jeep Willis, which was produced in the USA by several factories at once. For its simplicity on the verge of primitiveness, but at the same time, reliability and functionality, this World War II passenger car fell in love with everyone who had to serve with it. Until now, this machine is popular with fans of authorities.
The basis of the Willys is a rigid steel frame, to which nodes, assemblies and an open body were attached. A 2.2-liter four-cylinder engine produced 60 hp. with., and accelerated the jeep to about 100 km / h. Four-wheel drive and a successful design, which provided solid exit angles, gave a sufficient supply of off-road qualities.
Despite the relatively small carrying capacity - 250 kg - Willis confidently transported four fighters (including the driver), if necessary, he could tow a light gun or mortar. But most importantly, the Willys was equipped with a sufficient number of nodes for attaching all sorts of useful things, such as a canister of fuel, a shovel or a pickaxe. This was especially appreciated in the army. The primitive, but at the same time, the universal design of the car made it possible to retrofit it with your own hands to suit your needs. The lack of any comfort, the drivers compensated as best they could. Most often, the car was equipped with makeshift awnings that covered riders from rain and wind.
As part of the Lend-Lease, more than 52 thousand of these vehicles were delivered to the USSR, which made Willys the most popular army SUV of the Great Patriotic. Not surprisingly, Jeeps are still relatively common, and in almost every major city in Russia you can find a copy on the go.
Our response to the capitalists
It cannot be said that the current situation with the lack of army passenger cars of domestic production suited everyone - the development of vehicles for the army was carried out by different design bureaus, however, the lack of experience, capacity for the production of a wide range of spare parts for different vehicles, and the periodically changing requirements of the main customer, did not allow to effectively complete the development .
Finally, by a strong-willed decision of the country's leadership, the production of the GAZ-64, the first Soviet off-road vehicle, was launched. It is believed that the American competitor of Willis, Bantam, inspired the army to create an SUV. This is indirectly confirmed by their external similarity. They say that the excessively narrow track of the car came from there - only 1250 mm, which had an extremely negative impact on its stability.
The design of the car had much in common with already mass-produced cars, which in wartime conditions looked like an indisputable advantage. So, the engine from the GAZ-MM (“one and a half” of increased power) not only unified production, but also gave the car a good power reserve. The carrying capacity of the GAZ-64 was about 400 kg. The car was equipped with shock absorbers, which for that time was something unheard of, found somewhere out there, in the world of ZiMs and Emoks.
GAZ-64 was produced for about two years, from 1941 to 1943. In total, about 600 cars were produced, which is why it is almost impossible to meet a real, not converted GAZ-64 these days.
The descendant of the GAZ-64, the GAZ-67 SUV, which was a deep modernization of the first, became much more popular. The track of the car was expanded, which had a positive effect on its lateral stability. Also, due to the use of other power elements, the rigidity of the structure has increased. The front axle was moved slightly forward, which increased the angle of entry and the height of the obstacles to be overcome. The engine has also become more powerful. The car received a canvas awning. The “doors” with celluloid windows were also canvas.
As a result, the army received not only an excellent SUV, but also a good tractor for light artillery. Also, on the basis of GAZ-67, a light armored car BA-64 was produced. This is partly due to the small number of GAZ-67s produced during the war.
During the Great Patriotic War, only about 4,500 SUVs were produced, but the total output of the 67s is not small - more than 92 thousand cars. But military and post-war copies have serious differences in appearance.
Intermediate
It is easy to notice a serious gap in the carrying capacity of vehicles of different classes of the Red Army. The lower segment was represented by ordinary passenger cars GAZ-67 and Willis (carrying capacity 250-400 kg), but only the legendary GAZ-AA lorry (carrying capacity 1.5 tons, hence the nickname) was larger than them.
The cars carried a maximum of four fighters, or could tow weak artillery. At the same time, they could be used in reconnaissance, as they were small in size, but had good maneuverability. GAZ-AA was a typical truck. Able to carry 16 people in the back, it was used as a tractor, various types of weapons were mounted on its chassis. However, it was problematic to use it in intelligence.
The resulting gap was successfully filled by the Dodge three-quarters - a large by the standards of that time, the Dodge WC-51 jeep received its nickname for its unusual carrying capacity of 750 kg (¾ tons). The creators of the car simply and effectively emphasized its purpose - WC is an abbreviation for Weapon Carrier, "military carrier".
I must say that the car coped with its role perfectly. A simple, technological and maintainable design, reliability and functionality - this is all that the army of that time required. Unlike younger brothers, the installation of a large-caliber machine gun or a 37-mm cannon was provided for on the Dodge. The car confidently took six to seven passengers on board, had standard places for attaching shovels, canisters, and ammunition boxes.
At first, the Dodge was used as a tractor in the Red Army, but soon began to enter all branches of the army, where it showed itself, as they say, in all its glory, acting as both the personal transport of officers and the combat vehicle of reconnaissance groups. In total, over 24 thousand cars of this family were delivered to the USSR.
German SUVs from World War II
The ideology of Nazism serves as an excellent basis for the policy of supporting domestic producers. That is why the army of the Third Reich was armed with the most diverse fleet of cars of its own production. At the same time, the Germans, with their characteristic diligence, did not work according to the principle “they will buy it anyway”, and they produced really high-quality cars with very, very good characteristics.
The conquest of almost all of Europe not only replenished the fleet of the German army, but also made it more motley, turning the life of supply units into a nightmare.
Formally, the unification of the park began around the middle of the war, but in the soldier's jargon it happened a little earlier: this is how all small open jeeps in the German army were called "Kübelvagen", that is, "tin car".
An example of a similar class of vehicles in the German army was the Volkswagen Kfz 1 - a rear-wheel drive car with an engine half that of Willis (both in volume and power), the prototype of which was drawn by Ferdinand Porsche himself. But there were many of them, and a light amphibian was produced on its basis.
However, there were more serious cars in the Third Reich. Horch 901 (Kfz 16) acted as a kind of analogue of Dodge "three-quarters". Firms Stoewer, BMW and Ganomag produced an analogue of the American Jeep.
Now, seven decades later, disputes are not uncommon about whose World War II cars were better - high-tech and meticulously accurate German ones, primitive but unpretentious Soviet ones, universal American ones, somewhat eccentric French ones ... Car enthusiasts of all countries are actively looking for the remains of mechanical satellites soldiers, restore them, bring them into proper technical condition. Often, such cars pass in formation at the Victory Parades in different cities.
Probably, now these disputes are no longer relevant - too much water has flowed under the bridge since those times. The modern army car has changed dramatically. This is no longer a tin cart with a motor, on which our grandfathers drove half of the Soviet Union and Europe.
As a rule, this is an SUV protected by high-quality armor, under the hood of which there are more than one hundred "horses", and the protection systems of which can protect the crew even in the zone of radiation damage. But that war proved that the car has long been able to replace the usual horse-drawn traction force, and the experience of operating WWII SUVs is used in the global automotive industry to this day.
On the eve of the 71st anniversaries ofVictories in the Great Patriotic War I would like to talk about cars, in many respects, thanks to which, victory was won in World War II in the war.
Interesting fact. D about the war, in the late 30s, in the Soviet WITH union on a large scale produced military equipment. Its release was significantly more than in any other country. . By the start of the war in USSR, there were about 273 thousand military vehicles, and with the start of the war, more 160 thousand civilian vehicles and agricultural equipment. Unfortunately, in the first days of the war b s Have lost tens of thousands of vehicles.
The main heroes of the victory cars.
1. Truck GAZ-AA "P olutork a" - l legend WITH Soviet WITH union.
This type of technology was famous for its universal purpose. On she was even located multiple launch rocket systems "Katyusha". Although for the first time such a system was installed on a four-ton truck with a 6x4 wheel formula ZIS-6.
Little known fact. The decision to mass-produce Katyusha in the USSR was made about 12 hours before the start of World War II (June 21, 1941).
For the first time, the GAZ-AA car was produced in 1932 on the assembly line of the Gaz plant, which was located in Nizhny Novgorod. The truck had an engine that developed 42 horsepower. In the future, this type of engine was upgraded and already had 50 l / s. It was also equipped with a 4-speed gearbox. About again there was a frame, and the suspension had a spring type. The carrying capacity of the car was 1.5 tons, which is where the nickname "one and a half" came from. It is worth noting that due to the frame, rather simple and solid design, the car was operated with a large overload of up to 3 tons. The maximum speed of the truck reached 70 kilometers per hour, and due to the low compression ratio, it was possible to refuel GAZ-AA with low-quality gasoline. IN stalemate the car was filled with kerosene or alcohol. In service, the car was unpretentious, they coped with repairs “on the spot”. In wartime, in order to save money, one headlight and one wiper were installed on the P olutorka. There were no front brakes. The cockpit was made of plywood. The roof and doors are made of tarpaulin. And the battery was in great short supply, so the car was started using a manual starter. The total circulation of P olutorok, including pre-war production, exceeded one million copies.
2. ZIS-5 -To ultimate truck. Nickname "Zakhar Ivanovich"or "Threeton".
In terms of reliability, this truck was unmatched. And the car was equipped motor with a capacity of 73 horsepower. The maximum speed was 60 km/h. ZIS-5 and chalked a flexible frame that helped the car go over bumps very gently. TO forest formula 4x2. The car was producedat several enterprises at once: UlZIS and UralZIS, behind the plant "and the name of Stalin" licensed by an American company Otokar. Before truck has become a norm"Autocar 5 Es". The car underwent a major modernization, which was carried out by a team of engineers from the ZIS enterprise. P practically from the available spare parts a more modern car was designed,and most importantly, the truck has become simpler and more maintainable.
3. GAZ-64, GAZ-67. Nickname "Ivan Willis" -V war jeep.
The SUV was put into production in record time. On February 3, 1941, an assignment was received from the Soviet government for the production of a light, inexpensive and unpretentious SUV to maintain. Two months later, or rather 51 days, the car was ready for production. On the 60th day, serial production began. The urgency was due to the alarming situation.
GAZ-64 received a reliable and unpretentious engine from a lorry, but turned out to be of little use for driving on dirt roads due to a rather narrow gauge.
As a matter of urgency, the GAZ plant produces a modernized version of the GAZ-67. This model was nicknamed in the army as "Ivan Willis", "goat", "flea-warrior". He mainly served in the army as a headquarters command vehicle, reconnaissance vehicle and high-speed artillery tractor. The car turned out really with off-road qualities. Overcame with ease deep ruts, could b no problem to go to the side of the road through ditches with steep walls. GAZ-67 developed a maximum speed of up to 90 kilometers per hour P when driving off-road, crazy at that time, 25 kilometers per hour. During World War II in the war he showed himself on the good side. The SUV was unpretentious to fuels and lubricants. Le gko, quickly and easily repaired, unlike his American brother "Willis".
Summing up, I would like to say that the technological solutions that were used in the cars that participated in the Second World War gave a significant impetus to the Soviet automobile industry.
During the war and after it, the Soviet NAMI actively worked. Captured and lend-lease vehicles were studied here, and foreign vehicles were tested. Soviet engineers got the opportunity to get acquainted with solutions and technologies from almost all over the world.
Sincerely, Site Administrator
Video
It was global and lasted from 1939 to 1945. During these years, the basis of military logistics was an ordinary horse. Thus, infantry companies were supplied with ammunition, which was brought with the help of horses. At a higher level of supply (battalion, regiment, division), the German army and the Red Army used trucks. Trucks played a vital role in transporting troops, supporting supply lines and serving as fire engines.
Unlike our country, in Germany at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the automotive industry was developed. For example, already in the 1920s there were many companies that produced 3-ton trucks. As a result, the Wehrmacht did not have a shortage of trucks. For example, when attacking France, the German army received many 10-ton trucks.
Fortunately, there were no German autobahns in the USSR. So many truck models that were used during the war in Europe could not be used on our territory. This is Russia - come on, goodbye!
By the beginning of World War II, the Red Army was armed with 272.6 thousand vehicles, including 257.8 thousand trucks and special trucks, of which the vast majority of vehicles were GAZ-AA and ZIS-5.
The Wehrmacht had half a million vehicles. And they were good trucks, including off-road ones. In 1941, 333 thousand cars were produced in Germany, 268 thousand in the occupied countries, and another 75 thousand cars were produced by the allies of the Third Reich.
We have collected for you the most interesting German trucks that were used by the German army.
1. Krupp L2H43
Light truck used by German forces during World War II. An air-cooled vehicle with a 4-cylinder engine with a speed of 70 km / h mainly served to transport and tow Pak35 / 36 37 mm anti-tank guns.
During the years of World War II, the Krupp L2H143 truck was very popular with the Wehrmacht troops due to its good driving characteristics and became the standard truck for German infantry divisions deployed in France, Poland, the Balkans and Russian battlefields.
2. Phanomen Granite 1500A
Initially, Phanomen Granit cars were used by the German army as ambulances. But they had insufficient patency, which is important on the battlefield. As a result, modernized Phanomen Granit 1500A cars were produced on the basis of old cars.
3 Burgward B3000
The medium trucks produced by the German forces during World War II were mainly needed for transporting people and materials, as well as for towing artillery.
4. Magirus-Deutz Deutz A300
The half-track truck used by the Germans during World War II, like other half-track trucks, was mainly used on the battlefield. By the way, these machines were in service with the German army after the end of World War II (until the 60s of the 20th century).
5. Ford G917T
The American truck was manufactured by a German subsidiary run by Ford. The German Ford G917T/G997T trucks are nearly identical to the British Ford-Ferderson E88. In total, 25,000 vehicles were produced in Germany, which were used by the German army.
6. Ford V3000S (G198TS)
This series of trucks was not originally made in the USA, unlike many other American vehicles. The first models of Ford V3000S trucks were manufactured by car factories in France, Belgium, Italy, Romania and Spain. The shortage of raw materials in Germany at the end of the war led to the simplification of the production of military vehicles. First, during the production of trucks at the end of World War II, the amount of tin was significantly reduced. For example, instead of metal, car bumpers and cabs were made from hardwood.
It is noteworthy that due to lack of funds, the Ford V3000S (G198TS) trucks lost even their headlights. As a justification for the absence of headlights in the description of the terms of reference, it was indicated that the headlights are not needed, as they make the car visible to the enemy. In general, by the end of the war, Ford trucks were unreliable and had poor equipment. In total, Ford produced 24,110 vehicles for Germany during the war.
7. Ford V3000S: half-track version
The original version of Ford V3000S trucks was designed by British engineers. But during World War II, the German army needed special vehicles. There was a special need for moving around roadless Russia. As a result, German engineers decided to modernize the classic Ford trucks by equipping them with a caterpillar drive. In total, from 1942 to 1944, Germany produced 21,960 tracked Ford V3000S, most of which were used by the Wehrmacht in Russia and other countries of Eastern Europe.
8. Henschel 33 D1/G1
From 1937 to 1941, about 22,000 Henschel 33 D / G trucks were delivered to the German army. In general, Henschel 33 trucks are powerful and very reliable vehicles with excellent cross-country ability and endurance. These are purely German trucks, produced in the late 1930s by a large industrial company in Germany.
9. Krupp L3H163
Krupp L3H163 trucks were produced in 1936-1938. These are 6x4 trucks. The maximum weight is 9 tons. The cars were equipped with 6-cylinder water-cooled gasoline engines. The volume of engines was 7.8 liters. Maximum power - 110 liters. With.
This heavy truck could carry out many transport tasks that came in handy for the German troops during World War II.
10. Mann ML4500A
Mann ML4500A vehicles are heavy 4x4 trucks produced by Germany during World War II. Basically, these machines were used to transport people and materials. Due to the complexity of production and high production costs, production of the machines was discontinued at the end of World War II. As a result, the plant was converted to the production of Opel trucks.
11. Mercedes-Benz MB L6000
Heavy duty truck manufactured by Mercedes-Benz. Equipped with a 6-cylinder diesel engine with a capacity of 95 liters. With. The truck was all-wheel drive. Produced from 1936 to 1940. The car had a 6x4 layout.
Due to its technical characteristics (strength), this vehicle was produced in various versions, which during the Second World War performed different tasks, ranging from carrying artillery to transporting tanks in tow.
12. Mercedes L3000A trucks
These 3-ton trucks equipped with diesel engines were produced by Daimler-Benz. From 1939 to 1944, 27,668 modified trucks were produced. In 1944, the Mercedes plant stopped production, as the German military department believed that Opel 3-ton trucks with gasoline engines were more adapted to the difficult military conditions in Russia, since they were easier to maintain.
13. Mercedes L4500A
The Mercedes L4500A is a German heavy utility vehicle, originally designed for civilian use, widely used by German troops on the Western and Eastern fronts after the outbreak of World War II.
Between 1939 and 1944, a total of 9,500 cars were produced. Despite the number of vehicles produced, these truck models became the backbone of the logistics of the German army.
Mercedes L4500A was equipped with a 7.2-liter diesel engine. On the basis of this machine, special versions were produced at the Mercedes plant: vehicles for the field kitchen, artillery vehicles, ambulances, and so on.
14. Mercedes l4500r Half-Truck
This Mercedes l4500 Half-Track model is equipped with a caterpillar drive to the rear axle. This modification allowed to reduce the weight of the machine. But, despite this, the maximum speed of the truck dropped to 36 km / h. The car was equipped with a 6-cylinder diesel engine with a capacity of 112 liters. With. The main disadvantage of this half-tracked vehicle is fuel consumption, which was 200 liters per 100 kilometers. Nevertheless, the German army did not refuse to use it, since it was he who helped the Wehrmacht drive through the endless impenetrable fields of Russia.
It is worth noting that in the period from 1943 to 1944, the Mercedes L4500R became one of the main horses of the Eastern Fleet. During this period, Mercedes produced 1,486 vehicles.
15 Opel Lightning Truck
The Opel Lightning Truck was in high demand by the German forces during World War II. This truck was used by the Wehrmacht in various modifications and versions on the battlefields, ranging from Northern Europe and Africa and from West to East. Such popularity of the truck speaks of its reliability and patency. But on the battlefields in Russia, the German army had problems with this car - in the harsh winter conditions, the car began to act up and was recognized as unreliable.
By the way, since 1943, the Mercedes plant has also produced this truck. Despite the difficulties of its use in Russia, Opel and Mercedes factories produced about 100,000 cars during World War II.
16 Opel Lightning 6700
The Opel Lightning 6700 is an upgraded version of the original Opel Lightning truck. Compared to the original truck, the Opel Lightning 6700 model had a simplified design to reduce costs and increase production speed. Since the model was simpler, it was more suitable for movement in Russia.
17. Truck Skoda 6x4
Truck Skoda 6x4, which was produced in 1935-1939 of the 20th century. During World War II, it was mainly supplied to the Romanian front.
18. Swiss truck Berner
A Berner truck, mainly used by SS units, in 1945 in Italy. April 27, 1945 on the Austrian border was captured. Today, this truck is on display at the Museum of the Liberation of San Lazaro in Bologna.
19. Half-track German tractor Sd Kfz 7/1 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug)
This half-track tractor was equipped with an 8.8 cm anti-aircraft gun and a 150 mm howitzer. The Wehrmacht also used Sd Kfz 7 tractors with 20 mm and 37 mm anti-aircraft guns. The disadvantage of these machines is that compared to wheeled vehicles, half-track tractors are more difficult to maintain, as a result of which they often fail.
Nevertheless, the Germans did not abandon these combat vehicles, as they had excellent off-road maneuverability. True, the speed of movement on the highway left much to be desired. But in the off-road conditions of Russia, this car was indispensable for the Wehrmacht.
20. Half-track armored personnel carrier Sd Kfz 251 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug)
The German medium half-track light armored personnel carrier participated in almost every military operation of the Germans during the Second World War. The car had various modified versions that could perform various transport tasks. Due to the sloped armor, it had a high mine protection.
21. Cargo tractor Steyr RSO/01
The Steyr RSO / 01 tractor is an Austrian-made tracked truck for the Wehrmacht, designed for transportation in difficult terrain. However, high fuel consumption (45-75 liters per 100 km) and a low maximum speed (15 km/h) did not allow the Steyr RSO/01 cargo tractor to be used to transport people over long distances. Therefore, the main task of the tractor was towing artillery on the front line. From 1942 to 1945, more than 25,000 tractors were sent to the front.
