KAZ-606 "Colchis"
In the old days, our country was in dire need of vehicles capable of transporting large loads. Simply put, in trucks. Models of Soviet trucks have an interesting history. That is why at the Kutaisi plant they began to produce a car, which later received the name "Colchis". The history of USSR trucks begins with prototypes presented to the Ministry of Motor Transport, which were developed in 1958. And already in 1959, the cars of the Kutaisi Automobile Plant were demonstrated at the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy.
In total, the plant presented two types of car, one of which was onboard and had the abbreviation KAZ-605, and the other was made according to the principle of a truck tractor and was called KAZ-606. After getting acquainted with the products of the Georgian automobile plant, the Ministry of Automobile Industry approved the serial production of only one model. Priority was given to the KAZ-606 project. Trucks of the USSR were replenished with a truck tractor.
Advantages of the car
The KAZ "Colchis" car had an excellent glazing area of the driver's cab, which made it convenient to control and perform maneuvers. Unlike previously produced cars, the cabin of which was partially wooden, KAZ "Kolchis" was made with an all-metal cabin. In the cabin, in addition to the driver, there was only one passenger seat, but the small capacity was compensated by the presence of a berth. Such a decision at that time was revolutionary in the domestic automotive industry.
This car did not have the usual hood, which at that time was a novelty. The power unit was under the cab, and this was very pleasing in the winter and upsetting in the summer. The appearance of the truck was modern and stylish, because the designers moved the location of the headlights to the lower part of the cab.
Disadvantages of the car KAZ-606
The main drawback of the Colchis truck was frequent breakdowns and high fuel consumption. For a hundred kilometers, the car consumed 50 liters of gasoline. Due to the power unit located under the cab, it was difficult to drive the truck for a long time in summer. Not only because of the increased temperature of the cabin, but also due to the accumulation of exhaust gases.
Conclusion
Despite all the advantages, the Colchis truck did not become popular with drivers. And they turned their eyes to other models.
Truck "Ural"
The pride of the domestic automotive industry has been created since the Great Patriotic War. The task of the truck is to transport the harvested timber from the mining area. Given the remoteness of such places, strict requirements were put forward for Ural vehicles (timber trucks) for cross-country ability and operation in difficult conditions. Thanks to the painstaking work of Soviet engineers and designers, it was possible to achieve all the tasks set for timber trucks.
Advantages of timber carriers "Ural"
Timber carriers of domestic production have a phenomenal cross-country ability and high quality workmanship.
The country has always needed such machines especially urgently, given the presence of rich forest resources. Trucks of the USSR have always been in great demand both within the country and abroad.
The structural feature of the timber carriers "Ural" is a different wheel formula - from 4x4 to 8x8. Thanks to this formula, legendary cross-country ability is achieved. The operating temperature range is -40 ... + 40 ° C. Such a spread allows the use of machines of this type in various climatic conditions.
The maximum length of the transported cargo is almost 25 meters. The trailer, attached to the timber carrier, has a swivel mechanism, which increases maneuverability during transportation. "Ural" is a timber carrier, which is equipped with powerful power units of over 200 horsepower.
Modern timber carriers "Ural" are equipped with a special hydraulic loader-manipulator, which allows you to load timber without using a crane. The design of the lift and the control system are simple and reliable. This method allows you to reduce the cost and time for logging.
The engines comply with European standards, which means that the machines practically do not pollute the environment.
Disadvantages of timber carriers "Ural"
Perhaps the only drawback of the Ural timber trucks is high fuel consumption. Although, given the operating conditions of these machines, we can say that such a phenomenon is fully justified.
Conclusion
The developed concept of a truck for transporting forest resources, which required many years of painstaking work, is still in the service of man. Timber carriers continue to perform their task throughout Russia and abroad. Being operated in harsh climatic conditions, they still remain reliable assistants to people.
Mining trucks
By creating cars, he aimed to ensure the efficient removal of minerals from the place of extraction. By developing the concept of such a large car, engineers and designers have gained invaluable experience in this industry. Our country is known for large volumes of extraction of natural resources. Only large and reliable vehicles could provide high-quality and efficient transportation of goods. The Ministry of the Automobile Industry of the USSR decided to create production facilities for the development and creation of heavy vehicles for work in the country's quarries. This is how the Belarusian Automobile Plant appeared, where they began to create BelAZ cars.
Started in 1948, the production of mining trucks has won worldwide recognition. Constantly developing and introducing new technologies in the automotive industry, the plant has become one of the leaders in the heavy-duty vehicle market.
The first brainchild of the Belarusian Automobile Plant was the BelAZ-540 that rolled off the assembly line in 1961. This 27-ton monster was the pride of the Soviet people. From the moment of manufacture, a large number of necessary tests were carried out with the first brainchild of the BelAZ auto concern.
Now Belaz-540A began its official working "career" in 1965. Of course, these are old Soviet trucks, and they are far from modern mining dump trucks, the newest of which is the BelAZ-75710. In pursuit of efficiency, the Belarusian concern has created, perhaps, the most load-lifting mining dump truck in the world. The weight of the transported cargo is 450 tons!
The designers of BelAZ-75710 are already preparing an application for entering this miracle of technology into the Guinness Book of Records. In fact, the success of this model was the sum of all the achievements of the automotive industry in this area. The workers of the plant have devoted 65 years to the development and improvement of their products.
The new model differs from the previous ones by using eight wheels instead of six. This decision allowed to take on board more payload. The turning radius of this giant is about 20 meters, which, given its overall dimensions, is very small. The engineers also worked with the maneuverability of the car. By applying the principle of two rotary axles, it was possible to improve the overall maneuverability of the truck.
Huge work has been done with the power plant of the machine. The type of power unit used in the dump truck is diesel, coupled. The power produced by the power plant is 4600 l / s. All BelAZ-75710 systems have undergone a deep modernization, which ultimately improved and secured the car's handling. In addition, the loading and unloading of cargo has also become more convenient and easier, the smoothness of the ride and the maneuverability of the dump truck have improved. The pride of Belarusian engineers, BelAZ-75710, turned out to be an extremely balanced and reliable car.
Summary
Despite the impressive size and huge weight, each element of the truck we are considering meets the most stringent safety and reliability requirements. Truly, the list of "Trucks of the USSR" would be incomplete without BelAZ mining dump trucks. But on this machine, our review does not end there. We go further.
Truck ZIL-131
In 1966, the automobile began production of the updated ZIL-130 model. The car was an off-road truck with improved performance compared to its predecessors. The designers of the plant decided to leave the bonnet scheme, modifying only some parts of the cabin.
Advantages of the car ZIL-131
Thanks to the excellent passage on almost any off-road, the ZIL-131 has become a good assistant in various areas of human activity.
The nodes and mechanisms of the model, which showed their reliability on previous samples, were modernized and continued to serve reliably further.
The car turned out to be surprisingly hardy and tenacious. The operating temperature range is more than impressive. ZIL-131 can operate at air temperatures from -40 to +50 degrees Celsius.
The machine was actively used in military units and performed various tasks. On its basis, modifications of vehicles intended for the transport of personnel of the armed forces, field kitchens and mobile hospitals were created.
On the basis of the ZIL-131, various types of weapons and radio equipment were placed. The car was actively used in the aviation sector as a vehicle for refueling aircraft, helicopters and other aviation flight support mechanisms.
The machine was used in geological exploration, the construction industry and even snow removal.
Disadvantages of ZIL-131
Judging by the reviews, the car eats a lot. However, fuel consumption of 40 liters per 100 km can be attributed to the shortcomings rather conditionally.
Conclusion
Like all trucks of the USSR, ZIL-131 inherited its own "character". There is no doubt about the reliability of such cars. Even today, after many decades, ZIL-131 continues to fulfill its difficult mission.
At the end of last year, many publications reported that the last ZIL truck was produced. Where? By whom? After all, according to the official reports of AMO ZIL, the plant stopped car production a long time ago. Auto Mail.Ru found out that the assembly of the legendary trucks was really curtailed in Moscow, but not now, but in September. But at the same time, the latest ZIL, it seems, has not yet been done!
From flagship to bankruptcy
In 1975-1989, the Likhachev Plant annually assembled 195-210 thousand trucks, and by 1996 the production volume had collapsed to 7 thousand units. After the collapse of the USSR, the market began to need either light or heavy trucks - with a carrying capacity of less than 3 or more than 10 tons, respectively. Voracious gasoline (!) Zilov medium-tonnage trucks, as an intermediate link, were not in demand.
They tried to save the company. In 1994, the production of model 431410 was stopped (at the end of the conveyor life, the ancient ZIL-130 was hidden behind this index), they gave entrepreneurs the "Bull" - after 2000, sales grew to 22 thousand. But then there was only a fall, which ended quite naturally - in 2013, only 95 cars were assembled.
The dispassionate annual report of AMO ZIL reports: “in 2014, two exclusive Okhotnik cars were assembled from stocks [... ], ZIL serial cars were not produced.” At the same time, “the sale of energy carriers (heat and electricity) to third parties accounted for the bulk of the company's own production”, “the production of cars and auto components has been discontinued”.
Moscow history
But. New trucks for sale on classifieds sites! It turns out that the cars were made by ZIL LLC, a company whose director is Gennady Yarkov, the last chief engineer of the AMO. In the press-welding building of the automobile plant (!) a dozen employees assembled model 432940 in small batches from the backlog that remained from the main production.
The "underground workers" had bridges, cabins, frames... Motors were brought from Belarus. But the hoods were not enough. In general, the Zilovsky hood is a bulky and complex structure, consisting of many parts; in previous years, the plant had a separate area for assembling this part of the cabin. So I had to carry out restyling, introducing plastic plumage instead of a metal "nose".
In addition, the resurrected medium-duty truck received a fully synchronized gearbox, power windows, a different steering wheel, anatomical seats with many adjustments, soundproofing, ABS and even a 12-volt outlet. It was possible to make 5-10 cars per month, each of which cost from 2 million rubles - expensive, but the brand's adherents supported the "survivors".
By the way, model 432940, which was produced by ZIL LLC, is a rear-wheel drive chassis with a gross weight of 11 tons with a 130-horsepower MMZ tractor diesel engine of the D-245 series. Moreover, in many sources, the products of the semi-secret workshop are called ZIL-43276T. Although the 4327 family, according to the Zilov tradition, should have all-wheel drive. It's simple: what documents were, such an index was assigned to remakes.
There will be no more cars: the last ZIL truck in Moscow was released on September 24, 2016. Employees of the LLC were fired, the shop building will be demolished. The "final" car itself will not be sent to the museum or to the storerooms - the Novomoskovsk Machine-Building Plant mounted an appropriate superstructure on the chassis, and the unique car went ... to the Kazan tram depot, where it will work as a "fly".
Ural footprint
Many are sure that ZIL brand equipment continues to be produced in the Urals: they say that they are regularly found in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. We tell. The Moscow plant had several branches, including the Ural Automobile Plant (UAMZ) from the city of Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Region. The latter produced ZIL-130 trucks and ZIL-131 all-terrain vehicles.
So. Models expelled from Moscow were stamped by the Novourals until 2011 (since 2003, the enterprise came under the control of the Severnaya Kazna bank and became known as AMUR - Automobiles and Motors of the Urals) - which is why there are quite a lot of well-preserved "one hundred and thirty" at the junction of Europe and Asia. Now the former branch of the Likhachev Plant is bankrupt, and there is nowhere to get new trucks.
Or almost nowhere. In Novouralsk, too, there were stocks of components and ... stocks of TCP in 2012-2013. According to this not too legal scheme, “enthusiasts” assemble all-wheel drive three-axle vehicles with 150-horsepower six-liter carburetor engines to order. The issue price is only 1.5 million rubles. But it is clear that the history of the project will end as soon as the supply of documents runs out.
P.S. According to the traffic police, 416,380 ZIL vehicles are registered in Russia - this is the third most popular brand of trucks. But there are only a little more than 20 thousand cars younger than 2006.
AMO ZIL, Russia's oldest automobile company, is now going through the worst times in its history. This is the largest Moscow plant in terms of area, and its territory is of unflagging interest to the city authorities and developers. Sobyanin last year informed that instead of the plant there will be another elite residential area. Most of the workshops are currently being liquidated and are being prepared for demolition.
This post shows one of the smallest workshops that repaired electric cars and forklifts. ZiL was so grandiose that only in this relatively small workshop - five floors, two elevators, its own electrical substation, assembly hall, trade union committee, two baths. Let's take a look at all this stuff.
1. Having moved beyond the perimeter, we immediately climbed to the unfinished workshop. From here a panorama of the plant was opened. To the right are the abandoned workshops. To the left, behind the district railway, ZiL continues, and stretches far, far away. 
2. My companion, notorious MSH, makes videos for his channel. 
3. Entering through the hospitably open gates, we assessed the scale of production. 
4. Previously, electric cars came here from all over the plant for scheduled inspections, repairs and battery charging. 
5. And now the time has been said "Stop!". 
6. Behind the door we find a tire shop. There are still small tires scattered all over the place. By the way, they did it here - later we found whole stacks of rubber blanks and boxes packed to capacity with finished tires. 
7. On the wall - instructions for lifting cars during repairs. 
8. And under the ceiling - traditional posters on TB. 
10. We find souvenirs: a cast body of a toy car, a tin airplane and a number - internal, ZiLovsky.
13. Nearby - a compartment for ventilation. 
14. Finding the steps down, we went down to the heating point under the building. The corridor of the heating main goes into the distance, directed towards the already demolished workshops. 
15. Since the workshop consumed a large amount of electricity, it had its own substation. We went out into the hall where the transformers stood. 
16. One of two ladders for access to the upper elements. 
17. A huge current once flowed through these colored tires. 
18. I was struck by the appearance of the VM oil switch. For arc extinguishing, a whole vat of oil, suspended on cables, is provided here. And I counted about a dozen such switches. 
19. The control panel was also striking in scale. 
20. At the same time, he struck with his out-of-dateness. 
21. Looked inside the console. 
22. Having risen to the second floor, we walk through small and cozy departments: winding and electrical installation. 
23. A couple of machine tools have been preserved here. 
24. Grinding machine. 
25. Drilling unit. 
26. On the walls of the winding department there are slogans, safety posters, a portrait of Lenin and the Trinity Tower of the Kremlin. 
27. For workers there was a machine with sparkling water. On the glass there is a "scratch" from the times of the last Olympics. 
28. Posters on TB, always relevant. 
29. I was interested in the board of employment of electricians on the door of the change house. 
30. We looked at the warehouse, looked at a lot of cabinets for spare parts, now completely empty. 
31. Finally we reached the battery manufacturing workshop. 
32. Since the batteries were made here with lead-acid, there was a small chemical laboratory at the workshop. 
33. The sun hits the dusty windows. 
34. This is just one room, but it is crammed with equipment, various utensils, jars of reagents. 
35. Ceramic oven. 
36. Some strange device. 
37. Standard Soviet scales. 
38. A lot of chemicals, salts, acids were thrown into the closet ... 
39.
40.
41. Although the area of the electric car shop is dozens of times inferior to some foundries or presses, here the floors were connected by as many as two elevators, not counting the many stairs. This speaks eloquently about the entire plant, which was a "city within a city." 
42. The window overlooks the roof of the workshop. 
43. The floor above were changing rooms and showers for workers. 
44. These tablets caught my attention. 
45. There was also a sauna, very tiny, you can’t turn around. 
46. And here is a sauna for guidance. A completely different volume, there is where to lie down. And nearby were rooms for psychological unloading and the use of alcoholic beverages. 
47. Since we are talking about the authorities, let's move to the administrative part. 
48. The corridors are decorated with numerous posters. This one hangs at the department of labor protection. 
49. A real rarity for connoisseurs is the 1996-1998 metro map. 
50. Government limousines - once the pride of the plant. 
51. And now only dried plants. 
50. Time is frozen. 
53. In the engineering department, the drawing board was frozen forever. 
54. MS was stuck for a long time, looking at a stand with historical photographs near the office of the head of the shop. 
55. There was also a meeting room in the workshop. MSH read from the podium an appeal to the viewers of his channel. 
56. Unfortunately, the people looking at us from these old photographs will never return to their factory. In the microdistrict built in its place, they are also unlikely to live. 
57. Having finished the inspection of the electric car shop, we threw ourselves into the neighboring building, and, as it turned out, not in vain. 
58. It turned out to be a compressor station at the second foundry. 
59. The equipment is partially preserved. 
60. All compressors are mounted on a raised platform. Their platforms rest on springs that dampen vibrations during operation. 
61. Compressors and gearboxes have been preserved. Powerful electric motors, unfortunately, could not be found. 
62. The thick-walled casing of the compressor made a strong impression on me. 
63. A beam crane worked under the roof. 
64. Two compressors managed to cut and take out, the same fate awaits the rest. 
65. And while they are, we could enjoy their view. For me, it was doubly joyful, because I did not have time to catch similar units in
Exactly one hundred years ago, on August 2 (July 20, according to the old style), 1916, a solemn prayer service and the laying of the AMO automobile plant (Moscow Automobile Society), which in 1931 was renamed ZIS (Stalin Plant), and in 1956 - in ZIL (Plant named after Likhachev). To this day, the enterprise, consider, did not survive: the last truck was assembled here “on the knee” in 2014, and the conveyor got up much earlier. Many buildings have been destroyed: on the site of a gigantic industrial complex (with an area of more than three hundred hectares!) For three years now, residential buildings, offices, museums and a sports complex have been located.
The Moscow government remains the main owner of the former enterprise, but it apparently preferred not to remember the anniversary of the country's oldest automobile plant, because the festive event that took place today in the park near the ZIL Palace of Culture was organized by former factory workers and enthusiasts, headed by Deputy Chief Designer Vladimir Grigoryevich Mazepa.
Veterans of ZIL are cheerful and happy to meet, but almost all topics in conversations come down to the mediocre death of the plant. Everything is the same as everywhere else: to impose on the current developers, walk along Luzhkov and warmly recall the stable times of stagnation of the seventies. Although the plant fell not under the onslaught of elite housing and luxurious offices, but from impotence in a market economy and almost zero production flexibility.
The modest anniversary exposition consisted mainly of private cars. Many of them are already known from exhibitions of retro technology, but they are no less interesting for that.
Fire truck on the AMO-4 chassis, 1932 release. The "Four" is a long-wheelbase modification of the AMO-3 truck, which was produced from 1931 to 1933 and gave way to the much more famous ZIS-5 model. The “Fire” stood on a pedestal for a long time and this saved it from destruction, and in our time the monument was abolished and the car moved to a private collection, where it was restored.
ZIS-33 is a variant of the ZIS-5 truck with the ability to quickly convert to a half-track to overcome off-road conditions. From 1939 to 1940, about four thousand of these machines were made.
ZIS-42 is a further development of the ZIS-33 model: the tracks are already installed on a “permanent basis”, the transition to wheel travel is excluded, and removable skis are provided for winter. From 1942 to 1944, 6372 cars were produced.
This UralZIS is still waiting for restoration. The history of the Miass Ural plant began with the assembly of such ZIS-5 trucks during World War II.
ZIL-130? But no! Judging by the nameplate in the cabin, we have a ZIL-431610. On January 1, 1986, in accordance with the new standard, the plant switched to a different model indexing system and cars of the "one hundred and thirty" family received six-digit names. Behind the index 431610 is a ZIL-138 with a gas engine. Although over the years of operation by the "emergency gang" the car lost its gas cylinders.
Of particular interest are ZIL cars, which were produced in small runs, or even in single copies.
ZIS-101A Sport
ZIS-101A Sport
0 / 0
Roadster ZIS-101A Sport - alas, not original. In 1939, such a car was created for record races, but it has not survived to this day. This example was built a few years ago in the Molotov Garage workshop.
0 / 0
Another snag: this is not the ZIS-110, but the rarest ZIS-115 - the first mass-produced domestic passenger car with armor protection. Only a trained eye can distinguish it from the base model - by different wheels and window frames. The glass thickness is 70-75 mm, while the possibility of lowering them is preserved, and the triangular vents in the front doors turn! "One hundred and fifteenth" weighing 4.2 tons was created primarily for Stalin, from 1947 to 1958 32 copies were assembled.
0 / 0
ZIL-111D - a convertible based on the 111G limousine, only eight copies were produced, which were used mainly for meetings of astronauts and foreign delegations. V8 engine with a volume of 6.0 liters and a power of 200 hp, a two-stage "automatic" with a push-button control panel (it is located to the left of the steering wheel) and a roof folding servo.
0 / 0
The ZIL-117 sedan is a shortened version of the ZIL-114 limousine, although its length still exceeds 5.7 m. Officially, such cars were intended for candidates for members of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee and members of the USSR Government, but Brezhnev himself, who loved drive powerful cars. The V8 7.0 engine developed 300 hp. About seventy of these sedans were made from 1971 to 1977.
0 / 0
The famous "armored capsule" ZIL-41051. The rarest car, because the design of these armored cars was considered a state secret, and therefore, according to the rules, limousines that have served their purpose should be disposed of. In total, ten such members were made in 1984-1985 with the appearance of the base ZIL-41045 limousine, but six of them were later converted directly at the factory into model 41052 with external design from the later ZIL-41047 limousine.
0 / 0
But just ZIL-41047 - the last serial limousine of the plant, the production of which began in 1986. Until 2002, about 150 cars were built. After that, the cars were assembled in piece quantities to order, and the last one came off the stocks in 2008. The construction of parade convertibles saw the light of day and several sedans, and the snow-white car in the photographs was completed in 2015 and has serial number 26. It has many modern components and parts (fuel injection system, audio system, power window buttons, etc.), but in general this is the same ZIL as in the eighties.
So far, MSC6 AMOSIL operates within the walls of its “passenger” shop, but the lease ends in the fall and the new owners will have to look for new premises. Formally, even a white “remake” sedan cannot carry the ZIL brand and logo, because they remained the property of the Moscow government, but this is a topic for a separate discussion. In addition, it is worth rejoicing that the "passenger" production is generally preserved, albeit in private hands, because the "big ZIL" did not live up to its century at all.
| Full title: | OJSC "Plant named after Likhachev" |
| Other names: | ZIL, Moscow Automobile Society (AMO), Moscow Automobile Society. Ferrero, 1st State Automobile Plant, Plant named after Stalin, JSC "Plant named after I. A. Likhachev" AMO ZIL |
| Existence: | 1916 - present day |
| Location: | Russia, Moscow |
| CEO: | I.V. Zakharov. |
| Products: | Trucks, cars. |
| The lineup: |
ZiS: ZiS-101; ZiS-101A-Sport; ZiS-102; ZiS-110; ZiS-112; ZiS-115; ZiS-5; ZiS-8; ZiS-16; ZiS-22; ZiS-22/ZiS-22-50/52; ZiS-127; ZiS-150/151; ZiS-154; ZiS-155; ZIL: ZIL-111; ZIL-111G/111D/111V; ZIL-112S; Zil-114; Zil-117; Zil-130; Zil-157; Zil-131; Zil-41044 (Zil-115V); Zil-432930; ; Experimental: ZiS-E134 Model No. 1; Zil-E167; UralZis-352; ZIL-5901 (PEU-2); Zil - PKU 1; Military: ZiS-485 BAV; |
History of the Zil plant
August 2 (according to the old style - July 20) 1916 is considered the date of foundation of the ZIL plant. On that day, Major General G. Krivoshein, in Tyufeleva Grove, near Moscow, in front of a large number of people, laid the first stone, which became the foundation of the new plant. The main persons of the project were Sergey and Stepan Ryabushinsky - well-known entrepreneurs and A. Kuznetsov, known as the owner of the Pereyaslav Manufactory. The Ryabushinskys planned to start production at the plant of a one and a half ton FIAT-15 Ter truck (model of 1915) and in parallel to produce headquarters cars, the license for which belonged to the French company Hotchkiss.
A celebration was held in Tyufeleva Grove dedicated to the start of the construction of an automobile plant, which was planned to produce 150 trucks by March 1917. However, certain difficulties prevented plans for the construction of the plant, and the Ryabushinskys purchase F-15 machine kits in Italy. The first director of AMO, Dmitry Dmitrievich Bondarev, is a talented engineer who previously headed the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works. Engineers-technicians and former workers of the automobile branch of the Riga company became the core of the team of the Moscow plant.
However, the October Revolution, followed by the civil war and devastation, prevented the construction of the plant, which was never built. By the time of the revolution, the plant was 95% completed. AMO was nationalized on August 15, 1918, accusing the Ryabushinskys of violating the terms of the contract signed with the Military Department.
Industrialization coupled with collectivization increased the need for cars several times, but nationalization turned the plant into a workshop for the repair of foreign trucks. During the period from 1919 to 923, the plant repaired mainly American 3-ton Whites, in parallel trying to establish the production of motors.
At that time, the truck could be put into production, but as a result, preference was given to the FIAT-15 Ter, for which there were drawings and the design of which was lighter. In addition, over the years, the company has restored 230 cars, the average repair was made for 18, and the current one for 67. 137 motorcycles were repaired.
Start of car production.
In 1917, 432 trucks were assembled at the plant, the following year - 779, and 108 cars in 1919. But, at the same time, the plant was not completed for the manufacture of its own cars. The reason for this is the October Revolution and the war. Nationalization turned the unfinished enterprise into several large workshops specializing in the repair of cars and other equipment. From the beginning of 1920, the AMO took part in the Soviet tank program. In the period from February to July, 24 tank engines of the Russian Renault tank were manufactured here.
April 30, 1923 The plant received the name of the communist Ferrero, an Italian killed by the Nazis. But only in March 1924, the plant received a government order to produce the first batch of Soviet trucks.
In 1925, the plant was given the name of the 1st State Automobile Plant. In 1927, I.A. became the director of the plant. Likhachev. The plant was subordinate to the auto trust, which decided to start its reconstruction.
Production picked up pace. The year 1930 was marked by the purchase of a license for an American Autocar-5S truck with a payload of 2.5 tons. The plans were to produce trucks using the conveyor method.
The launch of the reconstructed plant took place in 1931, and on October 1 of the same year, it was named after Stalin (Plant named after Stalin, ZIS). October 25, 1931 is the launch date of the first Soviet automobile assembly line, which produced the first batch of 27 AMO-3 trucks.
During the first five-year plans, in accordance with the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow, housing construction was launched. The workers of the factories "Dynamo" and "Amo" were placed in the village of Dubrovka, which was under construction.
Since 1932, the production of minibuses AMO-4 (aka ZIS-8) began.
On August 21, 1933, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to make a second reconstruction of the plant, which was aimed at expanding the range of cars.
After undergoing reconstruction in 33-37, ZiS made a new modification - ZIS -5, which was given the nickname "Zakhar". Since 1934, ZIS-6 trucks and ZIS-8 buses began to be produced. Cars ZIS-101 began to roll off the assembly line in 1936. Special vehicles based on ZIS and AMO were produced by many enterprises. Ambulances began to be produced in the late twenties. For them, the AMO-F-15 cargo chassis was used. Experimental models of thermo-vans were built in 1932-33 on the basis of Shissy AMO-4. The Aremkuz plant in the same year produced bread vans on the AMO-3, ZIS-5 chassis. The Leningrad Dairy Plant began to produce isometric milk tanks in 1934.
military period.
The plant was evacuated from Moscow to the east on October 15, 1941. The equipment of the plant was transported to the cities of Ulyanovsk, Shchadrinsk, Chelyabinsk, Miass. The basis of the new factories was the evacuated equipment and people. This is how the Ulyanovsk, Ural Automobile Plants, Chelyabinsk Forging and Press Plant, and Shadrinsk Aggregate Plant appeared. At the end of the 41st year, the original plant was prepared for destruction and stopped. But after the Red Army carried out a successful offensive in the winter of 41-42, the ZIS began to work little by little, and in June 1942 this work bore fruit in the form of ZIS-5V military trucks (assembled from early production parts), ZIS-22 half-track tractors and ZIS-42 and all kinds of weapons for the front. The first "Zakhar" was released in Ulyanovsk on April 30, 1942. The post-war ZIS-150 truck is based on one of the ZIS-15 variants, the ZIS-15K.
Approximately one hundred thousand ZIS-5V, ZIS-42, ZIS-42M trucks and ZIS-16S ambulance buses were produced during the war years. At the same time, in June 1942, the ZIS was awarded the first Order of Lenin for the impeccable organization of the production of weapons and ammunition.
In the fall of 1942, the Stalin plant received instructions from the country's leadership: to begin the development and construction of a new passenger car on its own. Andrey Nikolaevich Ostrovtsev, deputy chief designer for passenger cars, was specially invited to the enterprise. He was entrusted with the work of creating the ZIS-110 machine and all its modifications necessary in the future. On September 20, 1944, the GKO (State Defense Commission) approved a prototype ZIS-110. In September of the same year, the ZIS-110 machine was put into mass production.
During the war years, the ZIS plant produced weapons for the front. These are machine guns, mines, shells, mortars and more.
Since the enemy troops were approaching the capital faster and faster, the normal functioning of the ZIS enterprise was in jeopardy. In this regard, on October 15, 1941, production was stopped, and the workshops were urgently transferred to the east. Nevertheless, this laborious process made it possible to launch the production of trucks and their components by April 1942.
In the spring of 1942, the city of Ulyanovsk again began to produce cars, but in a modernized and simplified form, under the ZIS - 5V brand. Production in Moscow was established by the summer of 1942, and the production of ZISs at the Ural Automobile Plant Miass began in the summer of 1944.
After the victory in Germany, Hitler's archives were opened, which contained detailed reports describing the tests of Soviet cars. Zis cars were rated especially highly in them. Possessing exceptional strength and unpretentiousness, as well as having excellent cross-country ability. In terms of production scale, the ZIS-5 was second only to the Gorky "lorry", and due to its high technical characteristics it was widely used in the army.
The plant was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in October 1944.
For another two decades after the victory in the war, the ZIS-5 did not leave the assembly lines. The Miass Automobile Plant made consistent improvements to the truck. This is how the UralZIS-5M and UralZIS-355 models arose. The pinnacle of production was the popular UralZIS-355M model, released in 1965.
The defeat of the fascist troops provided the conditions for the reevacuation of a number of factories to Moscow. On January 6, 1941, the State Defense Committee decided to resume the production of cars, while not violating the pace of defense production.
The ZIS plant was reconstructed for the third time in 1946. The purpose of the reconstruction was the production of the first post-war products, namely the ZIS-150 trucks (the production began in 1947), as well as the ZIS-151 off-road trucks, which began to be produced in 1948.
November 1949 brought the plant an award with the second Order of Lenin for merits in the field of Soviet automotive engineering, as well as in connection with the 25th anniversary of the production of the Soviet car.
On April 30, 1950, refrigerators were included in the production of the plant, January 1951 was marked by the release of the first bicycle, the production of which continued until 1959.
At the beginning of 1953, a special department was created at the plant, which was engaged in the design of the first Chinese automobile plant. ZIS specialists provided assistance to the Chinese in Changchun, where the first Chinese truck called the Jiefan, which was a copy of the ZIS-150, was put into production.
In 1954, at the insistence of Marshal Zhukov, a design bureau was created at the plant, which was engaged in the creation of special equipment for mobile missile systems.
After the death of Ivan Alekseevich Likhachev in 1956, the plant was given his name. The end of this year was marked by the assembly of two samples of post-war trucks of the second generation (ZIL-130, ZIL-131).
In 1957, the production of the ZIL-164, 164A car began, which replaced the ZIS-150. The engine of this car was modernized, and the rear axle acquired a stamped beam.
The ZIS-155 bus was replaced by a new model - ZIL-158.
In the period from 1975 to 1989, the plant produced annually 195-210 thousand trucks. In the 90s, the volume of production began to decline rapidly, in 1996 amounting to only 7.2 thousand trucks, but later rose again to 21-22 thousand. In the period 1924-2006, the plant produced 7 million 853 thousand 985 trucks, 39 thousand 501 buses, and 12 thousand 145 cars (from 1936 to 2006). In addition, from 1951 to 2000 produced 5.5 million household refrigerators, 3.24 million bicycles in just 8 years of production. At the same time, more than 630 thousand cars were exported, exported to 51 countries of the world.
In 1978, the outdated representative model ZIL-114 was replaced by the ZIL-4104.
Since 1979, instead of ZIL-133G2, ZIL-133GYa trucks began to be produced, which were equipped with a KamAZ-740 diesel engine with a capacity of 210 hp, as well as a 10-speed gearbox and had reinforced springs.
The plant played a huge role in the production of KamAZ. It was ZIL who designed the foundry and car assembly buildings. Samples of the created trucks became the basis of car models from Naberezhnye Chelny.
The largest reconstruction in the history of the plant began in 1982 and coincided with dramatic economic changes in the country.
1984 was marked by the release of the first ZIL-130 vehicles with front-wheel drive modernization under the ZIL-431410 index. However, in the 90s, the production of this model (as well as ZIL-131N) was transferred to the Ural Automotive Plant, located near Yekaterinburg in Novouralsk.
In the early 1990s, the previously secret production of special all-terrain vehicles was transformed into OJSC Vezdekhod GVA. The name of the enterprise includes the initials of the creator of all-terrain vehicles V. A. Grachev. The rescue amphibian "Blue Bird" became the most interesting exhibit. It was offered both in cargo (ZIL-4906) and cargo-passenger (ZIL-49061), which had a 6 by 6 drive, as well as gasoline or diesel engines with a capacity of 136-185 hp. pp., onboard ten-speed transmission, disc brakes, independent torsion bar suspension, fiberglass body, which was equipped with radio navigation devices with rescue equipment.
Present tense.
When the USSR collapsed in December 1991, long-term intra-union ties were severed. Therefore, a revision and expansion of the production program was carried out, which was facilitated by competition with foreign firms, which became a novelty in the history of ZIL.
ZIL was privatized on September 23, 1992, becoming AMO ZIL, retaining the ZIL trademark. The Board of Directors became a new management body in the history of the plant and was adopted by the shareholders' meeting. In 1992, in connection with the renewal of the market, a 3-ton low-tonnage ZIL-5301 was developed. Moscow Mayor Luzhkov gave him the famous nickname "Bull".
In 1992, a small number of ZIL-4421 truck tractors were manufactured specifically for truck circuit racing (car power up to 900 kg.)
The last ZIL-130 truck left the assembly line on December 30, 1994. In the same year, small-scale production of the ZIL-5301 family began, the chassis of which served as the base for buses and an all-metal van with a capacity of 15 + 1 and 21 + 1.
The main truck tractor ZIL-6404 was introduced in 1996. Its 410-horsepower engine made it possible to tow road trains with a curb weight of up to 40 tons at speeds up to 105 km/h.
The ZIL-432720 car with a wheelbase of 3340 mm was put into production in 1998. Chassis model 432722 is intended for installation of special superstructures of utility and road services.
The reforms of Russia in the 1990s had a drastic effect on the position of the plant. Attempts at close cooperation in the field of heavy engineering with Kenworth, Volvo, Carterpillar, Renault did not bring the expected success.
New 10-ton heavyweights ZIL-6309 and dump trucks ZIL-6409 began to be produced in 1999. The latter was equipped with a 195-horsepower diesel engine. ZIL met the end of the twentieth century by producing more than 120 variants of cars, offering them a variety of bodies and superstructures produced in more than 100 enterprises of the CIS countries. Components for these cars were manufactured in 800 different workshops and factories.
Today, on the basis of the ZIL chassis, the plant, together with other similar enterprises, produces a huge range of all kinds of equipment: road construction, municipal, vacuum, sewer, silo, emergency repair, as well as garbage trucks, car lifts and tank trucks.
In 2003, the plant began production of new models of cars ZIL-433180 and ZIL-432930, the engines of which are characterized by increased power and run on diesel, while having certificates of compliance with Euro-2 standards.
