Nefaz 5299 01 technical characteristics. Operating manual for non-phase buses. Advantages of this modification

Large class urban bus NefAZ-5299 designed to transport passengers on regular city routes. Manufactured on the KamAZ-5297 chassis.

Modern design, spacious and comfortable interior, original design solutions. Units and components are unified with KamAZ trucks. The bus has a warranty of 12 months or 30,000 km and is subject to warranty and service at all KamAZ auto centers in the Russian Federation and the CIS.

At the customer's request, it is possible to install a KamAZ-740.30-260 (Euro-2), Caterpillar-3116, (Euro-2) engine and a Voith automatic transmission.

Engine
Index Meaning
Model KamAZ-740.11-240
Type Diesel
  • (EURO-1) with turbocharging and an improved design of the cylinder-piston group, a modified design of the cylinder head and combustion chamber geometry, a strengthened crankshaft, a torsional vibration damper installed, and a replacement of the oil cooler with a water-oil heat exchanger. The engine life has been increased to 500,000 km, the frequency of maintenance-2 has been increased to 16,000 km, oil consumption and noise levels have been reduced by 2-3 dB.
Rated power, hp 240
Working volume, cubic cm. 10 850
injection pump YAZDA-332.1106
Five-nozzle injectors YAZDA-273
Turbocharger S2B/7624TAE/0076D9

BODY

  • Frame, carriage type, galvanized, thermally insulated, with three double-leaf doors, with a pneumatic drive from Festo.
  • Wide range of colors (including at the request of the customer) with a double layer of Dutch primer, “Helios” paint (Slovenia), in a German painting chamber.
  • Wheel arches made of stainless steel or fiberglass.
  • The bottom and wheel arches are coated with anti-corrosion coating.
  • The interior floor covering is made of anti-slip material "Avtolin".

TRANSMISSION

  • Mechanical (or with electro-pneumatic gearbox activation), three-way, five-speed, mod. KamAZ-141.

STEERING

  • With hydraulic booster S-111645 from RBL (Germany) or KTS 50451881 from PPT (Yugoslavia).

SUSPENSION

  • Front- dependent, pneumatic, on 2 pneumatic elements with two telescopic shock absorbers and one body position regulator.
  • Rear- dependent, pneumatic, on 4 pneumatic elements with 4 telescopic shock absorbers and two body position regulators.

BRAKE SYSTEM

  • Pneumatic, ABS "WABCO" (Germany), with cam-type release mechanisms.

HEATING SYSTEM

  • Main: liquid heater "Webasto" providing early pre-heating of the engine. There are 3 Belrobot heaters in the cabin. In the driver's cabin there is a "WEBASTO" control panel, a front heater, and a "Belrobot" heater.
  • Emergency: from the engine cooling system.

Before starting the story about this bus, it should be noted that NefAZ-5299 is not one vehicle, but several modifications based on the model for urban, intercity and suburban passenger transportation. The car is often used on regular passenger routes.

History of creation

This is a completely domestic project, which was launched into assembly and production only in 2000. NefAZ-5299 is one of the most popular passenger buses that are used as public transport in many cities.

Now more than 1,000 units of these models are assembled at the Neftekamsk Automobile Plant every year. This technique is successfully used by fleets throughout the country.

Technical data

Getting acquainted with the technical part of the NefAZ-5299 bus will help you appreciate all the advantages of this model. KamAZ trucks were used as the base platform. These are reliable cargo platforms that will help the bus easily overcome a variety of obstacles on the way; they have been tested by time and a lot of tests of varying degrees of difficulty. Each part in the chassis of these machines has a huge resource and high safety margins, which has the best effect on the durability and operation of the machine.

All equipment intended for control and monitoring is in maximum compliance with the requirements of international standards for such equipment. This series of buses is distinguished by high safety indicators. There are devices and systems for both passive and active safety.

Power part

The NefAZ-5299 bus can be equipped with several types of engines, depending on the modification. Thus, the KamAZ-820.61-260 engine produces a maximum power of 260 horsepower at 2200 rpm. Its maximum torque is 931 Nm. Engine - eight-cylinder, V-shaped. The working volume is 11.76 liters. This power unit is designed and created specifically for power supply with liquefied gas. The engine is equipped with a turbocharger and an inverter. There is an electromagnetic dispenser, and the injection is distributed. The engine fully complies with Euro-4 standards. This power unit is paired with a four-speed automatic transmission.

NefAZ-5299 is also equipped with Cummins 6ISBe270B diesel power units. The power of this engine is 270 hp. With. at a crankshaft speed of 2500 rpm. The torque produced by the engine is 970 Nm. The unit has six in-line cylinders. Volume - 6.7 liters. The engine is also equipped with a turbine and inercooler. Like the previous one, this engine fully complies with Euro-4 standards. Diesel fuel consumption on the Cummins is 24 liters per 100 km. The fuel tank has a volume of 250 liters.

Geometry, mass

The length of the bus is 11.86 m. The width is 2.5 m, and the height is 3.036 m. The wheelbase is 5.96 m. The curb weight reaches 10.24 tons, and the maximum is 15. The axle load is 6.5 tons on the front axle and 11.5 tons on the rear. The minimum turning radius of the machine is 12 m.

Equipment

Regardless of the specific modification, the cars are equipped with power steering, which makes the driving process much more comfortable. There is a public address system through which the driver can announce stops and other information to passengers.

The driver's seat is separated from the passenger compartment by a partition. Thanks to it, nothing distracts the driver while working.

Chassis of a domestic bus

All modifications of vehicles are equipped with steel wheels. Tires are tubeless type. The brake system is dual-circuit, with a pneumatic drive. In order to make driving the bus as comfortable as possible, as well as for better control over the situation, NefAZ has ABS. It is available in all models, regardless of configuration. The car body is made entirely of metal. The layout is carriage type. The body here is the supporting structure of the bus. Inside there are durable metal reinforcements that protect the bus from various deformations. For the convenience of passengers there are three doors. Each of them is double-leaf.

The doors are opened by a pneumatic drive.

Salon

The car has 25 seats. As for the general data on the capacity of the domestic NefAZ-5299 bus, the technical characteristics allow transporting no more than 84 people. There is no ventilation system in the cabin as such. It is of a natural type and is organized through a large number of vents and hatches on the roof.

The interior heating system is autonomous, based on a gas stove. Heat is distributed as evenly as possible throughout the cabin. The heating system elements are located along the entire internal perimeter of the machine.

Modifications

Model 5299-10 is a standard bus with a high floor. This is one of the very first buses that were produced at the plant. It must be said that at the very beginning of production, the developers did not have a clear design.

It was borrowed from the Belarusian MAZ-104. The remaining models that were produced later had an original design developed by the plant’s specialists.

Modification 5299-11 is a basic model intended for suburban transportation. There are two doors for passengers. The number of seats has been increased and is 45. The total number of passengers is 77 people. The cabin is equipped with travel seats, which are great for long trips.

Model 5299-17 is designed for intercity travel. The car is additionally equipped with a luggage compartment. The cabin can seat 43 passengers. The seats are very comfortable and comfortable with the ability to recline the backrest. There are also armrests here. The basic configuration of the car includes music and an air conditioning system. The audio system is organized in such a way that passengers can enjoy the music without distracting drivers.

Model 5299-30 is a semi-low-floor bus. Its capabilities, in contrast to the basic model, are slightly increased. The cabin can accommodate up to 115 people. The bus designers did not forget about people with disabilities. There are special places for them. The central door has a ramp that allows wheelchair access. You can install a wheelchair in the middle of the cabin and secure it securely using special belts.

About repair and maintenance

Carrying out maintenance and repair of NefAZ-5299 is not difficult. The vehicle was developed on the basis of components and mechanisms of KamAZ trucks. The mechanics have a lot of experience in repairing trucks and they can easily handle this bus. Spare parts (NefAZ-5299) are maximally unified with parts and components of KamAZ trucks, so you can easily find anything you want, and even something that is rare. Any spare components and parts can be purchased from official dealers. As for the durability of the bus, with good driving, as well as timely maintenance, these vehicles can last for several years before the very first repairs.

Model prices

The price for new NefAZ-5299 buses starts from 5 million rubles. There are also a lot of offers on the secondary market - used copies will cost much less. But you need to take into account that such machines require certain costs to restore and bring them back to normal.

The NefAZ-5299 bus is one of the most popular types of municipal transport in Russia. The same age as the new century, born in its still short life, it has already sold more than ten thousand copies throughout the car parks of the entire large country.

Description of the bus

It is indicative for assessing the reliability and driving characteristics of the NefAZ-5299 bus that it is based on the chassis of the KamAZ-5297 serial truck, proven by time, on and off-road. The wheels are tubeless, with steel rims, an all-metal body with stiffening ribs made of square pipes, dual-circuit pneumatic control and monitoring equipment that meets international standards, power steering - nothing new, but strong and safe.

The bus is equipped with an anti-lock brake system as standard.

The driver's cabin is separated from the passenger compartment by a glass partition that protects against noise and is equipped with a loudspeaker. The range of adjustments and suspension of the driver's seat are not as modern as we would like, but they allow you to get quite comfortable behind the wheel.

The entrance doors are opened from the cabin using pneumatic mechanisms.

Ventilation is natural, through hatches in the roof (there are three of them in the city bus) and side window vents.

Heat from an autonomous liquid or gas heater, which is also an engine preheater, is distributed evenly throughout the cabin, because the system elements are located around the perimeter of the bus.

The number of seats and the total capacity of the cabin depend on the modification of the NefAZ-5299 bus.

Bus technical characteristics

Overall dimensions of the base model - 11700 × 2500 × 3100 mm. The wheelbase is 5840 mm. The curb weight of the bus is more than ten, and the total weight is eighteen tons. The load is distributed unevenly across the axles: 6.5 tons on the front and 11.5 tons on the rear.

Ground clearance is 285 mm, minimum turning radius is 12 meters.

The maximum speed of a city base bus with a diesel engine is 74 km/h. Suburban drivers accelerate to 96 km/h, and speeds higher than this are not required on most Russian roads.

Bus engines

The NefAZ-5299 is equipped with several types of engines running on different types of fuel.

The 6ISBe270B with a power of 270 hp runs on diesel fuel. With. and a volume of 6.7 liters. The six-cylinder engine is turbocharged. is 24 liters per 100 km, fuel tank volume is 250 liters. The diesel engine complies with EURO-3 environmental standards. The transmission can be either manual or four-speed automatic.

Modifications that run on natural gas comply with higher environmental standards EURO-4 and EURO-5.

An eight-cylinder KamAZ-820.61-260 engine with a power of 260 hp runs on liquefied gas. With. volume 11.76 liters with turbocharging.

The six-cylinder engine of the Mercedes-Benz M 906 LAG/EEV/1 is slightly more powerful - 280 hp. With. with a smaller volume of 6.9 thousand liters.

The Yuchai YC6G260N-50 7.8L six-cylinder engine produces a maximum power of 247 HP. With.

The volume of the gas system of eight containers is 984 liters. Liquefied gas cylinders are located on the roof of the NefAZ-5299 bus (photo below).

A four-speed automatic transmission is installed, and a five-speed manual transmission with four synchronizers is installed on commuter cars.

Bus modifications

The popularity of the NefAZ-5299 bus is evidenced by the large number of modifications: since the beginning of production there have been forty-two of them.

The basic model is designed for transporting passengers within the city. The total capacity is 105 people, there can be 25 seats. This bus has three wide doors, can be equipped with either a diesel or gas engine, and almost all modifications have an automatic transmission.

In addition to the fact that most modifications of city buses are low-floor, they are also equipped with a forced body tilt system.

Suburban modifications have a smaller capacity - 89 people, but they are equipped with more comfortable tourist seats, suitable for long trips.

The intercity NefAZ-5299 with one door has 43 seats and is equipped with luggage compartments. Comfortable car seats with reclining backrests and armrests, air conditioning and a radio make long trips less tiring. A modification is available separately for intercity transportation in the north. It is equipped with additional batteries, electric heating of the fuel intake, and a tank for heating the fuel before starting.

If suburban modifications are all mid-floor, then city buses are also made in semi-low-floor and low-floor versions with ramps for passengers with disabilities and a special place in the center of the cabin for a wheelchair.

Bus maintenance and repair

Most of the components and assemblies of the NefAZ-5299 model have been tested on serial trucks and are well known to specialists, so their repair and service do not cause problems.

A high degree of unification not only reduced the cost of assembling buses, but also simplified and made repairs cheaper. You can buy spare parts from official KamAZ dealers, and their network is quite extensive.

Traveling on a commuter bus

The suburban NefAZ-5299 is designed for 45 seats, and almost the same number of passengers can stand. It has two doors located on opposite sides of the body, making the passageway uncomfortably long. And if we take into account that the seats with armrests are quite wide, then the passage can also be considered narrow, where it is difficult for two passengers, especially in warm clothes, to pass each other.

In addition, people, as a rule, travel on commuter buses with shopping bags, which in the NefAZ-5299 model simply have nowhere to put them. The seats are close enough to accommodate your legs, and the shelves above your heads are narrow. The bus has a luggage compartment, but its practical use is highly questionable. It can be used by passengers traveling from the beginning to the end of the route; at intermediate stops, the driver does not get out to open and close the lid again.

What is convenient for passengers is the large doorways, which are well illuminated at night, and low steps - modifications of commuter buses are all mid-floor.

The characteristics of the NefAZ-5299 bus make it very popular throughout the Russian Federation.

A well-thought-out design, equipment for the disabled on many modifications, air conditioning is convenient for passengers, good visibility, modern electronics and a fairly comfortable seat are advantages for drivers.

NefAZ-5299 is a Russian-made bus, which began production in 2000 at the Neftekamsk Automobile Plant. Most often used for passenger transportation around the city. During the period 2000–2013. More than 10,000 buses were produced from the assembly line, which indicates the great popularity of the model, which was included in the list of 100 best goods in Russia 5 times.

Basic technical characteristics of the model

NefAZ-5299 is a whole series of buses produced for urban, suburban and intercity passenger transportation. For all these purposes, the plant produces appropriate modifications. The basis for the production of the basic model of buses was the serially produced KamAZ platforms.

City bus NefAZ-5299 with a high level of passive and active safety

The designers decided to use the chassis of KamAZ trucks, proven by successful operation and multiple tests, which allows them to overcome various obstacles on the road. The chassis has high performance characteristics, having a large margin of safety. All bus equipment meets international technical standards.

This model is used for mass passenger transportation around the city, so the bus is subject to high safety requirements and compliance with environmental standards. The model has a high level of passive and active safety. Modifications that run on methane comply with environmental safety standards Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5.

Technical characteristics of the base model

BodyCarriage layout, load-bearing
Doors3 units
Doorway1.2 m
Wheels4x2
Body potential12 years
Turn (radius)12 m
Maximum speed70 km/h
Fuel consumption24 liters per 100 kilometers
Total number of seats101
Number of seats25+1
Length11.8 m
Width2.5 m
Height3m
Base5.96 m
Full mass18 tons
Ceiling height2.5 m
Brake systemRheostatic and pneumatic
Ventilation systemNatural
HeatingRadiator
EngineCummins 6ISBe270B
BridgeRABA or ZF

Modifications of NefAZ-5299 buses

The Neftekamsk plant produces a whole series of modifications of model 5299 buses. A total of 42 modifications have been produced since the start of production. Such a large number is due to the high demand for this model, as well as the variety of conditions in which the bus is operated.

Modification 5299-10 is the first model of this series, production of which began in 2000. The body is made of all-metal material. Initially, the design was the same as that of the Belarusian MAZ 104 bus, but in 2004 the exterior was modified. Modification 5299-10 is equipped with a diesel engine and gearbox from KamAZ. The length of all three doorways is 1.2 meters.

Bus NefAZ-5299-10 is the first model in this series

Modification 5299-11 is intended for suburban passenger transportation. Among the features of this modification of the base model, one can highlight the fact that 5299-11 has only two doors, and the number of seats has increased to 45. The total capacity of the bus is 77 units. Comfortable tourist seats designed for long trips are installed.

NefAZ 5299-11 luxury bus for suburban transportation

Modification 5299-30-32 is intended for urban passenger transportation. The body is frame, supporting with thermal insulation. The engine is located at the rear of the bus. The heating system is based on a liquid heater. There are 3 ventilation hatches on the roof. The doors open into the cabin using a pneumatic electronic drive. The bus is equipped to transport disabled people. The cabin has 4 seats for people with disabilities.

Technical characteristics of the bus modification 5299-30-32

Total capacity97 people
Total capacity (disabled option)88 people
Number of seats25+1
Number of seats (wheelchair option)26+1
Curb weight of the bus11 tons
Full mass18 tons
Mass distribution:
- front axle6.5 tons
- rear axle11.5 tons
Floor height at front and middle doors36 centimeters
Floor height at rear door level78 centimeters
Distance from step to road level36 centimeters
Doorway width1.2 m
Distance from ceiling to floor:
- at the level of the rear door2.2 m
- at the level of the front and middle doors2.5 m
Chassis:
- modelKamAZ-5297
- wheels4x2
Engine:
- modelCummins 6ISBe270B
- volume6.7 liters
- power201 kW
- maximum speed70 km/h

City bus NefAZ-5299-30-32 is equipped with seats for transporting disabled people

Modification 52994 is low-floor. The bus is designed for passenger transportation around the city. There are no steps in the doorways. It differs from the base model by the middle door moved back. The total capacity of this modification is 96 people. A special feature of the model is the presence of an electronic air suspension control system. Noteworthy is the navigation system and the device that monitors the driver’s condition. The driver's cabin and interior are equipped with air conditioning.

Comfortable city bus NefAZ-52994, the interior is equipped with air conditioning

Modification 5299-30-31 (methane) is intended for passenger transportation around the city. The body is monocoque with three double doors that open electrically. The heating system operates on the basis of an autonomous gas heater. The volume of all cylinders is 984 liters, which allows them to hold 197 m3 of gas at a pressure of 200 atmospheres.

Advantages of this modification:

  • saving on fuel (allows you to reduce costs by 2–3 times);
  • the amount of exhaust gases and toxic emissions is significantly reduced;
  • the cost of paying for harmful emissions into the atmosphere is reduced by 3.6 times;
  • maintenance costs are reduced;
  • The gas used as fuel is much safer than propane or gasoline.

A special feature of modification 5299-30-31 is increased comfort for passengers. Convenience of boarding and disembarking is ensured by the optimal height of the bus, which is semi-low-floor. Smooth ride is ensured thanks to the air suspension and hydromechanical gearbox VOITH D845.3E.

Technical characteristics of modification 5299-30-31

Kind of transportCity bus
Total number of seats84
Number of seats25
Mass distribution:
- on the front axle6.4 tons
- on the rear axle11.6 tons
- full mass18 tons
Dimensions:
- height3.4 m
- width2 m
- length11.9 m
- rear overhang2.7 m
- front overhang3.3 m
- distance between axles5.8 m
Fuel system:
- cylinders8 cylinders of 133 liters each
- volume of fuel to be filled197 m3
- fuelCompressed natural gas
Transmission
- number of gears4
- modelVOITH D854.3E
- typeHydromechanical automatic
Engine:
- model820.61
- cylindersV-8
- power260 hp
- working volume11.8 l
- environmental SafetyEuro 4
Doors3 units
VentilationNatural

Bus NefAZ-5299-30-31, economical model running on gas

Modification 5299-17 is intended for intercity passenger transportation. A distinctive feature of this model is the design of the front part. The bus is equipped with a luggage compartment and tilt-sliding doors. Air conditioning is often installed in the cabin. The total capacity of the bus is 59 seats, of which 43 are for sitting. The model is equipped with a German-made ZF manual transmission and a Cummins engine.

NefAZ-5299-17 universal, high-quality intercity bus

The NefAZ-5299 bus is very popular in Russia. This was achieved thanks to the versatility and high build quality of this model. The bus is very convenient for passengers, which is ensured by a well-thought-out design, the presence of equipment for the disabled, installed on many modifications, the ability to install air conditioners, etc. The advantages for the driver are good visibility, a comfortable seat and modern electronics. In emergency situations, the ABS system, included in the basic package, will come to the rescue.

Video: Bus NefAZ-5299-20-32 in action

The NefAZ 5299 bus was put into mass production in 2000. It is one of the most common types of special equipment used as municipal transport. The Neftekamsk Automobile Plant produces about 1000 copies of these buses annually. They are supplied to bus depots throughout the country.

Technical characteristics of the NefAZ 5299 city bus

Familiarization with the technical characteristics of NefAZ 5299 allows you to evaluate the advantages of buses of this series. The chassis of serial KamAZ trucks served as the basis for the production of buses. Time-tested and extensively tested truck platforms allow buses to easily overcome any obstacles on the road. All elements of the chassis have a high margin of safety and perform well in operation. The control and control equipment meets all international standards for buses of this class. The level of active and passive safety is also high.

Engines for NefAZ 5299 come in several types. The KamAZ-820.61-260 engine has a maximum net power of 260 horsepower at a rotation speed of 2200 rpm. The maximum torque is 931 N*m. The eight-cylinder power unit uses a V-shaped cylinder arrangement. The working volume is 11.76 liters. Liquefied gas is used as fuel. The engine is equipped with turbocharging with pre-cooling of the air flow, electromagnetic metering and distributed injection with spark ignition. The motor complies with international environmental standards EURO-4. The bus is equipped with 8 cylinders with a capacity of 123 liters each. The gearbox is four-speed automatic.

Cummins 6ISBe270B diesel engines have a net power of 270 horsepower at a rotation speed of 2500 rpm. The maximum torque is 970 N*m. The six-cylinder power unit has an in-line arrangement of cylinders. Working volume - 6.7 liters. The engine is turbocharged with air pre-cooling. Meets the requirements of EURO-3 environmental standards. The fuel consumption of NefAZ 5299 with this type of engine is 24 liters per 100 kilometers. The fuel tank capacity is 250 liters.

NefAZ 5299 has the following overall dimensions: length - 11.76 meters, width - 2.5 meters, height - 3.036 meters, wheelbase - 5.84 meters. The curb weight of the bus is 10.24 tons, and the total weight is 18 tons. Load distribution along the axles: front - 6.5 tons, rear - 11.5 tons. The minimum turning radius is 12 meters. The bus is equipped with hydraulic power steering and a loudspeaker so that the driver can make announcements to the cabin. The driver's compartment is separated from the passenger compartment by a glass partition, which provides high noise insulation so that extraneous sounds do not distract the driver from driving the vehicle.

The bus is equipped with steel wheels measuring 8.25x22.5 and tubeless radial tires measuring 275/70 R22.5. The brake system has two circuits and pneumatic action. To help the driver in emergency situations on the road, the ABS system is designed, which is included in the basic package. The all-metal carriage-type body plays the role of a supporting structure. It is equipped with stiffening ribs that protect the bus from deformation. Passengers enter through three double doors, which open automatically from the driver's cabin thanks to pneumatic mechanisms.

In total, the cabin has 25 seats, and the total capacity is 84 people. Ventilation is carried out naturally through side window vents and hatches. Heating is carried out using an autonomous gas heater. The heat is evenly distributed throughout the cabin, since the heating elements are located along the entire internal perimeter of the bus.

The plant produces several modifications based on the basic model

NefAZ 5299-10 is a standard high-floor bus. The very first models produced by the Neftekamsk plant received this index. Initially, the appearance of the buses was borrowed from the Belarusian MAZ 104. Later buses received their own original exterior design.

NefAZ 5299-11 is a suburban modification of the base model. It has only two doors for boarding passengers, and the number of seats has been increased to 45 units. In total, the bus can accommodate up to 77 people. It is equipped with more comfortable tourist seats, which are well suited for long journeys.

NefAZ 5299-17 is a long-distance modification. The bus is equipped with special compartments for luggage and has 43 seats. The cabin has comfortable seats with reclining backrests and armrests. Air conditioning and radio are also included as standard. The audio system speakers are directed into the cabin so that passengers can listen to music on the road, but at the same time it does not distract the driver from his duties.

NefAZ 5299-30 is a semi-low-floor modification of the base model. It has increased cabin capacity to 115 people, as well as special seats for people with disabilities. The central door is equipped with a special ramp, which allows you to easily enter the salon in a wheelchair. There is also a special place for a wheelchair in the middle part of the bus, which is equipped with a seat belt. It allows you to fasten the stroller so that it does not dangle around the cabin while moving.

Maintenance and repair of NefAZ 5299 does not pose any particular difficulties. The use of components and assemblies tested on production trucks has allowed us to accumulate a wealth of experience, so that a skilled mechanic can cope with any repair in the shortest possible time. The high degree of commonality of parts with KamAZ trucks makes it easy to find any spare parts for NefAZ 5299 from official dealers of the Kama plant. With skillful driving and timely maintenance, buses will last for more than one year until the first major overhaul.

The price of NefAZ 5299 for new models is about 5 million rubles. On the secondary market you can buy equipment several times cheaper. But it should be borne in mind that equipment that has been used may require additional costs to bring it into proper condition. Therefore, when choosing a model, you should conduct a thorough inspection and diagnostics in order to buy a truly worthwhile product.