Relay type RVTs-6-50 belongs to mechanical time devices with a contact output, with a clock balance mechanism, with a spring motor, and with an adjustable time delay. The relay is designed for automatic cyclic reversal and shutdown of single-phase electric motors of washing machines and other appliances. To set the relay time delay, turn the winding shaft clockwise using the pointer knob, and the electric motor will turn on immediately after a pause, during which preparations for reversing the electric motor occur.
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Technical characteristics of the RVTs-6-50 relay are:
1) time delay range 1...6 min; 2) shutdown error ±40 sec; 3) the duration of the reversing working period is 50±5 seconds; 4) the duration of the pause before reversing is 10±5 seconds; 5) rated current switched by contacts at a voltage of 220V - 6A; 6) the angle of rotation of the winding shaft corresponding to a time delay of 1 minute is 45 degrees.
Washing machine "Azovie" type SM-1.5
Another representative of the SM type is the Azovye washing machine. The machine drive consists (Fig. 2) of an M electric motor type KD-180-4/56 (shown in the photo on the right, information about it can be found here http://www.krzed.ru/catalog/119/45/), a relay time CT type RVR-6 and thermal relay RT type RT-10-1,4-UCH. The circuit also includes a group of capacitors C1, C2, C3 of type KBG-MN-600V with a capacity of 4 μF. To connect to the network, the machine is equipped with an XF cord of the ShBVL-VP2x0.25 brand. The activator drive is started and stopped using a time relay, the handle of which is located on the control panel. The washing time is adjusted by a time relay within 0...6 minutes.
A little about the relay used. 
To obtain intermittent-reversible movement of the activator, a reversing time relay RVR-6 is installed in the washing machine, on the shaft of which a cam 5 is installed (see Fig. 3), which switches the windings of the electric motor of the activator drive in the required sequence to create its reverse movement. The relay simultaneously performs the functions of a master device and a wash duration limiter, like a conventional time relay RV-6, combined with a master device consisting of a cam and two contact groups. The cams of the driving device open contacts 6 and 7 of the working winding circuit of the activator drive motor, de-energizing it, and then switch contacts 1, 2 and 3 of the starting winding circuit, changing the direction of the current. The electric motor is connected to the network by closing the contacts of the time relay switching device. The contacts are closed when the pointer handle attached to shaft 4 is turned clockwise for the required washing time.
The washing process involves removing various contaminants from the surfaces of products. It can be reduced to three stages: separation of dirt particles from the surface to be cleaned, to which they
stuck; transferring individual water-insoluble particles into the cleaning solution; keeping these particles in the solution until it is changed and eliminating any possibility of their re-sedimentation and adhesion to the surface being washed.
Classification of washing machines. Washing machines are divided according to various criteria: functions performed, washing method, number of tanks, degree of mechanization of laundry processing processes, degree of automation of processes, presence of liquid heating, nominal capacity.
Depending on the functions performed, they are distinguished: washing machines, machines for spinning clothes, washing machines with spinning clothes.
According to the washing method, washing machines are classified into machines with a disk activator, drum-type machines, etc. In machines with an activator, the mechanical effect on the laundry is produced by a disk with protruding ribs located along a radius or a helix. The disk rotates at high speed around its axis in one direction. Sometimes the rotation of the disc can be reversed.
Drum washing machines are machines in which the laundry is placed in a horizontal or inclined perforated drum, rotating slowly around its axis in one direction or alternately in different directions. The laundry is not completely immersed in the washing solution.
Machines for spinning clothes are either centrifugal or roller.
Washing machines can be single- or double-tank. Single-tank machines perform washing and rinsing (machines with a disk activator) and, in addition, spinning (drum machines). In two-tank machines, as a rule, one tank is used for washing and rinsing clothes, and the other is for spinning and sometimes rinsing.
According to the degree of mechanization of laundry processing processes, washing machines with spinning of clothes come with mechanization only for washing (rinsing); with mechanization of washing (rinsing) and pumping out
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fluid machines; with mechanization of washing (rinsing), spinning and pumping out liquid.
According to the degree of process automation, laundry washing machines are divided into non-automatic, semi-automatic and automatic.
Depending on the heating of the water, washing machines are available without heating, with full heating, and with additional heating.
Depending on the nominal capacity, machines come in 1; 1.5; 2; 3 and 4 kg of laundry or more. The nominal capacity of the machine refers to the amount of dry laundry in kilograms that can be simultaneously processed in one operation or one wash cycle.
According to the current standard, washing machines have certain designations indicating the type of machine according to its functional purpose, the degree of mechanization and automation of individual operations, as well as the nominal capacity. For example, SM-1 is a washing machine for 1 kg of dry laundry; SMR-1.5 - washing machine with manual spinning of laundry for 1.5 kg of dry laundry, etc.
Washing machines without spinning clothes (SM). Washing machines without spinning clothes are usually designed for a small capacity: 0.75-1 kg of dry laundry.
The machine has a streamlined plastic body with a groove on the side wall into which a removable unit is inserted: electric motor - activator. The block in the non-working position is placed in the machine body.
Washing machines with manual spinning of clothes (SMP). These machines are characterized by incomplete mechanization of the washing processes. They spin their clothes manually.
SMR machines are available in two types: SMR-1.5 and SMR-2.
SMR-1.5 machines have a cylindrical shape and wash using a disk activator located eccentrically in the inclined bottom of the washing tank.
Machines of the SMR-2 type have a rectangular shape and are washed using a disk activator located on the side wall of the washing tank.
The main design elements of SMR-1.5 washing machines are as follows: cylindrical body; washing tank with an inclined bottom; disk activator; squeezing device; a hydraulic system, including a hose connecting the tank drain hole to the pump; pump, drain hose; frame; electric motor with protective starting equipment; cover, etc.
The squeezing device on standardized machines is detachable. When not in use, it is placed in the washing tank; for operation, it is installed in two corner brackets attached to the machine body from the outside.
The squeezing device consists of a housing, two rubber-coated rolls, a spring spring that provides the necessary pressure between the rolls, and an adjusting screw that increases or decreases the spring pressure on the roll supports.
SMR-2 machines have the same structural components as SMR-1.5 machines. The machine body is rectangular. Its upper part is occupied by a washing tank, which is made of double alloys of aluminum with manganese or magnesium. To protect against corrosion, the tanks are anodized. A plastic disk activator is placed on the side flat wall of the tank.
Semi-automatic washing machines (SMP), In such washing machines, all washing processes are completely mechanized (washing, rinsing, spinning clothes, pumping out the washing solution), and some of them are automated. All machines have automatic washing (rinsing), and some, in addition, have spinning. Automation of these processes is achieved through the installation of time relays in machines. By turning the relay knob, you “set” the washing, rinsing or spinning time; after the specified time, the engine turns off.
Semi-automatic machines can be single- or double-tank.
In semi-automatic single-tank machines, washing, rinsing and spinning clothes are done by rotating the drum. The capacity of the machines is 1.5 or 2 kg of dry laundry. The main design elements of the machines are: body, washing
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tank with perforated drum, hydraulic system, electrical equipment.
In semi-automatic double-tank machines, laundry is washed (rinsed) using a disk activator in the washing tank, and spinning is done using a centrifuge built into the machine. After washing (rinsing), the laundry is transferred from the washing tank to the centrifuge. The capacity of the machines is 1.5 or 2 kg of dry laundry. All twin-tank semi-automatic machines are rectangular in shape. The main design elements of the machines are: housing, washing tank with activator, centrifuge, hydraulic system, electrical equipment.
Automatic washing machines (AWA). Automatic washing machines began to be adopted by industry in our country in the late 60s. Such machines produce a capacity of 3-5 kg of dry laundry.
According to the washing method, automatic machines are mainly of the drum type. The working part of such a machine is a perforated drum with internal ridges. The drum is approximately ″/3 immersed in the washing solution located in the external tank-casing of the machine. Drum-type machines can be top-loading or front-loading.
When loading laundry from the top, a window with a latch is made in the perforated drum. In this case, careful manufacturing of the window and valves is required, which should not have protruding corners and edges in order to avoid mechanical damage to the tissues. When loading frontally, a loading door is made in the machine body, which must close tightly.
Washing clothes in drum machines is done using the shoveling method. The laundry is picked up by the combs, lifted and then falls into the washing solution under the influence of gravity.
To automate washing processes, software devices, thermostats, washing solution level sensors, electromagnetic valves, etc. are installed in machines.
Operational characteristics of washing machines. Requirements for their quality. The main functional and ex-
The operational properties of washing machines are; washability of laundry, rinsing efficiency, spin efficiency, wear of laundry during washing, labor costs, time, consumption of detergents, water, ease of use and safety.
Laundry washability - the main property by which the quality of machines is judged.
The quality of washing depends on the design of the machine, water hardness, type of detergent, nature and degree of soiling of the laundry, type of laundry fiber, selected washing technology, etc.
In machines of different designs, it is possible to achieve the same washability of the laundry, but at the same time the wear of the fabrics will be different.
Rinse efficiency the process of which consists in removing soluble detergent substances and water-insoluble suspended and emulsified particles of contaminants remaining on the laundry from laundry, depends on the number of cycles it is carried out. Rinsing requires a lot of water. For SMR machines, three- and four-fold rinsing is required, for double-tank SMP machines - two and three times.
Spin efficiency determined by the ratio of the mass of water remaining in the laundry after spinning to the mass of the laundry in an air-dry state.
Wear and tear when washing depends on many factors. Research has established that laundry wears out less when washed in drum-type machines, more in machines with an agitator, with a side-mounted activator, and much more in machines with a bottom activator and especially with a horizontal bottom.
Physical labor costs during operation of machines are determined by the degree of mechanization of individual washing operations.
| Water consumption depends on the type of car. Washing machines with a disk activator consume about 80 liters of water per 1 kg of laundry, drum-type machines - approximately 55 l/kg.
Detergent consumption when washing by machine it depends on the type of machine, water hardness, degree of soiling of the laundry, but it is 15% less than by hand washing.
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In addition to the noted requirements for operational properties, the quality of washing machines is influenced by water resistance in the interfaces of units in contact with liquid; corrosion resistance of all parts in contact with the washing solution; the absence of sharp edges on these parts that can cause mechanical damage to the linen; the ability to easily replace drive belts and adjust their tension; complete release of water from the hydraulic system after the end of washing and blocking of the loading hatch cover when the washing machine is operating (on drum-type washing machines).
Overripe, “non-standard” fruits, carrion... A zealous owner and they go to work: they are processed into natural fruit juices. The result is a valuable long-lasting product, which in terms of the content of vitamins and biologically active substances has no equal.
With relatively small “production volumes,” no particular difficulties arise here. The latter appear when raw materials have to be processed in significant quantities. After all, mini-juicers produced by industry are no longer suitable for this purpose; equipment with greater productivity is needed. And it is almost impossible to get it (especially during the period of mass ripening of fruits), as amateur gardeners and gardeners write.
An interesting, in our opinion, solution to this problem was found by long-time reader and subscriber of the magazine A. Kotenev. As an original juicer, he uses a used washing machine that has undergone some modification.
I was forced to quickly start constructing a high-performance juicer due to the abundant fruit harvest grown on my personal farmstead. I decided: let it be a machine with an electric drive, in which the grinding of raw materials to the required condition, the extraction of the produced juice, and the washing of the entire working volume after completion of juice separation and pulp removal are carried out due to centrifugal forces.
To bring this idea to life, the Gauja household centrifuge with appropriate modifications would have been the best choice, but it was not at hand. But there was an old-style (round) Volga washing machine that had long fallen into disrepair. This is what he adapted for a new role: instead of washing clothes, to produce natural fruit juice. It turned out pretty well. And the productivity is such that, say, a bucket of apples or pears is processed by my juicer in 3-5 minutes with an output of 3-3.5 liters of juice.
I was convinced that with the help of such a machine you can quickly and efficiently process any amount of raw material into juice. As for its reliability, I declare with full responsibility: in eight years of operation, the juicer has never let me down.
The design, as can be seen from the figure, is not complicated and is quite accessible for manufacturing at home. For a washing machine (any type of SMR-1.5 will do, including those with a square base), the body, tank, drain hose, machine, cable and cover are used. Moreover, the old hole for the passage of the activator shaft in the tank is sealed, and a new one is made in the center (under the engine shaft) with a pipe. The centrifuge drum parts are made of 1 mm thick stainless steel sheet; its walls are perforated with a hole diameter of 3 mm. The mesh insert is brass, with cell sizes 1X1 mm.
Rice. 1. Washing machine SMR-1.5 as a juicer:
1 - support bracket with a “shoe” made of sponge rubber, 2 - bracket, 3 - support shock absorber assembly, 4 - support bracket, 5 - electric motor, 6 - rubber stretchers (from a manual expander), 7 - socket for automatic power switch, 8 - shaft, 9 - thrust washer, 10 - bottom of the centrifuge drum, 11 - grater on the base circle, 12 - washer, 13 - M14 nut, 14 - perforated wall of the centrifuge drum with a mesh liner, 15 - loading tube, 16 - cover with four M4 clamping screws on the upper shell, 17 - pipe, 18 - tank with drain tube, 19 - socket for a phase-shifting capacitor, 20 - housing, 21 - wheel with a sponge rubber tire.
The drum is placed on a thrust washer cut from 3 mm stainless steel sheet. A grater located on a circle-base is pressed against it, also made of a stainless steel sheet (but already 0.8 mm thick), in which tetrahedral cuts are made along epicycloidal lines (like a regular metal grater) with a pitch of 5-8 mm. All this is secured to the end of the motor shaft using an M14 nut with a lock washer.
A loading pipe (made of stainless steel sheet 1 mm thick) enters from above into the drum, almost touching the grater. Its position is fixed with four M4 clamping screws on the top shell of the cover.
The motor is three-phase asynchronous, with a squirrel-cage rotor, with a power of 1.1 kW. It is installed in the juicer on rubber shock absorbers. In order to minimize the risk of radial runout, the centrifuge grater is statically balanced before final fastening of the working elements to the motor shaft.
The motor is connected to a single-phase network according to a well-proven circuit with a phase-shifting capacitor, the capacitance of which, strictly speaking, should vary depending on the speed. Since it is extremely difficult to actually fulfill the last condition, switching is carried out with the calculated (starting) capacitance, and after acceleration the starting capacitor is turned off, leaving the working capacitor.
Rice. 2. Electrical diagram of a structure with a three-phase electric motor in a single-phase network (connection of windings - “triangle”).
The capacity of the working capacitor C p (in microfarads) for a three-phase electric motor, the windings of which are connected in a delta circuit, is determined in general form by the formula:
C p = 4800 * I / U
(when switched on according to the “star” scheme, instead of the coefficient 4800, 2800 is taken). And the current I (in amperes) with a known electric motor power can be determined from the expression:
The capacity of the starting capacitor C p is usually taken to be 1.5-2 times greater than that of the working capacitor. But in our particular case, the engine is running underload, so C p, like C p, could be reduced. After experimenting, for example, I settled on this option: C p = 65 µF, and I completely abandoned C p, taking into account the specific operating conditions and type of engine.
In conclusion, I consider it necessary to note that the proposed design of the juicer, with careful implementation of all mechanical components and electrical equipment, is trouble-free in operation, simple and easy to use. Once you do it, you won't regret it.
A. KOTENEV, electrical engineer, Beshtek
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