To supply power to motors or any other devices, contactors or magnetic starters are used. Devices designed to be powered on and off frequently. The connection diagram for a magnetic starter for a single-phase and three-phase network will be discussed further.

Contactors and starters - what's the difference?

Both contactors and starters are designed to close/open contacts in electrical circuits, usually power ones. Both devices are assembled on the basis of an electromagnet and can operate in DC and DC circuits. alternating current different power— from 10 V to 440 V direct current and up to 600 V AC. Have:

• a certain number of working (power) contacts through which voltage is supplied to the connected load;
• a number of auxiliary contacts - for organizing signal circuits.

So what's the difference? What is the difference between contactors and starters? First of all, they differ in the degree of protection. Contactors have powerful arc extinguishing chambers. This leads to two other differences: due to the presence of arc arresters, contactors have big size and weight, and are also used in circuits with high currents. For low currents - up to 10 A - only starters are produced. By the way, they are not produced for high currents.

There's another one design feature: starters are produced in a plastic case; only the contact pads are exposed outside. Contactors, in most cases, do not have a housing, therefore they must be installed in protective housings or boxes that will protect against accidental contact with live parts, as well as from rain and dust.

In addition, there is some difference in purpose. The starters are designed to start asynchronous three-phase motors. Therefore, they have three pairs of power contacts - for connecting three phases, and one auxiliary one, through which power continues to flow to operate the engine after the “start” button is released. But since such an operating algorithm is suitable for many devices, a wide variety of devices are connected through them - lighting circuits, various devices and devices.

Apparently because the “filling” and functions of both devices are almost the same, in many price lists the starters are called “small contactors”.

Design and principle of operation

To better understand the connection diagrams of a magnetic starter, you need to understand its structure and operating principle.

The base of the starter is a magnetic circuit and an inductor. The magnetic core consists of two parts - movable and stationary. They are made in the form of the letters “Ш” with their “legs” facing each other.

The lower part is fixed to the body and is stationary, the upper part is spring-loaded and can move freely. A coil is installed in the slot in the lower part of the magnetic circuit. Depending on how the coil is wound, the rating of the contactor changes. There are coils for 12 V, 24 V, 110 V, 220 V and 380 V. On the top of the magnetic circuit there are two groups of contacts - movable and fixed.

In the absence of power, the springs press out the upper part of the magnetic circuit, the contacts are in their original state. When voltage appears (press the start button, for example), the coil generates an electromagnetic field that attracts the upper part of the core. In this case, the contacts change their position (picture on the right).

When the voltage drops, the electromagnetic field also disappears, the springs push the moving part of the magnetic circuit up, and the contacts return to their original state. This is the operating principle of an electromagnetic starter: when voltage is applied, the contacts close, and when voltage is lost, they open. Any voltage can be applied to the contacts and connected to them - either constant or alternating. It is important that its parameters are not greater than those declared by the manufacturer.

There is one more nuance: the starter contacts can be of two types: normally closed and normally open. Their operating principle is clear from the names. Fine closed contacts when triggered they turn off, normally open ones close. The second type is used to supply power; it is the most common.

Connection diagrams for a magnetic starter with a 220 V coil

Before we move on to the diagrams, let’s figure out what and how these devices can be connected. Most often, two buttons are required - “start” and “stop”. They can be made in separate housings, or they can be a single housing. This is the so-called push-button post.

Everything is clear with individual buttons - they have two contacts. One receives power, the other leaves it. There are two groups of contacts in the post - two for each button: two for start, two for stop, each group on its own side. There is also usually a ground terminal. Nothing complicated either.

Connecting a starter with a 220 V coil to the network

Actually, there are many options for connecting contactors; we will describe a few. The diagram for connecting a magnetic starter to a single-phase network is simpler, so let's start with it - it will be easier to understand further.

Food, in in this case 220 V, is applied to the coil terminals, which are designated A1 and A2. Both of these contacts are located at the top of the case (see photo).

If you connect a cord with a plug to these contacts (as in the photo), the device will be in operation after the plug is inserted into the socket. In this case, any voltage can be applied to the power contacts L1, L2, L3, and it can be removed when the starter is triggered from contacts T1, T2 and T3, respectively. For example, you can apply to inputs L1 and L2 constant pressure from a battery that will power some device that will need to be connected to outputs T1 and T2.

When connecting single-phase power to the coil, it does not matter which output is supplied with zero and which with phase. You can switch the wires. Even most often, the phase is supplied to A2, since for convenience this contact is located on the bottom side of the housing. And in some cases it is more convenient to use it and connect the “zero” to A1.

But, as you understand, this scheme for connecting a magnetic starter is not particularly convenient - you can also supply conductors directly from the power source by building in a regular switch. But there is much more interesting options. For example, you can supply power to the coil through a time relay or light sensor, and connect a power line to the contacts. In this case, the phase is connected to contact L1, and zero can be taken by connecting to the corresponding coil output connector (in the photo above it is A2).

Diagram with start and stop buttons

Magnetic starters are most often installed to turn on an electric motor. It is more convenient to work in this mode if there are “start” and “stop” buttons. They are connected in series to the phase supply circuit to the output of the magnetic coil. In this case, the diagram looks like the figure below. note that

But with this method of switching on, the starter will only operate for as long as the “start” button is held down, and this is not what is required for long work engine. Therefore, a so-called self-catching circuit is added to the circuit. It is implemented using auxiliary contacts on the starter NO 13 and NO 14, which are connected in parallel with the start button.

In this case, after the START button returns to its original state, power continues to flow through these closed contacts, since the magnet has already been attracted. And power is supplied until the circuit is broken by pressing the “stop” key or by triggering a thermal relay, if there is one in the circuit.

Power for the motor or any other load (phase from 220 V) is supplied to any of the contacts marked with the letter L, and is removed from the contact marked T located underneath it.

It is shown in detail in what order it is better to connect the wires in next video. The whole difference is that not two separate buttons are used, but a push-button post or push-button station. Instead of a voltmeter, you can connect a motor, pump, lighting, or any device that operates on a 220 V network.

Connecting a 380 V asynchronous motor via a starter with a 220 V coil

This circuit differs only in that three phases are connected to contacts L1, L2, L3 and three phases also go to the load. One of the phases is energized to the starter coil - contacts A1 or A2. In the figure this is phase B, but most often it is phase C as it is less loaded. The second contact is connected to the neutral wire. A jumper is also installed to maintain power supply to the coil after the START button is released.

As you can see, the scheme has remained virtually unchanged. Only it added a thermal relay that will protect the engine from overheating. The assembly procedure is in the next video. Only the assembly of the contact group differs - all three phases are connected.

Reversible circuit for connecting an electric motor through starters

In some cases, it is necessary to ensure that the motor rotates in both directions. For example, for the operation of a winch, in some other cases. A change in the direction of rotation occurs due to phase reversal - when connecting one of the starters, two phases must be swapped (for example, phases B and C). The circuit consists of two identical starters and a button block, which includes a common “Stop” button and two “Back” and “Forward” buttons.

To increase safety, a thermal relay has been added, through which two phases pass, the third is supplied directly, since protection in two is more than enough.

Starters can be with a 380 V or 220 V coil (indicated in the specifications on the cover). If it is 220 V, one of the phases (any) is supplied to the coil contacts, and “zero” from the panel is supplied to the second. If the coil is 380 V, any two phases are supplied to it.

Also note that the wire from the power button (right or left) is not fed directly to the coil, but through the permanently closed contacts of another starter. Contacts KM1 and KM2 are shown next to the starter coil. This creates an electrical interlock that prevents two contactors from being energized at the same time.

Since not all starters have normally closed contacts, you can take them by installing additional block with contacts, which is also called a contact attachment. This attachment snaps into special holders, it contact groups work together with groups of the main building.

The following video shows a diagram for connecting a magnetic starter with reverse on an old stand using old equipment, but general order action is clear.

The main element of the ignition system - the ignition coil (IC) - is a fairly reliable element of the car. Its failures are quite rare and are mainly associated with the purchase of a low-quality product or its improper operation. If, however, there is a need to connect the ignition coil yourself, the work is not difficult to do if you follow a simple procedure.

General information

The design of the short circuit is similar to any other transformer. Electromagnetic induction converts low-voltage primary current into high-voltage secondary current, which is then “sent” to the spark plugs to produce a spark that ignites the fuel.

To connect a new ignition coil, it is not necessary to know the “secrets” of physical processes, and an understanding of the coil’s structure is desirable in order to follow the sequence of work.

Any short circuit consists of:

• primary and secondary windings;
• housings;
• insulator;
• external magnetic circuit and core;
• mounting bracket;
• covers;
• terminals

It is to the last elements of the coil that the remaining components of the ignition system will be connected through the wires, following the instructions.

Connection procedure

The system looks like this:

• the lock is supplied with current from a battery or generator;
• when the circuit is closed, the current flows to the positive contact of the short circuit;
• the “mass” of the short circuit goes to the distributor body, and high voltage wire- to its lid.
• The distributor transmits the impulse to the spark plugs using four wires.

The instructions for the car and on numerous automotive websites provide diagrams for connecting the ignition coils.

Regardless of the characteristics of the car, the connection is the same:

• the wire coming from the lock has Brown color and is connected to the terminal with the “+” sign;
• the black wire is connected to “K”;
• the third terminal (in the cover) is for the high-voltage wire.

On older cars (after replacing the wiring), the colors of the wires may differ. In this case, it is better to mark them when removing the old short circuit. If this is not done, you can see which color leads to the lock or distributor or ring “plus”.

Thus, with the connection of only three “wires” different colors and even a schoolboy can handle it in size. The main task after installation is to check the reliability of the contacts and fasteners of the housing, as well as to ensure short-circuit protection from moisture.

You can select a new reel by car brand at!

Connecting a magnetic starter and its small-sized variants is not difficult for experienced electricians, but for beginners it may be a task that requires some thought.

A magnetic starter is a switching device for remote control high power load.
In practice, often, the main application of contactors and magnetic starters is the starting and stopping of asynchronous electric motors, their control and reversal of engine speed.

But such devices also find their use in working with other loads, such as compressors, pumps, heating and lighting devices.

For special safety requirements (high humidity in the room), it is possible to use a starter with a 24 (12) volt coil. And the supply voltage of electrical equipment can be high, for example 380 volts and high current.

In addition to the immediate task of switching and controlling loads with high current, another important feature is the ability to automatically “turn off” the equipment when there is a “loss” of electricity.
A good example. While some machine, such as a sawing machine, was operating, the voltage in the network was lost. The engine stopped. The worker climbed to the working part of the machine, and then the tension appeared again. If the machine was controlled simply by a switch, the engine would immediately turn on, resulting in injury. When controlling the machine's electric motor using a magnetic starter, the machine will not turn on until the "Start" button is pressed.

Magnetic starter connection diagrams

Standard scheme. It is used in cases where it is necessary to carry out normal starting of an electric motor. The "Start" button was pressed - the engine turned on, the "Stop" button was pressed - the engine turned off. Instead of a motor, there can be any load connected to the contacts, for example a powerful heater.

In this circuit, the power section is powered by a three-phase alternating voltage of 380V with phases “A” “B” “C”. In cases of single-phase voltage, only two terminals are used.

The power part includes: three-pole circuit breaker QF1, three pairs of power contacts of the magnetic starter 1L1-2T1, 3L2-4T2, 5L3-6T3 and three-phase asynchronous electric motor M.

The control circuit receives power from phase “A”.
The control circuit diagram includes the SB1 “Stop” button, the SB2 “Start” button, the magnetic starter coil KM1 and its auxiliary contact 13NO-14NO, connected in parallel to the “Start” button.

When the QF1 machine is turned on, phases “A”, “B”, “C” go to the upper contacts of the magnetic starter 1L1, 3L2, 5L3 and are on duty there. Phase “A”, which supplies the control circuits, comes through the “Stop” button to the “3” contact of the “Start” button, the auxiliary contact of the starter 13NO and also remains on duty on these two contacts.

note. Depending on the voltage rating of the coil itself and the supply voltage used, there will be a different coil connection diagram.
For example, if the coil of a magnetic starter is 220 volts, one of its terminals is connected to the neutral, and the other, through buttons, to one of the phases.

If the coil rating is 380 volts, one output is to one of the phases, and the second, through a chain of buttons, to the other phase.
There are also 12, 24, 36, 42, 110 volt coils, so before you apply voltage to the coil, you must know exactly its rated operating voltage.

When you press the “Start” button, phase “A” hits the coil of the KM1 starter, the starter is triggered and all its contacts are closed. Voltage appears at the lower power contacts 2T1, 4T2, 6T3 and from them goes to the electric motor. The engine starts to rotate.

You can release the “Start” button and the engine will not turn off, since self-retaining is implemented using the auxiliary contact of the starter 13NO-14NO, connected in parallel to the “Start” button.

It turns out that after releasing the “Start” button, the phase continues to flow to the coil of the magnetic starter, but through its 13NO-14NO pair.

If there is no self-retaining, it will be necessary to keep the “Start” button pressed all the time so that the electric motor or other load runs.

To turn off the electric motor or other load, just press the “Stop” button: the circuit will break and the control voltage will stop flowing to the starter coil, the return spring will return the core with power contacts to initial position, the power contacts will open and disconnect the electric motor from the mains voltage.

What does the installation (practical) diagram for connecting a magnetic starter look like?

In order not to pull an extra wire to the “Start” button, you can place a jumper between the coil output and one of the nearest auxiliary contacts, in this case these are “A2” and “14NO”. And from the opposite auxiliary contact the wire runs directly to the “3” contact of the “Start” button.

How to connect a magnetic starter in a single-phase network

Electric motor connection diagram with thermal relay and circuit breaker

How to choose a circuit breaker (circuit breaker) to protect the circuit?

First of all, we choose how many “poles”; in a three-phase power supply circuit, a three-pole circuit breaker will naturally be needed, and in a 220 volt network, as a rule, a two-pole circuit breaker will be sufficient, although a single-pole circuit breaker will be sufficient.

Next important parameter there will be a trip current.

For example, if the electric motor is 1.5 kW. then its maximum operating current is 3A (real operating current may be less, it must be measured). This means that the three-pole circuit breaker must be set to 3 or 4A.

But the engine, we know, starting current much more than the worker, which means that a regular (household) automatic machine with a current of 3A will operate immediately when such an engine is started.

The characteristic of the thermal release must be selected D so that the machine does not trip when starting.

Or, if such a machine is not easy to find, you can select the current of the machine so that it is 10-20% greater than the operating current of the electric motor.

You can also go into a practical experiment and use a clamp meter to measure the starting and operating current of a particular motor.

For example, for a 4kW motor, you can install a 10A automatic.

To protect against motor overload, when the current increases above the set value (for example, phase loss), the contacts of the thermal relay RT1 open and the power circuit of the electromagnetic starter coil is broken.

In this case, the thermal relay acts as a “Stop” button, and is in the same circuit, in series. Where to put it is not particularly important, it can be in the section of the L1 - 1 circuit, if it is convenient for installation.

With the use of a thermal release, there is no need to so carefully select the current of the input circuit breaker, since the thermal protection of the motor should be quite adequate.

Connecting an electric motor via a reversing starter

This need arises when it is necessary for the engine to rotate alternately in both directions.

Changing the direction of rotation is implemented in a simple way; any two phases are swapped.

On almost all classic models it is traditionally installed standard system contact type ignition (KSZ). An exception is 21065, which uses a non-contact transistor circuit in which an interruption of the primary winding power circuit is realized using a breaker mounted in the distributor. Below we will consider in more detail how the contact ignition system of the VAZ-2106 is designed and works.

Contact ignition system device

In design contact diagram The ignition includes the following components:

lock (switch);

coil (short circuit);

breaker (MP);

distributor (MR);

regulators, centrifugal and vacuum (CR and VR);

candles (SZ);

high-voltage wires (VP).

Ignition coil(short circuit) with two windings allows by converting low voltage receive high current.

Mechanical breaker(MP) is structurally made together with a mechanical distributor (MR) in one housing - a distributor. It ensures the opening of the primary winding of the short circuit.

Mechanical distributor(MR) in the form of a rotor with a contact cover distributes current to the spark plugs.

Centrifugal regulator(CR) allows you to change the advance angle (DA) in proportion to the crankshaft speed. Structurally, the CR is made in the form of two weights. During rotation, they act on the movable plate on which the MP cams are located.

Vacuum regulator(BP) performs adjustments to the advance angle (TAA) depending on the load. When changing position throttle valve(DZ) the pressure in the cavity behind the DZ changes. The VR reacts to the degree of vacuum and adjusts the value of the SOP.

Operating principle and contact system diagram

The VAZ-2106 contact ignition system operates according to the following scheme. When the contacts in the breaker close, a low current flows into the primary winding of the short circuit. When the contacts open, a high current is indicated in the secondary winding of the short circuit, which is first transmitted through high-voltage wires to the MR cover and then distributed to the spark plugs.

An increase in crankshaft speed leads to an increase in the speed of rotation of the CR, the weights of which diverge to the sides under the action centrifugal forces. As a result, the movable plate moves, increasing the SOP. Accordingly, as the speed decreases, the advance angle decreases.

Contact transistor system ignition is a modernized version of the classic circuit, which uses a transistor switch (TC) connected to the circuit of the primary winding of the short circuit. This constructive solution allows you to significantly increase the service life of the distributor contacts by reducing the current strength of the primary winding.

Checking the ignition system of the VAZ-2106

Prepare a Phillips and flathead screwdriver, control lamp or tester, rubber gloves and pliers. Before you check contact ignition, turn on parking brake or install chocks under the car wheels.

First, carefully check the integrity of all elements of the system, as well as the reliability of the connection of high-voltage wires in all areas. They must be tightly seated in the appropriate contacts.

Turn on the ignition and check the current flow into the system. To do this, connect one wire of the lamp or tester to ground, and the second to the “+B” contact of the coil. The lamp should be on and the tester should show a voltage of more than 11 V. Turn off the ignition.

To test the high voltage wire, put on rubber gloves and remove the center wire from the distributor cover. Install a working spark plug into the cable end, and then press it against the mass with the metal part. Turn the ignition on and turn the crankshaft. If there is a discharge on the spark plug, then the wire is OK. In the case where there is no spark, you need to look for the cause of the malfunction in the distributor.

To check the performance of the distributor, remove the cover and inspect it for any damage, as well as the integrity of the carbon contact. If defects are found, the cover should be replaced with a new analogue.

Look at the distributor rotor. The runner must not have any damage. Sometimes the rotor housing can break through to ground. Also check the functionality of the noise suppression resistor installed in the rotor. If there is the slightest doubt, it is recommended to replace the rotor.

After this, it is necessary to check the presence of a gap between the contacts of the MP. First install the crankshaft using special key to a position in which the upper end of the distributor shaft cam will be located exactly in the center of the textolite pad of the rotating contact lever. Measure the gap between the MP contacts, its specified value is 0.35-0.4 mm. Make appropriate adjustments if necessary. After this, check the advance angle.

After completing the above steps and correcting any identified problems or replacing damaged components, start the engine. If in this case the motor does not work, try replacing the capacitor located in the breaker.

Useful tips

If the noise suppression resistance installed in the distributor rotor fails, it can be temporarily replaced with a spring from a regular ballpoint pen.

What should you do if you discover a breakdown of the ignition switch or a broken wiring along the way and as a result, power does not flow to the ignition coil? In this case, you can go to the nearest service center by connecting the emergency power supply using an additional wire. Connect one end of it to the positive terminal of the battery, and the other to the “+ B” terminal of the coil. However, make sure that there is no sparking. If strong spark discharges occur, immediately disconnect the wire. This means there is a problem with the wiring and this option will not work.

Car ignition is a set of devices and instruments that ensure ignition of the combustible mixture in the cylinders in accordance with engine operating modes. I'll tell you what this coil is, how important it is correct work for the ignition system. Let's look at what the ignition coil connection diagram looks like, and what it actually consists of.

The ignition coil is a transformer whose operation is aimed at increasing direct current. Its main task is to generate high-voltage current, without which arson is not possible. fuel mixture. Current from the battery flows to the primary winding. It consists of one hundred or more turns of copper wire, which is insulated with a special substance. Low voltage voltage (twelve volts) is supplied to the edges. The edges are connected to the contacts on its cover. On the secondary, the number of turns is much larger (up to thirty thousand) and the wire is much thinner. A high voltage is created on the secondary (from twenty-five to thirty thousand volts) due to the thickness and number of turns.

It is connected like this: the contact of the secondary circuit is connected to the negative contact of the primary, and the second contact of the winding is connected to the neutral terminal on the cover, this wire is the transmitter high voltage. A high-voltage wire is connected to this terminal, the other edge of which is connected to the neutral terminal on the cover. To create a strong magnetic field, an iron core is placed between the windings. The secondary winding is located inside the primary.

Structurally, the ignition coil consists of the following elements:

• Insulator;
• Frame;
• Insulating paper;
• Winding (primary and secondary);
• Insulating material between windings;
• Primary winding output terminal;
• Contact screw;
• Central terminal;
• Lid;
• Output terminal on the primary and secondary windings;
• Center terminal spring;
• Primary winding frame;
• External insulation on the primary winding;
• Mounting bracket;
• External magnetic circuit and core.

So, briefly about the principle of operation.

A high voltage current appears on the secondary winding, and at this moment a low current passes through the primary winding. Thus, a magnetic field arises, as a result of which a high voltage current pulse appears on the secondary winding. At the moment when it is necessary to create a spark, the contacts of the ignition breaker open, and at this moment the circuit opens on the primary winding. A high-voltage current arrives at the central contact of the cover and rushes into the contact near which the slider is located.

The connection diagram is quite simple for a specialist, but it is easy for a beginner to get confused in it.

When connecting the coil to the car’s ignition system, in principle, you should not have any difficulties if, during preliminary dismantling, you marked or remembered which wires are connected where. If you have not done this, then I will tell you how to do it. The connection is made as follows: you need to connect the brown wire to the positive terminal. Usually, the positive terminal is indicated by a “+”, but if you do not see a sign, then you need to find it yourself.
To do this, you can use an indicator screwdriver. I think you know how to use it. It is important that before connecting, clean all contacts and check the wires for serviceability. The black wire is connected to the second terminal (terminal “K”). This wire is connected to the voltage distributor (distributor).

The connection diagram of several elements is as follows. TO on-board network one end of the coil is connected. The second end is connected to the next one, and in this way every last one is connected. The remaining free contact of the last coil must be connected to the distributor. And a common point is connected to the voltage switch. Once all mounting bolts and nuts are securely tightened, the replacement can be considered complete.

Some important tips before replacing and connecting. If you have determined for yourself that the problem with the ignition malfunction is the coil, then it is better to immediately purchase a new one and connect it (the diagram is shown above).

If you find any defects on the surface, it is better to replace it immediately. Otherwise, it will work for some more time and you will have to return to this topic again. It’s better to play it safe in advance so as not to stop somewhere on the road. After all, ignition of a car does not forgive mistakes and negligence.

When repairing a car, especially when it comes to the ignition system, you need to be extremely careful in your actions. So how can you encounter high voltage wires. Therefore, when replacing or performing repairs, you must follow safety regulations.

Video “Ignition coil connection diagram”

The recording shows how you can connect the coil yourself.