Electronic control unit - what drives the engine? Electronic control unit (controller) of the internal combustion engine Ecu, which consists of

ECU stands for Electronic Control Unit. This is a small electronic board responsible for collecting and processing various information about the condition of the machine. If the engine can be called the heart, then the ECU is, without a doubt, the brain. This device is also referred to as a "controller". Information about speed, engine and outside temperature, oxygen level, etc. enters the ECU from sensors. Commands for the ignition system, gearbox (for the automatic machine), ABS, fuel pump, light control and other systems come from it.

In order to understand what an ECU is in a car, first you need to understand how this system works. First of all, the ECU collects data from sensors:

Motor and ambient temperature,
Oxygen and fuel supply data,
Speed sensor,
Idling sensor,
Data from anti-skid systems, stabilization systems, anti-lock braking systems, some other safety systems,
Information about the condition of the crankshaft (or crankshafts)
Information about the position of the throttle valve, gas pedal
Monitoring the amount of coolant, brake fluid and the brake system itself
Voltage sensor of the internal electrical network of the car,
Information from the EUR circuit or about the condition of the power steering.

This is the minimum set of data that the electronic control unit receives for analysis all the time. The higher the class of the car, the longer the list. For example, data on the state of the air suspension of an SUV, etc. is added.

As all this information is analyzed, the ECU constantly gives commands to keep the car in working mode. In fact, the control unit always keeps under control:

Injector injection,
Air supply and whole ignition system,
Gas distribution control,
Exhaust gas composition,
Automatic gearbox control
Maintaining the desired temperature value,
The entire lighting system, indoor and outdoor,
Heating, air conditioning,
Windows and stuff.

What does an ECU look like

This is an electronic board housed in a small housing (aluminum or plastic). The shell material depends on the location of the block. If it is located in the passenger compartment, it is usually in a plastic case, and if under the hood of the car, then in a metal one. A pair of connectors for the CAN bus go out from the controller. Sometimes there is an additional connector for easy diagnostics and flashing.

Inside the ECU is arranged like a mini computer, the control unit board consists of storage devices, namely:

RAM - random access memory for processing intermediate data about the car,
EPROM - read-only memory, stores the settings of the engine functions and other necessary software.
EEPROM - designed to store temporary information: lock and access codes, mileage, engine temperature, fuel consumption, etc.

Functional microcircuits of the ECU receive data about the condition of the vehicle, analyze them and send current commands to the executing devices. The control components of the ECU are modules that detect and analyze errors. They give an error on the display ("Check Engine" or other warning), or block the start of the engine.

The ECU is easily identified by the two loops connected to it. If the electronic control unit is located under the bonnet, it is next to the fuse box or battery. If it is in the cabin, it is usually under the panel, or under the rear sofa. There are car models in which the electronic control unit is located even in the trunk.

ECU malfunctions and repair

The ECU is an important and usually very reliable part of a car. But we can definitely talk about its malfunction:

If the machine does not start or is poorly controlled,
Various locks occur (doors, clutches, etc.),
Errors are constantly displayed on the display,
Engine malfunctions occur.

The most common reason for ECU failure is a short circuit in the on-board electrical network. Also, breakdown can occur due to an accident, overheating, ingress of liquids (water, antifreeze) on the board, as a result of corrosion.

The control unit is a very expensive part of a car. Its cost for "popular" foreign cars is $ 300 - $ 500. Before buying a new unit, show the old one to a good expert. If the microcircuit "burned out" or corroded only partially, for sure (with a probability of 80%) it is possible to restore its operability and drive on it for some more time.

Removing the ECU is quite simple, for this you need:

Disconnect the negative terminal of the battery,
Disconnect the two incoming stubs,
Unscrew the mounting bolts.

If the ECU is located near the stove on the front panel, you will first need to remove it (panel).

Every year the device of the car becomes more complicated and today the car can contain more than 50 microprocessors. While microprocessors make it much more difficult to understand how a car works, they are designed to make it easier to operate.
Let's look at some of the reasons for the emergence of so many microprocessors:

The need for a sophisticated control mechanism to reduce emissions and meet fuel economy standards;
Expansion of diagnostic capabilities;
Simplification of vehicle production and development;
The emergence of new security features;
The emergence of new comfort functions;

Difficulties in motor control.
Before the law was passed regulating the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, it was easy to do without microprocessors. With the adoption of this law, the need arose for complex management systems. These systems regulate the quality of the air-fuel mixture so that the catalytic converter removes harmful substances from the exhaust gases as much as possible.
The busiest control unit in a vehicle is the engine control unit (ECM). The ECM is the most powerful computer on board a vehicle and uses a closed-loop control method. Feedback is understood as the following when information from the system output is used to control the input of the system. The collection of information for control is carried out from dozens of sensors. The ECM knows everything from the air temperature to the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. On the basis of this data, thousands of operations per second are performed, work with tables is performed, and long equations are solved. All this is done to calculate the ignition moment and the opening time of the injectors. Modern ECM usually contains a 32-bit processor running at 40 MHz.

ECU components.
In an ECU, hundreds of components are located on a multilayer board along with a microcontroller. Let's take a look at some of them.
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)- this device is necessary to read data from some sensors in the car, for example, from the oxygen sensor. The voltage at the output of the oxygen sensor is usually 0 to 1.1V. The processor only understands digital signals, and the ADC converts the analog value into a 10-bit binary number that the processor understands.

Driver is a device necessary for converting signals, the purpose of which is to control something.

Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC)- sometimes the ECM needs to provide an analog signal to start some engine components.

Communication chip- these chips implement various communication standards that are used in the car. There are several standards, but at the moment the most common standard for communication in a car is CAN (Controller-Area Networking). This communication standard allows data transmission at a speed of 500 kilobits per second (Kbps). This speed is necessary because some modules exchange data hundreds of times per second. Physically CAN bus consists of 2 wires.

On many modern cars, injectors, spark plugs, and fan activation are controlled by digital signals. The digital signal can be characterized as follows, it is either there, in this case, they say that output 1, or it is not, then they say that the output is 0 and does not take intermediate values. So, to control the fan, it is necessary to supply 12 volts to the relay that controls the fan and provide a current of 0.5 amperes. The microcontroller cannot provide such a current and voltage, usually it can produce a voltage of 5 volts and a current of 0.02 amperes, therefore a transistor is placed between the relay and the microcontroller. Thus, the necessary conditions for turning on the fan are provided.

Advanced diagnostics.
Another advantage of the CAN bus is that each module can communicate with the central module and transmit information about existing errors. The central module stores them and displays this information on the dashboard and on the diagnostic connector. This makes it easier to find so-called floating faults, which disappear as soon as the car arrives at the car workshop. Each car has a documentation in which the error codes are decoded, which are stored in the ECU. Sometimes these errors can be read without diagnostic hardware. For example, on some cars, by shorting two terminals of the diagnostic block and turning on the ignition, "Check Engine" will start blinking, by the number of blinks, you can determine the error code.

Simplify development and production.
With the advent of the communication standard, it has become much easier to design and manufacture cars. The dashboard is a good example of this simplification. The dashboard collects and displays data from various parts of the vehicle. Most of this data is used by other auto modules. For example, the ECM knows the coolant temperature and the engine speed. The ECM sends a packet consisting of a header and data, where the header is a number that identifies the packet as either a speed or temperature reading. The dashboard contains another module that parses the package and updates the corresponding sensor. Most car manufacturers buy an assembled dashboard from a supplier who designs it to specification. This makes the dashboard design job much easier for both the automaker and the supplier. The automaker draws up a technical task, which describes the list of packages that the dashboard will receive, the rest is determined by the specification of the standard. Thus, there is no question of which signal will correspond to a speed of 30 km / h and how it is generated. Communication standards allow the production of some vehicle components to be outsourced.

Microprocessor sensors.
For example, a traditional pressure sensor contains a device that outputs a different voltage depending on the applied pressure. As a rule, the output voltage is non-linear and very low, so further amplification is required. Several manufacturers are developing smart sensors in which a microprocessor is integrated. This allows voltage to be read, calibrated using temperature compensation curves, and pressure amplified and transmitted directly over the communication bus. This reduces the load on the module that works with this sensor, otherwise he would have to perform all these calculations himself. Another advantage of the smart sensor is that the digital signal sent over the communication bus is less susceptible to interference than the analog one. Also, the presence of a communication bus simplifies the wiring. Let's take a closer look at how this happens.

Simplified wiring.
A technique that simplifies the wiring of a car is called multiplexing. In older cars, the wires from each switch had to be connected to the power supply, and the number of different switches grew every year. The multiplex system provides for the supply of two wires to all the devices included in the system - the power one, through which the “plus” of the supply network is supplied to the consumer, and the control one, through which the signal for switching on or off, encrypted in a binary code, passes. The signal is generated in the multiplexer when the corresponding switch is pressed. The consumer's demultiplexer, having received the signal, decrypts it and, if it corresponds to the switch-on code of this consumer, connects it to the supply network. In the same way, consumers are disconnected. Thus, there is no need to run a whole bundle of wires at the door to track all the switches in the driver's door.

Safety, comfort and convenience.
Over the past decades, safety systems such as ABS, SRS, ESC have become commonplace in cars. Each of these systems adds a new module to the vehicle, which in turn contains multiple microprocessors. In the future, the number of these modules will only increase. The increase in the number of modules leads to an increase in power consumption, so in the near future they plan to switch from the current system with a voltage of 14V to a system with a voltage of 42V.

Modern vehicles are equipped by the manufacturer with a wide variety of systems and mechanisms that are designed to simplify the task of driving. Such a device is an ECU, or, more simply, an electronic control unit. Today it can be found even at representatives of the domestic auto industry, and if you are interested in how it works and what ECUs are installed on the VAZ, then we recommend that you familiarize yourself with this article.

What is ECU (ECM)

Let's first find out the purpose of the engine ECU and determine what kind of device it is and whether it is so necessary in the design of modern vehicles.

Automotive electronics refers to the concept of "electronic control unit" as a general term for any embedded systems that control one or more electrical systems (or subsystems) in a vehicle.

The ECU directly affects not only the operation of an individual sensor, but also the functioning of the entire vehicle, which makes it difficult to overestimate its role in a modern car.

Along with the already mentioned term "ECU", the following terms "electronic engine control system", "brains", "controller" and "firmware" are often used. Therefore, if you hear such names, then you need to understand that we are talking about the main processor of a particular machine. That is, when you hear about ECM, ECU or "controller", you should understand that they are one and the same.

Where is the control unit located

The electronic control system of the power unit of the car is fixed under the central dashboard of the car, but in order to access it, it is necessary to unscrew the fasteners of the side frame of the dashboard using a Phillips screwdriver.

The same place should be checked in search of an answer to the question "Where is the ECU on the VAZ 2114?", Since on all models of the VAZ group the electronic control unit occupies approximately the same position.

Interesting fact! Individual models of modern vehicles can simultaneously include up to 80 ECUs. Moreover, the embedded software of such "computers" continues to evolve, acquiring more and more complex forms.

How to determine the type of ECU (controller) on a car

The controller (or electronic engine control unit) throughout its entire operation receives, processes and controls signals from sensors and systems that affect both the operation of the power unit itself and the secondary components of the engine (for example, the exhaust system). However, this does not mean at all that the devices installed on different vehicles are completely identical and do not differ in any way.

In fact, among the types of ECUs (including those used by many "Kalina") there are electronic (ECU) / engine control unit (ECM), transmission control unit, brake system control unit, joint engine-transmission unit, central module control module, central synchronization module, body controller, main electronic module and suspension control module.

Of course, from a technical point of view, it's not all one computer, but several separate units, but it's worth knowing about their existence. In some cases, the assembly may include several different control modules, but in order to find out which type of controller is installed on your vehicle, you need to dismantle the side frame of the torpedo and remember the number of the ECU installed there. The data obtained is compared with the readings of the corresponding tables, which are easy to find on the net.

Note!Some on-board control systems may show not only the type of ECU, but also the firmware number.

The principle of operation of the controller (ECU)

Throughout the entire operation time of a car engine, its "brains" (including those on VAZ 2108, 2109, 2110, etc.) process all the information that comes to them, transmitted by sensors and automotive systems. In particular, in its work, the ECU controller uses data from the following sensors:

The information received from these sources controls the operation of such sensors and systems:

the fuel system and its constituent parts: pump, regulator and injectors;
ignition systems;
idle speed regulator (DHX, IAC);
radiator fan;
adsorber;
self-diagnosis systems.

Moreover, the ECU has three types of memory:

What ECUs are installed on the VAZ

The first cars of the domestic auto industry are quite ordinary and fully mechanized. However, with the development of technology, and VAZ employees had to change something.

In particular, over time, the management of the engine fell on the "shoulders" of the ECM. All injection engines were equipped with them, and with the release of new, more modern models, the presence of an engine control unit (for example, on a VAZ Priore or Kalina) was not even discussed. What kind of evolution did these devices go through? Let's see.

GM control units

These systems were installed on the first Samara models produced before 2000. They could be supplemented with a resonant knock sensor or not.

Engine control unit BOSCH

Among the engine control units of the "Bosch" brand, which were installed on the cars of the VAZ group, it is worth highlighting:

January control units

As for the electronic engine control units "January", then in this case, several of the most famous VAZ components can be distinguished. These include:

January-4, which, like the GM-09, was installed on the first Samara models until the 2000s.

Note! Hardware implementation of "January-4" is not compatible with January 4.1, as their firmwares are not compatible with each other. January-4 systems use N-series software, while later software is used for January 4.1.

"January 5.1". All types of this type of controller are built on the same platform, and the differences are only in the switching of the nozzles and the DK heater. The first version has a phased injection and an oxygen sensor, while the second has a parallel injection. The difference between these ECUs is only in the firmware, which means that they can be interchanged.

"January 7.2." - similar to the "Boshevsky" model 7.9.7, but made for a different type of wiring (81-pin). It is produced both at the Itelma plant and at Avtel, and can also be replaced by the Bosch M7.9.7. As for the installed software, January 7.2 is a continuation of the 5th "January".

Did you know? Any electronic control unit provides a built-in power source that provides a stable voltage when it changes in the on-board network.

To begin with, a modern car is a collection of mechanical units that operate under the control of electronic components. In other words, many processes during the operation of the internal combustion engine and other units are controlled by a complex one.

The specified electronic system is based on an electronic control unit (ECU), sensors, as well as electronic-mechanical actuators. In this case, it is the engine control units that are the so-called "brain" of the car.

Malfunctions of the electronic engine control unit and diagnostics

Although manufacturers implement ECUs in the form of a protected box, placing the hardware in a sturdy metal case, this device can also fail. Problems with the control unit can be accompanied by unstable operation of the internal combustion engine or the inability to start the engine, deviations in the processes of mixture formation, disturbances in the operation of the transmission (usually automatic), etc.

To check the ECU, you should start with a visual inspection, which allows you to bring out obvious defects (for example, cracks in the case). However, if none are found, this still does not allow us to exclude possible damage to the microprocessor, since there are many reasons for the failure of this device.

Among the simplest, experts distinguish:

overheat;
severe corrosion and moisture ingress;
damage due to shock loads;
short circuit;

Also, the culprit of the problems may not be the ECU itself, but poor contact with the sensors, oxidation at the point of connection of the wires. Note that the banal irresponsibility of the car owner himself often leads to problems with the control unit.

We add that there are also cases of complete destruction of the ECU after attempts at unprofessional or self-repair of this type of device, as well as chip tuning. It is important to understand that on some models the unit is non-repairable, that is, a complete replacement of the unit is assumed.

In this case, after conducting a superficial diagnosis, the owner removes the ECU and tries to disassemble / repair it. Then it often turns out that some sensor is still the cause of the problems, but after attempts to repair the unit, the unit is no longer suitable for further operation.

For this reason, it is important to understand that a comprehensive professional must be carried out first. Only then can a decision be made about what to do, change or repair the engine control unit.

If we talk about an accessible check that a motorist can perform on his own, this is a banal substitution of an existing unit for exactly the same obviously working one. For example, you can take an ECU from the same car for dismantling on bail, install such a unit and check the operation of the internal combustion engine. If the machine works fine with the new unit, then the problem is obvious.

We also note that it is not always possible to eliminate the breakdown only by replacing the controller. As mentioned above, often the root cause of ECU failure is not the unit itself. In simple words, if, for example, there is a short circuit in the wiring, the new control unit will quickly fail just like the previous one.

ECU repair with engine and selection of a block for replacement

It is important to understand that the repair of an electronic control unit is a complex and responsible procedure that requires certain skills, equipment, knowledge and understanding of the principles of operation of the device.

At the same time, it is recommended to repair control units only in cases where it is not possible to replace the controller with a serviceable one. As a rule, it is not possible to replace the ECU on old and rare cars (difficulties arise with the selection of both a new and a used controller), and also when the cost of the unit is very high.

As for trying to save money and repair the ECU yourself, in this case, the risk of damage to the electronic device is high. Also, the result of attempts to install such a unit after repair in a car is the failure of other systems on board the vehicle.

In simple words, at a regular service station, the unit simply changes to a new one or a known working one. In other cases, repair attempts may not only fail to bring the desired result, but also aggravate the situation. For this reason, it is necessary to repair the unit only in specialized centers, which themselves will determine whether or not it is advisable to carry out repair procedures with one or another type of device.

Now let's move on to the selection of the device as part of the replacement. As mentioned above, first you need to find a possible cause that led to the failure of the unit. This will avoid the quick replacement of the newly installed ECU.

So, it must be borne in mind that remanufactured blocks are often on sale, and the repair was carried out by the manufacturer itself. This practice is normal, since it is economically more profitable for the plant to restore the old unit than to manufacture a new one. Naturally, the plant will not repair a completely water-filled, broken or burnt ECU. In this case, the remanufactured part must be guaranteed as a new device.

When choosing, you need to understand that visually, as well as in terms of connectors and markings, electronic control units can be the same, but the software in such devices is different. The fact is that for each type of internal combustion engine on a particular engine model, as well as depending on the year of manufacture, the software can be very different.

It turns out that it is quite possible that the car will work with an ECU that is not suitable for a particular machine, but there is no need to talk about the stability of such an operation of the motor and other units and assemblies.

It is quite obvious that the new electronic unit must be exactly the same as the old one. For selection, you need not only to take into account the make and model of the car, but also the volume / type of engine, year of manufacture of the car, VIN code, as well as all the markings that the manufacturer put on the block itself.

After the required unit has been selected, it remains only to implement the connection of the device to the appropriate connectors. In practice, the ECU is far from always located in a convenient and easily accessible place, so on a particular car. Before connecting the terminals, it is imperative to remove it.

You also need to remember that many electronic control units need additional adjustment. In one case, this is simply an automatic adjustment of the ECU to the parameters and operating features of a particular car (self-adaptation). For such an adjustment, you just need to drive a car in different modes.

A more complex case is the need to perform reprogramming, better known as chip tuning. Such improvements are needed when it is required to make adjustments to the operation of the internal combustion engine, as well as individual vehicle systems.

The result is achieved by changing the standard software and factory default settings, which are "wired" into the ECU memory. Qualitatively, such a procedure can only be performed by qualified specialists who have the appropriate software and hardware.

General definition

An electronic control unit means any system on a microprocessor that is responsible for the operation of one or another electrical component of the car (or several subsystems). Often in English literature, the term ECU is found, which stands for Electronic Control Unit.

There are types of blocks:

simply ECU - managing any subsystem of the ECU, except for the engine;
ECM - the module responsible for the engine (in English Engine Control Module);
combined engine-transmission ECU, which controls both the gearbox and the engine;
brake control system;
automatic transmission control unit;
Suspension control ECU;
central control ECU and synchronization unit;
main ECU;
etc.

There are up to 80 and more controllers in a modern advanced car equipped with the latest engineering technology. Together, the ECUs make up a single system - the car computer.

An important element of the ECU is its software ("firmware"). It is responsible for the logic of the operation of the components, and the modification of the ECU firmware can significantly change the operational characteristics of the machine. This is often used by tuning enthusiasts and racers who programmatically enhance certain aspects of their "iron horse" - optimizing fuel consumption, acceleration parameters, and much more.

Engine control module

It can be called one of the main ones, since this electronic unit is responsible for the heart of the machine - its motor. The ECU receives information from a variety of sensors, analyzes it based on algorithms embedded in the firmware, and sends appropriate signals to various actuators.

The engine ECU communicates with other elements of the vehicle's internal system via a bus called CAN (CANbus), which connects all the electronic stuffing of the vehicle into a network. The main blocks with which the motor ECU "communicates":

Automatic transmission;
anti-lock braking (ABS) system;
stabilizing systems;
brakes;
security block;
exchange rate stability module;
Cruise control;
climatic installation.

The main tasks of the engine ECU:

ignition process control;
if, then control of the injection system;
control over the gas distribution of the motor;
throttle sensor tracking;
maintaining the target temperature in the cooling system;
analysis of the composition of exhaust gases and control of the recirculation subsystem thereof.

The ECU sensors receive data from the crankshaft sensors, reporting its speed and current position. The unit reads the speed of the car, the parameters of the voltage in the on-board power supply, and many other information. The ECU has a built-in self-diagnosis system that lights up the CheckEngine signal on the dashboard in case of malfunction. In parallel with this, the error code of the detected error is recorded in the ECU memory, which can later be read through the service connector using a special device and software. This helps to identify the problem.

On modern cars, the diagnostic universal OBD2 connector is often used:

Any device that works on this protocol and is able to "read" data from memory is connected to it.

Engine ECU device

Technically, this electronic unit consists of a board with a processor and a memory module soldered on it. The ECU board is enclosed in a metal or plastic housing. On the board there are connectors brought out through the body that connect the ECU with the vehicle systems and allow you to connect to diagnostic devices. The instructions for the car always indicate the location of the ECU: usually this is the place behind the glove compartment, the engine compartment, or inside the front dashboard.

The ECU on board has three types of storage devices (memory):

EPROM - Programmable Read Only Memory. It contains the firmware code and the parameters by which the power plant works;
RAM - operational memory, otherwise "random access memory" of the ECU. It is volatile, it stores temporary information;
ERPZU. The electrically programmable memory stores some data - lock codes, access keys, information about fuel consumption, mileage and engine operation period.

The ECU firmware is divided into a control part and a functional part. The first checks the signals coming to the unit and, if incorrect values are found, corrects them or blocks the engine, preventing damage. The second one receives the data, processes it and sends the result from the ECU in the form of pulses to the desired devices.

The scheme of the engine ECU:

Functions and tasks of the ECU box

The ECU is responsible for performing several tasks:

control of the modes of the box and switching them if necessary;
system diagnostics;
memorizing errors for further analysis of the problem and repair.

The ECU is usually mounted in its own case:

ECU location

The automatic transmission control unit can be located:

directly in the automatic transmission case;
outside of that.

The first option allows you to significantly reduce the amount of wiring in the car, since fewer wiring "harnesses" go from the electronic brain of the ECU to the sensors. But there are also disadvantages:

severe temperature conditions. The box heats up significantly during operation, which negatively affects the thin electronic filling of the ECU controller board;
Difficulties in repair: any operation with an ECU requires disassembly of the box, which makes repairs more difficult and expensive.

An example of the location of the ECU inside the box:

The external location of the ECU is devoid of the drawbacks of the internal one: not such high temperatures, you can additionally protect the ECU from moisture and other negative influences. In addition, access to the unit for service and repair operations is facilitated, and engineers have the opportunity to position the ECU in a convenient way.

But there is also a drawback: with this arrangement, the ECU has to stretch long wiring harnesses in order to tie together the ECU, sensors and servos.

ECU malfunctions

The most common reason for a breakdown of the automatic transmission control module:

a strong blow to the box (the ECU board, processor or memory chip cracks);
vibration effects;
heat;
voltage surges in the on-board network;
moisture corrosion.

A faulty electronics box leads to incorrect gear shifting or a situation where the automatic transmission goes into emergency mode, operating in only one gear (usually in third). If there is any suspicion about the ECU of the box, you should contact a specialized service as soon as possible.

Important: moving on a faulty automatic transmission is strongly discouraged! This can lead to damage not only to the ECU, but also to the mechanical part of the box. The car should be taken to the service by a tow truck.

Diagnostics of a faulty box ECU is carried out with special equipment. Usually, they try to simply replace a faulty ECU, because if it is still relatively easy to re-solder the burned-out capacitors, replacing the ECU microcircuits is a laborious operation, while a suitable chip still needs to be found. Therefore, often the best option is to replace the ECU, such a step will completely solve the problems with the box and return it to working capacity.

Another important point is that only a knowledgeable specialist should repair the ECU of the box (and any, in principle). Automatic transmission repair services are offered by many "garage" services, but they are not able to guarantee the quality of the service, and after their intervention, the box is able to "die" completely.

Other types of ECU

The rest of the control units that control other electronic systems (cruise control, brake control module, lighting, etc.) operate on similar principles and are subject to similar malfunctions.

It is important to monitor the state of the electronics and the car's ECU, maintain them and promptly request repairs in case of malfunctions: this will ensure the smooth and well-coordinated operation of all car systems.