The cadmium battery is a popular source of energy, which is used to complete household appliances.

They are classified as alkaline types. They are equipped with those units and devices into which other models cannot be included. Nickel-cadmium batteries contain negative and positive conductive terminals, for the separation of which a separator is used. Interior

filled with alkaline electrolytic composition. The housing for nickel-cadmium batteries is prepared from a special metal and hermetically sealed. In order to ensure best contact

, to prepare the electrodes, foil is used, which is not very thick. To construct a separator, which is concentrated between the terminals in nickel-cadmium batteries, woven raw materials are used. After all, it does not interact with alkaline electrolyte.

Borne is used to connect the battery to other nickel-cadmium power sources. The nickel-cadmium battery design includes welded joints to ensure a tight connection.

• Advantages of Nickel Cadmium Power Supply
• The number of discharge and charge cycles reaches 1,000 or more.
• The storage period for such devices is long. At the same time, the degree of charge of the unit does not affect this indicator.
• The technology for charging nickel-cadmium batteries is relatively simple. Novice motorists can also implement it.
• Such power sources can also be used in winter, in harsh conditions.

The capacity does not decrease even at sub-zero temperatures.

• Negative sides
• The devices have a property called a “memory effect”. To eliminate it, there is a need to carry out certain measures.
• The level of self-discharge is increased.
• If you compare CD batteries with other power sources, you can highlight their low energy density.
• Toxic components were used for preparation. Therefore, some states do not use such batteries and do not manufacture them.

To dispose of such units, appropriate equipment is used. In our country, installations for recycling and recycling are being prepared for nickel-cadmium units.

Charge and discharge of nickel-cadmium batteries

The discharge parameters of the power source largely depend on design features, characteristics of electrodes and current leads. They also predetermine the magnitude of voltage and internal resistance.

Bit parameters depend on:

• Features and structures of the separator.
• Build quality.
• The amount of electrolytic composition with which the housing is filled.
• Other.

When discharging a nicd source for a long time, experts recommend using disk batteries, which are supplemented with large-sized pressed leads. Therefore, with a slight increase in current, the discharge capacity, as well as the voltage, decreases. In order to optimize this indicator, the thickness of the leads is reduced and the number is increased.

The maximum capacitance value is observed at room temperature. Further increase in temperature does not affect this parameter. Negative temperatures provoke a decrease in discharge voltage and an increase in discharge current.

The use of screwdrivers equipped with nickel-cadmium power supplies in winter requires caution.

Charging process

When charging ni cd batteries, it is necessary to introduce charge restrictions. After all, during the recharging process, the pressure inside the case increases, oxygen is produced, and the current application coefficient decreases.

How to charge ni cd battery? In order to fully restore the charge, a capacity of 150–160 percent must be provided. Temperature range – 0-+35 degrees. If you don't take into account temperature Range, then the pressure will increase. An oxygen mixture will be released through the emergency valve. Therefore, it is important to determine in advance how to properly charge the battery.

Discharged nickel cadmium battery charge in different modes. The charging time depends on which mode is selected.

1. Current of 0.2 of the total capacity for 7 hours.
2. A current of 0.3 of the total capacity for no more than 4 hours.

When charging the unit in accelerated mode (with a current of 0.4 of the available capacity), overcharging is prohibited, as this will lead to a decrease in capacity. You can set how much the power source is charged using appropriate devices. When working with currents, an ammeter is used. To determine the number of volts, use a voltmeter or multimeter.

Charger for nickel-cadmium batteries

To charge ni cd batteries, reversible and automatic chargers are used.

The automatic ni cd charger is easy to use. With its help you can recharge 2–4 batteries for a screwdriver or other household appliances. After placing the battery in the memory, the mode and number are set. After this, the unit is connected to the network.

Automatic models are equipped with indicators that help determine the state of the charging power sources when working with current. Such devices are also suitable for discharging ni cd batteries.

Pulse chargers have a more complex design. They can be used when working with significant current. Since they are classified as professional units, before use you learn how to charge the power source and how to set the required parameters.

Reverse (pulse) models are suitable for cyclic supply of charge and discharge current. During discharge and charging, the parameters of current and voltage are determined in advance.

Features of use

Long-term operation affects the functioning and performance of cadmium-nickel batteries. Performance deterioration and failure are caused by:

• The working surface of the conductive terminals is reduced.
• The active mass of the conductive terminals is significantly reduced.
• The alkaline electrolytic composition changes composition and is incorrectly redistributed throughout the power source.
• Leakage occurs along conductive elements. As a result, the discharge of a charged power source occurs quite quickly.
• The consumption of liquid and oxygen increases. If oxygen is released excessively, the process becomes irreversible.
• Organic compounds begin to disintegrate.

Reconditioning of nickel-cadmium batteries

The restoration procedure for nickel-cadmium batteries, which are used to complete a screwdriver or other portable unit, takes some time. Since the cost of such batteries is high, the features should be studied before implementation.

Essentially, we restore the nickel-cadmium battery of the screwdriver with a pulsed current, which is supplied for 2-4 seconds. The current value exceeds the capacitance parameters by 10 or more times.

Before restoring the battery, certain elements and tools are prepared:

1. Efficient power supply with strong current ratings. A car battery is used as a battery.
2. Clamps.
3. Wires.
4. A multimeter that monitors voltage.
5. Protective items.

The recovery procedure includes certain activities:

• The positive and negative terminals of a portable tool unit or a separate battery are determined.
• Using clamps or alligator clips, as well as pieces of wire, the cons are attached.
• The other end of the wire is pressed to the positive contact. The duration of wire contact is 1–2 seconds (can be increased to 3 seconds). Such actions take a little time. When making contact, make sure that the wires do not stick to the unit or battery.

After one cycle, the voltage level is measured using a multimeter. As soon as the voltage has been restored, they proceed to increasing the capacity. In order to restore and repair the power supply, 2–4 cycles are performed.

This technique brings the expected effect only on short term. This is because the electrolytic composition changes, and its volume also changes. As a result, batteries cannot be used as sources for a long time.

Modernized technique

In order to restore nickel-cadmium batteries with your own hands, as well as ensure their long-term operation, perform the following steps:

• All batteries are carefully checked and the voltage is measured. Those elements on which the voltage is close to zero are removed.
• Using an appropriate tool, holes are prepared in the body to fill 1 cm3 of distilled water.
• The power sources are allowed to settle for a short period of time, after which they are recheck voltage.
• If the functionality of the battery is restored, then the formed holes are treated with sealant and soldering.
• The unit is equipped with batteries and is rechargeable. The portable instrument is ready for use as soon as the indicator on the charger changes color. For these purposes, it is worth using pulse chargers, which are distinguished by extensive functionality and high-quality equipment.
• At zero voltage, distilled water is reintroduced into the battery.
• The procedure is repeated until a positive result is achieved.

Storage Features

Operating instructions for cadmium batteries have been prepared by specialists. The instructions describe how to store power supplies. Several basic rules have been highlighted.

Ni cd sources can only be stored when completely discharged. For these purposes, chargers that are equipped with the appropriate function are used. For emptying, incandescent lamps with the appropriate number of amperes are also used.

Batteries that are properly prepared can be stored for a long time. Temperature changes do not affect the condition and performance.

Premises are used to store nickel-cadmium batteries. After all, temperature fluctuations do not provoke discharge or the launch of irreversible processes.

Although nickel-cadmium batteries are stored for a long time, at a certain stage there is a need for disposal. To do this, you should contact an organization that performs similar processes.

The efficiency of nickel-cadmium batteries is difficult to overestimate. They are equipped with portable tools used in everyday life and in industry. With proper handling, compliance with safety precautions and operating conditions, the period of use exceeds five years.

Video about Nickel cadmium batteries

/ Nickel-cadmium batteries in power tools

Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries in power tools

Currently, the market share of hand-held construction tools is increasing every year with battery-powered tools. Rechargeable power supplies (battery) There are several types of power tools: nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion.

Today, the most common batteries are nickel-based. This article will take a detailed look at the characteristics of a nickel-cadmium battery.

The housing of nickel-cadmium battery cells (NiCd) is made of nickel-plated sheet steel, which is also the negative pole. The electrodes themselves are made in the form of foil from nickel-cadmium compounds according to agglomeration technology. Such foil is placed as a winding together with an insulating layer (separator), through which the electrolyte leaks. The electrolyte itself has a paste-like consistency and consists mainly of water and potassium hydroxide (potash lye). The battery cell is a closed system that is isolated from the external environment. Thanks to this, the electrolyte cannot leak out. At normal charging and discharge, gas exchange occurs inside the electrolyte. Under unusual operating conditions, such as a short circuit or too high a charging current, the battery cell may develop overpressure . To prevent battery cell destruction, high quality battery cells

equipped with a safety valve that reduces pressure. In a charged static state, the battery cell voltage between the negative and positive poles is 1.2 V.

Nickel-cadmium batteries used in power tools are maintenance-free. They can be stored in either a charged or uncharged state. Once the battery is discharged, there is no need to charge it immediately. This is a significant difference between these batteries and lead-acid ones.

Nickel-cadmium batteries should be fully discharged if possible, but not deeply discharged. You can talk about a complete discharge of the battery in a power tool when the power of the device is noticeably reduced. Discharging until the engine stops completely or completely discharging an electric flashlight when the light bulb no longer lights up causes a deep discharge and can damage the battery itself.

Volt-ampere characteristics:

The current-voltage characteristic of nickel-cadmium batteries depends on their size (capacity) and design. The more a battery cell is optimized to resist high current, the more stable the discharge voltage. If we compare rechargeable batteries of the same design, but of different capacities, then often a battery with a higher capacity has a greater resistance to high current.

As a result of numerous checks and tests, manufacturers of high-quality power tools have found the optimal balance between energy consumption and high current resistance. Memory effect: When using nickel-cadmium batteries, they must always be completely discharged and only then recharged. If this rule is not followed, the so-called memory effect may occur. Such partial discharges and subsequent partial charges can lead to the formation of crystals on the negative electrode, which reduces the initial capacity of the battery and drops the voltage during discharge. When connected

electronic device

During storage, nickel-cadmium batteries discharge themselves. The self-discharge process mainly depends on the temperature and quality of the battery cell. Storage at high temperatures and poorly manufactured battery cells contribute to self-discharge. At room temperature, the discharge time is approximately 3-4 months.

Temperature characteristics:

Like almost any chemical process, a chemical reaction during low temperatures proceeds more slowly than at high levels. This primarily applies to thick electrolytes of nickel-cadmium batteries. Thus, at low temperatures they produce a lower discharge current than at room temperature. In addition, they cannot be charged with high current at low temperatures. The lower limit temperature is approximately -15C.

Environmental Safety:

Nickel-cadmium batteries contain both nickel and cadmium compounds. Cadmium compounds are highly toxic.

What are you interested in? At the present stage, there are many batteries that have different chemical composition and, due to the presence of certain elements in them, their characteristics

and operational advantages. Nickel-cadmium batteries have been around for a long time. But they are still popular and necessary in various spheres of human activity.

The first alkaline Ni-Cd batteries appeared at the end of the twentieth century. They were invented by the Swedish scientist Waldmar Jungner, using nickel as a positive charge and cadmium as a negative charge. Despite the obvious benefits of this invention, at that time mass production of such batteries was very expensive and energy-intensive. Therefore it was postponed for a period of almost 50 years.

The 30s of the last century are remarkable because it was then that the technique of introducing chemically active plate materials onto a porous electrode coated with nickel was created. Mass production of Ni-Cd batteries began after the 50s.

Key Features and Benefits

Nickel-cadmium batteries, in most cases, have a cylindrical shape. Therefore, in common parlance they are often called “banks”. There are also flat Ni batteries - for example, for watches. All charging elements of this type have a relatively small capacity when compared with (Ni-MH), which appeared much later in order to improve Ni-Cd batteries.

However, lower capacity indicators are not a drawback that could cause the good old cadmium battery to be completely discontinued. One of its undoubted advantages is that during operation it does not heat up as quickly as MH. This significantly reduces the risk of overheating and premature failure.

The slower heating process of Ni-Cd is due to the fact that the chemical reactions occurring inside them are endothermic. In other words, the heat released during reactions is absorbed internally. As for MH, they differ from cadmium in exothermic reactions with the release of large amounts of heat. In this regard, MHs heat up much faster and can “burn out” if their use is not stopped in time.

Ni-Сd batteries have a dense metal case, characterized by increased strength and good sealing. They are able to withstand any chemical reactions inside and withstand high gas pressure even in the worst conditions. Until the temperature drops to -40°C. Nickel-cadmium batteries are not at risk of spontaneous combustion, unlike modern ones.

Among them are powerful and reliable industrial Ni batteries that can fully operate for 20-25 years. And, despite the fact that these batteries have long been replaced by MH and lithium batteries larger capacity, Ni-Cd batteries continue to be actively used to this day.

If speak about price category, the cost of Ni-Cd is significantly lower than other batteries. This is also one of their main advantages.

Scope of application

Small Ni-Cd batteries are widely used to power various household appliances and equipment, mainly in cases where a particular device consumes a large amount of current. Standard “cans” still provide operation for electric drills and screwdrivers. Elements large sizes indispensable in public transport. For example, in trolleybuses or trams to power their control circuits, in shipping and especially in aviation as on-board secondary current sources.

Features of operation

Since Ni-Cd batteries noticeably heat up only if they are fully charged, most devices “understand” this as a signal to stop the charging process. In order for them to work longer, it is recommended to charge them quickly and use them until they are completely discharged: unlike MH, nickel-cadmium batteries are not afraid of deep discharge.

This type of battery is the only battery that is recommended to be stored completely discharged, while MH batteries should be stored fully charged, and they periodically need to check the output voltage. Such a difference, with a significant difference in operation, is certainly another obvious point in favor of Ni-Cd.

If stored for a long time without use in a discharged state, nothing bad will happen to the batteries. But to bring them to working condition, you need to swipe it two or three times full cycle"charge-discharge". It is better to do this shortly before use, maybe a day before, and then the nickel-cadmium batteries will work with optimal current output.

Any Ni-Cd used in everyday life, when powered by a small current and periodically incompletely discharging, can significantly lose capacity, which creates the impression full exit The battery is out of order. If Ni-Cd has been recharging for a long time, for example, in a device with constant power, it will also lose a certain capacity indicator, although its voltage level will be correct.

This means that it is not worth using Ni-Cd in the mode of constant replenishment and “underdischarge”, and if this does happen to the battery, one cycle of deep discharge followed by a full charge will be enough for the capacity to be restored.

This effect is called the “memory effect” and occurs when an incompletely discharged battery is recharged before it is completely discharged. The fact is that in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, so-called pressed electrodes are used. This is very convenient, since “pressing” is high-tech and cheaper. But it is its chemical composition that is prone to the “memory effect” - in other words, to the appearance in the electrochemical composition of the battery of an “extra” double electrical layer in the form of large crystals, which causes a decrease in voltage.

This is why Ni-Cd cells “love” full and deep discharge so much, after which, having “cleared the memory”, they can work fully for a long time.

Nickel-cadmium battery refurbishment

Restoration with water

You can try to restore the performance of Ni-Cd batteries using the most common electrolyte in the form of distilled water.

To do this you will need a few simple tools and devices:

• soldering acid ;
• disposable syringe ;
  soldering iron;
• some distilled water .

Typically, the battery pack located inside a drill or screwdriver looks like a bunch of several metal “cans” wrapped in thick paper. In order to understand which “bank” in the bunch is the weakest, you must first measure the voltage at the poles of each element. How to check the voltage? Very simple, using a multimeter or tester. Most often, the voltage indicator for the weakest “cans” is close to or equal to zero.

In order to begin the recovery process, you need to drill a small hole in the battery, after first freeing it from paper or label. This can be done with a screwdriver using a sharp No. 16 self-tapping screw. It is important to take care not to damage the inside of the battery, but only drill through its outer shell.

In this case, it is worth noting another undoubted advantage: in such batteries, due to their design, increased tightness and the nature of the chemical reactions occurring, spontaneous combustion does not occur. Therefore, amateur methods of bringing nickel-cadmium cells back to life are safe, unlike carrying out this kind of manipulation with modern lithium batteries, which are prone to explosions and swelling.

1 ml of distilled water is taken into a disposable syringe, and the battery is gradually filled with it. It is important to take your time and ensure that the water gradually penetrates inside the battery. Distilled water is needed to return and create the required density of the electrolyte inside the battery. After the water has been poured in, the hole is closed with soldering acid, which is taken on a match, and sealed with a well-heated soldering iron.

Some craftsmen claim that if instead of distilled water you pour electrolyte from miners' flashlights into the battery, the battery will work much better and longer.

Finally, you need to measure the voltage again with a multimeter and charge the battery. Of course, a soldered battery will not last long, but this can help buy you some time before purchasing a new one.

Restoration using zapping method

For nickel-cadmium batteries, there is a proven, but very risky recovery method called zapping. Its essence lies in the fact that batteries are subjected to short discharges of very high currents, tens of times higher than normal. Each element is literally “burned through” by short-second current pulses of 10, 20 amperes and higher.

Zapping requires good training as an electronics enthusiast and compliance with safety precautions in the form of safety glasses and, preferably, overalls. It claims to restore elements that have not been used for 20 years or more. It should be remembered that zapping is applicable exclusively to nickel-cadmium batteries. Reconditioning Ni-MH batteries in this way is not recommended.

Discharge-charge cycle

To eliminate the "memory effect" , need to discharge the battery to 0.8-1 volts, then fully charge it again . If the battery has not been restored for a long time, several such cycles can be performed, and to minimize the “memory effect” it is advisable to train the battery in this way once a month.

As for the popular “school” method, which involves freezing NiСd or NiMH batteries in the freezer - despite the fact that the effectiveness of this method is very questionable, you can find a lot of information on the Internet about “restoring” batteries by placing them in the refrigerator. In fact, it is better to use the method of restoring elements with distilled water - at least in this case there will be a much greater chance of resuscitating them.

So, nickel-cadmium batteries are not inferior to modern batteries in a number of advantages of their technical characteristics. They are still reliable, durable, inexpensive and extremely safe to use.

(NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which must be kept charged.

History of invention

In 1899 Waldmar Jungner from Sweden invented a nickel-cadmium battery, which used nickel as the positive electrode and cadmium as the negative electrode. Two years later, Edison proposed an alternative design, replacing cadmium with iron. Due to the high cost (compared to dry or lead-acid batteries), the practical use of nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries has been limited.

After invention in 1932 Shlecht And Ackermann Many improvements have been made to the compressed anode, resulting in higher load current and increased durability. The sealed nickel-cadmium battery, well known today, became available only after the invention of Neumann completely sealed element in 1947.

Operating principle

The operating principle of nickel-cadmium batteries is based on a reversible process:

2NiOOH + Cd + 2H 2 O ↔ 2Ni(OH) 2 + Cd(OH) 2 E 0 = 1.30 V.

A nickel electrode is a nickel hydroxide paste mixed with a conductive material and applied to a steel mesh, while a cadmium electrode is a steel mesh with cadmium sponge pressed into it. The space between the electrodes is filled with a jelly-like composition based on wet alkali, which freezes at -27°C. Individual cells are assembled into batteries that have a specific energy of 20–35 Wh/kg and have a long service life - several thousand charge-discharge cycles.

Options

• Theoretical energy capacity: 237 Wh/kg
• Specific energy intensity: 45–65 Wh/kg
• Specific energy density: 50–150 Wh/dm³
• Specific power: 150…500 W/kg
• EMF = 1.37
• Operating voltage = 1.35…1.0 V
• Normal charging current = 0.1…1 C, where C is capacity
• Service life: about 100-900 charge/discharge cycles.
• Self-discharge: 10% per month
• Operating temperature: −50…+40 °C

Currently, the use of nickel-cadmium batteries is severely limited for environmental reasons, so they are used only where the use of other systems is impossible, namely in devices characterized by high discharge and charging currents. A typical flying model battery can be charged in half an hour and discharged in five minutes. Thanks to the very low internal resistance, the battery does not heat up even when charging with a high current. Only when the battery is fully charged does a noticeable warm-up begin, which is used by most chargers as a signal for the end of charging. Structurally, all nickel-cadmium batteries are equipped with durable sealed housing, which withstands the internal pressure of gases in difficult conditions operation.

The discharge cycle starts at 1.35 V and ends at 1.0 V (respectively 100% capacity and 1% remaining capacity)

The electrodes of nickel-cadmium batteries are made either by stamping from sheets or by pressing from powder. Pressed electrodes are more technologically advanced, cheaper to produce and have higher operating capacity, which is why all household batteries have pressed electrodes. However, pressed systems are subject to the so-called “memory effect”. The memory effect occurs when the battery is charged before it is actually discharged. In the electrochemical system of the battery, an “extra” electrical double layer appears and its voltage decreases by 0.1 V. A typical controller of a device using a battery interprets this decrease in voltage as a complete discharge of the battery and reports that the battery is “bad”. There is no real reduction in energy intensity, and a good controller can provide full use battery capacity. However, in a typical case, the controller encourages the user to perform more and more charging cycles. And this leads to the fact that the user, with the best of intentions, “kills” the battery with his own hands. That is, we can say that the battery fails not so much from the “memory effect” of pressed electrodes, but from the “memory effect” of inexpensive controllers.

A household nickel-cadmium battery, discharged and charged with weak currents (for example, in a TV remote control), quickly loses capacity, and the user considers it to be out of order. Likewise, a battery that has been recharged for a long time (for example, in an uninterruptible power supply system) will lose capacity, although its voltage will be correct. That is, you cannot use a nickel-cadmium battery in buffer mode. However, one deep discharge cycle and subsequent charging will fully restore the battery capacity.

During storage, NiCd batteries also lose capacity, although they retain the output voltage. To avoid incorrect sorting when removing batteries from storage, it is recommended to store them in a discharged state - then after the first charge the batteries will be completely ready for use. To completely discharge the battery and equalize the voltages on each discharged element, you can connect a chain of two silicon diodes and a resistor to each element, thereby limiting the voltage to 1-1.1 V per element. In this case, the voltage drop across each silicon diode is 0.5–0.7 V, so you must select diodes for the chain manually, using, for example, a multimeter. After long-term storage of the battery, it is necessary to carry out two or three charge/discharge cycles with a current numerically equal to the nominal capacity (1C) so that it enters the operating mode and works at full efficiency.

Areas of use

Small-sized nickel-cadmium batteries are used in various equipment as a replacement for a standard galvanic cell, especially if the equipment consumes high current. Because internal resistance The nickel-cadmium battery is one or two orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional manganese-zinc and manganese-air batteries, the power is delivered more stable and without overheating.

Nickel-cadmium batteries are used on electric cars (as traction vehicles), trams and trolleybuses (to power control circuits), river and sea vessels. Widely used in aviation as on-board batteries for airplanes and helicopters. They are used as power sources for autonomous screwdrivers/drivers and drills, but there is a tendency to replace them with high-current batteries of various lithium systems.

Despite the development of other electrochemical systems and stricter environmental requirements, nickel-cadmium batteries remain the main choice for highly reliable devices that consume more power, such as diving lights.

Long term storage, relative undemandingness to constant care and control, the ability to work stably in cold temperatures down to -40 °C and the absence of the possibility of fire during depressurization compared to lithium ones, low specific gravity compared to lead ones and low cost compared to silver-zinc ones, lower internal resistance , greater reliability and frost resistance compared to NiMH determine the continued widespread use of nickel-cadmium batteries in military equipment, aviation and portable radio communications.

Nickel-cadmium disk batteries

Nickel-cadmium batteries are also available in a sealed “button” design, similar to watch batteries. The electrodes in such a battery are two pressed thin tablets of the active mass, folded into a bag with a separator and a flat spring and rolled into a nickel-plated steel case with the diameter of a coin. They are used to power various, mostly low-power, loads (current C/10-C/5). Only small ones are allowed charging currents, no more than C/10, since recombination of the released gases must have time to occur inside the housing. Thanks to the closed design, they allow long-term recharging with continuous recombination and release of excess energy in the form of heat. The voltage of such a battery is lower than that of a non-sealed battery and changes little during the discharge process due to the excess active mass of the cathode created to accelerate the recombination of oxygen.

Disk batteries (usually in batteries of 3 in a common shell, of a standard size similar to the Soviet D-0.06) were widely used in personal computers produced in 1980–90, in particular -286/386 and early 486, to power non-volatile memory settings (CMOS NVRAM) and real time clock when the mains power is off. The service life of the batteries in this mode was several years, after which the battery, in most cases soldered into the motherboard, had to be replaced. With the development of CMOS technology and a decrease in power consumption, NVRAM and RTC batteries were replaced by disposable lithium cells with a capacity of about 200 mAh (CR2032, etc.), installed in snap-on sockets and easily replaceable by the user, with a similar period of continuous operation.

In the USSR, disk batteries were practically the only batteries widely available for sale (except for car batteries and, later, NiCd AA size 450 mAh). In addition to individual elements, a 9-volt battery of seven D-0.1 batteries with a connector similar to the Krona was offered, which, however, was not included in the power compartment of all radios for which it was intended. Only the simplest chargers with a current of C/10 were supplied, which charged the battery or battery in about 14 hours (the time was controlled by the user).

Name battery	Diameter, mm	Height, mm	Voltage, IN	Capacity, A*h	Recommended discharge current, mA	Application
D-0.03	11,6	5,5	1,2	0,03	3	cameras, Hearing Aids
D-0.06	15,6	6,4	1,2	0,06	12	cameras, photo exposure meters, hearing aids, dosimeters
D-0.125	20	6,6	1,2	0,125	12,5	rechargeable electric flashlights [ ], miniature radios
D-0.26	25,2	9,3	1,2	0,26	26	rechargeable electric flashlights, photo flashes, calculators (B3-36)
D-0.55	34,6	9,8	1,2	0,55	55	photo flashes, rechargeable electric flashlights, calculators (B3-34)
7D-0.125			8,4	0,125	12,5	battery replacement Crown

Manufacturers

NiCd batteries are produced by many companies, including such large international companies as GP Batteries, Samsung (under the Pleomax brand), VARTA, GAZ, Konnoc, Metabo, EMM, Advanced Battery Factory, Panasonic/Matsushita Electric Industrial, Ansmann, etc. Among domestic manufacturers one can name NIAI (created on the basis of the Central Battery Laboratory, 1946), Cosmos, ZAO Pilot Plant NIIHIT, ZAO NIIHIT-2.

Safe disposal

Melting of NiCd battery recycling products occurs in furnaces at high temperatures, cadmium under these conditions becomes extremely volatile, and if the furnace is not equipped with a special collection filter, toxic substances (for example, cadmium vapor) are released into the external environment, poisoning the surrounding areas. As a result, recycling equipment is more expensive than for recycling lead batteries.

see also

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Literature

• Khrustalev D. A. Batteries. M: Izumrud, 2003.
• Fedotov G. A. Electrical and electronic devices for photography. L.: Energoatomizdat, 1984.
• . Chemical current sources. Terms and Definitions.
• .

Notes

This article or section contains or external references, but the sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes. Statements not made may be questioned and removed. You can improve the article by providing more accurate citations to your sources.

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An excerpt characterizing a Nickel-cadmium battery

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“Dear sir, Count Alexey Andreevich.
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Why was it worth staying two more days? At least they would have left on their own; for they had no water to drink for the people and horses. He gave me his word that he would not back down, but suddenly he sent a disposition that he was leaving that night. It’s impossible to fight this way, and we can soon bring the enemy to Moscow...
The rumor is that you think about the world. To make peace, God forbid! After all the donations and after such extravagant retreats - put up with it: you will put all of Russia against you, and each of us will be forced to wear a uniform for shame. If things have already gone this way, we must fight while Russia can and while people are on their feet...
We need to command one, not two. Your minister may be a good one in his ministry; but the general is not only bad, but trashy, and the fate of our entire Fatherland was given to him... I’m really going crazy with frustration; forgive me for writing impudently. Apparently, he does not like the sovereign and wishes death for all of us, who advises us to make peace and command the army to the minister. So, I write to you the truth: prepare your militia. For the minister most masterfully leads the guest to the capital with him. Mr. Adjutant Wolzogen casts great suspicion on the entire army. He, they say, is more Napoleon than ours, and he advises everything to the minister. I am not only polite against him, but I obey like a corporal, although older than him. It hurts; but, loving my benefactor and sovereign, I obey. It’s just a pity for the sovereign that he entrusts such a glorious army to such people. Imagine that during our retreat we lost more than 15 thousand people from fatigue and in hospitals; but if they had attacked, this would not have happened. Tell me for God's sake that our Russia - our mother - will say that we are so afraid and why we are giving such a good and diligent Fatherland to the bastards and instilling hatred and shame in every subject. Why be afraid and who to be afraid of? It is not my fault that the minister is indecisive, cowardly, stupid, slow and has all bad qualities. The whole army is completely crying and cursing him to death..."

Among the countless divisions that can be made in the phenomena of life, we can subdivide them all into those in which content predominates, others in which form predominates. Among these, in contrast to village, zemstvo, provincial, and even Moscow life, one can include St. Petersburg life, especially salon life. This life is unchanged.
Since 1805, we have made peace and quarreled with Bonaparte, we have made constitutions and divided them, and Anna Pavlovna’s salon and Helen’s salon were exactly the same as they were, one seven years, the other five years ago. In the same way, Anna Pavlovna spoke with bewilderment about Bonaparte’s successes and saw, both in his successes and in the indulgence of European sovereigns, a malicious conspiracy, with the sole purpose of causing trouble and anxiety to the court circle of which Anna Pavlovna was a representative. In the same way, with Helen, whom Rumyantsev himself honored with his visit and considered a remarkably intelligent woman, in the same way, both in 1808 and in 1812, they spoke with delight about a great nation and a great man and looked with regret at the break with France, which, according to the people who gathered in Helen's salon, it should have ended peacefully.
Recently, after the arrival of the sovereign from the army, there was some unrest in these opposing circles in the salons and some demonstrations were made against each other, but the direction of the circles remained the same. Only inveterate legitimists were accepted into Anna Pavlovna’s circle from the French, and here the patriotic idea was expressed that there was no need to go to the French theater and that maintaining a troupe costs the same as maintaining an entire corps. Military events were followed greedily, and the most beneficial rumors for our army were spread. In Helen's circle, Rumyantsev's, French, rumors about the cruelty of the enemy and the war were refuted and all Napoleon's attempts at reconciliation were discussed. In this circle, they reproached those who advised too hasty orders to prepare for the departure to Kazan to court and women's educational institutions under the patronage of the Empress Mother. In general, the whole matter of war was presented in Helen’s salon as empty demonstrations that would very soon end in peace, and the opinion of Bilibin, who was now in St. Petersburg and at Helen’s house (every intelligent person should have been with her), reigned that it was not gunpowder, but those who invented, they will solve the matter. In this circle, ironically and very cleverly, although very carefully, they ridiculed the Moscow delight, the news of which arrived with the sovereign in St. Petersburg.
In Anna Pavlovna's circle, on the contrary, they admired these delights and talked about them, as Plutarch says about the ancients. Prince Vasily, who occupied all the same important positions, formed the link between the two circles. He went to see ma bonne amie [his worthy friend] Anna Pavlovna and went dans le salon diplomatique de ma fille [to his daughter’s diplomatic salon] and often, during his constant transfers from one camp to another, he got confused and told Anna Pavlovna what it was necessary to talk to Helen, and vice versa.
Soon after the arrival of the sovereign, Prince Vasily talked with Anna Pavlovna about the affairs of the war, cruelly condemning Barclay de Tolly and being indecisive about who to appoint as commander-in-chief. One of the guests, known as un homme de beaucoup de merite [a man of great merit], having said that he had now seen Kutuzov, who had now been elected head of the St. Petersburg militia, sitting in the state chamber to receive warriors, allowed himself to cautiously express the assumption that that Kutuzov would be the person who would satisfy all the requirements.
Anna Pavlovna smiled sadly and noticed that Kutuzov, apart from troubles, gave nothing to the sovereign.
“I spoke and spoke in the Assembly of Nobles,” interrupted Prince Vasily, “but they did not listen to me.” I said that the sovereign would not like his election as commander of the militia. They didn't listen to me.
“Everyone is some kind of mania for confrontation,” he continued. - And in front of whom? And all because we want to ape the stupid Moscow delights,” said Prince Vasily, confused for a moment and forgetting that Helen should have made fun of the Moscow delights, and Anna Pavlovna should have admired them. But he immediately recovered. - Well, is it proper for Count Kutuzov, the oldest general in Russia, to sit in the chamber, et il en restera pour sa peine! [his troubles will be in vain!] Is it possible to appoint as commander-in-chief a man who cannot sit on horseback, falls asleep in council, a man of the worst morals! He proved himself well in Bucarest! I'm not even talking about his qualities as a general, but is it really possible at such a moment to appoint a decrepit and blind man, simply blind? A blind general will be good! He doesn't see anything. Playing blind man's buff... he sees absolutely nothing!
Nobody objected to this.
On July 24th this was absolutely true. But on July 29, Kutuzov was granted princely dignity. Princely dignity could also mean that they wanted to get rid of him - and therefore Prince Vasily’s judgment continued to be fair, although he was in no hurry to express it now. But on August 8, a committee was assembled from General Field Marshal Saltykov, Arakcheev, Vyazmitinov, Lopukhin and Kochubey to discuss the affairs of the war. The committee decided that the failures were due to differences in command, and, despite the fact that the people who made up the committee knew the sovereign’s dislike for Kutuzov, the committee, after a short meeting, proposed appointing Kutuzov as commander-in-chief. And on the same day, Kutuzov was appointed plenipotentiary commander-in-chief of the armies and the entire region occupied by the troops.
On August 9, Prince Vasily met again at Anna Pavlovna's with l'homme de beaucoup de merite [a man with great merit]. L'homme de beaucoup de merite courted Anna Pavlovna on the occasion of her desire to be appointed trustee of the female educational institution of Empress Maria Feodorovna. Prince Vasily entered the room with the air of a happy winner, a man who had achieved the goal of his desires.
- Eh bien, vous savez la grande nouvelle? Le prince Koutouzoff est marechal. [Well, do you know the great news? Kutuzov - Field Marshal.] All disagreements are over. I'm so happy, so glad! - said Prince Vasily. “Enfin voila un homme, [Finally, this is a man.],” he said, looking significantly and sternly at everyone in the living room. L "homme de beaucoup de merite, despite his desire to get a place, could not resist reminding Prince Vasily of his previous judgment. (This was discourteous both in front of Prince Vasily in Anna Pavlovna's living room, and in front of Anna Pavlovna, who was just as joyful accepted this news; but he could not resist.)
“Mais on dit qu"il est aveugle, mon prince? [But they say he is blind?],” he said, reminding Prince Vasily of his own words.
“Allez donc, il y voit assez, [Eh, nonsense, he sees enough, believe me.],” said Prince Vasily in his bass, quick voice with a cough, that voice and cough with which he resolved all difficulties. “Allez, il y voit assez,” he repeated. “And what I am glad about,” he continued, “is that the sovereign gave him complete power over all the armies, over the entire region - power that no commander-in-chief has ever had.” This is a different autocrat,” he concluded with a triumphant smile.
“God willing, God willing,” said Anna Pavlovna. L "homme de beaucoup de merite, still a newcomer to court society, wanting to flatter Anna Pavlovna, shielding her previous opinion from this judgment, said.
- They say that the sovereign reluctantly transferred this power to Kutuzov. On dit qu"il rougit comme une demoiselle a laquelle on lirait Joconde, en lui disant: “Le souverain et la patrie vous dekernent cet honneur.” [They say that he blushed like a young lady to whom Joconde would be read, while told him: “The sovereign and the fatherland reward you with this honor.”]
“Peut etre que la c?ur n"etait pas de la partie, [Perhaps the heart was not fully involved],” said Anna Pavlovna.
“Oh no, no,” Prince Vasily interceded warmly. Now he could no longer give up Kutuzov to anyone. According to Prince Vasily, not only was Kutuzov himself good, but everyone adored him. “No, this cannot be, because the sovereign knew how to value him so much before,” he said.
“God only grant that Prince Kutuzov,” said Anpa Pavlovna, “takes real power and does not allow anyone to put a spoke in his wheels - des batons dans les roues.”
Prince Vasily immediately realized who this nobody was. He said in a whisper:
- I know for sure that Kutuzov, as an indispensable condition, ordered that the heir to the crown prince not be with the army: Vous savez ce qu"il a dit a l"Empereur? [Do you know what he said to the sovereign?] - And Prince Vasily repeated the words that Kutuzov allegedly said to the sovereign: “I cannot punish him if he does something bad, and reward him if he does something good.” ABOUT! this is the smartest man, Prince Kutuzov, et quel caractere. Oh je le connais de longue date. [and what a character. Oh, I've known him for a long time.]
“They even say,” said l “homme de beaucoup de merite, who did not yet have court tact, “that His Serene Highness made it an indispensable condition that the sovereign himself should not come to the army.
As soon as he said this, in an instant Prince Vasily and Anna Pavlovna turned away from him and sadly, with a sigh about his naivety, looked at each other.

While this was happening in St. Petersburg, the French had already passed Smolensk and were moving closer and closer to Moscow. The historian of Napoleon Thiers, just like other historians of Napoleon, says, trying to justify his hero, that Napoleon was drawn to the walls of Moscow involuntarily. He is right, as are all historians who seek an explanation of historical events in the will of one person; he is just as right as Russian historians who claim that Napoleon was attracted to Moscow by the art of Russian commanders. Here, in addition to the law of retrospectivity (recurrence), which represents everything that has passed as preparation for an accomplished fact, there is also reciprocity, which confuses the whole matter. A good player who has lost at chess is sincerely convinced that his loss was due to his mistake, and he looks for this mistake at the beginning of his game, but forgets that in every step of his, throughout the entire game, there were the same mistakes that none his move was not perfect. The error to which he draws attention is noticeable to him only because the enemy took advantage of it. How much more complex than this is the game of war, taking place in certain conditions of time, and where it is not one will that guides lifeless machines, but where everything stems from countless collisions of various arbitrarinesses?

Despite the fact that nickel-cadmium batteries have been banned from production in the European Union since this year, these tireless workers are still used in many inexpensive and powerful autonomous devices (screwdrivers, electric shavers, flashlights).

Even if the operating instructions do not say anything about the type of battery of the device, it is quite simple to determine that it is a nickel-cadmium battery that serves as a current source - most often the charging time is indicated in the range of 5-12 hours and there is an indication of the need to independently turn off the charger after charging time.

For nickel-cadmium batteries, fast pulse charging than slow DC. These batteries can produce more power, which makes them a choice for high-power off-grid devices. Nickel-cadmium batteries are the only type of battery that can withstand complete discharge under heavy load without any consequences. Other types of batteries require incomplete discharge at relatively low power loads.

Nickel-cadmium batteries do not like long-term charging under occasional light load. Periodic complete discharge is necessary for them as air is for a person - in the absence of complete discharge, large metal crystals form on the electrodes (which leads to the manifestation of the so-called “memory effect”) - the battery abruptly loses its capacity. For a long time and efficient work NiCd batteries require battery maintenance cycles - complete discharge followed by fully charged, based on most recommendations - once a month, in as a last resort once every 2-3 months.

Nickel-cadmium batteries are the most “foolproof” of modern mass-produced batteries - their use does not even require a system for monitoring battery parameters, which determines their use in inexpensive and powerful devices.

Charging with low currents for 5-12 hours allows you to do without any precautions in the form of charge-discharge control systems. When overcharged, the battery will simply slowly lose capacity (to the delight of the manufacturer). You must remember this when using “bad-boy” chargers (chargers without an automatic charge control mechanism). Therefore, it is best to charge a completely discharged battery and strictly observe the charging time, which will preserve the capacity of the NiCd battery for a long time.

When using “fast” charging (with a charge time of less than 5 hours), it is advisable to have a charger with a temperature sensor, since when charging the battery temperature rises, the capacity increases along with the temperature, and as the capacity increases, the charger can recharge the battery over required level, which leads to an even greater increase in temperature (the phenomenon of “thermal runaway” of the battery) and, at a minimum, to a deterioration in battery parameters. A similar situation exists when charging the battery at low temperatures. Temperature sensor allows you to shift the charge parameters depending on the battery temperature, as well as disconnect the battery from the charge when the rate of temperature rise exceeds 1 degree Celsius per minute or when the battery temperature reaches 60 degrees Celsius, which allows you to avoid the tragic consequences of thermal runaway.

To illustrate the need for a thermal sensor in a charger, I can give an example from two years ago of charging a nickel-cadmium battery for a professional screwdriver on a charger without a thermal sensor (in the photo - this is the charger itself), which allows you to charge the battery at an accelerated pace - in an hour. At that time, the temperature in the apartment was about 30°C, the charger should automatically charge the battery until the target voltage is reached and automatically turn off, which was stated in plain English in the instructions in the safety section. In the morning, the first battery from the set was charged without any incidents - after 50 minutes the charger turned off, in the evening the second battery presented a surprise while charging: due to the absence of a temperature sensor in the charger, the battery entered thermal overclocking mode. Since the charge was accelerated, the problem was noticed late - when the battery began to smoke and began to spray hot electrolyte. The charger, which was quickly disconnected from the network, was saved. The battery continued to suffocate in agony for a long time, trying to cause as much harm as possible when leaving for another world, but it failed and the damage was limited to the cost of the battery itself - 15USD. Since then, the charger has been connected to the network via a timer.

Despite their disadvantages, nickel-cadmium batteries still exist among us. I hope that a little theory and practical experience outlined in the article will allow the reader to get the maximum of what he is capable of from the nickel-cadmium battery of his device.