The service interval (frequency of oil and filter changes) is in the car's service book. What does this information give us? In fact, these are just the recommendations of the manufacturer.

At the same time, the service interval is usually calculated in kilometers and months (for example, in the form of a requirement to change the oil at least once a year or every 15 thousand kilometers). All other factors are taken into account by default, as described above.

How does the manufacturer calculate the recommended oil drain interval? Time does not stand still, and it is absolutely obvious that the era of "eternal" cars is far behind. It is no longer profitable for automakers to produce cars that do not break down for decades, because they need to somehow maintain their developed service infrastructures, as well as stimulate consumers to buy new cars.

Therefore, the car manufacturer, oddly enough, does not care at all about the long-term longevity of the engine when calculating the recommended oil change interval. For the automaker, it is important how the engine will perform during the factory warranty period, and it is absolutely not important what will happen to the engine next. Moreover, it is beneficial for the manufacturer that after the end of the warranty period, the owner of the car often visits the company service or thinks about buying a new car as soon as possible.

Extended oil change interval (longlife)

Some modern engine oils are marketed as vehicles with an extended service interval (longlife). Many motorists really want to believe advertising, and therefore buy just such an oil, believing that they save money and at the same time save the engine.

In fact, it is possible to change the oil at an extended service interval only when performing three "ifs" at once:

1.if the car manufacturer has provided a longlife oil change interval for this particular model and for this particular engine;

2. if the car manufacturer has approved (certified) this particular engine oil for use in this particular engine according to the longlife system;

3. if the car is used exactly in such modes and conditions, which are determined by the car manufacturer, as permissible for the longlife mode.

If everything seems to be clear with the first two "if", then with the third it is a little more complicated - car manufacturers rarely describe in which mode the use of a particular car brand is optimal in their opinion. However, drain intervals for oil and other consumables are calculated with these parameters in mind.

Here, most likely, it is necessary to include logic and analyze the target audience of consumers for which your car was designed during development, as well as the region in which it was initially massively sold. Well, to evaluate external factors that affect the real need to change the oil ahead of schedule. If, for example, the streets in your city are not washed with water every morning (as is the case in Western Europe), apparently longlife is not your choice. It is about the factors that reduce the service interval, the next article.

What factors affect the engine oil change interval?

The main thing is the season, operating mode, as well as the quality of fuel and consumables. Some car and engine oil manufacturers give different recommendations on how often the engine oil should be changed, depending on the operating conditions. In particular, there is such a definition as "difficult conditions" of vehicle operation, in which the engine oil must be changed more often.

What is “harsh operating conditions”?

Oddly enough, this is not at all what many motorists imagine. Without going into the physics and chemistry of the processes that take place in the engine, we can single out the main modes of operation, which are "heavy" for the engine and significantly reduce the life of the engine oil. So, "difficult" conditions are:

1. Irregular use of the car or significant breaks in operation. Remember the popular proverb - "the car must go every day!"? This is exactly the way it is. An engine that starts once a week, or, for example, does not start at all in winter, requires much more attention, more frequent engine oil changes and is likely to live less than one that works every day.

This is exactly the case, and this is due to the condensation that forms inside the engine during long periods of inactivity. Mixing with the products of combustion of gasoline or diesel fuel, this condensate is a fairly effective acid that corrodes the engine from the inside. So the stories of the sellers from the car market about the fact that grandfather drove the supermarket once a week are actually very dubious advertising in terms of the condition of the car. But since in 99% of cases this is still not true, covering up a shamelessly twisted run, you should not worry too much about this.

2. Regular short distance travel. How many kilometers are there from your home to work? Have you ever paid attention to what part of the trip you drive in the morning (and accordingly in the evening) on ​​an engine that is not heated to operating temperature? In other words, are you sure that your engine has time to fully warm up at all during the trip before work? This is again about condensate with all the consequences. Especially true in winter.

3. Traffic jams and start-stop mode. If you remember the school course of kinematics, then you should understand that the maximum load on the engine is achieved when starting off. It is at these moments that the oil heats up more strongly and most intensively loses its properties.

4. Driving in hilly terrain, towing a trailer, as well as constantly driving a loaded vehicle. Increased engine load again, leading to premature oxidation and thickening of engine oil.

5. Operation of the car in dusty or polluted air. Have you ever noticed that in any civilized country, shoes are as clean in the evening as in the morning? Do you think there is less dust there? Probably yes, but the main thing is that the streets are washed there! Regularly, at any time of the year. And it is for these clean streets, where there is very little dust and dirt, that European automakers calculate the time interval during which the engine oil is simply contaminated and completely loses its properties. It is for these streets that the air filters are developed, which you change along with the engine oil. And that is why it is often written in service books for foreign cars that the air filter changes every 60 thousand km!

6. Poor fuel quality. Well, everything seems to be clear here - everything that does not burn in the cylinders settles in the engine oil and significantly reduces its efficiency. Therefore, it should be understood that the recommendations for the intervals for changing engine oil and consumables of European cars are written based on the European quality of the fuel. What the refueller Fedya, who has just pumped out a canister of gasoline for his Zhiguli, refills the tank - the Germans will not dream in a nightmare. And the factory quality of the fuel at the outlet is very different in Europe and in our country - this must be admitted.

7. Traffic jams and engine idling. During idle time with the engine running, the efficiency of the cooling system significantly decreases, the oil heats up.

Thus, it is obvious that the ideal operating conditions for a car are regular long-distance trips in an empty car at moderate speeds on clean European roads, moreover, on European fuel. If your conditions differ from this, you need to adjust the recommendations of the car manufacturer regarding how often the engine oil should be changed. Of course, downward.

Vacuum, or as it is also called,

Express oil change.

In general, the topic deserves a separate article, but in short, we can say this: during a vacuum replacement, much more waste oil remains in the engine than if it is drained in the traditional way. Plus, sediment collects at the bottom of the oil pan during engine operation, which is not removed by vacuum. So, firstly, it is better to alternate such an oil change with a traditional one, and, secondly, after an express oil change, the next time the car needs to be serviced earlier than usual.

Similar information.

When determining the intervals for changing the engine oil, we are guided by the manual.

The engine oil change interval is always negotiated by the manufacturer of your car. in the manual or in the Service bulletin. As a rule, the manufacturer indicates the engine oil change interval in kilometers (or in miles). There are also restrictions in the time period - 3 months -6 months - 1 year. The car can stand in the garage all winter and not go out on the road, and the oil in the engine will still lose its original properties - that is why the manufacturers have introduced a time limit. It is impossible to conclude "I roll very little on the run, so I will change the oil every 2 years."

It is not right to decide for yourself how often you need to change the oil, not based on the manufacturer's recommendations! Only the manufacturer of your car, who has designed and built your car, knows better at what change interval do you need to change the oil! The car manual is a kind of bible, when making decisions, you should always look back at this document. Remember, your car was designed and created by thousands of engineers and specialists, they have already calculated and tested everything for us - no need to consider yourself smarter than VW or Toyota and reinvent the wheel. It is necessary to adhere to the manufacturer's recommendations as much as possible!

Rely on the manufacturer, but do not make a mistake ...

But you also need to be able to interpret the manufacturer correctly! Recently, manufacturers have begun to increase the engine oil change intervals. For the sake of economy, ecology, limiting legislative acts in some countries, oil change intervals have noticeably increased 30,000 km, 50,000 km, etc.

There are special "long life" oils for extended oil drain intervals "LongLife". But such oils can only be poured at extended drain intervals into engines that are suitable for this! It is impossible to conclude "If I fill in Longlife oil in VAZ Kalina, then I can not change the oil 30 000 km." Kalina's engine will kill such oil much faster!

Extended oil change intervals are relevant for countries with a "mild" climate, good fuel quality, clean roads, quality oils, timely maintenance. In severe operating conditions of the car - such prolonged change intervals can lead to premature aging of the engine oil and engine wear!

For example, when you try to start the engine at -30C, fill the crankcase with gasoline and eventually do not start, the oil dilutes, loses its properties under the influence of gasoline, and the manufacturer does not take this into account. You can skate 30,000 km on such spoiled oil and then guess where the wear comes from.

Example: In the list of approved Longlife-04 oils, BMW writes:

The use of Longlife-04 oils in gasoline engines is only permitted in European countries (EC plus Switzerland, Norway and Liechtenstein). Outside this region, their use is prohibited due to the often questionable fuel quality.

Link to white paper: BMW Longlife-04 approved oils. That is, these oils are not suitable for the Russian conditions, taking into account the extended change intervals!

What is harsh operating conditions?

Severe operating conditions include:

1. Poor fuel quality. The fuel never burns out completely. When fuel is burned in the engine, combustion products are formed - ash, soot, tar, sulfur, etc. Deposits form on the inner walls of the engine - carbon deposits, sludge, varnish, etc. The worse the quality of the fuel, the more deposits and unwanted combustion products. Engine oil depletes faster! Russian oil from the very beginning considered to be of lower quality due to the high content of sulfur, as well as heavy and cyclic hydrocarbons. To this must be added the peculiarities of the "Russian business" and the absence of strict control over the production and sale of fuel. Fuel quality is constantly leaping from filling to filling. Production of gasoline from 76th to 92nd by adding additives. Water condensation, sand, dirt in storage and transport tanks, etc. All this affects the life of the engine oil! Therefore, at least somehow you can save yourself from these negative factors only by refueling at proven gas stations and frequent oil change intervals! It is the frequent oil changes that help remove unwanted products from the engine, neutralize sulfur from burnt fuel, slow down oxidative processes, etc. No LongLife or PAO synthetic oils with long drain intervals can miraculously remove all of this from the engine.
2. Traveling short distances... On short trips over short distances, the engine does not have time to warm up. The engine oil does not have time to reach operating temperature. Additives that neutralize fuel combustion products work slower due to the slowdown of chemical processes in an unheated engine. Low-temperature deposits form, clogging filter elements and impairing oil circulation in the lubrication system. The operation of the engine in the mode "started - drove 5 km - turned off" leads to the transformation of condensate formed on the inner walls into water. Water in oil leads to oil flooding - premature aging of the engine oil.
3. Dusty roads, or roads that are treated with anti-icing agents. The air filter does not catch all of the dust particles - a small amount still gets into the engine. It is also not uncommon for unfiltered air to enter the engine, through a filter of poor quality, abnormal air intake (cracked air hose, gasket stiffened), etc. When the engine is operated in dusty conditions, dust particles that accumulate during engine operation cause abrasive wear of parts and reduce the antiwear properties of the oil. In simple terms, dust and sand fall into the cylinder-piston group and, of course, this does not bring anything good.
4. Traffic jams, long trips at low speeds, long idle idle. Constant acceleration and deceleration in traffic jams load the engine the most, the oil is used up faster. At idle speed (XX), the oil pressure in the system is several times lower than at full speed - the oil flows to the engine components, not as well as it happens at full speed along the highway. This also happens on long low-speed journeys. For example, on a dirt road "where you can't really accelerate." The engine is under heavy load and the engine oil is not supplied abundantly. The engine at idle speed (XX) is poorly washed with oil, as a result of which, again, rings can lie, deposits on the walls of the engine can accumulate. The car owner at this time calmly looks at the odometer, where the cherished 15,000 km has not yet come and convinces himself that "everything is fine!"
5. Operation in extremely high or extremely low ambient temperatures. When operating a car in summer heat, the engine is exposed to high temperatures, the oil heats up, and therefore the oil film becomes thinner, the coefficient of friction increases, and the oil film on the surface of the friction pairs may break. If we add to this the towing of a trailer, and even high speeds on the highway, it turns out to be a very tough mode. Remember yourself, on a trip to the South, during the holidays - we will load with the whole family, pick up a trailer and "spar" at high speeds along the highway - it would be faster to get to the sea / or back home. This is exactly the case! High air temperature also accelerates the oxidative processes in the engine and affects the development of the engine oil resource. Operating the engine at low temperatures also affects the life of the engine oil! Attempts to start the engine in cold weather often lead to the fact that the engine is not started, and fuel was supplied at that time. Fuel settling in the crankcase enters the engine oil and dilutes it. Subsequently, the fuel, of course, burns out and evaporates, but the oil is already spoiled and miraculously, to a fresh state, cannot be restored. In winter, we often warm up the engine before starting to move, but long idle (XX) downtime is again not good for the engine oil. The engine is running - and the car does not "reel" the mileage, meanwhile we change the oil according to the mileage!
6. Towing a trailer, transporting heavy loads in the trunk, operating a car in mountainous areas. It is no secret that in a heavily loaded technique, oil develops its resource much faster. If you use your car to uproot stumps in the country, you will wear out the engine ten times faster than during normal operation. The more the engine is loaded, the faster the oil wears out in it. Car operation in mountainous areas, where ups and downs are frequent, also seriously affects the reduction of the engine oil resource.

It is generally accepted that operating conditions are difficult in Russia! On our resource site, we have seen examples and confirmations that the Japanese in Japan, Europeans in Europe, Americans in the United States consider their "greenhouse" operating conditions to be difficult and cut the change intervals by half! Then what are the operating conditions in Russia?

On-board computer as a guideline for the timing of oil change.

In modern cars, the on-board computer, based on the data received, itself signals when to change the oil. The service interval (mileage until the next service) is calculated based on the distance traveled over a certain period of time, the fuel consumed and the temperature change over the same period. Data is collected from various sensors in the car, crankshaft speed sensor, oil temperature sensor, distance traveled from the tachometer, fuel consumption, etc. Based on this data, the control unit calculates the remaining mileage before maintenance and signals the required service interval on the display.

Fig 2. An example of how the service interval is calculated in Skoda cars:

Fig 3. Depending on the data received, the on-board computer can give various options:

But you need to understand that an on-board computer is just a car., which does not take into account many factors, and was created by its manufacturer, who also cannot take into account all factors! Therefore, you will not make things worse if you change the oil more often - you will only make it better!

So, what engine oil change interval should you choose?

Let's highlight the main points when choosing an engine oil change interval.

1. We look at the manufacturer's manual... It is the manual, and not the translations of third-party Russian editions taken from where it is not clear! In the manual, we find a plate with the change intervals, and the lines "under severe operating conditions, we recommend reducing the change interval by half." Sometimes there is nothing in the manual about the mileage. We are looking for official white papers, usually in English. Be sure to follow the official recommendations of the manufacturer of your car!
2. We define our operating conditions. In most cases, if you live in Russia, you have just harsh operating conditions! But there are exceptions! For example: You live in a quiet, provincial town with no traffic jams. Moderate climate, the temperature in summer is not more than + 30C, there is no frost in winter. The car is operated daily and travels at least 20-30 km after starting. The car does not idle for 20-30 minutes (you do not use the autostart function of your alarm - yes, this is also harmful!). You fill the fuel at one filling station, you know for sure that it is of good purification, with a low sulfur content. Fuel is supplied directly from the refinery, all documents are in order (and in general, this is your relative's gas station 🙂). The terrain is flat, not dusty, the roads are asphalt (because the president recently came to your city 🙂). In these cases, you can not shorten the change interval and consider that you have normal operating conditions! In all other cases, consider your operating conditions as difficult!
3. What kind of oil do you fill? If you pour mineral oil, it lives less - you need to make discounts on this. Also applies to "synthetic" hydrocracked oils (VHVI, Group III). If you pour real PAO / Esters synthetics - they live longer than mineral oils and hydrocracking oils - but don't flatter yourself! In the engine oil, in addition to the base oil, there is a package of additives that work, regardless of whether they are dissolved in synthetics, or in mineral water. If you have severe operating conditions, you need to pay attention to the characteristics of the engine oil. On oils with a low base number (for example TBN = 5-6), as well as on bad high-sulfur fuel - it is not advisable to drive with long change intervals!
4. What is your engine? If the engine of your car is equipped with a turbine, the oil develops its resource faster than in a simple atmospheric engine. There are manufacturers who recommend in difficult conditions, for turbo engines, the change period is 2500 km!

Example 1: Let's try to determine the change interval for the 2008 toyota camry.
Find Toyota official document:, below in small text it is written "Under severe operating conditions, reduce the shift interval in half." We divide 14000/2 = 7000 km. Final choice: Change interval 7000 km.

What do motor oil manufacturers say?

Engine oil manufacturers almost always maintain solidarity with car manufacturers about oil change intervals. Almost everywhere it says "Refer to your vehicle's owner's manual." But there are expert answers in the form of advice. In their answers, engine oil manufacturers almost always rely on the recommendations of the automakers!

At the end of the article, I would like to quote the FAQ, a very famous and popular in the West, motor oil manufacturer - Valvoline.

Question: Do I need to shorten my oil change interval to 3000 miles (about 5000 km)?
Answer: Valvoline recommends changing the oil every 3000 miles (about 5000 km). Most car enthusiasts (more than 80% of drivers, according to a California study) operate a car under severe operating conditions (start-stop mode, driving short distances, towing, very high or very low temperatures, etc.) operating conditions, in most recommendations 3750 miles or less, and 3000 miles (about 5000 km) is the most common recommendation. Engine oil and oil filters have a shorter life under severe operating conditions due to increased contamination. Thus, changing the oil and filter every 3000 miles (about 5000 km) is the best way to ensure a healthy engine.

You can subscribe to every word! It is the frequent engine oil change intervals - 5000 km, that will protect you from the accumulation of deposits in the engine, from the negative effects of poor quality fuel, from the harsh operating conditions of the car, etc. Shortened engine oil change intervals are one of the most effective ways to keep your engine in top condition! With 5000 km change intervals, the car engine will serve faithfully for many years!

Published: March 6, 2013

The roof is in very difficult operating conditions, since it is exposed to atmospheric factors for a long time. Uneven settlements, temperature deformations, creep and shrinkage phenomena of reinforced concrete flooring have a detrimental effect on the strength and water resistance of the roof. In industrial areas, in addition, chemically aggressive substances contained in the atmosphere and forming weak concentrations of acids and alkalis in the first minutes of rain have a destructive effect on the roof. In particularly unfavorable operating conditions, the roofs of hot shops are exposed not only to excessive heating, but also to significant dynamic effects from bridge cranes with a rigid suspension of working equipment (rolling, stripping shops, etc.).

The foregoing allows us to conclude that when choosing a material and roof structure, in addition to the physicochemical properties of the material and the construction area, it is necessary to take into account the specifics and microclimate of production.

The roofing material must have a low weight, be durable, allow the smallest slope of the coating, ease of installation and repair, meet the requirements of deformability and fire resistance.

Roofs are divided into roll, rollless asphalt, asbestos-cement and metal.

Roll roofs meet many of the requirements noted above and allow you to arrange coverage with a zero slope. The materials used for roll roofs include izol, brizol, polyethylene film, roofing felt, glassine, roofing felt, waterproofing, tar-bitumen and gudrokamovye materials, roofing fiberglass and fiberglass.

Depending on the slope, rolled roofs of industrial buildings can be flat (slope<2,5%) и скатные (уклон ≥ 2,5%). Наибольшие уклоны скатов при рулонных кровлях не должны превышать 25%.

In order to ensure the waterproofing of the roof, they are arranged from several layers, the number of which is assigned based on the value of the slope:

at i ≥ 15% - two-layer without a protective layer;
at i ≥ 10% - three-layer without a protective layer;
at 2.5 ≤ i< 10% - трехслойные с защитным слоем;
for 0 ≤ i< 2,5% -четырехслойные (и более) с защитным слоем.

Rolled roofs with more than four layers are used in operating coatings or in those areas of the coating where technological equipment is installed and passages are provided.

Sticking of roll materials is made with bituminous, tar and other mastics, depending on the material of the roof. When assigning the heat resistance of the mastic, it is necessary to take into account that on clear summer days, the roofing carpet can heat up to 70-80 °, and in the coatings of hot shops up to 100 ° and higher. In case of insufficient heat resistance, the mastic softens and flows down the slope. This causes a breakdown in the seams of the carpet, the formation of folds from slipping of the panels, changes the physicochemical properties of the mastic (volatilization of light fractions of mastic oils), clogs the vents and funnels of the internal drain. Mastics with excessive heat resistance are undesirable, since they have increased fragility at low temperatures.

Cloths of rolled materials with slopes of up to 15% are placed parallel, and with slopes of more than 15%, perpendicular to the ridge. The amount of overlap of panels on each other is taken: in width - in the lower layers 50-70 mm. and in the upper 70-100 mm, along the length - in all layers not less than 100 mm.

Experiencing significant heating and large daily (up to 60-70 °) and annual (up to 100 °) temperature fluctuations, the roof undergoes significant alternating deformations, which often leads to rupture of the carpet and disruption of its adhesion to the base. In order to reduce the harmful effects of atmospheric influences and to protect against direct mechanical damage, a protective (armor) layer is arranged over roll roofs with a slope of less than 10%. It is made of light-colored gravel with a grain size of 5-15 mm or mica chips. The connection of the layer with the roof is carried out with the same mastic that is used for gluing the waterproofing carpet. Sometimes the protective layer is made of concrete or other slabs laid on a sandy layer.

To reduce the heating of the roof, you can paint it in a light tone (for example, lime or aluminum paint). However, roof coloring is short-lived, especially in areas with a polluted atmosphere; more durable and reliable roofing material, covered from the outside with aluminum foil, which reflects most of the sun's rays.

In the places where the rolled roofs are adjacent to the protruding elements (parapets, pediments, lanterns, etc.), as well as in areas and cornices, additional layers of waterproofing carpet (2-4 layers) are provided.

The roofing carpet, oiled with mastic, is placed on protruding elements, attached to them with nails or dowels, and the joint is protected with a grease or upholstered with galvanized steel roofing. On the valleys of all pitched surfaces, a protective gravel or mica layer must be laid (Fig. 80).

Rolled roofs in foreign industrial construction, with a variety of design solutions, do not fundamentally differ from ours. Most roofs are arranged with air spaces connected to the outside air along the overhangs and at the ridge and with a protective layer of sand, gravel and slag. Wood flooring is also used abroad, although steel and reinforced concrete floorings are mainly common. Flat roofs in the United States are often used to house ancillary equipment, household superstructures, and the like.

Roll-free mastic (asphalt) roofs save scarce roll materials. They have a simple design, are durable, cheaper than rolled by 20-40% and less labor-consuming (1.3-1.6 times). Such roofs are more applicable for roofs that are exposed to mechanical stress (with frequent renovations, cleaning) and the risk of ignition from sparks and hot gases.
Mastic roofs are used with the same slopes as roll ones. In coatings with a zero slope, mastics may have reduced heat resistance. In this case, the roof is "self-healing", since irregularities, cracks and other damage formed in the cold season are leveled, filling with softened mastic in hot weather.

For roll-free roofs, rubber-bitumen, asphalt, emulsion and bitumen-latex mastics are used.

The surfaces of the leveling layers for mastic roofs, made of cement-sand mortar, asphalt, asphalt concrete, hard fibreboard and other plates, are covered with a primer solution of a bitumen binder in a solvent, a bitumen-latex emulsion, etc.

A waterproofing carpet for a mastic roof consists of several layers (2-5), depending on the slope of the coating, reinforcing gaskets (fiberglass, fiberglass mesh, burlap, etc.) and a protective layer made of asphalt or cement slabs, sand, gravel or slag (Fig. 80, e). The thickness of the individual mastic layers depends on the waterproofing properties of the mastic used, and it is taken from 2 to 6 mm.

Rice. 80. Details of coatings with roll (a-d), asphalt (e) and water-filled (f) roofs:
a - adjoining the roof to the parapet; b - average valley; c - adjoining the roof to the pediment with a flat roof; g - the same, with pitched; d - insulated asphalt roof; e - water-filled roof: 1 - wall; 2 - plate; 3 - the main carpet; 4 - additional layers; 5 - protective layer; 6 - funnel; 7 - cement mortar; 8 - galvanized steel; 9 - dowel "through 500; 10 - crutches after 500; 11 - steel strip 40X3; 12 - Isol mastic; 13 - mastic layers; 14 - vapor barrier; 15 - insulation; 16 - water layer

In recent years, they began to introduce mastic roofs made of polymer synthetic materials: polyvinyl chloride, vinyl, neoprene and others with the addition of plasticizers, stabilizers, solvents and other components. These roofs are applied by spraying. They have high waterproofing properties, weather-resistant, frost-resistant and elastic.

Asbestos-cement roofs used in our country were considered earlier (see Fig. 73). Here we will point out some of the features of the device of these roofs in foreign construction. Asbestos-cement sheets produced by firms are not divided into industrial and civil. Their length ranges from 1220-3600 mm, their width does not exceed 1000 mm, their thickness is 5.5-8.7 mm, and the wave height is 30-60 mm.

Along with unpainted, asbestos-cement sheets with various colored surfaces are produced. For example, in England, brown, red, blue, green leaves (7-8 colors and shades) are produced. In the USA, sheets are usually covered with a thin waterproof layer of bitumen emulsion or paraffin, and they are also hydrophobized with organic silicon compounds that ensure complete water resistance of asbestos cement. Also used are semi-wavy and folded sheets, sheets of "cascade" type, allowing to reduce the slope of the coating to 1: 12. In some cases, the sheets are reinforced with steel mesh. The fastening of the sheets to the girders is carried out mainly with screws and bolts, and their heads protruding above the surface of the sheets are covered with anti-corrosion caps.

Metal roofs in industrial construction are still used to a limited extent. The most promising roofs are made of aluminum sheets, which do not corrode and, due to their high reflectivity, resist temperature changes well, have a low weight (3 times lighter than asbestos-cement and 20 times lighter than reinforced concrete coatings).

The domestic industry produces flat and corrugated aluminum sheets. Flat sheets are 2000 to 4000 mm long, 400 to 2000 mm wide and 0.3 to 10 mm thick. Corrugated sheets are made with a length of up to 6000, a width of up to 1500, a wave height of 50-100 and a thickness of 0.8-1.2 mm. Steel sheets have the following dimensions: flat - length 710-4000, width 510-1500 and thickness 0.25-4 mm; wavy - length 1420-2000, width 710-1000 and thickness 1-1.75 mm.

Metal sheets are attached to the girders in the same ways as asbestos-cement. In order to avoid electrochemical corrosion in the places of contact of aluminum sheets with steel purlins, the latter are coated with a special primer or pasted over with a cloth impregnated with this protective material.

From:, & nbsp28662 views

WATERPROOFING OF BALCONY, TERRACE

Open balconies and terraces, walkways, galleries, loggias, roofs of underground parking lots, open areas with seating are constantly exposed to weather conditions. Especially if these areas are intended for mass movement of people, for example, in a shopping center or a stadium, they should not only serve as a decorative function, but also provide waterproofing. MARISIL SYSTEM offers polyurethane-based liquid waterproofing systems that provide long-term protection for terraces and decking used in public places.

We propose to use the system of polymeric waterproofing materials MARISIL for waterproofing balconies and terraces.

MARISIL SYSTEM is a technologically advanced high quality waterproofing system that is easy to apply, fully certified and provides guaranteed long-term results. The system can be used for covering balconies / terraces as well as for renovation and renovation. Products and services MARISIL SYSTEM includes various systems depending on the characteristics of the surfaces to be applied.

Advantages of polymer waterproofingMARISIL SYSTEM balconies, terraces

• Easy to apply (roller or airless spray)
• When applied, forms a continuous membrane without joints
• Resistant to water, heat and frost
• Crack bridging
• Excellent thermal stability, weather resistance, UV resistance
• Remains flexible at temperatures from -40 to +90 ° C
• Various decorative options
• When applied, forms a continuous membrane that adapts to any shape
• Sealing joints and elements
• Minimum additional weight to the substrate

TECHNOLOGY

Waterproofing balconies, terraces with severe operating conditions

BASE TYPE

Concrete, cement-sand screed

• Preparation of the base

Clean all cracks, seams and joints from dirt. Fill irregularities with MARIFLEX PU 30 sealants using a pistol or spatula Consumption Calculated individually

• Padding

Apply MARISEAL 710 by roller, brush or airless spray. Consumption 0.10-0.2 kg / m2

• Installation of waterproofing membrane

Apply 1 or 2 coats of MARISEAL 250 / MARISEAL 260 with a roller, brush or airless spray. On the not dried layer of MARISEAL 250 / MARISEAL 260 we evenly lay the geotextile fabric MARISEAL FABRIK and apply a layer of MARISEAL 250 / MARISEAL 260 on it. Consumption 1.6 - 1.7 kg / m2

• Finishing coat application

Apply 1 or 2 coats of MARISEAL 250 / MARISEAL 260 with a roller, brush or airless spray. Spread the wet finishing layer of MARISEAL 250 / MARISEAL 260 evenly with dry quartz sand or silica and leave to dry completely. Consumption 1.6 - 1.7 kg / m2

Apply 1 or 2 coats of MARISEAL 420 using a roller, brush or airless spray. Consumption: 0.2 - 0.4 kg / m2

PRICE OF 1 SQ.M OF POLYMER WATERPROOFING TERRACE BALCONY

2 311 rubles / sq.m. (the price is indicated, based on the average consumption of materials)

Buy complex polymeric waterproofing for a balcony, terraceat the best price from a warehouse in Moscow and delivery to any city in Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh, Saratov, Togliatti, Tyumen, Izhevsk, Barnaul, Ulyanovsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Yaroslavl, Makhachkala, Orenburg, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Astrakhan, Ryazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Penza, Lipetsk, Tula, Kirov, Cheboksary, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Ulan-Ude, Stavropol, Tver, Ivanovo, Bryansk, Sochi, Belgorod, Arkhangelsk, , Sevastopol, Chita, Kaluga, Smolensk, Volzhsky, Kurgan, Oryol, Cherepovets, Vologda, Vladikavkaz, Saransk, Murmansk, Tambov, Grozny, Kostroma, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ryazan, Minsk.

WATERPROOFING MATERIALS OF MARISIL-SYSTEMS

FOR WATERPROOFINGBALCONY, TERRACES

HEAVY DUTY

Materials (edit)	a brief description of	Full description
MARISIL 250	MARISEAL 250 is a high quality, durable, flexible, one-component, cold-applied, cold-applied polyurethane membrane used for long-term roof waterproofing. MARISEAL 250 contains pure elastomeric hydrophobic polyurethane resins for waterproofing roofs when applying polyurethane mortars. This method provides excellent resistance to mechanical, chemical, thermal, UV and natural elements. MARISEAL 250 hardens by reaction with moisture in the air and earth.
MARISEAL 250 FLASH	MARISEAL 250 FLASH is a high quality, semi-thixotropic, durable, flexible, one-component, cold-applied, liquid-applied polyurethane membrane used for long-term waterproofing. MARISEAL 250 FLASH contains pure elastomeric hydrophobic polyurethane resins for waterproofing roofs. This system provides the same excellent resistance to mechanical, chemical, thermal, UV and natural elements as the MARISEAL 250. The MARISEAL 250 FLASH cures by reaction with moisture in the air and ground, and is also semi-thixotropic for use on slopes. surfaces.
MARISIL 260	MARISEAL 260 is a durable, flexible, one-component, cold-applied, liquid-applied polyurethane membrane used for long-term waterproofing. Like MARISEAL 250 and 250 FLASH, MARISEAL 260 is formulated with pure elastomeric hydrophobic polyurethane resins for waterproofing roofs when applying polyurethane mortars. MARISEAL 260 cures by reaction with moisture in the air and earth to provide an excellent roof waterproofing resistant to mechanical, chemical, thermal and environmental wear for use on sloping and flat surfaces. MARISEAL 260 requires the application of a suitable topcoat.
MARISEAL 420	MARISEAL 420 is a pigmented, wear-resistant, semi-rigid, UV-resistant, weather-resistant, long-lasting, one-component aliphatic polyurethane membrane applied in a cold liquid form with cold curing to form a top coat and protect exposed waterproofing coatings. exposed to strong weather conditions. MARISEAL420 cures by chemical reaction with moisture in the air and earth.

Our company can offer you cars of various carrying capacity, which allows you to choose the option of loading you need.

1. Delivery of materials in Moscow and Moscow region, when ordering a minimum batch:

Maximum delivery rate in Moscow

№	Carrying capacity (tons)	Volume (cubic meters)	Cost, rub.)
1	up to 1.5	7-10	2 000
2	1,5	7-10	3 000
3	3	15-17	4 000
4	5	15-20	7 000
5	10	30-40	8 000
6	20	75-96	10 000

Maximum delivery rate outside the Moscow Ring Road in the Moscow Region

№	Carrying capacity (tons)	Volume (cubic meters)	Cost per 1 km (rub.)
1	up to 1.5	7-10	28
2	1,5	7-10	30
3	3	15-17	32
4	5	15-20	35
5	10	30-40	40
6	20	75-96	50

Additionally:
Entrance to the inside of the Third Transport Ring - 1500 rubles. for the car.
Entrance to the inside of the Garden Ring - 2500 rubles. for the car.

We can offer you a delivery option by a manipulator. The lifting capacity of the manipulator is 15 tons. The use of a manipulator greatly simplifies the unloading of products at your facility, helps to get rid of the search for unloading equipment, and also significantly saves on unloading.

The price of unloading 1 pallet is 250 rubles.

2. Delivery of materials to other regions of Russia (with the exception of Moscow and the Moscow region), when ordering a minimum batch:

Delivery of regional orders is carried out to the transport company chosen by the Customer within the city of Moscow or the Moscow region at the above tariffs, or by transport of our partners in agreement with your manager to the object in your region.
Transport companies we work with for the delivery of materials across Russia:
- Business Line
- PEC

3. Delivery of materials to the CIS countries, when ordering a minimum batch:

Delivery of orders to the CIS countries is carried out to the transport company chosen by the Customer within the city of Moscow or the Moscow region at the above tariffs, or by transport of our partners in agreement with your manager to the object in your region.
Upon delivery to the CIS countries, we make the necessary customs clearance, which is processed by our partner LLC "Corporation VED-CENTER"

The success of each transportation depends on competent planning, therefore for each cargo we select the most suitable transport, the best route and delivery cost.

You have excellent conditions for buying! We were finishing the basement in our house, looking for materials. I drove to the office by car and chose stone grout and glue. Everything was in the warehouse and the guys immediately shipped everything. Very quickly and smoothly. I thought it would be closed on weekends, but it turned out that they were working. Later I also had to buy Parel stone grout. No problem. I am one hundred percent satisfied with the quality of materials and services. They work very professionally, quickly and loyally to the client. Therefore, if you also need various building materials, I highly recommend it. And I myself, I think, is not the last time I appeal.

Victoria Medyanik

My husband and I decided to decorate the facade of the house with thermal panels. It's very cold in the house in winter. We have been looking for quality materials at an adequate price for a long time. As a result, I came across your company on the Internet, called back, clarified the details, ordered 30 bags of Perel thermal panels with delivery. Thank you for helping me choose the most suitable material, calculating the required quantity and delivering quickly on the same day. I am very pleased with the quality of the service and the panels themselves. And the price is just great. Now we are busy with finishing. Thank you for your promptness and professionalism in your work. This is very important for buyers today.

Marina Abidova

Braer decided to start building a house from ceramic blocks on his own. Fortunately, I have building experience, and quite good. It was only necessary to buy Perel 8020 masonry mortar, and it is in short supply in many stores. I called back, consulted, said how many blocks I have and ordered the required amount of solution. The managers very accurately calculated the quantity, delivered the very next day. Before that, I could not find anywhere at all, but here the required quantity was right in the warehouse. They also gave me a nice discount. It is very pleasant and convenient to work with you.

Sergey Simonov

He began to build a new house from ceramic blocks. It was necessary to buy an inexpensive material - warm HAGAst mortar - 720 bags. At first I phoned local shops in Tver for a long time, but if I was there, then in insufficient quantities. And there was no point in buying less, so that later the work would become, there was no. As a result, I turned to your company, said how many blocks I have, they provided me with advice, calculated the required number, promptly delivered with a discount. The stuff is really great. Moreover, for its price. I am 100% satisfied with the cooperation and the level of service.

Andrey Ermak

This is not the first time I have been building a house from ceramic blocks and I always face the same problem - finding a warm Perel 2020 masonry mortar. It is difficult to find it, and if it is somewhere, it is not enough. In the end, I called your company, consulted, asked for a miscalculation of the required amount. I needed a little, but even this I could not find in local stores. I was glad that you ship any volume, everything is very fast and at a pleasant price. The material is excellent. I checked it personally, and I am good at this. Therefore, I recommend you to everyone.

Roman Radchenko

Very fast work and quality materials. Now I am building a house from ceramic blocks and will finish it with clinker bricks. I didn't want to spend extra money on already expensive materials, so I first came to the office, consulted, looked at the samples. As a result, I ordered a paving system, drainage solution and grout. I was glad that all the samples were in the office, they gave me a good discount as a wholesale buyer, they delivered me inexpensively with a manipulator. Plus, you can pay by card through the terminal.

Anton Marchenko

I recently laid paving stones near my house, I needed high-quality materials at a low price. I hoped it was real after all. I'm glad I turned to you. Right in the office, they showed me suitable samples, prompted what would be the best choice. Ordered a Paving System, drainage mortar, glue and grout for paving stones. The materials are of very high quality, plus they helped me calculate the right amount. It's great that you can see everything right in the office, ask any questions and clarifications. And for large orders, they also give a good discount. Great job!

Mark Nikipelov

The husband was laying stones on the paths in the yard. He asked me to find on the Internet where to buy QUICK-MIX NLV 300 stone laying mortar. I quickly found your store and decided to call back. As a result, the husband spoke, said the area, the size of the stone. The required amount of solution was fully calculated for us and the delivery was carried out. It's great that this solution is both glue and grout. The material is really very high quality and reliable. For half a year it has been holding on just fine. And the cost is more than acceptable. Highly recommend to anyone doing any construction or renovation work. Price and quality level.

Maria Kostina

This is not the first time I have been cladding a house with clinker bricks. Often I did it to order, and this reached my home. I called back, consulted, asked a couple of questions. They completely calculated everything for me, accepted the order and carried out the delivery. I bought QUICK-MIX VZ white solution. The material is excellent and the price is justified. Thank you for quickly and accurately calculating everything, delivering it directly to Velikiye Luki (finding a good delivery service) and always informing where the car is now. Delivered on time safe and sound. All perfectly. I'm happy with the result.

Sergey Belozertsev

Recently I insulated my wooden house in my dacha - we decided to come here more often in winter. It was necessary to buy Belarusian thermal panels Belan. I could not find anything suitable or any alternative for a long time until I saw your offer. I contacted the managers by phone, clarified the main points, sent my drawings and in the end ordered exactly what I needed. Thank you for helping me choose the material and its quantity. Definitely liked the price and quality. Delivery is fast and reliable - no delays, for which special thanks to your company and your specialists.

Andrey Bazhan

I needed to buy a facade decorative colored plaster Bark beetle. I myself do not know much about this, so it was also necessary to consult. I am very glad that I turned to you. First I called back, found out the main points, then came to the office, looked at the samples. I am very grateful to your specialists for helping me, an inexperienced one, to make the right choice, advising a good colored plaster for the price of white. All were tinted and delivered right on the day of payment. Excellent professional work and the highest quality. And the most important thing is responsibility. Thank you for being there.

Antonina Makarenko

Recently I have plastered block walls inside and outside the house. I had to buy warm HAGAst plaster (perlite). I was very pleased with the quality of the service. I was invited to the office, answered all questions, consulted, showed samples and helped me make a choice. The price is just great, and the quality is on par. This is not the first time I have been cooperating with you and I am always satisfied with the result. Even if there is not enough material, you can always quickly reorder. Delivery is very fast - almost always on the same day, and you can pay upon receipt. I am sure that I will turn to you more than once and advise my friends.

Artem Senatorov

I am constantly engaged in decorating houses with artificial stone. And I always face the same problem - finding the necessary materials. Fortunately, I found your company and ordered everything I needed: SOREL artificial decorative stone, QUICK-MIX FX 600 stone glue, QUICK-MIX RSS stone grout. Everything is of excellent quality, samples for review are in the office, consultants are well versed in materials and are always ready to help. I was also very pleased with the discount for a large purchase volume. Everything you need was delivered on the same day. I paid by card. Very convenient, fast and high quality. Recomend for everybody.

Maxim Shcherbakov

I recently started decorating my house with natural stone. I had the main material, I had to buy HAGAst KAS-555 natural stone glue. I worked with him before and was always happy with the result. But I could not find it anywhere at a normal price. Or it was not in stock. I am very glad that I turned to you. I called back, clarified if there was glue in stock, if there was a delivery. The managers answered all the questions and said that the material was in stock in the required quantity, after which it was delivered directly to me. Thank you for the high quality material and first-class service. Now I will always refer only to you.

Igor Gorelov

I am a foreman and our construction team is constantly in the process of laying marble tiles on walls and floors. For work we use quick-mix MK 900 marble glue (white). For a long time we worked with one supplier, but in the end he stopped working in the city and it was necessary to look for an alternative. We found you and do not regret it. First, we took a little material purely for testing, the quality is on the level. Further, we have already ordered for the entire object. The glue is durable, easy to use and dries quickly - just what we need. So we will be applying for new lots soon. I was definitely pleased with the fast delivery and quality service. Thanks!

Semyon Lukyanenko

I myself am engaged in the construction of houses, so I am well oriented in the choice of materials. And not all of what sellers offer today really deserves attention. This time I needed to buy polystyrene foam glue, facade fiberglass mesh and dowels. I was looking for something suitable for a long time until I came to your site. Everything you need is there, the price is good, the quality of service is excellent. Especially the speed of delivery. I was advised the options for choosing the material, calculated the required amount, delivered exactly on time, as indicated in the contract.

Ivan Artamonov

Our company is engaged in the installation of industrial floors in Moscow (for increased loads). Accordingly, the quality of the materials we use must always be at the highest level. You have ordered especially durable industrial floors Reapol 20 and did not regret your choice. The material itself serves as a leveling screed and topcoat, is very easy to use and has the highest strength. Thank you for clearly calculating the required amount of material, delivered on time and given a good discount for a large number of goods in the order.

Vitaly Zgursky

We are engaged in flooring in large production facilities. For us, the quality of the final result is always in the first place. This means that the materials used must be first class. You have ordered Reamiks-M concrete floor hardener - a new product on the market that completely replaces topping. The material is more convenient to use and perfectly increases the strength of concrete. Nice to work with you. Experts are always ready to advise on all issues, give advice and quickly carry out delivery to the place. Good job for a reasonable price. We are not cooperating for the last time.

Victor Semagin

I am engaged in laying walls from facing bricks. I had to buy Quick-mix LHM mortar for bricks. I have been looking, I confess, for quite a long time. And at first I didn't even know for sure whether I needed this solution. It's good that I got to your office. They showed samples here, advised what is best to choose and made a calculation of the required amount. After payment was delivered on the same day. The provided material is inexpensive and of high quality. Great for laying bricks on your own, even without special building skills. Yes, and I liked working with you. You are real pros.

Dmitry Khorolsky

Our small company is engaged in the insulation of facades in high-rise buildings. You bought glue for expanded polystyrene, facade mineral plaster bark beetle. All materials are of the highest quality, and the price is more than democratic, which is definitely pleasing. We have been working for the second year and mainly try to find inexpensive, but high-quality material. Here it just happened to find just such. We called, ordered, used delivery to our warehouse. Everything is very convenient. Delivery is generally inexpensive, and deliveries are strictly on schedule. Great job! We will cooperate.

Segey Maksimenko

According to statistics, many motorists have a wrong concept associated with the term severe operating conditions. If you do not go into the chemistry and physics of the processes that take place in the car system in detail, you can see different modes of operation. They take into account product quality, driving mode, weather, etc. But what exactly is meant by "difficult conditions"? For example, a prolonged downtime of a car, or irregular use. After all, it is not for nothing that they say that the car must always go. Everything is said correctly. If you do not start the engine for a long time, especially in winter, then in the future it will be necessary to pay more attention to its diagnostics, as breakdowns may occur. And compared to the engine that is used every day, it will last less.

This is due to condensation that can form inside the engine system during a long break in use. When mixed with fuel, condensate is similar to acid, which corrodes the inside of the engine. So if, when buying a used car, they say that they almost never drove by car, then you should be careful. But often this is not true, in order to sell a car as "new", and you shouldn't worry too much. Daily short journeys will shorten engine life. So when driving to and from work, the distance can be short, and driving on an unheated engine also leads to the formation of condensation. This is especially important in winter.

Therefore, it is recommended to stand at idle for a couple of minutes before starting movement, if it is winter time, it is better to warm up the engine longer. The "start-stop" mode in traffic jams also complicates the operation. Since there is a significant load on the engine during the start of the movement, jerking on the spot will not lead to anything good, but due to the large number of vehicles on the roads, you cannot get away from this. And the bad influence on the car is due to the fact that at these moments the oil heats up more intensely and loses its properties more intensively. Also, when idle, the cooling system does not work well, which leads to heating of the oil. Driving with a heavy load is undesirable; such driving is considered to be driving on bumpy terrain, towing, frequent driving under full load. All this entails a high load on the engine, and, accordingly, the oxidation and thickening of the oil. Frequent driving in muddy terrain leads to increased wear and tear on the vehicle. These include places with dusty air or dirty roads. You can see that going out into the street in clean shoes, upon coming home, they will be in a layer of dust, although not a big one, but they will be. In order for this not to be necessary to regularly wash the streets, but we have no one doing this.

Car manufacturers make cars with a view to clean streets, and, of course, the oil change interval is calculated based on driving on clean streets. This dust contaminates not only the oil, but also other parts of the car that require replacement or cleaning. Also, following the example of clean streets, you can often see in the service book that the filters are changed every 60,000 km. Poor quality fuel and oil reduces the life of the car. It is clear that if these components are not of high quality, then unburned particles will settle in the engine compartments, cylinders, and all this reduces the efficiency of work. All modern engines are designed for high-quality fuel, but no one knows what is added and what is diluted in the hope of earning more money. Express oil change does not lead to anything good. With such a replacement, a considerable part of the used oil may remain in the engine. Also, as a result of work, a sediment forms at the bottom of the pallet, which cannot be easily removed. If you carry out such an oil change, then it is better to carry out a traditional oil change soon.