Banking business is a profitable, but very difficult direction. And people with extensive experience, the necessary knowledge and the ability to make serious investments are capable of engaging in this type of business. But if the desire to open a financial institution is great, but there are not enough opportunities, you can open credit organizations. It will take less money to open them.

Usually, experienced entrepreneurs go to open a bank. They need their own bank to service the parent company. There are many banks in Russia, including both large and small ones. Big competition. But on the other hand, more and more people use the services of banks, which means that you have the opportunity to establish a successful business. Opening a private bank in Russia is not easy. But if you have a well-written business plan, subject to all the rules and regulations, the business will become successful.

A business plan is essential. It will help not to miss a single trifle and nuance, so that nothing interferes with the work of the bank.

Private bank business plan

Both large and small banks conduct regular medium-term planning of their activities to strengthen their positions. It is for this purpose that a business plan is developed, which is based on analysis and planning.

Detailed planning will allow you to correctly choose the main strategy for your development, to gain advantages over competitors. For example, the experience of many banks shows that medium and small banks should work in a specific direction. Only a large bank can be universal. And this direction of work should be fixed in the business plan.

The development of a business plan should be based on a development analysis. Analytical developments are carried out in several directions. The legislative environment and the external market, sales and customer base, the position of the bank in the financial market and the assessment of competitors are analyzed. In this case, you can make a forecast for the next five years.

Planning the bank's development strategy will help to expand the resource base, increase revenue growth, and help set the main development goals for the next five years. For example, to gain a positive reputation and constantly maintain it; expand the range of services; expand the customer base; attract new investments; create a flexible interest rate policy; etc.

Variety of banks

For a novice entrepreneur, you need to know the existing types of banks in order to choose the direction that best reflects his aspirations. Financial institutions are divided into five types:

1. Retail. Their advantage is that they provide all types of financial services. Their difference is the diversification of assets.
2. Credit. Bank funds are an asset, customer debt is a liability.
3. Estimated. Working with individuals, offering all settlement services.
4. Market. Investments in securities.
5. Interbank structures. Interaction with financial institutions, resulting in profit.

But many banks choose a universal type in order to work in several directions at the same time. The license of the bank describes in detail what operations the bank is entitled to carry out. The license changes only after two years. There is an opportunity to choose the type of bank where some disadvantage is felt.

Read also: What do you need to open a notary office?

How to open your own bank

Before such an important matter as opening your own bank, conduct a serious analysis of your capabilities and strengths. Both you and your founders must have the required amount, there must be no previous criminal records and bad credit history. Verification of bank documents will be accompanied by a total verification of all founders.

There is an important condition, there must be five million euros on the company's personal account. Otherwise registration will not be possible.

After that, all partners sign an agreement and choose the legal form of their organization. Usually a commercial bank is opened as a joint-stock company. The law does not restrict the choice of an open society or a closed one. For the activities of the bank is selected the code OKPD 2 64. These are financial services.

Next stage. It is necessary to draw up and sign a memorandum of association. The Central Bank of Russia will tell you whether you have chosen the name of your organization correctly, whether there are any analogues for existing financial institutions.

Having received a certificate of registration, all the necessary information is sent to the Main Department for the region where you open a bank. It is impossible to obtain a license if there is no agreement with the GTU. All documents verified by the GTU are sent for the next verification to the Central Bank, where additional information may be needed. And that's not all. The Banking Supervision Committee decides on the issue of registration. And if all the questions have received a positive decision, the Tax Inspectorate enters a new private bank in the register of credit institutions.

Within thirty days, the founders must deposit the authorized capital into the account and collect the necessary papers. Here is the list:

1. Founders statement.
2. Constituent documents.
3. Business plan.
4. The meeting of founders must adopt the protocol.
5. Receipt of payment of state duty.
6. Documents on registration of founders and their notarized copies.
7. Questionnaires of candidates for leading positions.
8. Legal entities provide an audit opinion that their financial statements are reliable. Individuals present documents that confirm the source of their funds that they will contribute.
9. Documents on the basis of which a conclusion is being prepared that the credit institution complies with all requirements for conducting cash transactions.
10. Certified consent of the federal antimonopoly authority to establish a financial institution.
11. If a bank is registered as a joint stock company, their first issue of shares is registered.
12. List of founders and their full details.

The task of collecting documents can be simplified. There are institutions that specialize in collecting the necessary documentation. You can contact them. But the cost of their services is quite high, and there is no guarantee that a license will be issued. There are many reasons for refusal to issue a license. There are many types of licenses, the main thing is to choose the right one.

You can contact specialists who can issue a ready-made bank business plan or draw it up according to your requirements and capabilities. Specialists of some agencies can help in the correct execution of documents. They also have established links with regulators so you can get answers from them earlier. But everything else will have to be done by ourselves. Only decisive and self-confident people are capable of registering their own bank.

Encyclopedic reference: a bank (from Italian banco - ‘bench’) is a financial institution that provides businesses and individuals with services related to making payments and other financial transactions. Regulation and control of the banking system of the state (issue of government securities, setting exchange rates, etc.) is carried out by the Central Bank. In addition to it, commercial banks can operate in the country, performing a wide range of banking operations (granting loans, opening and maintaining accounts, selling securities, and others).

The answer to the question of whether the bank is profitable seems obvious - this is one of the most highly profitable activities. Another thing is that it is quite difficult to enter this market. Firstly, significant investments are needed (the minimum authorized capital, according to Russian legislation, is 300 million rubles), secondly, rich experience in the banking sector, and thirdly, good connections.

Step by step to develop your own bank

Step one: select format

To an inexperienced eye, it may seem that all banks provide the same set of services. However, it is not. In the banking sector, there are 5 functional groups: credit, market, settlement, retail banks, as well as financial institutions focused on interbank relations. You can choose one of the specified specializations for your bank or create a universal bank that will combine the features of all types of banking organizations. The last option requires the most effort, but in the end will attract the largest number of customers.

step two: we form a legal base

Banking activities are subject to licensing. Before you open your bank, you need to form an impressive package of constituent documents, licenses and approvals. In addition to documents evidencing fiscal and tax registration, you will need the following licenses.

General license for banking operations issued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

License to carry out operations in the securities market issued by the Federal Commission for the Securities Market;

License to conduct transactions with precious metals (if such type of activity is specified in the Charter).

In addition to standard constituent documents, the bank needs:

Permission for the right to act as a guarantor before the customs authorities (issued by the State Customs Committee);

A registration certificate that allows the bank to attract deposits and place precious metals, as well as conduct other operations with precious metals and stones (issued by the Central State Inspectorate for Assay Supervision).

Step Three: we form a range of services

After all licenses and certificates have been obtained, you can form a range of services provided to individuals and (or) legal entities. Here is an example list:

Opening and maintenance of accounts;

Making settlements, conducting payment transactions;

Settlement and cash services;

Collection;

Currency transactions (purchase and sale) in cash or non-cash form;

Direct money transfers (without opening an account);

Operations with bank cards, traveler's checks;

Depository operations;

Financial advice.

Where to get money?

The exact answer to the question of how much it costs to open a bank is known only to those who have already successfully overcome all the stages of formation. In addition to the fact that it is necessary to have at least 300 million rubles of authorized capital, funds are needed for premises, office and banking equipment, legal registration, hiring and remuneration of personnel, creating a reliable security system, and much, much more. The total amount amounts to hundreds of millions of rubles - one cannot do without serious investors. According to experts, the average payback period of a commercial bank is from 5 to 10 years.

Summing up

The risks in banking are as high as the returns. Before launching such a project, it is necessary to conduct a professional market research and make a forecast of changes in the economy and the financial sector for several years ahead.

The accuracy of the forecast, even compiled by a specialist, is relative, since the banking sector is closely connected with the political situation in the country, and it is almost impossible to predict the political state even for the payback period.

To open a bank on your own, you need to be savvy in financial and legal intricacies, have a good reputation, prepare an impressive package of documents and a sufficient amount of money, most of which will go to pay for the authorized capital.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, according to the list of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated February 6, 2017, there are 572 banks registered in Russia. Their number is decreasing every year, but interest in the banking sector in business circles does not fade away. Many businessmen at least once imagined themselves as bankers and wondered how to open a bank. Consider the legal and organizational aspects of opening a bank in Russia.

The banking business is one of those types of business for which the main thing is the financial component and the impeccable reputation of the founders and top officials of the organization.

What is a bank and how to open it

According to the main regulatory act in banking - the Law of the Russian Federation "On Banks and Banking Activities", not only banks, but also non-bank credit organizations (NCOs) can be able to conduct banking operations. Let's distinguish between these concepts so as not to be confused in the future, since we will talk about opening a bank, and not an NPO.

The difference is that the bank - has the right to carry out in a complex such banking operations (among others) as: to attract and place money in deposits of individuals and legal entities, as well as to open and maintain bank accounts of individuals. and legal persons. NPOs, on the other hand, have the right to engage only in combinations of operations that are legally permissible for them. The amount of authorized capital also differs significantly.

• The legally regulated minimum authorized capital for registering a bank in the Russian Federation is 300 million rubles;
• For NGOs, this amount is 90 million rubles.

An important addition: the authorized capital for a credit institution cannot be contributed by attracted (borrowed) financial resources.

There are two main ways to become the owner of your own commercial bank:

1. The first option is to buy an operating bank. For example, businessman Oleg Tinkov, in order to create his own bank, bought a ready-made registered bank, renamed it, attracted investors and organized activities in accordance with his own vision.
2. Organize the banking business from scratch: draw up documents, register, obtain permits and licenses, pay the authorized capital, find premises, equip it, hire employees.

The first option is simpler, but requires large financial costs. The second option is more time-consuming, but less expensive. Let's talk about how to open a bank in Russia from scratch, where to start, what permits and licenses are needed, and other essential points.

How to register a bank

In order for the newly created bank to function without hindrance, it must be registered and licensed to conduct banking operations. To register a bank, you need to go through the following steps:

1. You need to register with the Federal Tax Service (FTS) jur. face - society. According to the law of a strict requirement for a specific organizational and legal form of legal entities. person for the bank is not presented. It is possible to register as an open (LLC), public (PJSC), closed (CJSC), joint stock company (JSC). The tax service enters the organization into the register of legal entities, and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issues a Certificate of state registration. registration of a new bank.

   The detailed procedure for interaction between the Federal Tax Service and the Business Center of the Russian Federation is described in the “Regulations on interaction between the Ministry of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on state issues. registration of credit institutions.

   Before an agreement on the establishment (creation) of a bank is signed, you need to come up with a name for it. After that, the founders must send a request to the Licensing Department of the Central Bank on the admissibility of using the full and abbreviated name in Russian. For a maximum of five days, the Central Bank checks and gives a written answer on the admissibility of using this name (the answer comes to the territorial branch of the Central Bank, where the bank is supposed to be registered).

2. Individuals can also be founders. and legal persons (other organizations, you can credit), who have the appropriate reputation and financial situation. Three years after registration, the founders are not allowed to leave the number of participants.
3. To register a new bank and get licensed by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, you need to thoroughly prepare and provide an impressive package of constituent and other documents, including:

   application of the established format;

   you need to decide in advance on the place, as you need documents for rent or confirming ownership of the premises where it is planned to open a bank;

   registration and issuance of a license is subject to a state fee, it must be paid and a document confirming payment must be submitted;

   constituent documents, reporting of founders-legal entities. persons confirming the compliance of the financial condition, the possibility of paying the authorized capital and the sources of origin of funds;

   minutes of the general meeting and the meeting of the board of directors with a number of decisions (on the establishment of the organization, approval of the charter, business plan, name, election and approval of candidates for positions);

   a number of documents that allow preparing a conclusion on the compliance of the newly created bank with the provisions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (including certificates of conformity for equipment, a plan for the location of premises, a license from a company with which a security agreement has been concluded, a license from an insurance company with which an agreement has been concluded, certificates for acceptance of signaling commissioning, etc.)

   the founders must submit an application for registration of the bank to the antimonopoly body, a copy of the positive answer must be submitted to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

   documents that are needed for the issue of shares (if the form of a joint-stock company is chosen);

   a complete list of founders on paper, profiles of applicants for the positions of the head, chief accountant, his deputy (they must have a legal and / or economic education or experience in managing banking departments for at least two years, no criminal record);

   written reports about each member of the board of directors, about their compliance with the requirements.

A complete list of documents is provided in Bank of Russia Instruction No. 135-I dated April 2, 2010 "On the procedure for the Bank of Russia to make a decision on the state registration of credit institutions and the issuance of licenses for banking operations."

Bank Licensing

Banking operations are subject to mandatory licensing by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Licenses can be granted to conduct various banking operations, each license contains a listing of such operations, as well as the currency (or currencies) in which they can be carried out. The license is granted indefinitely.

Within a maximum of six months after receipt of the documents by the Bank of Russia, a verdict on registration and granting of a license is issued. If his decision is positive, then the founders are given a period of one month to contribute the entire amount of the authorized capital. To do this, a correspondent account is opened in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, to which funds should be received. After paying the full amount of the authorized capital, a license is granted within three days.

To conduct banking operations in rubles and foreign currency, including accepting and placing physical money on deposits. and legal persons in rubles and foreign currency, it is necessary to obtain a general license. To obtain a general license, the bank's capital must be at least 900 million rubles.

Payment of the authorized capital is not all the main financial injections. Credit institutions must create reserve funds, classify assets, strictly comply with the requirements of the provisions of the Central Bank.

As practice shows, without having sufficient financial condition, attracting competent specialists in each of the areas of the bank's activities, it is not possible to organize such a business from scratch on your own.

The banking sector is extremely attractive due to its high profitability. Despite the fact that opening a bank is a rather complicated process, and the volume of investments even in a small credit institution is very large, many owners of large capitals are thinking about opening their own bank.

In this article, we will take a detailed look at how to open your own bank in Russia, what documents will be required for this and how much money will be required.

Before starting preparations for opening your own bank, you should conduct a complete market analysis for the possibility of opening a new financial institution in a particular region, determine the type of future bank and assess competition.

It is worth noting that Despite the fact that competition in the banking sector is traditionally very high, banking services are in great demand.

Thus, when opening a bank, it is necessary to determine which services are most in demand, and which type of banking services is the most scarce.

Opening a bank - choose the type of bank

In total today there are five formats of banks. Each of these types has its own specifics, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, they all require a slightly different approach to organizing work, different investments.

Settlement banks

A settlement bank is an institution in which the main emphasis is on settlement and cash transactions.

Retail banks

A retail bank is a financial institution with a wide profile, offering its customers the widest possible range of services.

Credit banks

A credit bank is a bank that specializes in lending. The bank's assets are loans issued, and liabilities are its own funds.

Market banks

A market bank is an organization that specializes in securities. The assets of a bank of this format are valuable services, liabilities are equity capital.

Interbank structures

An interbank structure is a special bank that specializes in conducting interbank transactions and receives profit in the form of commissions from such transactions.

How to open a bank - required documents

To open a bank of any of the above types, the following documents will be required:

• License of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for banking activities (General license of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation);
• License of the Central Bank of Russia for operations with precious metals;
• License of the commission on the securities market of the Russian Federation;
• Permission of the Customs State Committee of the Russian Federation;
• State certificate. inspection of the assay control of the Russian Federation on the registration of a banking organization.

Opening a bank - services

When the type of the future is chosen, and the necessary documents are received, a plan should be drawn up for the range of services provided, focusing on the chosen format and the capital of the bank.

It is worth noting that although the retail bank requires the largest investment, it is the best option in terms of attractiveness to customers who can get all the services in one place.

room

It should be borne in mind that special requirements are imposed on the premises in which banks are located., both in terms of configuration and materials of walls, partitions, doors, etc. should be located in a place with good traffic and have an area of ​​at least 100 square meters. meters.

Costs and payback

The total cost of opening a small regional bank is estimated by market experts at 500 million rubles ($10 million). If the bank has 2-3 branches, this amount should be doubled. The average payback period for a banking organization in Russia is five to ten years.

We hope that our article has helped you get an idea of ​​how to open a bank from scratch. And although the risks in banking are extremely high, no other can boast comparable profits in terms of volume.

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The banking sector cannot be called simple, but, despite this fact, it is very profitable and attractive. The main limitation is the presence of significant work experience and special knowledge, as well as a huge amount of investment.

A close examination of the peculiarities of the Russian legislative sphere allows us to conclude that a simpler and faster option is to purchase an already ready and operating bank than opening a new one that requires obtaining all the necessary permits.

Currently, the range of banking services is very popular, which attracts more and more new entrepreneurs in this area. Before you start opening your own institution, you need to decide what direction it will have:

• Market banks whose main activity consists of establishing and maintaining interbank relationships. Most of their assets consist of finance attracted from other credit institutions. They are based on speculative finance, for example, securities.
• V credit institution, based on its name, the main part of the asset consists of borrowed funds.
• Estimated the bank practices servicing for its clients (by the way, they don’t have to have a lot of clients at all, often just one, but a large one, is enough).
• The largest group is retail organizations. They are engaged in the provision of various services in the field of finance, combine the features of each other type and therefore are the most diversified and universal.

You can watch an interesting interview about organizing such an activity with its owner in the following video:

Required documents and how to obtain them

So, first you need to register a business entity. The standard form here is a joint-stock company (open or closed - no restrictions are established by law). In accordance with the OKPD 2 classifier, banking activity sounds like "financial services, except for insurance and pension services."

After completing the registration manipulations, you should generate information about the bank and its full name, and then send the information to Main Territorial Administration(each region has its own). Until this agency issues a signed agreement into the hands of a newly minted entrepreneur, there is no point in applying for a license.

This stage assumes the availability of sufficient authorized capital for payment, since the Main Territorial Administration will definitely check this.

Also, upon receipt of approval, the financial history of the organization as a whole and each of its founders separately will be checked. And if at least one of the founders decides to hide information about any of their financial transactions, then the possibility of opening will be ruined in the bud.

Now a little about the authorized capital. Must have 300 million rubles free funds at the time of obtaining a license. By the way, the amount was recently increased and very significantly, earlier, “only” 180 million were required for the authorized capital.

After the GTU completes its verification, it is necessary to ensure the transfer of information about the newly opened institution to central bank, where each submitted document will be checked no less carefully. The final reviewing authority is Banking Supervision Committee. It depends on the decision of this structure whether a new commercial organization will open or not.

If the decision is positive, then information about the bank is transferred to the next control body - the tax office, which is entrusted with the duty to enter it in the register of credit organizations.

From this moment, the institution has only 1 month to deposit to the authorized capital account.

The initial standard mandatory package of documents for registration includes the following items:

• Statement.
• List of founding documents.
• A carefully crafted business plan.
• Minutes indicating that the founders held a general meeting.
• A document confirming the payment of the state. duties.
• Copies of documents stating that the founders have passed state registration.
• Forms of candidates for leading positions: director, chief accountant and their deputies.
• An auditor's report confirming that the financial statements are fair.
• A package of documents necessary for a credit institution to be able to obtain an opinion that it complies with a number of established requirements when conducting cash transactions.
• A document issued by the FAS (Federal Antimonopoly Service) and confirming a positive response to the petition for consent to the establishment of an institution.
• A complete list of founders on paper.

Possible range of services

The strategic goal of the bank and each of its services is to increase income, which can be achieved in several ways:

• Attracting clients.
• Expansion of the sales market for services.
• Increase in market share.

At present, the level of competition in the banking market is quite high, therefore, in order to maintain balance in the organization, a kind of department store must be formed that can provide the client with a full range of services.

Main types of banking services:

• Consultations. A bank employee must necessarily understand such issues as investments, securities, tax returns, be able to bring information to the client in an accessible form. If the client is a legal entity, they may need a credit check of a new counterparty or assistance in analyzing marketing opportunities in markets of various sizes, both nationally and globally.
• Financial flow management: The bank collects payments, makes payments to firms and invests excess cash in the purchase of short-term securities until the client begins to need them.
• Providing brokerage services when carrying out transactions involving securities.
• Implementation of investment services. For example, underwriting, which is a guaranteed placement or purchase of new securities from issuers. At the same time, the purpose of such an acquisition is their subsequent resale to another buyer and income generation.
• Insurance. For a long time, banks have been providing credit life insurance to the client, which guarantees him the repayment of the loan in case he dies or falls ill. Actions to provide an insurance policy are carried out through joint ventures or by signing, giving the right to the insurance company to open a kiosk for the sale of policies on the territory of a credit institution.
• A range of financial services, which in turn consist of trust, leasing and factoring operations. The type of service directly depends on the type of client.

About suitable premises and necessary equipment

The bank cannot be called an ordinary office, although it appears as such at first glance. It performs several important functions:

• Customer and visitor service.
• Cash operations.
• Storage of a significant cash and material stock.

This implies a number of specific features that must be taken into account during the construction, reconstruction or repair of bank premises.

So, when drawing up a project, you need to pay special attention to external and internal decoration (corporate style is a fundamental factor), planning (a convenient client area and a functional back office are required) and technical strength in accordance with a number of regulatory requirements (protective equipment and an integrated system, providing security).

The main feature of the construction is the requirement for mandatory equipment with engineering and technical means, the main purpose of which is protection and safety. The following institutions make their requirements for bank premises: the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the fire inspection and Rospotrebnadzor.

In general, design and construction can only be entrusted to experienced organizations with qualified specialists on staff.

The activities of the institution are daily associated with the processing of large amounts of cash, therefore, specialized equipment will be very useful. It allows you to count money, sort it by denomination, and even check its authenticity. You can purchase both several separate devices, and one multifunctional unit that can cope with each of the above tasks.

Of course, you can not do without an ATM. By the way, it is desirable that he was far from alone and was located in a passable place or in a department.

Staff

Working in a bank is a very responsible occupation that requires compliance with criteria such as concentration and quality. Therefore, the selection of personnel requires close attention, especially when it comes to leadership positions. Only a qualified leader can ensure the effective operation of the company.

The organizational structure of the institution is determined by the charter, which should contain information about the governing bodies, the powers granted to them, the assigned responsibilities and the relationship when carrying out financial operations.

Top management is General Meeting of Shareholders. It must be convened at least once a year, and an extraordinary meeting may be held at any time if required by the founders, the board of directors, the audit commission or a shareholder. The main tasks of the board include: operational management of banking activities, approval of the regulations on the structural unit, representative office or branch of the institution, as well as resolving questions on the selection and placement of personnel.

The organizational structure should include a number of units that perform their functional purpose:

• credit and audit departments, each of which deals with the solution of general issues: the first - the development of a credit policy, the second - an external review and evaluation of the organization's activities;
• planning department, whose main tasks are: the organization of commercial activities, the control of such important indicators as liquidity and profitability, economic analysis and the study of the client's solvency, as well as marketing and public relations;
• deposit management: acceptance and issuance of deposits, issue and placement of securities;
• credit management: implementation of short-term and long-term lending, non-traditional banking operations, such as leasing, etc.;
• international operations management: currency deposits, provision of foreign currency loans, etc.;
• accounting and operational management, consisting of the operational, settlement department and the department involved in cash transactions.

Staff functions should be performed by the administrative and economic, legal department, personnel service and accounting department.

Necessary costs and possible sources

Experts considered that opening your own bank would require at least 300 million rubles. In addition, almost 200 million will be spent on organizing offices, a security system and hiring the necessary personnel.

The institution's own funds make it possible to maintain its sustainability. During the opening, they are needed to cover the primary costs: land, premises, equipment, wages. In the future, investments in long-term assets are made at the expense of own funds.

The organization's own funds consist of:

• from the authorized capital;
• from the reserve and special fund;
• from insurance reserves;
• from additional capital;
• from undistributed profit during the year.

The funds that form the basis of the bank's resources are contributed by legal entities and individuals - participants (shareholders or shareholders).

Payback period

The financial situation in the city greatly affects the profitability and payback of the institution, but any carefully organized bank pays off in 5-10 years.

The level of competition in this area is very high, but even the presence of a large number of large organizations does not prevent the development of small ones. Due to the fact that they provide completely different services, the population needs both one and the other.

In addition, it is often necessary to open one's own establishment, for example when it acts as a subsidiary to help service the main company. In general, this is a profitable investment, because with such a large-scale project, 5 years is a good payback indicator.