When starting to discuss the topic of braking in winter, the first thing to note is that practically the most important condition for proper braking during icy conditions is the driver’s choice of “winter” speed. Typically, drivers with sufficient driving experience, with the onset of winter, automatically switch to a more relaxed way of driving. This method is not only about reducing average speed movement, but also in increasing the distance with neighboring cars, as well as in switching to special equipment machine control.
Drivers with little experience gradually gain experience by learning from their own mistakes and analyzing all the temporary shortcomings of their own driving style. That is, in order to learn to feel confident on an ice-covered road, you should constantly improve your own driving technique, regardless of your experience behind the wheel of a car.
Braking without ABS
If your car is not equipped with an automatic wheel locking system, and you yourself are a novice driver, you will need increased attention and the ability to “listen” to the behavior of your car. What should be noted here is the ability to distinguish the characteristic sound of wheels being locked when the brake pedal is pressed. This sound should serve as a signal to the driver that it will be difficult for the car to stop - like a children's sled rolling down a hill until some obstacle appears in its path.
In order not to bring the situation to a meeting with an obstacle, when a characteristic sound occurs, you should let go brake pedal to unlock the wheels - then control of the steering will again pass to the driver, thanks to the force of inertia. In order for such dangerous situation does not recur in the future, the driver should practice a special technique of so-called intermittent braking, which is achieved by frequently but briefly pressing the brake pedal. In this case, braking on ice will be convenient because the car will slow down, but the wheels will not lock - this will allow the car not only to brake correctly, but also not to deviate from the chosen trajectory.
Attention - a common mistake!
In general, braking on ice using the “full” method is biggest mistake drivers. Any sudden movements - with the steering wheel or the brake and gas pedals - are generally categorically unacceptable when the coefficient of adhesion of the tire to the road is extremely low. At sudden movements on slippery road the wheels inevitably block, which leads to skidding of the rear or front axles of the car. Therefore, as mentioned above, you need to brake intermittently or stepwise - then the car will be able to slow down even before the wheels lock and, thus, you can avoid skidding
If you have a fairly large area for braking, you can use the so-called combined method of braking in winter, which involves downshifting simultaneously with braking. When using this method, the main thing is not to knock the engine down - to do this, it is necessary to engage gears only in the corresponding speed range, so that excess traction directed at the drive wheels does not interfere with the stability of the car
Braking with ABS
Unfortunately, it is not always perfect - especially its first variations. Owners of cars equipped with ABS should remember that the braking distance of their cars, under certain circumstances, can be even longer than on cars without an anti-lock braking system.
The computer "brain" of ABS is designed to read and analyze wheel brake impulses so that the system can balance the wheels if one of them begins to lock. Everything would be fine, but in slippery areas, the ABS “doesn’t understand” how to act - this is precisely what causes the excessive braking distance. Of course ABS recent years releases of such problems usually do not have, and thanks to the operation of the system in emergency situation you can stop in time, and also “hold on” for some time on unlocked wheels in order to miss the obstacle.
To properly brake in winter on a car equipped with an anti-lock braking system, you should press the brake pedal all the way and depress the clutch. In this case, ABS will begin to brake on its own, but the wheels will not lock. This needs to be perfected at training sites in order to thoroughly study the behavior of your machine when emergency braking on the ice skating rink.
Engine braking method
Engine braking in winter is one of the most useful preventative skills for a driver to avoid skidding on icy roads. To perform this type of braking, you must release the gas pedal while the clutch is engaged in a certain gear. In this case, the supply of combustible mixture to the engine will stop, but it will receive torque through the transmission. That is, the motor, consuming energy, will slow down the transmission and, as a result, brake the wheels. The front wheels will receive additional weight due to the force of inertia, and, accordingly, the stability of the vehicle as a whole will increase.
Wheels will not be blocked brake pads, as opposed to influencing them working system brakes The braking force, with the help of a differential, is distributed among all the driving wheels of the car. This is why engine braking in winter is so popular among drivers as a preventative measure safety on slippery or wet road surfaces.
In general, engine braking must occur according to a certain pattern in order to avoid possible breakdown and/or rapid wear synchronizer parts. Every driver, especially a novice, should know the necessary procedure thoroughly.
So, the first thing you should do is release the accelerator pedal. Then the driver depresses the clutch pedal, after which. When the gear is off, you need to release the clutch (without engaging the gear!). After this, depress the clutch and turn on downshift And How The final stage– release the clutch pedal. If you strictly follow these instructions, you can avoid possible harm to the synchronizers and, in addition, significantly increase the level of safety during engine braking.
It is best to hone this braking method first on a training ground, and start using it on the road only when it is thoroughly mastered. By the way, among other things, this method is also useful in that the driver will be able to become better acquainted with the behavior of his car and get a clearer idea of its stopping distance.
In conclusion, it is necessary to say a few words about different situations winter braking.
For example, braking at pedestrian crossings, the driver must always remember that road surface These sections are usually much more slippery than other sections of the road. This is due to the fact that in these places various vehicles most often slow down. It is recommended to brake at traffic lights impulsively or in combination - and this should be done in advance. It’s also better not to start moving right away, since other drivers may not have time to finish crossing the intersection by this time, despite the red traffic light. You should be especially careful at pedestrian crossings - there is a possible risk of a pedestrian falling, which also poses a serious danger on winter road.
In congestion and traffic, you also need to be extremely careful and brake intermittently, stepwise or in a combined way. Keep your perspective and start braking when cars far ahead (the third to fifth car in front of you) begin to brake. These precautions will allow you to increase the distance to stop safely if necessary.
You should drive on icy slopes with the clutch engaged to avoid loss of vehicle stability.
Video - braking on a car with and without ABS
Conclusion!
If you unexpectedly encounter an obstacle on an icy road, brake impulsively. Although, depending on the situation, you can try and go around a suddenly appearing object, the main thing is to carefully look around using the rear-view mirrors.
We wish all drivers safe driving on winter roads!
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Braking distances– the distance it takes the car to come to a complete stop from the moment the braking system begins to operate.
In everyday life, this term is often confused with stopping distance, but braking distance and stopping distance are different concepts. In the latter case, the distance elapsed from the moment the driver realized the need to brake to a speed of 0 km/h is taken into account. The braking distance is part of the stopping distance. 
What does braking distance depend on?
The indicator under consideration is not a constant value and can vary for a number of reasons. All factors influencing the braking distance can be divided into two large groups: driver-dependent and driver-independent. Reasons beyond the control of the person driving include:
- road condition;
- weather.
It is easy to guess that in rain, snow or ice, the distance required to stop a car will be greater than on dry asphalt. Braking will also take a long time when driving on smooth asphalt, to which stone chips have not been added. Here the wheels have nothing to catch on, unlike rough surfaces.
Note: it is worth noting that poor quality of the road (potholes, potholes) does not lead to an increase in the distance required to stop. The human factor plays a role here. Trying to save the suspension, drivers rarely develop high speed on similar roads. Accordingly, the braking distance here is minimal.
Factors depending on the driver or owner of the car:
- brake condition;
- system design;
- type of tires;
- vehicle load;
- movement speed.
The fact that the length of a car’s braking distance directly depends on the serviceability of the braking system does not require proof. A car with a malfunctioning brake circuit or worn out pads will never be able to stop as quickly as a working vehicle. 
A lot depends on the design of the brake units. Modern cars, equipped with rear disc brakes and braking assistance systems, have much better traction and a shorter braking period.
In turn, the presence of EBD with ABS does not always help reduce the distance required to stop. On dry hard surfaces, where wheel locking occurs only with very intense braking, the system actually shortens the braking distance. However, on bare ice, “smart” electronic assistant starts to reset braking force even when lightly pressing the brake pedal. At the same time, the car retains controllability, but its braking distance increases significantly.
What determines the rate of deceleration? Of course, it depends on the type of tires. So, on bare, albeit frozen, asphalt, as well as in slushy snow, the so-called brakes are best. "Velcro" - winter tires, not equipped with spikes. In turn, in icy conditions and on snowy roads, studded tires are the most effective.
An important factor influencing the size of the stopping distance is the speed and load of the machine.
It is clear that a lightweight car at a speed of 60 km/h will stop faster than a truck loaded to capacity and moving at a speed of 80-100 km/h. The latter will not be allowed to stop quickly by speed and inertia that is too high for him.
When and how measurements are taken
Braking distance calculations may be required in the following cases:
- technical testing of the vehicle;
- checking the capabilities of the car after modifying the brakes;
- forensic examination.
As a rule, the formula S=Ke*V*V/(254*Fs) is used in the calculation. Here S is the braking distance; Ke – braking coefficient; V₀ — speed at the start of braking; Фс – coefficient of adhesion to the coating.
The coefficient of road adhesion varies depending on the condition of the surface and is determined according to the following table:
| Road condition | Fs |
|---|---|
| Dry | 0.7 |
| Wet | 0.4 |
| Snow | 0.2 |
| Ice | 0.1 |
The Ke coefficient is a static value and is unity for all the most common passenger cars Vehicle.
Example: how to calculate the braking distance of a car when the speedometer shows 60 km/h in the rain? Given: speed 60 km/h, braking coefficient – 1, adhesion coefficient – 0.4. We count: 1*60*60/(254*0.4). As a result, we get the figure 35.4, which is the braking distance in meters.
The table shows how many meters the car will continue to move until it comes to a complete stop. It should be taken into account that no other indicators are taken into account (turns, potholes on the road, oncoming traffic, etc.). It is doubtful that in real conditions on an icy road, a car will be able to slide for a kilometer without encountering a pole or bump stop.
| Speed | Dry | Rain | Snow | Ice |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| km/h | meters | |||
| 60 | 20,2 | 35,4 | 70,8 | 141,7 |
| 70 | 27,5 | 48,2 | 96,4 | 192,9 |
| 80 | 35,9 | 62,9 | 125,9 | 251,9 |
| 90 | 45,5 | 79,7 | 159,4 | 318,8 |
| 100 | 56,2 | 98,4 | 196,8 | 393,7 |
| 110 | 68 | 119 | 238,1 | 476,3 |
| 120 | 80,9 | 141,7 | 283,4 | 566,9 |
| 130 | 95 | 166,3 | 332,6 | 665,3 |
| 140 | 110,2 | 192,9 | 385,8 | 771,6 |
| 150 | 126,5 | 221,4 | 442,9 | 885,8 |
| 160 | 143,9 | 251,9 | 503,9 | 1007,8 |
| 170 | 162,5 | 284,4 | 568,8 | 1137,7 |
| 180 | 182,2 | 318,8 | 637,7 | 1275,5 |
| 190 | 203 | 355,3 | 710,6 | 1421,2 |
| 200 | 224,9 | 393,7 | 787,4 | 1574,8 |
We found an interesting calculator that not only calculates the indicator depending on the speed and condition of the road, but also clearly shows the whole process. Located .
How to increase the intensity of deceleration
From the above, it became clear what is called the braking distance and what this indicator depends on. However, is it possible to reduce the distance required to stop a car? Maybe! There are two ways to do this - behavioral and technical. Ideally, the driver combines both methods.
- Behavioral method - you can reduce the braking distance if you choose a low speed on slippery and wet roads, take into account the degree of load of the car, correctly calculate the braking capabilities of the car depending on its condition and model year. Thus, a Moskvich developed in 1985 will not be able to brake as effectively as a modern one. Hyundai Solaris", not to mention more respectable and technologically advanced models.
- Technical method - a method of enhancing braking capabilities based on increasing power brake system and the use of assistive mechanisms. Manufacturers of modern vehicles actively use such methods of improving brakes, equipping their products anti-lock systems, braking assistance systems, using more efficient brake discs, pads.
It should be remembered that reducing the time required to stop is one of the ways to ensure a safe trip. Therefore, every driver must constantly monitor technical condition his " iron horse", promptly maintain and repair the braking system. In addition, it is important to choose the driving speed taking into account the surrounding situation: time of day, road condition, car model, etc.
Continental took part in an event dedicated to improving winter road safety, which was organized by its official dealer LLC "Exclusive" in St. Petersburg. We support our partner in trying to once again warn motorists about the onset of winter season and tell them about the features of operating the car during its period.
"From timely change summer tires to winter tires, as well as the tread height of the tires in use winter tires Safety on the winter road largely depends,” notes Dmitry Kraev, head of the customer service department at Continental Tires RUS LLC.
Comparison of braking distances between summer and winter tires
It should be recalled that already at temperatures below +7 C, summer tires do not demonstrate the proper level of adhesion to the road surface, which means they need to be promptly replaced with winter analogues. The German concern Continental conducted large-scale studies of the behavior of summer and winter tires on snowy road, comparisons were made at a speed of 50 km/h. According to these measurements, summer tires brake until the vehicle comes to a complete stop 31 meters later than their own. winter analogues, while the residual speed at the moment of braking of winter tires, for summer tires is 39 km/h, which poses a serious danger for participants traffic.
Dependence of braking distance on tread depth
In addition to timely tire changes, an important factor influencing the level of road safety on winter roads is the remaining tread depth of winter tires. Many motorists, especially in difficult conditions economic situation, do not monitor the technical condition of winter tires. Taking into account the results of the measurements mentioned above, we can conclude that when braking from a speed of 50 km/h on a snowy road, the difference between the new winter tires and their counterparts with a tread depth of 4 mm is 14 meters, with a residual speed of 27.9 km/h , if we take for comparison an analogue with a tread depth of 1.6 mm, then its braking distance will be 26 meters longer, and the residual speed will be 33.8 km/h. These results are striking in their significant values even at such a relatively low speed of 50 km/h.
Features of tires for " European winter»
Not many motorists know that there are 3, and not 2, as is commonly believed, types of winter tires: studded, friction and the so-called “European winter”. Winter tires for mild European winters demonstrate weaker performance on snow and ice, as well as at temperatures below -10 C, in contrast to their studless counterparts, widely used in the Russian Federation and Scandinavian countries. Some car enthusiasts do not know this fact and choose non-studded winter tires with a speed index higher than the T value (190 km/h) in the hope of best quality, in fact, they purchase tires for the mild European winter. We believe that “European winter” tires should be used in the southern regions of the Russian Federation; throughout the rest of Russia it is necessary to install either studded tires or friction tires for severe conditions. winter conditions. You can visually distinguish two studless winter tires by the angle formed by the tread and sidewall. If on European analogues it is sloping, then on typical friction winter tires it is sharp. The difference in characteristics between these 3 types of tires was perfectly described in the 19th issue of 2014, Autoreview magazine.
In the product line German concern Continental examples of studded tires are Continental IceContact 2, studless for harsh winter conditions - Continental ContiVikingContact 6, and “European winter” - Continental WinterContactTS 850 P.
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Braking distance is the distance a car travels after the driver presses the brake. It is very important that this distance is minimal. Agree, it’s not always pleasant when you see an obstacle on your route, press the brake and don’t know whether the car will have time to stop before it or whether a collision will occur. This is exactly how accidents happen on the roads, and it is not always possible due to the fact that the driver lost control. Sometimes the braking distance is too long, and here the car owner is primarily to blame. The reasons for his guilt may be different, from lack of experience to untimely pressing the brake, but one thing is clear, he could not choose the right tires for his car.
As is known, Influence weather conditions on the duration of the braking distance is an obvious fact. If it's hot outside, the asphalt surface of the track quickly heats up and then the traction properties of the wheels become unpredictable. Summer tires, driving along the highway at temperatures above zero, rarely lose their grip properties. Manufacturers summer tires set a maximum limit for their operation to temperatures above seven degrees Celsius outside.
If you use winter tires on bare asphalt, their grip properties compared to summer tires leave much to be desired at above-zero temperatures. As you know, studded tires behave ideally in icy conditions and snowfall, but are unpredictable when driving on dry asphalt surfaces.
In addition to weather conditions, the length of the braking distance can be affected by the road surface, which can be asphalt, pebble, or mixed. You can generally move off-road. Many experiments have investigated the duration of braking distance on different models show different results. Same summer models tires can exhibit different braking distances when driving on the road in hot weather and in cool weather.
Obviously, the braking distance depends on the grip properties of a particular tire model. That's why modern manufacturers devote a lot of time to this process. If the movement occurs in conditions low temperatures, the adhesion properties of rubber are affected by the chemical composition from which the tread is made. If the tire freezes during the journey, traction properties are reduced. If the car is moving high-speed tires, they heat up during acceleration thanks to special additives chemical composition tread and from this the grip properties are significantly improved. Even the owners racing cars before participating in competitions, use special tire warming covers, thus ensuring their safety further movement.
If the temperature of the air and the road surface increases, the braking distance becomes longer. And this must be taken into account when moving the car in summer time of the year.
It is worth noting that tire testing in various temperature ranges on the braking distance show that a single tire model cannot be ideal in all temperature ranges under study. In some places it is the best, and in others it shows average or worse results.
When testing summer tires, you should not take the temperature indicator plus ten degrees, since this temperature conditions summer tires differ little in the duration of the braking distance.
It is worth noting that studies at temperatures of plus seven degrees Celsius show that the grip properties of summer tires deteriorate. Winter tires, starting from an air temperature of five degrees below zero, show an increase in braking distance. But in winter, studded or non-studded tires will show excellent braking distance performance when driving on icy and snowy road sections. If you use winter tires at above-zero temperatures, their braking distance increases sharply and, compared to the braking capabilities of summer tires, is removed by exactly two car lengths. At above-zero temperatures from 4 to 11 degrees, braking distance winter tires increases by half a meter.
As it became known, in hot weather, summer tires can brake worse than in cloudy weather. But cold weather also affects the length of the braking distance, and here it is important for vehicle owners to grasp the moment associated with exactly when it is necessary to change seasonal tires.
In hot weather, the braking distance can average thirty-nine and a half meters. If it was cloudy, the braking distance was generally measured at thirty-eight point six meters. In cool weather, the braking distance averages 37.7 meters. When it's cold outside and the air temperature varies from plus minus 1 degree Celsius, the braking distance is 38.1 meters. In frosts down to 6 degrees, the braking distance is 39.4 meters.
