2. Technical requirements

And equipment of rolling stock

2.1 General requirements

The study and analysis of the accident show that they occur mainly due to violations of the rules of the road and the unsatisfactory technical condition of the vehicles.

The technical condition and equipment of vehicle vehicles must meet the requirements of GOST 25478-82. The rules for the technical operation of the rolling stock of road transport, road rules. Rules for labor protection in road transport, manuals of enterprises, manufacturers, registration documents and other regulatory and technical documentation.

Technically faulty vehicles should not be allowed.

Special attention should be paid to the technical condition of the brake system due to the malfunction of which the most severe accidents occur. Before the release of the car on the line should be examined by the braking system, check the effectiveness of its action and in case of detection of faults to immediately eliminate them.

Cars are not allowed, if: changed the design of brake systems; The brake fluid, nodes or separate parts are applied, not provided for this model of the car or not comply with the requirements of the manufacturer; the tightness of the hydraulic brake drive is impaired; A violation of the tightness of a pneumatic brake drive causes a drop in air pressure during a non-working compressor by 0.05 MPa in 30 minutes with a free position of the control system of the brake system or for 15 minutes with controls enabled; Pneumatic brake pressure manometer does not work; The lever of the parking brake system is not kept by the locking device; During road testing, the norms of braking system braking efficiency are not respected; The parking brake system does not provide a fixed state on a slope of less than 16% of traffic with full load, 23% of passenger cars and their modifications for the carriage of goods, buses in a venue, 31%-product cars and road trains in "Cutting condition. When testing The parking brake system engine from the transmission must be disabled.

Road tests of the working brake system are carried out on a horizontal section of the road with even, dry and pure cement, or asphalt concrete coating at an initial braking rate of 40 km / h.

The braking path for cars in a curb condition, taking into account the mass of the driver, should not be more, m:

Cars
and their modifications for the carriage of goods ........................... 14,5

Buses with full mass
up to 5 tons inclusive ................................................ 18.7

The same over 5 tons ...................................................... 19.9

Trucks with full weight up to 3.5 ..................... 19.0

Same from3.5 to 12 tons inclusive .................. .. ............ .18.8

The same over 12 tons .......................................... ... ......... 17.7

Motor tractor with cars with a full weight of up to 3.5 tons inclusive ........................................................... ..

The same from 3.5 to 12 tons inclusive ................... ...... ..22.1

The same over 12 tons .......................................... ... ... 21.9

The test results are considered invalid if to maintain the rectilinear direction during the braking process, the driver has to correct the trajectory of the movement.

With the bench tests of the working brake system, as well as when checking the efficiency of the spare (emergency) and auxiliary brake systems, apply the norms according to GOST 25478-82.

The steering should ensure the ease and reliability of control of the front wheels at any speeds and in various road conditions. The technical condition of the steering is judged by the total backlash. In certain types of cars, it should not exceed the following limit values, hail:

Passenger cars and created
On their base, freight modifications and buses ........................... 10

Buses ................................................... ..................................... twenty

Trucks................................................ ................. 25.

In the steering control, not the tangible movements of the parts and nodes or move them relative to the body (chassis, cabin, frame) of the car (chassis, cabins, frame) are unacceptable. All threaded connections must be tightened or securely fixed. In the steering control, parts with residual deformation trails and other defects, as well as parts and working fluids not provided for this model of the car or not corresponding to the requirements of the manufacturer.

It should be remembered that increased gaps in the articulations of the steering elements, wear and deformation of parts, the weakening of their attachment lead to the vibration of the front of the car, loss of stability, and sometimes driving a car.

The condition of the chassis of the car is determined by the external inspection of the parts of the suspension, disks, wheels and tires, checking the axial back of the wheel bearings, the angles of the front wheels.

The normal technical condition of the chassis means a reliable mounting of the suspension, the correct location of the front and rear axles relative to the frame or body. Invalid renovation, cracks in the beams of the frame or the details of the suspension; The destruction of the indigenous sheet or the central springs bolt, damage to the springs.

Wheel discs must be securely fixed in the hubs, there should not be cracks, peasants, developed holes or ring grooves, as well as faulty castle rings and damaged fastening parts.

One of the main guarantees of the safe movement of the car - tires. Road rules prohibit the operation of the car if: tires of a passenger car have a residual height of the tread pattern less than 1.6 mm, a cargo-1.0 mm, a bus - 2.0 mm (for trailers and semi-trailers the norms are the same as for car tractors ); Tires have local damage (cuts, breaks), exposing cord, as well as the bundle of the frame, debriefing the tread and sidewall; There are foreign objects between dual tires; The tire in size and permissible load does not match the car model; On the same axis, diagonal and radial tires are installed, as well as tires with different pattern of tread. It is not allowed to be installed on the front axles of the long-distance bus of the bus restored on the first or second class of repair, and on other axes - according to the second repair class. Tires restored according to the second repair class can not be installed on the front axle of the passenger car and buses (except for long-distance).

When operating the car, it is necessary to ensure that the internal air pressure in the tires is maintained within the established norms. In addition, each time - 1 and TO-2, pressure should be measured and, if necessary, run tires.

The axial backlash (tightening) of the wheel hub bearings are checked by the elevator or jack of the front wheel. If the bearings are adjusted correctly, then when swaying the wheel in the axial direction should not be felt by a noticeable backlash, and after jolts, the wheel should make several revolutions. It should be known that a weak or severe tightening can lead to the destruction of bearings, and a strong, in addition, can cause heating of the hubs and the encoding of the wheels.

The angles of the installation of the front wheels (convergence, collapse) are checked at TU-2 on special diagnostic stands or using the CPCTB line. Improper adjustment of the installation of the front wheels leads to accelerated wear of tires and deterioration by car.

The following requirements impose the following requirements for the engine of the car from the point of view of safety and fire safety. Cooling and lubrication systems should not have leaks of oil, antifreeze and water. The ventilation of the crankcase should work properly, excluding the breakthrough of the gases into the windscreen space. The crankshaft ratchet should be with intact slots, and the starting handle - to have a straight appropriate length and strength of the heel and smooth, without burrs, the handle. The car is not allowed to operate if; The content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases or their smoke exceeds the established norms; leaky fuel system; Faulty exhaust gas production system is faulty; There are no devices for suppressing interference with radio. It is not allowed to make changes to the engine design, as well as install devices and equipment to work on another type of fuel without coordination with the manufacturer.

The technical condition of the electrical equipment of the car should provide a reliable engine start using the starter, uninterrupted and timely ignition of the mixture in the engine cylinders. The trouble-free operation of lighting, alarm and electrical control devices, as well as eliminate the possibility of sparking in wires and clamps. All wires must have a reliable isolation. The battery must be reliably reinforced. The monoblock should not have cracks and damage, leak electrolyte from the monoblock is not allowed.

The safety of the movement is influenced and the condition of external lighting devices, which provide riding at night and in the fog, signals the car and accident maneuvers. Incorrect adjustment of the headlights and the simultaneous inclusion of near and far lights can lead to blinding drivers of opposite vehicles. It is necessary to contain light instruments and reflectors clean, cleaning them in a timely manner from dirt, dust and nagged snow, maintain their performance in the installed mode. You should periodically check and adjust the headlights.

All cars must be provided with a set of good tools, a medical aid kit, a fire extinguisher, an emergency stop sign (flashing red lamp). Trucks with complete 3.5 tons and buses with a complete mass of over 5 tons also provide anti-tottack stops. Buses and specially equipped cargo cars are equipped with two fire extinguishers. One of the fire extinguishers should be in the driver's cabin, and the other is in the passenger compartment of the bus or cargo car body.

Ceased cars for the transport of flammable and combustible liquids should have at least two fire extinguishers, a fan, a shovel, grounding device (metal chain, welded one end to the cistern housing).

Vehicles to be registered in the traffic police that have not passed the state technical inspection, as well as refurbished without appropriate permission;

Vehicles to be registered in the traffic police equipped without the permission of the State Inspectorate on Road Safety by flashing beacons and special sound signals, with a sideways of the body, without coordination with the traffic police, inclined white stripe, without reinforced in the established places of registration marks having hidden , fake, modified knot numbers and aggregates or registration signs;

Vehicles without rear view mirrors, glasses, sound signal;

If the lock or body door locks provided by the design or body stops of the freight platform, constipation of gorlovin tanks;

If there are no tubes of fuel tanks, dirt-proof aprons or mudguards;

If the traction or tractor or trailer is faulty and the trailer, as well as there are no faulty insurance cables (chains) provided by the design.

2.2.12. Cargo onboard cars intended for the transport of people must be equipped with seats attached to the body 15 cm below the top edge of the side. The rear and located along the sides of the seat must have a strong backrest with a height of at least 30 cm. The onboard constipation must be securely secured.

Freight trucks for transportation of people should be equipped with an awning, a staircase for landing and disembarking people, as well as lighting inside the body. In the car body there should be a senior who observing the behavior of passengers, his surname must be recorded in the travel sheet. On the wall of the cabin, facing the car body for the carriage of people, should be inscriptions "in the bodies do not stand!", "On board do not sit!"

2.2.13. Before planting passengers on a cargo car, equipped for the transport of people, the driver is obliged to instruct passengers about the order of landing and disembarking. Landing and disembarking people should be carried out only on specifically installed and equipped sites.

Inside the passenger interior of the vehicle in the immediate vicinity of the front door, a clear inscription or an icon with a height of at least 15 mm should be pasted, including numbers with a height of at least 25 mm, indicating the number of seats, as well as the total number of passengers on which the vehicle is calculated.

Buses are calculated by taking into account the average mass of one passenger equal to 68 kg. For vehicles in which there are no places for standing passengers or the presence of such passengers are allowed in some cases, the calculated mass of one passenger is 71 kg. This takes into account the middle mass of hand-made bare, equal to 3 kg.

The buses must comply with a number of requirements for fire protection. In the engine compartment, it is forbidden to use any flammable or absorbent fuel and lubricant sound insulation material if it is not covered with impenetrable sheet material. As far as possible, precautions should be observed against the accumulation of fuel or lubricating oil anywhere in the engine compartment.

Between the motor separation or any other heat source (such as a retarder brake or a device for heating the cabin, with the exception of devices heated by water) and the rest of the vehicle should be placed partition from the heat-resistant material.

In the passenger compartment, a device for heating (with the exception of devices in which hot water is used), if it is enclosed in a material designed to insulate the heat generated by this device, does not highlight toxic smoke and is located in such a way that the contact of the passenger with any The hot surface is almost excluded.

Fuel tanks must be accessible only from the outside of the vehicle. They must be located in order to eliminate the possibility of fuel from entering the engine or exhaust system during refueling. If the bulk neck is located on the side of the vehicle, then the plug in the closed position should not perform above the adjacent surface of the body. The plug of the bulk neck is manufactured in such a way as to eliminate its involuntary opening. The leakage of fuel through the cork of the bulk neck is not allowed.

In departments intended for the driver and passengers, it is forbidden to place any elements of the fuel system. Compounds and fuels should be made so that their tightness is ensured in various conditions of operation of the vehicle, regardless of natural aging, distortion, flexural deformations and vibrations of the entire design of the vehicle.

The possibility of fuel from falling from the power system should be excluded on the details of the exhaust system.

Large capacity buses must be equipped with an emergency switch, which is designed to reduce the risk of fire after stopping the vehicle. At the same time, it should be located in an easily accessible place for the seated driver, to be clearly designated and have a protective cover or other appropriate random response tools. Clear instructions regarding the method of use must be specified in the immediate vicinity of the emergency switch, for example: "Remove the cover and turn the down lever. Enable only after stopping the vehicle. "

The actuation of the emergency switch must trigger a quick stop of the engine, the activation of the battery switch, which turns off at least one terminal from the electrical circuit, and turn on the vehicle alarms. In this case, the disconnection of the batteries should not lead to the disconnection of the chains that ensure the continuous functioning of tachhrophroph, emergency internal lighting, cooling fixture of additional heaters and the centralized locking of the doors.

Electrical equipment and wiring vehicles must be well isolated, and wires are securely protected and firmly fixed to eliminate the possibility of cliff, energizing or wear. Rechargeable batteries must be securely fixed and easily accessible. The compartment in which they are placed, separated from the passenger compartment and provides ventilation by the outer air.

The vehicle is equipped with no less than two fire extinguishers, and one of them must be in the driver's cabin, the other in the passenger compartment. It is necessary to provide places for first aid first aid kit (at least 7 dm3).

Fire extinguishers and first aid kit can be protected from theft and acts of vandalism (for example, by placing them into a compartment locked, or under glass, which can be broken), provided that they can be easily removed in extreme situations. The locations of their placement should be clearly designated.

The presence of any flammable materials in the range of 10 cm from the exhaust pipe is allowed only if these materials are properly protected

Basic requirements for buses

Under the exit of the bus is a service door or an urgent (emergency) exit, under the service door - the door used by passengers during normal operation, when the driver is in its place, under the spare output - the spare door, a spare window or an emergency hatch. Only Motherboard buses are equipped with spare outputs. Under an emergency output, an emergency door is meant, an emergency window or emergency hatch. Emergency exits are equipped with passenger vehicles of great capacity.

Spare (emergency) a door - This is a door arranged in addition to the service doors and intended for use by passengers as an output only under exceptional circumstances, in particular in case of danger.

Spare (emergency) window - This is a window, optionally glazed, intended for use by passengers as an output only in case of danger.

Emergency Luc - This is a roof hole intended for use by passengers as an output only in case of danger. Large capacity buses can also be equipped with emergency hatches located in the floor of the passenger compartment.

All buses doors, regardless of the capacity, should be easily open from the inside and outside the vehicle when it is in the parking lot. In this case, it may be possible to lock the door outside, provided that it can always be opened from the inside.

If the service doors are equipped with a mechanical drive, then when you find a vehicle in the parking lot, they should be able to open from the inside, and in the open state - outside with the help of controls that function independently of all other doors control bodies. At the same time, these governments should be placed on the door or at a distance of no more than 300 mm from it at a height of no more than 1600 mm above the first step at the location inside and no more than 1800 mm on the ground level when the outside is located. These devices should be easily visible and clearly distinguishable when approaching the door and staying in front of the door, as well as provide the opening door manually. They can be protected by a device that can be easily removed or divided into access to the emergency control.

Spare (emergency) windows should either open from the inside and outside the vehicle using a special device, or have easy secure glass.

Emergency hatches must open or remove both inside and outside. If the hatch is made of an easily broken material, then there should be a device next to it, which are inside the vehicle, can take advantage without difficulty to break the hatch.

Each stock and emergency exit should be denoted by the inscription "Test output" or "emergency output", readable both outside and from the inside of the vehicle.

Emergency control devices for service doors and all spare (emergency) outputs inside and outside the vehicle must be denoted by a corresponding sign or a clear inscription. In addition, on these instruments or about them, clear instructions for using them should be.

The language of all instructions and inscriptions regulated by the use of buses in the salons must comply with the state language of the country of registration of the vehicle.

Requirements for the outputs of mother's buses

Motherboard buses must have a minimum of two doors: one service and one spare or two service.

The minimum number of spare outputs should be such that the minimum total number of outputs both service and spare and emergency hatches was as indicated in the table. A dual service door is considered as two doors, and a double window - like two spare windows.

Service doors must be located close to the side of the side or behind the vehicle. Outputs should be placed in such a way that with each side of the vehicle, at least one way out. In the front and rear half of the space intended for passengers, there must be at least one output. In the back or in the front part, one output must be located if an emergency hatch is not provided in the roof.

Table. Equipment Requirements for Malic Buses

If the space intended for the driver's seat and passenger seats, located next to the driver's seat, is not reported to the main passenger separation by the corresponding passage, then all of the above requirements concern only the passenger interior equipment.

The minimum sizes of spare doors, windows and emergency hatches are presented in the table:

Table. Requirements for the size of spare (emergency) outputs

Name of exit	Output dimensions	Notes
Spare door	Height 125 cm, width 55 cm	In cases where this is due to the presence of wheel housings, a decrease in the width to 30 cm is allowed, provided that at an height of at least 40 cm from the lowest part of the doorway, the door width is 55 cm
Spare window	Opera area 4000 cm 2	The rectangle should fit into this hole and 70 cm high and 70 cm wide. If the spare window is located in the rear of the vehicle and the vehicle design, the spare window of the minimum size prescribed above is not prescribed, the rectangle should fit into the opening and 155 cm wide and width. . Rectangle corners can be rounded, the radius of curvature should not exceed 25 cm
Emergency Luc	Opera area 4000 cm 2	This opening should fit up a rectangle with a height of 50 cm and a width of 70 cm.

In the event that the bus is not intended to transport standing passengers and has a minimal mass of no more than 3.5 tons and less than 12 passenger seats, and with each seat there is free access to at least two doors, the size of the spare door can be reduced to 110 cm Height.

Requirements for large capacity buses

Passenger vehicles of great capacity must have at least two doors.

The minimum number of emergency outputs should be such that the total number of outputs is suitable specified in the table. Emergency hatches are considered as one of the indicated emergency exits.

Table. Requirements for equipping large capacity buses

When determining the minimum number of outputs, each rigid section of the articulated vehicle should be considered as a separate vehicle. The number of passengers is determined for each rigid section, and the passing passage is not considered as an output. A dual service door is considered as two doors, And the double window is like two emergency windows.

Buses must have emergency hatches, the minimum number of which is not more than 50 people with passengerism - 1, more than 50 people - 2.

Service doors should be located closest to the side of the vehicle side, and at least one of them should be in the front half of the vehicle. The door is allowed in the rear wall of the vehicle, provided that it is not a service door. .

Outputs should be located in such a way that on each side of the almost the same their number. Outputs located on one side of the vehicle must be uniformly at its length. At least one emergency yield should Being located at the rear or front tip of the vehicle. For vehicles intended for the transport of seated and standing passengers, as well as in case the rear part is tightly separated from the passenger compartment, this is prescription It is performed if the roof is equipped with an emergency hatch.

State Standard of the Russian Federation GOST R 51709-2001"Motor vehicles. Safety requirements for technical condition and methods of verification "(approved. Resolution of the Gosstandart of the Russian Federation of February 1, 2001 No. 47-st)

Extract

The requirements of the standard are mandatory and aimed at ensuring the safety of road traffic, the life and health of people, the preservation of their property and environmental protection.

The technical condition of the PBX can be placed additional requirements established by the relevant regulatory documents.

Application area

This standard applies to passenger cars, buses, trucks, trailers and semi-trailers (hereinafter - motor vehicles) operated on the roads.

Standard Sets:

security requirements for the technical condition of motor vehicles (PBX);
the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof the parameters of the technical condition of the PBX, affecting the safety of road traffic and the state of the environment;
methods for checking the technical condition of the PBX in operation.

The standard does not apply to PBX, the maximum speed of which installed by the manufacturer does not exceed 25 km / h, and on off-road PBXs.

The standard should be applied when checking the technical condition of the PBX operated by security criteria.

Registered PBXs, in the design of which (including the design of components and objects of additional equipment) were made of changes affecting the safety of road traffic, check according to the procedures approved in the prescribed manner.

The main terms used in the standard and their definitions are shown in section 3.

Requirements for the technical condition of the PBX

4.1. Brake Management Requirements

4.2. Steering Requirements

4.3. Requirements for external light instruments and reflective labeling

4.4. Requirements for wipers and windows

4.5. Requirements for tires and wheels

4.6. Requirements for the engine and its systems

4.7. Requirements for other design elements

4.8. Requirements for labeling PBX

Verification methods

5.1. Brake Management Test Methods

5.2. Steering Test Methods

5.3. Methods for checking external light instruments and reflective labeling

5.4. Methods for checking wipers and windows

5.5. Tire checking methods and wheels

5.6. Methods for checking the engine and its systems

5.7. Methods for checking other design elements

5.8. Methods for checking the labeling of the PBX.

_____________________________________________________

Head of the Transport Department of Zuev Seraphim

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Rules for labor protection during operation and maintenance of cars and other vehicles on the pneumatic in ... relevant in 2018

2.2. Basic requirements for the technical condition of vehicles

2.2.1. The engine's technical condition should provide reliable and cost-effective operation in all operational modes. The content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases or their smoke should not exceed the established norms.

2.2.2. The brake system must match the design of the vehicle. It is not allowed to use brake cylinders and cranes, drums, discs and linings, liquids, pipelines and hoses, brake system controls, air distributors, adjusting nodes not provided for this model of the vehicle.

It is forbidden to operate vehicles, if the pneumatic brake pressure gauge does not work, the lever (handle) of the parking brake is not held with the locking device, the tightness of the brake drive is impaired.

The brakes must provide a smooth and reliable stop during the time and on the length of the braking path, established by the rules of the road and the instructions of manufacturers.

2.2.3. Steering and its mechanisms must correspond to the design of this vehicle. They should not be traces of residual deformation, cracks and other defects. Threaded connections must be tightened and securely fixed.

It is prohibited to operate vehicles, if it is faulty or absent by the design stipulated steering steering. Work fluids provided for this vehicle model should be applied.

2.2.4. Transmission units should provide a smooth transmission (without increased noise, stuffs and jerks) of torque from the engine to drive wheels with load and speed velocity allowed for this vehicle.

2.2.5. External lighting devices, lamps, diffusers and light printors, their type, location and quantity must match the design of the machine; Headlights must be adjusted.

2.2.6. The windshield carriers and windshield wipers must be in good condition. The maximum frequency of moving brushes on wet glass should be at least 35 double strokes per minute.

2.2.7. The technical condition of the chassis (front axle, rear axle, frame, suspension), other components of vehicles should ensure the reliability of the machine.

2.2.8. The state of tires and wheels should ensure reliability and safety of motion at a set speed and ease of control. Tires in size and permissible load must match the vehicle model. The residual height of the tire tread pattern of passenger cars should be 1.6 mm, trucks, trailers and semi-trailers - 1.0 mm, motorcycles and scooters - 0.8 mm, buses - 2 mm.

It is prohibited to operate tires:

with local damage exposed cord;

with a frame bundle or debriefing the tread and sidewall;

if a diagonal tires are installed on one axis of a truck or trailer together with radial or tires with different pattern of tread;

with stuck between dual tires objects.

It is prohibited to operate the wheel if there are cracks on the disk or rim.

2.2.9. The electrical equipment of the vehicles should provide a reliable start and operation of the engine, the trouble-free effect of lighting, alarm and electrical control devices.

2.2.10. The rolling stock of intra-line transport, its aggregates and nodes must be constantly supported in good condition by timely maintenance and repair.

cars, road trains, trailers, tractors, motorcycles and other vehicles, if their technical condition and equipment do not meet the requirements of these Rules and do not meet the main provisions for the access of road safety and responsibilities for the safety of road safety (Decree of the Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian Federation of 23.10.1993 N 1090) and GOST R 51709;

vehicles to be registered in the traffic police that have not passed the state technical inspection, as well as refurbished without appropriate permission;

vehicles to be registered in the traffic police equipped without the permission of the State Inspectorate on Road Safety by flashing beacons and special sound signals, with a sideways of the body, without coordination with the traffic police, inclined white stripe, without reinforced in the established places of registration marks having hidden , fake, modified knot numbers and aggregates or registration signs;

vehicles without rear view mirrors, glasses, sound signal;

if the lock or body door locks provided by the design or body stops of the freight platform, constipation of gorlovin tanks;

if there are no tubes of fuel tanks, dirt-proof aprons or mudguards;

if the cracked and disconnecting device is faulty - the tractor or trailer coupling device, and there are no or faulty insurance cables provided by the design (chains).

Basic requirements for buses

Requirements for the outputs of mother's buses

Requirements for large capacity buses

2.2. Basic requirements for the technical condition of vehicles

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