There are two options for the supply of car body - dependent and independent suspension. In modern passenger cars, it is usually an independent suspension. This implies that the wheels on one axis do not have a tight bundle with each other, and the change in the position relative to the body of the machine one in any way or almost does not affect the position of the second. At the same time, the corners of the collapse and wheel convergence are able to change in fairly significant limits.
Suspension with swinging shorts
This is one of the simplest and cheapest views of the suspension. Its main element are semi-axes having hinge in the inner ends, by which they are connected to the differential. The outer ends are rigidly connected to the hub. The role of elastic elements are springs or leaf springs. The feature of the design is that at a distance of any obstacle, the position of the wheel remains consistently perpendicular.
Additionally, longitudinal or transverse levers can be present in the design, designed to quench the reaction forces of the road. Such a device had the rear suspension of many rear-wheel drive cars, produced in the middle of the last century. In the USSR, the suspension of the VEZ-965 car can be brought as an example.
The lack of such an independent suspension in its kinematic imperfection. This means that when driving around uneven roads, the collapse of the wheels and the width of the rut is changed in large limits, which negatively affects manageability. Especially this becomes noticeable at speeds of more than 60 km / h. Among the advantages can be called a simple device, cheap service and repair.
Suspension on longitudinal levers
There are two varieties of independent suspension on longitudinal levers. In the first, springs are used as elastic elements, and in the second - torsions. The wheels of the car are attached to the longitudinal levers, which, in turn, are movably mounted with a frame or body. Such suspension found its application in many French front-wheel drive cars, produced in the 70s and 1980s, as well as motor collections and motorcycles. 
Among the advantages of such a design can also be called a simple device, cheap manufacture, maintenance and repair, as well as the ability to make the floor of the car completely smooth. The disadvantages of it has much more: during the movement, the wheelbase changes in significant limits, and in the corners, the car is strongly cubed, and hence the handling is far from ideal.
Suspension on oblique levers
The device of such a suspension is largely similar to the previous one, the difference consists only in the fact that the axes of the rush of the levers are located under the oblique angle. Due to this, it is reduced to a minimum change in the wheelbase of the machine, and the carriages of the body almost do not affect the angle of inclination of the vehicle wheels, but on irregularities, the width of the rut is changed, and the angles of convergence and collapse are changed, which means that controllability deteriorates. The role of elastic elements used twisted springs, torsions or pneumatic bullons. This option of independent suspension was often used for the rear axle of cars, the exception was only the Czech Trabant, the front suspension of which was performed according to such a scheme. 
There are two varieties of pendants on oblique levers:
- single coat;
- duplex.
In the first case, the semi-axis has one hinge, and the axis of swing the lever passes through the hinge and is at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the machine. Such a design is cheaper, but also kinematically perfect, therefore it was used only on lungs and slow machines (ZAZ-965, FIAT-133).
In the second case, half-axis have two hinge, external and internal, and the axis of the rock swing does not pass through the internal hinge. It is located at an angle of 10-25 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the car, it is preferable to the kinematics of the suspension as the deviations of the rut values, the wheelbase and the collapse remain within the normal range. Such a device had rear suspension of cars ZAZ-968, Ford Sierra, Opel Senator and many others.
Suspension on longitudinal and transverse levers
Very complicated, and therefore rarely encountered design. It can be considered a variety of suspension MacPherson, but in order to unload the springs of the springs wing splashed horizontally along the car. The rear end of the spring rests on the partition between the engine compartment and the interior. In order to convey the effort from the shock absorber, it was necessary to introduce an additional lever, swinging in a vertical longitudinal plane along each side. One end of the lever is hinged with the top of the depreciation rack, and the second is also hinged with the partition. In the middle, the lever has an emphasis for a spring. 
According to such a scheme, the front suspension of some ROVER models is performed. She has no special advantages over MacPherson, and has kept all the kinematic shortcomings, but they lost the main advantages, such as compactness, technological simplicity, a small number of hinged compounds.
Suspension on double longitudinal levers
Its second name "Porsche system", according to the surname of the inventor. In such a suspension, on each side of the car there are two longitudinal levers, and the role of elastic elements perform torsion shafts located on each other. Such a device had anterior suspension of cars, the motor of which is located at the back (models of early sports machines Porsche, Volkswagen Beetle and Volkswagen Transporter of the first generation). 
The independent suspension on the longitudinal levers is compact, in addition, it allows you to make the interior forward, and the legs of the front passenger and the driver are accommodated between the wheeled arches, and therefore reduce the length of the car. Of the minuses, you can mark the changes of the wheelbase at the occasion of obstacles and the change in the collapse of the wheels with the bodies rolls. Also, due to the fact that the levers are subjected to constant heavy bending loads and twist, you have to increase them, increasing the size and mass.
Suspension on double transverse levers
The device of this type of independent suspension is as follows: two levers are transversely located on both sides of the car, which are movably connected to the body, cross-line or frame, and the second with a depreciation resistant. If this is anterior suspension, then the rack is swivel, with ball hinges having two degrees of freedom, if the rear is non-refining rack, with cylindrical hinges having one degree of freedom. 
Elastic elements are used different:
- twisted springs;
- torsions;
- springs;
- hydropneumatic elements;
- pneumatic cylinders.
On many cars, suspension elements are attached to the crossbar, which is rigidly connected to the body. This means that you can remove the entire design of the whole, as a separate node, and carry out repairs in more convenient conditions. In addition, the manufacturer has the opportunity to choose the most optimal method of placing levers, having hardly setting the required parameters. Thereby ensures good handling. For this reason, the suspension on double transverse levers is used in racing cars. From the point of view of kinematics, this suspension does not have drawbacks.
Multi-dimensional suspension
The most complex device has a multi-dimensional suspension. It is similar in its structure with a suspension on double transverse levers and is used mainly on the rear axle of class D cars and above, although sometimes occurs on class C machines. Each of the levers is responsible for a specific wheel behavior parameter on the road. 
The multi-dimensional suspension provides the best handling machine. Thanks to her, it is possible to achieve the effect of infringement of the rear wheels, which allows you to reduce the radius of the car turning, and is betterplying to keep the trajectory in turns.
Multi-dimensional suspension has the disadvantages, however, they do not carry a production nature - the cost of construction, the complexity of design and repair is great.
McPherson suspension type
The front suspension of most modern cars class A - C is made according to the type "MacPherson". The main elements of the design are depreciation racks and twisted spring as an elastic element. The MacPherson suspension device is more detailed, its advantages and disadvantages are considered in a separate article. 
Instead of pre-school
In modern automotive, a dependent and independent suspension is used. Do not assume that one of them is better than another, since their purpose and scope are different. Under a solid bridge, the road clearance always remains unchanged, and this is a valuable quality for a car that rides predominantly off-road. That is why SUVs use spring or spring rear suspension with a continuous bridge. An independent car suspension cannot provide this, and the real clearance may be less than the stated, but its elements are asphalt roads, on which it undoubtedly wins the bridge in manageability and comfort.
Article on automotive suspension - History, Types of suspension, Classification and purpose, Features of functioning. At the end of the article - an interesting video on the topic and photos.
The content of the article:
The automotive suspension is made in the form of a design from individual elements, which in its entirety bind the base of the body and the bridges of the car. Moreover, this compound must be elastic to be depreciated during the process of the machine.
Purpose of suspension
The suspension serves to pay off the oscillations to a certain extent and to mitigate the blows and other kinetic effects that negatively affect the contents of the car, the cargo, as well as the design of the machine itself, especially when moving along a poor-quality road surface.
Another role of suspension is the implementation of regular contact of the wheels with a road surface, as well as the transmission of the engine and braking force to the road surface, so that the wheels do not violate the desired position.
In good condition, the suspension works correctly, as a result of which the driver manage the car safely and comfortably. Despite the external simplicity of the design, the suspension belongs to one of the most important devices in the modern machine. Its history is rooted in the distant past, and from the moment of its invention the suspension passed through many engineering solutions.
A little story about the car suspension
Even before the car era, there were attempts to soften the movement of the carriage, which initially the axes of the wheels were perfectly attached to the base. With such a design, the slightest irregularity of the road was instantly transmitted to the carriage body, which was immediately felt sitting inside the passengers. At first, this problem was solved using soft pillows that were installed on seats. But this measure was ineffective.
For the first time, the so-called elliptical springs were applied for the carriage, which were a flexible connection between the wheels and the bottom of the carriage. Much later, this principle was used for cars. But at the same time, the spring itself has changed - it turned into a semi-elliptical one, and this allowed it to be installed transversely.
However, the machine with such a primitive suspension was managed with difficulty even at the lowest speeds. For this reason, the suspension was subsequently installed in the longitudinal position for each wheel separately.
Further development of the automotive industry made it possible to evolve and suspension. To date, these devices have dozens of varieties.
Suspension and technical data
Each type of suspension has individual characteristics covering the complex of work properties, which directly depends the controllability of the machine, as well as the safety and convenience of people in it.
However, despite the fact that all types of car suspension are different, they are produced for the same purposes:
- Repayment of vibration and blows from an uneven road surface in order to minimize the loads on the body housing, as well as to improve the comfort of the driver and passengers.
- Stabilization of the position of the machine in the process of following by regular contact with the road, as well as the reduction of possible bruises of the body body.
- Preserving the necessary geometry of the position and move all wheels to ensure the accuracy of maneuvering.
Varieties of pendants by elasticity
With regard to elasticity, suspension can be divided into three categories:
- rigid;
- soft;
- print.
The soft suspension is installed in the bulk of passenger cars. Her dignity is that she smoothes road irregularities quite well, but on the other hand, the car with such a design of the suspension is more prone to fluffs, and it is worse.
The screw suspension is needed in cases where the need for variable stiffness occurs. It is made in the form of rack shock absorbers, on which the strength of the spring mechanism is regulated.
Travel suspension
The suspension is taken by the interval from the lower position of the wheel in the free state to the upper critical position with maximum suspension compression. From this parameter, the so-called "SUV" of the machine depends largely.
That is, the greater the course, the greater in size, the irregularity is able to pass the machine without blows on the limiter, as well as without provisit of the leading bridge.
Each suspension contains the following components:
- Elastic device. Takes the load provided by road obstacles. It may consist of a spring, pneumatic elements, and so on.
- Damping device. It is necessary to repay the body vibration in the process of overcoming road irregularities. All varieties of depreciation devices are used as this device.
- Guide device. Controls the required displacement of the wheel relative to the body housing. It is performed in the form of transverse thrust, levers and springs.
- Transverse stability stabilizer. Dims the tilting of the body in the transverse direction.
- Rubber-metal hinges. Serve for an elastic connection of parts of the mechanism with the machine. Additionally, they are a small extent to perform the role of shock absorbers - partially quenching the jackets and oscillations.
- Suspension stop limiters. Fix the course of the device in the critical lower and in the critical top points.
Suspension classification
The suspension can be divided into two categories - dependent and independent. Such a division is dictated by the kinematics of the suspension guide device.
With this design of the wheel wheel, the car is rigidly binded due to beam or monolithic bridge. The vertical location of paired wheels is always the same and no change. The device of the rear and front dependent suspension is similar.
Varieties: Spring, spring, pneumatic. Installation of spring and pneumatic suspension requires the use of special thrust to fix bridges from possible offset during installation.
Advantages of addicted suspension:
- large loading capacity;
- easy and reliability in application.
- makes it difficult to manage;
- a weak resistance at high speed;
- insufficient comfort.
When the machine installed independent suspension, the machine can change the vertical position independently from each other, while continuing to be in the same plane.
Advantages of independent car suspension:
- high degree of manageability;
- reliable stability of the machine;
- elevated comfort.
- the device is quite complex and, accordingly, costly in economically;
- reduced durability in operation.
Note: There is also a semi-dependent suspension or so-called torsion beam. Such a device is a cross between independent and dependent suspensions. The wheels continue to be rigidly interconnected, but, nevertheless, the ability of a small displacement separately from each other they still have. Such an opportunity is provided by elastic quality of a bridge beam, which connects the wheels. This design is often used for rear suspension of inexpensive cars.
Types of independent suspension
McPherson suspension (McPherson)
On the photo McPherson suspension
This device is typical for the front axle of modern cars. Ball support connects the hub with the bottom lever. Sometimes the form of this lever allows the use of longitudinal reactive traction. A shock absorption rack is fixed with a spring mechanism fixing to the hub block, and its upper part is fixed at the base of the body body.
The transverse thrust, which connects both levers, is attached to the bottom of the car and serves as a kind of opposition to the tilt of the car. The wheels are freely rotated thanks to the bearing of the shock absorber and the ball fastener.
The design of the rear suspension is made in the same way. The only difference is that the rear wheels cannot rotate. Instead of the lower lever, transverse and longitudinal traction are installed, which secure the hub.
Advantages of the suspension MacPherson:
- easy easyness;
- takes a small space;
- durability;
- affordable price both in the acquisition and repair.
- ease of control at the average level.
Double front suspension
This development is considered quite productive, but also very difficult on the device. For the top fastening the hub serves the second transverse lever. For elasticity, the suspension can be applied either spring or torsion. The rear suspension works in the same way. Such an assembly of the suspension gives the machine maximum convenience in control.
In these devices, the elasticity provides non-springs, but pneumatic cylinders filled with compressed air. With a similar suspension, you can change the height of the body. In addition, with such a design, the car's move becomes more smooth. As a rule, it is installed on luxury machines.
Hydraulic suspension
In this design, the shock absorbers are connected to a molded closed contour filled with hydraulics oil. With such a suspension, you can adjust the degree of elasticity and ground clearance. And if the machine has electronics, providing for the adaptive suspension functions, then it can adapt itself in a variety of road conditions.
Sports independent suspension
They are also called coilovers or screw suspensions. Made in the form of depreciation racks, in which you can adjust the degree of rigidity directly by car. The lower part of the spring has a threaded connection, and this allows you to change its vertical position, as well as customize the size of the road lumen.
Push-Rod and Pull-Rod suspension
This design was designed specifically for racing autocars, which have open wheels. Based on a double-way diagram. The main difference from other species is manifested in the fact that damping mechanisms are installed in the body. The device of these two types is identical, the niznitsa is only in the placement of those parts that are subjected to the highest voltage.
Sports pendant Push-Rod. Loining the component, called the pusher, functions on compression.
Sports suspension Pull-Rod. The same part that is experiencing the greatest tension, works for tension. This solution makes the center of gravity lower, due to which the car becomes more stable.
However, despite the listed small differences, the effectiveness of these two versions of the suspension is approximately at the same level.
Video about car suspension:
The car suspension is a totality of elements that provide an elastic connection between the body (frame) and wheels (bridges) of the car. Mainly the suspension is intended to reduce the intensity of vibration and dynamic loads (blows, jolts), operating per person, transported goods or elements of the car design when it is moved along an uneven road. At the same time, it should ensure constant contact of the wheel with a road surface and effectively transfer the leading force and braking force without deviating the wheels from the corresponding position. Proper suspension operation makes car control comfortable and safe. Despite the seeming simplicity, the suspension is one of the most important systems of the modern car and the history of its existence has undergone significant changes and improvements.
History of appearance
Attempts to make the movement of the vehicle softer and more comfortable were taken back in Karet. Initially, the axes of the wheels were hard to fastened to the housing, and each road irregularity was transferred to the passengers sitting inside. Only soft pillows on the seats could increase the level of comfort.
Dependent suspension with transverse resort location
In the first way, to create an elastic "layer" between the wheels and the body of the carriage was the use of elliptic springs. Later, this decision was also borrowed for the car. However, the spring has already become semi-elliptical and could be installed transversely. The car with such a suspension was poorly controlled even at low speed. Therefore, soon the springs began to install longitudinally for each wheel.
The development of the automotive industry led the evolution of the suspension. Currently there are dozens of their varieties.
The main functions and characteristics of the car suspension
Each suspension has its own characteristics and performance that directly affect manageability, comfort and safety of passengers. However, any suspension regardless of its type should perform the following functions:
- Absorption of blows and shocks on the road To reduce loads on the body and improving the comfort of movement.
- Stabilization of the car while driving By providing constant contact of the wheel tire with road surface and limiting excessive body rolls.
- Saving a given geometry of movement and wheel position To preserve the accuracy of the steering during movement and braking.
Drift car with hard suspension The rigid car suspension is suitable for a dynamic driving at which an instantaneous and accurate response to the driver's actions is required. It provides a small ground clearance, maximum stability, rinse resistance and body swinging. It is used mainly on sports cars.
Luxury car with energy-intensive suspension In most passenger cars, a soft suspension is used. It smoothes irregularly as possible, but makes the car somewhat roll and worse managed. If adjustable rigidity is required, a screw suspension is mounted on the car. It is a rack shock absorbers with a variable spring tension force.
SUV with long-time suspension The movement of the suspension is the distance from the extreme upper position of the wheel when compressing to the extreme bottom when hanging the wheels. The suspension stroke is largely determined by the "off-road" vehicles of the car. The more its value, the greater the obstacle can be overcome without hitting the limiter or without saving leading wheels.
Suspension device
Any car suspension consists of the following main elements:
- Elastic device - Perceives loads from the irregularities of the road surface. Views: springs, springs, pneumatic elements, etc.
- Demmp- Has the body fluctuations when driving through irregularities. Views: all types.
- Guide device— Provides a specified movement of the wheel relative to the body. Views:levers, transverse and jet thrust, springs. To change the direction of impact on the damping element in the sports suspensions of Pull-Rod and Push-Rod, rockers are used.
- Stabilizer transverse stability - Reduces the transverse body roll.
- Rubber metal hinges- provide an elastic connection of the suspension elements with the body. Partially amortized, soften the blows and vibrations. Views: Silent blocks and sleeves.
- Stroke suspension limiters - limit the move the suspension in extreme positions.
Suspension classification
Mostly pendants are divided into two large types: and independent. This classification is determined by the kinematic scheme of the suspension guide device.
Dependent suspension
Wheels are rigidly connected via beam or continuous bridge. The vertical position of the pair of wheels relative to the total axis does not change, the front wheels are rotary. The rear suspension device is similar. It happens spring, spring or pneumatic. In the case of the installation of springs or pneumobalon, it is necessary to use special traction to fix bridges from moving.
Differences dependent and independent suspension - easy and reliable in operation;
- high load capacity.
- bad handling;
- bad stability at high speeds;
- little comfortable.
Independent suspension
Wheels can change the vertical position relative to each other, while remaining in the same plane.
- good handling;
- good car stability;
- large comfortable.
- more expensive and complex design;
- less reliability during operation.
Semi-dependent suspension Semi-dependent suspension or torsion beam - This is an intermediate solution between the dependent and independent suspension. The wheels still remain associated, but there is the possibility of their small movement relative to each other. This property is ensured due to the elastic properties of the P-shaped beam connecting the wheels. Such a suspension is mainly used as the rear suspension of budget vehicles.
Types of independent suspension
MacPherson
- The most common suspension of the front axle of modern cars. The bottom lever is connected to the hub by means of a ball support. Depending on its configuration, a longitudinal reactive traction can be used. A shock absorption rack with a spring is fastened to the hub node, its upper support is fixed on the body.
The transverse thrust, fixed on the body and connecting both levers, is a stabilizer, counteracts the car roll. The lower balloons and the bearing cup of the rack-shock absorber make it possible for rotation of the wheel.
The details of the rear suspension are made by the same principle, the difference lies only in the absence of the possibility of rotation of the wheels. The lower lever is replaced with longitudinal and transverse thrust fixing the hub.
- simplicity of design;
- compactness;
- reliability;
- inexpensive in production and repair.
- average handling.
Double front suspension
A more efficient and complex design. The upper point of fastening the hub is the second transverse lever. Spring or spring can be used as an elastic element. The rear suspension has a similar structure. Similar suspension scheme provides better car handling.
Air suspension
Pneumatic suspension The role of the springs in this suspension is performed by pneumatic bullons with compressed air. When it is possible to adjust the height of the body. It also improves the smoothness of the course. Used on luxury cars.
Hydraulic suspension
Height adjustment and rigidity LEXUS hydraulic Shock absorbers are connected to a single closed contour with hydraulic fluid. makes it possible to adjust the rigidity and height of the road lumen. If there is a control electron in the car, as well as the functions, it is independently adjusted to the conditions of the road and driving.
Sports independent suspension
Screw suspension (coilovers) Print suspension, or coilovers - depreciation racks with the ability to adjust stiffness directly by car. Due to the threaded connection of the lower stop, the spring can be adjusted its height, as well as the magnitude of the road lumen.
Push-Rod and Pull-Rod suspension
These devices were designed for racing cars with open wheels. Based on a double-way diagram. The main feature is that the damping elements are located inside the body. The design of the type of suspension types is very similar, the difference is only in the location of the elements perceive load.
Difference of sports suspension Push-Rod and Pull-Rod Sports suspension Push-Rod: Perceiving load element - pusher, works on compression.
The article describes the dependent car suspension, the principle of its work, the main differences, advantages and disadvantages. Also, buggy, the cost of parts for repair and comparison with other suspension types. At the end of the article Video Review The principle of operation of the dependent suspension.
The content of the article:
Given the trend of the development of automotive technology, respectively, the suspension also receives changes. Most often on modern passenger cars, you can find an independent suspension type, but there are still options when the dependent suspension is installed. The main difference from the dependent on other options is considered the presence of a rigid beam, which binds the left and right wheel of the car.
Usually the dependent suspension put on the car in cases where the simple design is needed. For budget cars, this is inexpensive service, but for freight - reliability and durability. Often this type of dependent mechanism can be found on SUVs, where a permanent, immutable clearance is needed and a large suspension.
History of the appearance of dependent suspension
There is no accurate date of the appearance of the dependent suspension of the car, but it is just known that even the very first cars were installed on such a mechanism. An example may be the same Ford T, Ford Model A and Gas, so some experts consider the appearance of suspension in 1927. It was this year that the production of previously listed cars started.
Further development of the dependent suspension did not stop, despite the rigidity and not the best handling. As an example, it was installed on GAZ-67, GAZ-21 or GAZ-24. The list of cars is minimal, as essentially it is a reliable and inexpensive suspension service, which means that the cost of a passenger car will be small. Today, the suspension is widely used in vehicles (SUVs) with increased patency, as well as in freight machines that require reliability.
Types and types of car dependent suspension
Most often, experts allocate three main varieties of the dependent car suspension, but if you consider, you can only distinguish 6 options. To understand, consider them more and more detail.
Nowadays, the dependent suspension on transverse springs to meet almost impossible. The chassis mechanism consists of a bridge (rigid continuous beam), which is attached to the body due to transverse (transverse) springs. As already said, for the first time such a suspension was installed on cars Ford T and Ford Model A.
It is worth noting that this type of dependent suspension was established up to 1948. The most significant disadvantage of this system with transverse springs is fuel in the longitudinal direction. During the movement, the suspension was unpredictably changed the angle of the bridge, which as a result affected the bad handhability of the car (at high speed). As a rule, such a mechanism was installed not anterior suspension, even by the standards of the 40s of the last century, such flaws could not provide a car reliability and security.
In comparison with the cross position of the springs, the longitudinal location contributed to progress, so she lived to this day and enjoys not less popular. Many put it on a par with the previous option, in antiquity of the structure and also consider one of the ancients. The basis for this species also served the bridge (rigid beam), but this time it is attached to the body through two longitudinal springs, for each axis.
Suspension Suspension Key Element, which consists of metal sheets bonded with each other. To give the mechanism of mobility, springs and bridge are connected using special clamps and sleeves. In contrast to the previous version, the longitudinal springs perform the role of guides, which sets the correct movement of the wheels relative to the body. It is such a location and fasteners played a positive role in driving a car, due to which the suspension lived to this day and successfully applied on different cars.
The name of the mechanism speaks by itself, as well as about the details and their location. There are many options for performing suspensions of this kind, with a different number of levers and location. As statistics shows, the laughter of the addicted suspension on four levers and Panar tag is most often used.
Note: Panar traction is the main element of the automotive suspension, as well as a reactive rod, which prevents the axis displacement depending on the wheels in the transverse direction. The main task is to minimize the movement of the bridge in the transverse direction at the time of rotation or rebuilding of the car.
The main plus of such a suspension is that the installed levers are tightly set the trajectory and movement of the leading bridge of the car (in the longitudinal, transverse and lateral direction).
To achieve stability, the upper levers are located under a slight bias relative to the longitudinal axis of the car. Thus, in the event of a movement along the axis curve, the rear axle begins to twist in the direction of rotation, which gives the car additional stability. Skillful motorists replace the top levers with one triangular, due to which the car is more stable when moving along the primer or a bad road. The main difference is that in this form of the dependent suspension there is a shock absorber and spring. Therefore, it is not surprising that this type is often used in modern cars.
The main element of such a species of the dependent suspension is the protective pipe of the cardan shaft or drawing (A or L figurative levers) toughly attached on the beam of the bridge. According to different data, according to the properties of kinematics, this type is quite consistent with the dependent lever suspension, with the 1st longitudinal lever on the axis. To increase reliability and comfort instead of shock absorbers, springs are used, pneumatic bullons or springs. As an example, on Fiat 124 (VAZ 2101 prototype), part of the cardan was closed.
As for the breath of the rear suspension, the engineers also used it in order to improve security, reduce body rins at the time of braking or acceleration. The combination of suspension using the drawby most often can be found on buses or trucks, which are based on pneumatic bullons.
Dependent suspension "De Dion"
This type of dependent suspension is considered the oldest, and its roots are mentioned back in 1893, when the French engineer Charles-Arman Tiprada invented this mechanism. Between themselves are connected by a slightly continuous beam, and the gearbox itself is attached to the body or frame.
Despite the design, guiding and elastic elements of such a dependent suspension can be of any type (longitudinal or transverse springs, longitudinal levers to a pair with springs, pneumatic bullons and in a different quantity). Thanks to such a design to the leading wheels, engineers managed to minimize unsavory masses. As an example, such a kind of suspension can be found on VOLVO 340 cars, DAF 66. The final version of the suspension de Dion can be found on SMART cars.
You can not bypass the dependent balance sheet of the car, in which there is a longitudinal connection between the wheels. This type of suspension is designed in such a way that the wheels on one side of the car (often closely located) are related. Engineers joined them with longitudinal rods, as well as a single multi-sample spring for two wheels.
Due to such a design, irregularities on the road are felt with minimal effort, and in addition to all the softening gives the swinging balancing. Actually, it also allows you to distribute the load and improve the smoothness of the machine. Usually, this type of dependent suspension can be found on trucks, the rear of which received two axes.
In addition to the listed suspension types, some experts also identify the dependent WATTA and Scott-Russell mechanism based on levers. Because of its complexity and devices, these suspension options practically did not find mass use, although they are considered classical options.
Device of the dependent car suspension
Considering the diversity of the dependent car suspension and its device, respectively, the structure will be different. Nevertheless, there are also the main details that can be found in any of the options for this mechanism. Engineers allocate three main details that must be in the set of the most common spring dependent suspension Car:
Springs - If we consider in detail, this is a set of metal plates (sheets) made in elliptical form and different lengths. Due to the tightest details, all springs are interconnected. Further, with the help of stems, the springs are attached to the axis of the suspension. In all characteristics, these parts perform the role of guides and elastic elements, as well as partially replaced the shock absorbers, due to friction between sheets. The main part that is responsible for the suspension stiffness is the number of springs, respectively, from here and the name of multi-lidly or small springs.
Brackets The dependent suspension is the main details by which the springs set is attached to the car body. As a rule, one bracket is fixed fixed, and the second can move longitudinally by springs.
Bridge (car beam). The main part of the entire dependent suspension, which is a metal, rigid axis, with which the left and right wheel are connected.
Now consider which items are included in the set. spring dependent car suspension. As in the previous case, the basis is a metal beam. Further, the list includes springs, shock absorbers, as well as jet rods. According to available information, the most common dependent suspension consists of 5 levers (4 longitudinal and 1 transverse lever). By the type of fasteners, one piece to the frame of the car, the other part to the beam.
Car dependent suspension scheme
The photo shows a diagram of the dependent car suspension on the springs
- Spring sheet;
- Clamp for fastener stem;
- Hard suspension beam;
- Shock absorber;
- Stepladder (fastener plate);
- Spring support;
- Hub;
- Earring for support springs.
The photo shows the diagram of the dependent suspension on the shock absorbers
- Spring suspension;
- Longitudinal lever (top);
- Longitudinal lever (lower);
- Rigid car suspension beam;
- Shock absorber;
- Hub;
- Transverse suspension stability stabilizer;
- Panar traction.
The photo shows the diagram of the dependent suspension de Dion
- Shock absorber suspension;
- Spring;
- Transmission shaft;
- Brake disk;
- Differential (rigidly attached to the frame);
- Lever (rear);
- Coupling (stitching);
- Lever (transverse);
- Non-crossing beam;
- Lever (top).
Principle of operation of the dependent car suspension
See the video principle of the dependent suspension
Immediately I want to note that the comfort of such a system is not the best, so we should not expect luxury, like the premium car is not worth it. The device of the addicted suspension completely justifies shaking and shock in the cabin of the machine. If we consider the mechanism as a whole, then this is a single, rigid axis connecting the wheels of the machine in front or rear.
There is one regularity in this type of suspension. If the wheel of one axis falls into a hole or leans relative to the car body, then the opposite wheel is moving on the other side in the opposite position (one wheel drops down, the other rises up), or vice versa.
The design of such a suspension is simple, but, nevertheless, the most reliable of existing, as it can carry heavy loads. The minus is that if one side of the machine runs on unevenness, then the entire body bends. As already spoke, no speech about comfort in the cabin can not, unless, if shock absorbers and springs used in the suspension to mitigate the bodies and oscillations of the body.
Main differences in dependent and independent suspension
Having considered the device and the principle of operation of the dependent mechanism, as well as previously reading it with immediately, it can be understood in which the main differences. If simple words, the structure of the dependent and independent suspension is at all different, although the target is one - to make a comfortable and safe in the cab.
The main similarity between the dependent and independent suspension is considered the presence of elastic elements guides, as well as shock absorbers. Although in the dependent suspension, all this can be replaced with the help of springs. Yet differences than similarities, even starting from the same name.
- In contrast, the dependent car suspension rigidly connects two wheels one axis, in turn they depend on each other. In an independent suspension (for example), the wheels of one axis do not depend on each other and act independently, and the impact on one wheel will not be reflected in the second;
- An independent suspension is more sensitive to the installation of wheels of a single size from the laid, as much depends on the kinematics of the mechanism. There are no such conditions on the dependent suspension, so the owners of such cars from time to time use such an opportunity;
- The dependent suspension is cumbersome in size, as well as severe than significantly losing an independent suspension. As a rule, the dependent suspension is installed on the rear axle of the car and rear-wheel drive models. On auto-drive cars, the dependent suspension can be on the front and rear axle;
- Due to the fact that the wheels of the dependent suspension depend on each other, the controllability of the suspension decreases, respectively, the range of work itself is less than in an independent;
- By comfort, the dependent suspension is much more rigid than independent. Accordingly, comfort is also an order of magnitude below the independent option;
- Cheap service dependent suspension, simple design, stability and strength.
Maintenance of dependent suspension
As already spoke, the dependent suspension is distinguished by stability and the ability to withstand large overloads in contrast to the independent mechanism. Accordingly, the principle of service and operation will be different, although individual moments can still be the same for both dependent and independent car suspension.
Often, the dependent suspension is chosen for those cars that must withstand heavy loads, frequent driving off-road, as well as relatively inexpensive service. As practice shows, most often this choice between comfort and reliability, because of which the dependent suspension wins with its characteristics.
Like any mechanism, dependent suspension from time to time requires maintenance. It is hard to predict which item can quickly fail. Nevertheless, based on the practice and considerable time of the existence of this species, it is possible to highlight the main points in the maintenance and repair of the dependent mechanism. Many drivers say that from time to time it is worth checking the screed of the springs of their integrity and the correct location. A breakdown of a screed can lead to loss of manageability by car and provoke an accident.
No less important element - bridge suspensionIt is also worth checking on the correctness of work, the absence of backlash and foreign sounds. The appearance of a third-party sound can talk about the presence of a malfunction and as a result of the inevitable repair of the entire bridge. The main malfunctions include wear of shock absorbers, springs, ball joints, strut, substantial bending beam, rubber hollow wear. From time to time, it is worth checking the dependent suspension for the presence of drowshes, inspection of the shrurs (grenade), checking the integrity of sienel blocks. Most of the whole, the dependent suspension is afraid of the backlash, it often contributes to additional vibration, which can lead to the bending of parts, the appearance of cracks or at all the complete failure of individual elements or axis as a whole.
Buggy on a dependent suspension
Despite the reliability and time-tested situations, the dependent suspension has its own flaws and disadvantages that the owner's suspension can in the most inappropriate time. It happens that it is extremely rare, but if the result happens not the most pleasant, since the car can go loaded to the failure or to be on the off-road, where one hundred is not nearby. Depending on the car on which the dependent base is installed, the corresponding mechanism can be.
A lot in the definition of the breakdown of the suspension depends on the experience and host, to a greater extent it is the owner first to see the malfunction and the wrong operation of the entire mechanism. At least once in his life, every driver saw that reacts to each irregularity or pothole on the road surface. This is the first sign of breaking one of the parts of the suspension. Often it is a crack, a breakdown of a hardware or a bad shock absorbers. Preceding tangible features may be an unpleasant noise or a small knock.
Another frequent reason for the breakdown of the dependent suspension is the departure of the straight movement along the horizontal plane (we take into account that the tire pressure is uniform). The main reason may be the unequal sediment of the springs, the springs or the drawdown of one of the parts responsible for the screed of the spring, or the hard fasteners of the longitudinal levers. For today, it is considered the most common breakdown of the dependent base, and if we take into account the condition of the roads, it is almost impossible to predict it. Dependence is uniform, the greater the load and longer service life without maintenance, the faster one of the details of such suspension fails.
The third and frequent breakdown of the dependent suspension can be considered the failure of the bridge itself. The reasons can also be much, but, as a rule, this is the shortcomings of the driver, late detection of the cause. The result of the breakdown can be deplorable, often the break of the bridge pulls out the failure of a number of parts, and the car requires an instant stop and cannot continue further movement. The preceding such breakage is the characteristic hum of cardan or other moving (rotating) elements during the movement of the machine.
Despite the most diverse and unpredictable breakdowns of the dependent suspension, most of the parts are not relatively expensive, and the repair itself is quite simple and can be done independently in the garage.
| Price of details of the addicted car suspension | |
| Name | Price from, rub. |
| Rear axle VAZ 2101 beam | 6285 |
| Shock absorber rear VAZ 2106 | 838 |
| Bolt beams VAZ 2106 | 30 |
| Compression Buffer VAZ 2106 | 52 |
| VAZ stabilizer bushing 2101-2107 | 105 |
| The axis of the lever VAZ 2101 | 322 |
As you can see, the cost of parts is available, and therefore the repair of the dependent suspension will be inexpensive. In particular, an example on passenger cars VAZ 2101 and 2106, which can most often meet on public roads. As for the dependent base of trucks, the price of the details will be a little more. Nevertheless, in comparison with the details of an independent suspension, the price is significantly lower, which once again confirms the inexpensive cost of production of the dependent base.
Conclusion about the dependent car suspension
Considering the dependent and independent car suspension, the differences are noticeable to the naked eye. If you wish to get comfort and do not plan to leave the off-road, then it is still better to stop the choice on an independent mechanism. But, if, first of all, reliability, stability and maximum resource are important for you, while comfortable comfort is worth paying attention to the dependent suspension option. It is also not necessary to forget that in addition to the large resource of the mechanisms of the dependent suspension, it will cost much cheaper, rather than other options are independent.
Video review Principle of operation of the dependent car suspension:
Whatever, once the suspension is independent, then the movement of one wheel is not dependent on the other. It is more common in theory. In practice, completely independent suspensions are rare.
Almost always in the design of the suspension there is such a detail as a stabilizer of transverse stability. Thanks to her, the vertical movements of one wheel through the elastic torsion are transmitted to another. Such a "impairment of independence" is needed to improve car handling, or rather, to reduce rolls in turns. The decision is not the most elegant, having a number of shortcomings, but at the same time inexpensive, because active suspensions are more expensive for orders. And so quite simple item does not give the car to fall in the turn.
Of course, manageability can be configured without this detail, and even the smoothness of the stroke will improve. There are quite a few examples: here Renault Logan, for example, after the first restyling lost the stabilizer in front, and the classic zhiguli in the rear suspension it was never. But most of the modern cars have it in the front, and in the rear suspensions.
Not uncommon and "active" stabilizers who know how to change the angular rigidity of the Torsion or are generally disconnected. There are such, for example, or on Nissan SUVs. This reduces negative factors from the use of the stabilizer.
In the photo: Nissan Patrol "2014-N.V.
It turns out that the suspension from the absolute majority of machines is not absolutely independent, the movement of one wheel still causes moving and the other. Let it be less than in the form of communication in the form of a common rigid axis, like a dependent suspension, when the movement of one wheel is always uniquely connected with the movement of the second.
With continuous bridges, by the way, the transverse stability stabilizer also use: rolls have cars with any suspensions.
Semi-dependent: rare and most common
If the stabilizer is still needed, it may be possible to make it part of the carrier suspension design? Probably, this is how the engineers were reasoned when McPherson's front suspension was invented for. Do not be surprised, but MacPherson she has half-dependent, because instead of the front lower lever suspension, a powerful transverse stability stabilizer is used here. Both wheels associate a uniform elastic part, which is part of the supporting structure. The eighties were generous for interesting technical solutions, so I would not be surprised if there was a similar scheme on some other machines, because the maintenance of the stabilizer is very convenient to use as a lever. In kinematics, the Audi suspension can be considered completely independent of one substantial "but": the vertical movement of one of the wheels necessarily causes the movement of the second wheel to a significant amount associated with a sufficiently high stiffness of the torsion.
A very common scheme of a semi-dependent suspension with a twisted beam is including the fruit of the efforts of the Volkswagen concern engineers. After all, it appeared on VW Golf in 1974. The genius of the idea was that the guide apparatus of both rear wheels was a single detail that was attached to the body just in two points. And the elastokinematics movement of each of the wheels was almost similar to the kinematics of the suspension on the longitudinal levers. The beam in the form of the letter H is attached to the body at two extreme points, and the wheel hubs are located at the lower ends of the letter. The most important part of the design is a cross, which connects the design together and provides the necessary rigidity. If the beam is located close to the attachment points to the body (when the beam becomes the letter P), then the suspension on the kinematic scheme will be completely similar to the construction on the longitudinal levers, and if you move closer to the points of the wheel attachment, it will be more like dependent suspensions. The central part of the beam in this design necessarily has compliance and can bend, providing wheels with the possibility of independent movement. It is possible to attribute such a suspension to addicted only constructively: the wheels are associated with a single part of the carrier structure. But in the work, such a suspension is still similar to it.
In the photo: Volkswagen Golf "1974-83 The design is so convenient for mass engineering that it is used for, and sometimes use and combined with the leading rear axle. For example, the rear is exactly the twisted H-shaped beam, even on options with a full drive.
The secret is simple. First, the design is extremely reliable: powerful side levers are connected by powerful torsion, and it is attached to the body with large and durable silent blocks. These details serve for a long time, and break them hard. And such a design is inexpensive both in manufacturing and in operation.
Kinematics movement of wheels is initially successful and can vary widely by changing the stiffness of fasteners, stiffness of the torsion, lateral levers and their mutual location. In addition, the suspension is very compact, allows you to dissemble shock absorbers as widely as possible, which ensures excellent conditions for their work. You can position the springs and shock absorbers are very low and tightly, which increases the inner volume of the rear of the machine. Of all the types of independent suspensions for native wheels, the best kinematics possess the multi-dimensional structures on the basis of dual-time suspension or MacPherson racks, but they are much more expensive.
Disadvantages of such a scheme too. Elastoknematics of the H-shaped beam is such that the angular rigidity of the beam is always associated with the suspension of the suspension in the transverse direction and the load. As a result, the beam is always excessively rigid for its role stabilizer transverse stability. The unsappressible masses of this type of suspension are also quite high, and an attempt to reduce the mass of beams by reducing the length of the longitudinal levers leads to the deterioration of the kinematics of its operation and an increase in communication rigidity. And unleash the rigidity of the rubberometallic elements in the longitudinal and transverse direction is also structurally difficult, they will always be connected, because it is only two silent blocks working for a twist and gap.
The complication of the design by the introduction of reactive thrust, for example, in the form of a WATT mechanism - not new. Comparatively recently, it was used in serial production on Opel Astra J / Chevrolet Cruze, and athletes during the preparation of machines with a n-shaped beam often used additional jet levers to improve control and kinematics control.
Watt Mechanism
The supporting elements of the beams are trying to put at an angle to the rolling plane of the beam: it is possible to reduce the transmission of vibrations on the body with a decrease in blockage of blocks in the transverse direction and improving kinematics. Additional tricks in the form of removal of reference platform springs on the external brackets allow you to provide the necessary angle of trust of the wheels under load. But in any case, this type of suspension remains structurally simple and cheap. And that is why it is used so massively.
And in practice, how is it?
A comparison of various cars with different types of rear suspension does not make it possible to choose a unambiguous leader. Of course, the multi-dimensional suspension is easier to endure and good handling, and the high smoothness of the stroke in combination with high load capacity. But the trouble: comparing even the car of one class, it is impossible to conclude that the suspension is used only on the basis of their running characteristics. A real gift for lovers find out what is better, and what is worse, there are cars on the MQB platform: many of them, depending on the motor in the rear suspension, can be used both beam and multi-dimensional design.
