Even if you try to try very much, it is difficult to imagine a modern reality without cars. By and large, it is they asked the pace of our life. But among the drivers there are hardly a lot of those who, even at the level of "teapots", would understand their device.

Of course, you ask why to know what car consists of, if, practically, you can meet the maintenance stations at every step. There will eliminate any problem in the shortest possible time. You can not believe, but even the most superficial knowledge of the device of your car can help you save considerable money on its service. After all, unscrupulous mechanics are found, who are ready to repair non-existent breakdowns, just to earn extraplex penny. And they flourish precisely thanks to the ignition of drivers, for whom, any lies will come for a clean coin.

Therefore, no matter how cool, but to know what car consists of, you need everyone who sits on the driver's seat. In driving schools, a few hours stand out for studying this topic. But it is unlikely that everything is serious about the development of the subject. Usually, drivers already, so to speak, in the process, come to the fact that the study of the car of the car, after all, it is necessary.

It seems that this topic is interesting to many. So, let's figure out what the "miracle of technology" carries us every day to work. We, of course, we will not be deeply delved into the debris of physics and mechanics. That, for sure, let professionals are engaged.

We will make a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe systems, nodes and car units, and we will also figure it out that for the power of such forces it to move. Agree? Well, then let's start. We will consider, by default, from which the car is passenger. It is he who is in possession of the main mass of drivers who are thirsting to learn him, so to speak, from the inside.

The car is

• from body;
• chassis;
• transmissions;
• engine;
• power systems;
• cooling systems;
• electrical equipment;
• lubrication systems;
• control systems.

Body car

The body is called the carrier part of the car. It is to the body that all the main nodes and aggregates are attached. It depends on the type and brand of the machine. But, mostly, the body is a stamped bottom, to which, with welding, the front and rear spars are attached, the engine compartment, the roof. A, also, various attached elements (doors, wings, hood, trunk lid, etc.).

Chassis

As it is clear from the title, this group of nodes and mechanisms is responsible for the movement of the car. You yourself probably guessed that it includes wheels, suspension, front and rear bridges. Depending on which the drive has a car, the lead can be both the front and rear axle.

Transmission

And this group of mechanisms is a link between the engine and chassis. Torque is transmitted from the engine shaft on the gear shaft. The clutch ensures the smoothness of this transmission. The gear shift box changes the transfer number of torque and reduces the load on the engine. The cardan transmission connects the gearbox with the leading bridge or with the wheels of the car. Thus, the energy obtained during the combustion of fuel and the engine transformed into the torque causes the wheels to rotate.

Engine

Many call the engine with the heart of the car or its soul. Probably, if the car was a living being, it would be so. It is in the engine that burns gasoline. As a result of this combustion, the energy is released, which is transformed into the torque. If you study everything, from which the car is consisting of the engine, then we will not have enough of the day. Therefore, we call only the main components. Namely: a piston group, head, crank-connecting mechanism, shaft, flywheel, etc. Engines are divided depending on the number of cylinders and their location, as well as from the fuel injection system (injection and carburetor).

Listing what the car consists of is, the main systems of mechanisms and auxiliary can be distinguished, which ensure the uninterrupted operation of the main. Above were named those without which the car will not go. Now let's look at the so-called service (auxiliary) systems.

Supply system

Of course, the system of food begins with a gas tank where we refuel gasoline. Baszonasos pumps it into the carburetor (injector), which adjusts the fuel injection into the pistons, where it burns.

Cooling system

In order for the engine in the process of its work, it is overheated, its water cooling is provided. In the front of the car there is a radiator, which poured water. It circulates on the nozzles located around the engine and cools it.

Electrical equipment

To start the engine, you need a spark. And she does not take away from nowhere. Therefore, in the car there is a constant renewable source of electric current - battery. It is he who provides engine launch. But, in the process of work, the car can provide itself to energy for lighting, heating, glass cleaning, etc. Using the alternator.

Lubrication system

You probably know that, periodically, in the car you need to change the oil or add it. Why is it necessary? And everything is very simple. Machine oil reduces friction resistance, thereby reducing the temperature and increasing the life of the car parts. All mechanisms are arranged so to be constantly in lubricant. That is why, the lubrication system in the car is compared with the blood system in the human body.

Control system

Well, of course, the "steel horse" needs to be managed somehow. For this, it has a steering mechanism. And, in order to restrain his impulses, usually the brake system is activated.

That's basically it. Our sightseeing tour went to the end. If you need more detailed information, get ready for the fact that it will be necessary to spend quite a long time. After all, the car is the most complex system of mechanisms that is improved and upgraded every year. And in your own interests, at least review, but be aware of what car consists of, and which advanced technologies are being introduced in new models. Saving funds depends on this, and your safety. Yes, and such information is just interesting, so to speak, for the overall development and expansion of the horizon.

Every car enthusiast must certainly know at least the basics of what the car consists of and how it works. Only so you can become a good driver and understand the principle why the car rides and is controlled in a certain way, which is why some elements can be launched.

Basic device of modern cars

For the first time, a car equipped with a motor with a gasoline work was patented in remote 1885. And since then, modern models are produced from almost similar basic components, as then. The key elements are as follows:

• Body;
• Engine;
• Chassis;
• Electrical equipment.

Knowing the base device of the car, as well as the specifics of the functioning of nodes and aggregates, you can significantly reduce the cost of service and repair. Similar knowledge and understanding of in practice a lot will give the driver.

Engine

The engine, or the power unit, acts as a heart of the machine - is the basis for obtaining the energy of mechanical nature. It leads to the whole heavy mechanism. If the machine does not "pull", then the reasons, first of all, you need to look for problems in the engine.

The widest prevalence was acquired internal combustion engine (i.e. internal combustion engines). But recently, electric or hybrid cars are obtained no less active distribution.

Body

The body happens with a frame or frameless construction system. Most often in modern models, the attachment of the nodes to the body itself (being carrier) is implemented, that is, there is no frame. What is a good solution? The weight of the car decreases to a minimum.

Chassis

Constructive chassis - a whole complex of mechanisms, the key tasks of which is the transfer of the torque wheels (hereinafter referred to as km) from the engine to ensure movement, as well as carrying out the car control. The group of mechanisms includes such elements:

Transmission

The main purpose in the transfer of KM to drive wheels to change km in the direction, as well as largest, consists of a two-axis auto most often from the clutch, KP, gear (cardan and main), semi-axis and additionally differential.

Chassis system

The key components are represented by the frame or in the second case of the carrier body, bridges (front and rear), springs and shock absorbers (suspension), tires and wheels.

Control mechanism

Forms from the steering and brake systems (disc brakes plus the drum brake), is responsible for control, changing speed, hold on site and stop at the right time.

Pendants are different types and types. This is a very important element over which designers and engineers work hard to provide the best characteristics.

Electrical equipment

In addition to the indicated mechanisms, all cars have electrical equipment that ensures the necessary current supply to various car systems. It is started and the engine starts and starts working, heating the cabin is ensured, the possibility of movement in the dark.

The electrical system of the car is complex and multicomponent, works both when the engine is established and during the non-working engine.

For example, the battery is blocked:

• stop signals
• avtognitol Other multimedia systems,
• system of acoustics and lighting (in the cabin, under the hood, in the trunk, outside), etc.

Also, at the expense of electrical equipment, safety is achieved for the car from the hijacking (anti-theft alarm).

The car did not undergo fundamental changes. However, due to the achievements of technical progress, almost all automotive systems, the main components and aggregates of the car have been significantly complicated during this period. The automotive industry continues to move forward every day, and thanks to this, modern cars are constantly increasing the indicators of the engineering and power of the engine, the speed is growing, the design is improved. Cars coming from modern conveyors are equipped with complex computer systems and elements of automation, which still the same hundred years ago could perceive except as "smart cars" from science fiction literature.

In this article, we will look at the main aggregates and knots of the car. Of course, any car enthusiast, who passed the exam for obtaining a driver's license, has an idea of \u200b\u200bthe main systems of the vehicle's work, but "repetition is the mother of the teaching" - and therefore this material will serve as a useful reminder of the car owner.

In the automotive industry, three constructive schemes are most common - front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive (in the last leading wheels are all wheels). Three main nodes that provide the operation of the car are the engine, chassis and body. Now we will consider in detail the principles of these nodes.

Engine

As a source of mechanical energy, thanks to which the car is capable of moving, the engine protrudes - the life center, the "heart" of any vehicle. The thermal energy released during the combustion of the fuel is converted by the engine to the energy mechanical, which in turn creates torque on the motor shaft. It is the torque and drives the vehicle.

The engine is usually located in the front of the machine, although there are exceptions (for example, Porshe, Ferrari, Lamorghini and our "Zaporozhets"). where the engine is located, is called a motor compartment.

Mechanical energy from the engine to drive wheels is transmitted using a transmission (more about this device will be described below). The term "power plant" denotes a constructive combination of the transmission and the engine into a single integer. The main varieties of car motors differ depending on the type of energy, which is converted by the engine to mechanical.

The most common are:

• internal combustion engine (abbreviation - ICE);
• electric motor;
• hybrid power plants (combined engines operating in several types of energy).

The most popular engine - internal combustion - converts the chemical energy of burning fuel into mechanical work. Piston, rotary-piston, gas turbine - all this is internal. In the greatest demand today, the piston internal combustion engine operating on liquid fuel (gasoline, diesel or natural gas) is used.

Cars, driven by electric motors, are called electric vehicles. For electrical energy in this case, sources are used as fuel cells or batteries. The main disadvantage of the electric vehicle, of course, is the small capacity of the source of electricity and, as a result, a small stock of the course.

In combined an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. Their working communication is carried out using the generator. Energy on the drive wheels in a hybrid car is transmitted in two ways:

• consistently (engine -\u003e generator -\u003e electric motor -\u003e wheel);
• in parallel (DVS -\u003e Transmission -\u003e DVS and wheel -\u003e Generator -\u003e Electric engine -\u003e Wheel).

Note that the parallel operation of the hybrid power plant is more preferable than consistent.

Chassis

The combination of aggregates transmitting mechanical energy from the engine to the drive wheels is called the chassis. In addition, the chassis serves to give the movement of the car and control them. The chassis includes three groups of mechanisms: transmission, chassis of auto and control system.

The transmission system includes, the main transmission, clutch, driven transmission and differentials, semi-axes, silver (hinge of equal angular velocities), drive shaft. In all-wheel drive cars, where all the wheels are leading, transmissions also include dispensing boxes.

The transmission transmits torque from the engine to the drive wheels. In addition, it serves to change the torque depending on the change of conditions in which the vehicle moves.

The driving force of the vehicle is the thrust force. It arises as a result of the interaction of the leading wheels of the car with an expensive. The operation of machines with an internal combustion engine is impossible without a transmission - it is installed on all vehicles, including cargo and passenger cars, on buses, and even on ... bicycles. Yes, the bike is also equipped with the transmission of the simplest device - chain transmission. By the way, the first cars were also equipped with a chain transmission in the transmission.

By the way, in order to determine the number of leading wheels, you can use the so-called "wheel formula", which looks, for example, as "4x2" or "4x4". The first digit in this formula indicates the total number of wheels, and the second is the number of wheels leading.

Consider some devices included in the transmission system.

To temporarily disconnect the engine from the transmission (driving wheels), as well as for their smooth connection when the motor is running, the clutch is used. The clutch is activated when the car rows from the place, as well as at the time of switching gear.

The torque transmitted to the host, the need varies using the gearbox (PPC). In addition, the gearbox is used when moving with reversal. Also, the operation of the PPC is necessary to disconnect the engine from the transmission (or rather, from the leading wheels) while the "rolling" movement and with a long parking lot of the car.

The torque is transmitted between the shafts located at a certain angle. This angle is able to change in the process of moving the car. And the torque is transmitted to the device, which is called the cardan transmission. On the rear-wheel drive vehicles, where the engine is installed in the back of the body, as well as the front-wheel drive machines, the cardan transmission is missing.

In rear-wheel drive transmissions, a cardan shaft is used, because in vehicles with rear-wheel drive, the engine is located far away from the leading wheels.

But the hinges of equal angular velocities (Solmins), which are called "grenades" in the surprises, are established exclusively on vehicles with front-wheel drive.

The main transmission is necessary for the increase in torque and its transfer to the semi-axis of the machine at a right angle. The semi-axes, in turn, serve to transmit torque on the drive wheels.

The differential is called a special mechanism that is used so that the driving wheels of the vehicle rotate with different speeds (in cases where it is necessary - for example, when driving along a bustard or turns).

Modern requirements for transmissions are extremely high. The transmissions of the last generations should be simple in its design, but at the same time have a large efficiency (efficiency), as well as transmit a high torque. In addition, the transmission must be small and it is extremely reliable to not give a sudden failure at the most inopportune moment. Another of the main requirements of the car owners to the transmission is its silentness in the process of work.

The following group of mechanisms included in the chassis system is the chassis of the car. Outwardly, it resembles a trolley and consists of a frame, bridges (front and rear), suspension (with and springs) and wheels. If the vehicle body is carrier - this implies the absence of a frame. In this case, all the aggregates are attached directly to the body. As a rule, this refers to buses and passenger cars.

For maintenance of the body serve automobile bridges - front and rear. Vertical load, thanks to bridges, is transmitted to the wheels.

The elastic connection of bridges (wheels) with the body sets the suspension. The suspension is a set of devices that bind the body and wheels of the car. One of the main suspension missions is the conversion of the impact of the road to the car in the most allowable and comfortable oscillations of the wheels and the body. At the same time, the car should not only quickly dial the speed when overclocking, but not less quickly slow down until the moment of complete stop.

Among other things, the car must be stable and "obedient" in management. To achieve all these goals and serves the suspension, the design of which is determined by safety when driving, as well as other main operational properties of the car. It is also important to remember that the suspension affects and clutch. The reliable grip of the wheels with the surface of the road depends not only from - but also from the load transmitted on the wheels. And the change in the vertical load on the wheels, in turn, is determined by the work of the shock absorbers and the stem. Accordingly, as a result of a decrease in the vertical load, the grip of the wheels with the surface of the road is reduced.

In passenger cars, the suspension consists of such basic types of devices as:

• guide devices (they include racks, stretching, levers, thrusts);
• elastic elements (springs, pneummators, leaf springs, etc.);
• quenching devices (hydraulic shock absorbers);
• controls and regulation (for example, roll and height regulators, etc.).

Wheels, also included in the system of the car's chassis, communicate a vehicle with an expensive.

Thus, the chassis of the vehicle is used to combine wheels and fastener devices to the body, providing the movement of the machine using the drive wheels.

The last one group of mechanisms relating to the chassis is a car control system. These devices include:

• steering system that serves to change the direction of movement of the machine;
• the brake system, which is intended to slow down the velocity of the car, stop and hold in a fixed state during parking.

Consider these systems in more detail.

When the steering position changes, the angle of rotation of the wheels is changing. For this process, the car's steering is responsible. The operation of the steering is that if, for example, the steering wheel turns to the right, then the car's wheels are also rotated on the right side - and the more degree of rotation of the steering wheel, the steering wheel turns the controlled wheels.

The modern steering of the car must work accurately and reliably, because if this system is faulty - the car becomes completely uncontrollable. When the steering wheel is rotated, the wheels should be rotated without delay to a certain angle, which should accurately correspond to the angle of rotation of the steering wheel. Consists of a drive and steering mechanism. Modern steering mechanisms are divided into three types: "worm-roller", "screw nut" and "Rake-sector". All of them relate to mechanical, but recently large car concerns are planning to replace the mechanical steering to electronic. In an electronic power steering, there will be no mechanical drives and a load - they will completely replace the control unit, which will rotate the wheels according to the rotation of the steering wheel with the help of electric motors.

One of the most important and responsible car systems is its brake system. The life of the driver and passengers depends on its health and quality work. The brake system of the car consists of a number of components and parts that serve to slow down the movement of the machine and for its complete stop. The brakes are also needed in order to, for example, keep the car in a fixed state on the slope. In principle, the braking system of the vehicle is divided into two systems - working and parking. The working system is necessary to reduce the speed and stop the car, and the parking holds the car on the uneven surface. Details of the brake system include discs, cylinders, drums, brake pads and drives. The main part of modern cars is equipped with so-called friction brakes. Their work is based on the use of the friction force of the fixed part of the movable (pads, for example, rub about the brake disc or drum).

Body

The basis of the car to which all its aggregates and nodes are attached - this is the body. The exterior of the car depends on the body, its streamlining, safety and comfort in the driving process. A driver, passengers and cargo (baggage) are located in the body. In its execution, this is a rather complicated and metal product - therefore almost half of the cost of the machine is precisely the price of the body (the same, by the way, can be said about the weight of the car). The body of standard modern cars consists of a passenger cabin, trunk and motor compartment. It is made of steel, aluminum and glass, but the auxiliary materials for its manufacture are primer, paint, rubber, insulation and much more. By the way, today there are even such models of cars, the bodies of which are made of special solid plastic.

The structure of the body of a passenger car can be different: a two-door cabriolet - it all depends on the manufacturer's fantasy and customer expectations. However, the main purpose of any body is to ensure security, both passive (for the driver and passengers; preventing accidents) and active (for others; reduction of the severity of an accident). In addition to the placement of the driver, passengers and baggage, the body also bears the function of the carrier element. The engine is attached to the body, all transmission units and chassis, control mechanisms, additional equipment. Among other things, the "minus" of the automotive electrocupuses is closed on the body.

Video - General information about the car

CONCLUSION!

It must be remembered that when the foci of corrosion of the body can come to full disrepair, literally in a couple of years - and this means that the whole car will come into disrepair, because In this case, it will be logical to buy a new car than changing the body. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out and remove rust if it appears on the body of your car.

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Modern car stuffed with many missions and upgrades. In this article we will try to understand the internships of the car, namely, in its device and design. What parts are used for comfort, what are necessary for driving, and which are for security. Below is a list of components to which all devices and body parts can be divided:

1. Carrying car design.
2. Transmission.
3. Electrical equipment.
4. Engine.
5. Car control system.

General information about car device

Carrier car system

It is a skeleton of the car to which all the details are fastened. It is from her that the service life of the car depends, and it is to carry all the loads that the car is being subjected during the movement. Hence the price ratio if you determine the cost of all vehicles 100%, then 50% will be on this system. Conditionally, it can be divided into several types:

1. Frame carrier system. The advantage of this system in the simplicity of both production and repair. In addition, the frame carrier system allows you to produce chassis, various vehicle modifications.
2. Body carrier system. This system allows you to reduce the mass of the car, reduce the center of gravity, and therefore increase resistance when moving. There is, of course, she has a disadvantage - this is quite bad insulation of noise from the outside.
3. Frame body system. It is used exclusively on buses. It consists of interconnected parts of the frame and body. It is quite simple when repaired and manufacturing.

The importance of transmissions

The next element that we will look at is a transmission. This is a power transmission that carries out the relationship of the engine with the leading wheels of the car. There are several types of transmission: mechanical (most common), electric, hydraulic and combined. On the example of a mechanical transmission, consider the work of various nodes included in its composition:

1. Clutch. The main task is the soft mock of the flywheel, the primary shaft of the gearbox. The clutch includes the following composite basket and clutch disc, as well as the release bearing.
2. Transmission. It is designed to convert torque and its further transmission to the cardan shaft. The engine is enhanced by the secondary shaft. Among the gearboxes there is a separation for a mechanical and automatic view.
3. Cardan shaft (for vehicle vehicle), transmitting torque from the secondary shaft to the main transmission.
4. The disconnection of the differential and the main transmission is the so-called bridge, which transmits the force of the engine to the wheels through the semi-axis.
5. The semi-axes (drive shaft) is a metal rod with a clutch device with differential and a cut.
6. The hinge of equal angular velocities (Solus) flows over the rotation force on the drive wheels.
7. The distribution mechanism distributes the motor force along the drive wheels. This node is applied in a car with a wheel formula 4 * 4.

Car electrical equipment - VAZ 2109

Electrical equipment car

Next is the electrical equipment, which is a combination of electrical devices and devices that ensure normal engine operation. Electrical energy is necessary to launch a car, flammable mixture, lighting, alarm, additional equipment. The electrical equipment includes sources and current consumers. Sources of electrical equipment are:

1. Generator - serves to convert mechanical energy obtained from the engine to electrical energy;
2. Voltage regulator - performs the function of the stabilizer, keeps the current voltage at a constant level, which is produced by the generator with a changing frequency of rotations of the crankshaft of the engine;
3. Rechargeable battery (battery) - needed to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

Consumers current are:

1. Starter - serves to ensure the rotation of the crankshaft with the frequency required for starting the engine;
2. Ignition system - in the process of its work, felting fuel in the cylinders in the order of the engine operating mode;
3. The lighting system is an auxiliary service that ensures the operation of the car under conditions of reduced visibility;
4. System alarm - serves to ensure the safety of the car movement.

The next thing we will look at is the engine. It is a complex of mechanisms that convert the thermal energy of the fuel combing in its cylinders to mechanical. Engine divide in many parameters. First, the type of fuel: gasoline and diesel. Secondly, on the ignition of the combustible mixture: from electrical spark and from compression. Thirdly, according to the number of cylinders: 2-wing, 3-EX, 4-EX, 5, as well as 6 and 8 cylinder and multi-cylinder. Fourth, by the location of the cylinders: inline and V-shaped. The workflow of the engines consists of intake clock, compression, working stroke and release.

Engine mechanisms and systems

Distribute the following mechanisms and engine systems. The engine workflow is mainly due to the work of the crank-connecting mechanism. The opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves of the engine is made at the expense of the gas distribution mechanism. The supply of oil to rubbing parts of the engine produces a lubricant system. Cooling strongly heated engine parts occurs due to a special cooling system, which removes heat. The power system prepares the combustible mixture for the engine and provides exit from the exhaust gases. The ignition of the combustible and working mixture in the engine cylinders is due to the ignition system.

Work of chassis

The chassis is a complex of devices, when the car is interacted along the road. This includes wheels, as well as the back and front suspension. Through the wheels there is a link to transport with an expensive. The main tasks of the wheels are movement over the surface and changing the direction of movement. Wheels are distinguished by the type of design (disk, diskless, spokes) and on purpose (presenters, managed, combined, supporting). The wheels of the car can be with deep rims or connecting parts, in appearance resembling discs and needles. These most rims are needed to install the pneumatic tire. It is at the expense of the hub that the wheel is carried out to the bridge and its ability to rotate. Due to the suspension, there is an elastic connection of the wheels and the carrier system. The suspension performs two functions. The first is to improve the safety of the vehicle, and the second is the smooth flow of the car.

Types of suspension

Pendants are divided into the following types:

1. The dependent suspension is when the wheels of one of the bridges are interconnected with each other by means of a tight beam. Consequently, when moving, they are interrelated.
2. Independent suspension is when the wheels of one of the bridges are not related to each other, and suspended independently relative to each other, and therefore the movement of any of the wheels does not cause the other movement. Common parts of all suspension are:
3. Elements that provide elasticity;
4. Elements distributing the direction of force;
5. Quenching element;
6. Elements stabilizing transverse stability;
7. Fasteners

Work suspension

Consider them in more detail. Elements that provide elasticity between irregularities on the road and car body are, so to speak, buffer. This includes springs, springs, tocins. Spring rigidity is constant and variable. Springs visually represent several metal plates mutually interconnected, as well as they are quite elastic according to properties. Torsins look like a metal pipe, and the rods are located inside.

Devices for power distribution

Devices distributing the direction of force, in turn, perform several tasks. First, fastening the suspension to the body part of the car. Secondly, the transfer of force on the body part of the car. Thirdly, the correct location of the wheels towards the body in horizontal and vertical planes. The task of the quenching element is to counteract elements of elasticity, and to be more accurate - smoothing elasticity. Stabilization devices of transverse elasticity are distributed by the side load of the car when changing the trajectory of movement. All components of the suspension are attached to a body base and to the support parts of the wheels.

Car control system

Under the system itself means a combination of devices and mechanisms intended to change the velocity of the car and changes in the direction of movement. Under the devices of changes in the direction of movement, it is no other than the steering, which is used for the normal control of the car. Under the speed change system, in turn, the braking system is understood, which is the main security node of the driver and passengers. The installation of the steering system includes:

1. Steering wheel;
2. The steering shaft with a cross, which, on the one hand, has spitches for fixing the steering wheel, and with another spitty - for mounting to the steering column;
3. The steering column, the device assembled in one case, which includes a worm leading gear and driven, the steering thrust consisting of the tip and the pendulum.

Operation of the steering mechanism

Consider the steering mechanism in operation: during the rotation of the steering wheel, the rotation of the worm mechanism of the column is enhanced, which, in turn, starts to rotate the driven gear, leading to the operation of the steering. It has a mount to the middle steering line, and the other end of the thrust is connected to the pendulum lever. It is installed on the support and has a rigid mount to the car body. From the sushka with the pendulum departs side traction. Tips are connected to the hub. The steering tsha, when turns, sends an effort immediately on the side traction and the middle lever. The middle lever, in turn, gives rise to the second side straight, as a result of which the hubs turn, and, consequently, the wheels with them. The main task of the braking system is the ability to control the speed of the car.

Brake systems

There are three variants of braking system: working, parking, replacement. The main control unit for the car and saving it safe is the working brake system. In order to avoid an arbitrary movement of the car during a long parking lot on areas with an inclination of the road use parking brake (handbrake). Relatively young is a spare brake system used for braking due to the malfunction of the working brake system. Due to the fact that the use of the handbrake when moving is excluded, the driver using the spare system lever with ease blocks the wheels, and transport stops.

Principle of the brake system

This braking system may be a separate node or part of the working brake system. Motor transport braking system is built on the friction effect. As a result of the friction between moving and in immobility, the detail occurs such a phenomenon as braking. Below will look at the brake process itself. During the braking process, the effect of friction occurs between the brake pads and the brake disc or the brake drum, which is in motion. As a result, the brake systems began to divide on disk and drums. Nowadays, it became possible to use the result of symbiosis of these braking systems, namely, their combination. Although, maybe otherwise, everything depends on the solution of the designers.

Here, in principle, all the main devices and design of the car. Of course, you can still mention and remember all sorts of trifles and parts, but it is the above-mentioned devices and designs that are main in the car.

The first serial car was built at the beginning of the 20th century at the Ford factory. The first car was collected in 1908. It was Ford Model T. The car was produced until 1928 and became a legend.

Brilliant manager and mechanic Henry Ford always said: "The car can be of any color if it is black." He made the main focus on the versatility of the car, completely rejected the individuality. That is what it ruined him.

Despite the universality of the Ford Model T car and its simple, but reliable functionality, in the 20s he had a competitor in the form of Machines "General Motors". This company offered each buyer a unique car with an unusual internal device.

In those days there were only mechanical gearboxes and weak engines. The speed of cars rarely exceeded 50 miles per hour. Now everything has changed. Modern cars are a masterpiece of engineering thought, the insides of which are filled with the most modern electronics and ultra-empty management systems.

The technical parameters have long been beyond fiction. Now overclocking up to 100 kilometers in 4 seconds - the reality that will not surprise anyone. At the same time, hundreds of companies that are engaged in sales of a wide variety of cars. Nevertheless, despite all this diversity - the general device of cars is very similar.

What is the car

Of course, the device of the modern machine includes many diverse nodes and parts, but even among them you can allocate the main:

• transmission,
• body,
• chassis,
• control systems,
• electrical equipment.

Each of these elements performs an important role that it is hard to overestimate. To understand how important the correct operation of every detail, consider them in more detail.

Body

The body is a carrier part in the car.It is precisely all the nodes and aggregates that are attached. Now automotive manufacturers try to do everything possible to find the most durable and light composite spawning, which will serve as the basis of the product.

The fact is, the usual metal weighs quite a lot. An increase in weight negatively affects the dynamics, maximum speed and acceleration, and it is very difficult to manage a heavy car. As a result, non-standard approaches to creating bodys are increasingly used. For example, hydrocarbon fiber is used in the design.

Perhaps the most striking car, where this technology was used, was Lykan Hypersport. You could see this car in the film "Fast and Furious 7". The use of carbon fiber to create a body made it possible to ease the car much, significantly incur all its characteristics. By the way, the cost of the car is more than three million.

On the fact of the body is a frame that keeps the entire device of the car together. At the same time, it should have sufficient rigidity to withstand truly heavy loads. At the speed of more than 200 kilometers per hour, the life of the driver depends on its strength.

The body used in the car device not only should be light and durable, but also have the right aerodynamic forms. From how efficiently the body of the machine will disseminate the flow streams depend on the speed and control.

Traditionally, the body, which is part of the car device can be divided into such elements:

• spars
• roof,
• brakes
• hinged details
• motor compartment,
• bottom.

In order to achieve greater rigidity to the device's bottom device weld up amplifying elements. They provide increased strength and greater safety of the whole design.

Each of these elements is associated with each other. So spars are one whole design with the bottom. In some cases, they are welded to it.The main task of these parts in the car's device is to create a support for the suspension.

If we talk about attachments, then the wings are immediately remembered. Also, you can not get around the trunk, doors and hood. They are mounted items, but very closely connected with the car body.

Attention! To achieve greater stability of the design, the rear wings are welded to the body, and the front is made removable.

Similar nuances should be considered if you want to tune your iron horse. Moreover, it is to details of the body are attached to the bodies of the body.It is enough to remember the same spoiler. Even neon inserts are mounted around the perimeter of the bottom.

Case tuning gives the biggest visual effect. In addition, additional elements, like a low fit bumper, can provide construction of much better aerodynamic qualities.

Without approaching no diversity

Chassis in the car plays the role of the foundation. It is at the expense of her a car can move. For example, wheels, suspension and bridges are all its elements. Without them, the movement itself would be impossible.

The system can have both anterior independent suspension and rear dependent. Now most cars use exactly the first option, since it gives the best handling of the vehicle.

The main difference of independent suspension is that each wheel is attached separately. Moreover, in the car's device, all the wheels have their own fasteners.

The dependent suspension is considered to be some archaism in car circles. Nevertheless, some companies in order to save and maximize the device's device still use it. Nevertheless, it provides high reliability of the design. Moreover, the tricks of some manufacturers make it possible to achieve truly outstanding results when using this outdated technology.

I want to remember the same German concern BMW. For many years, this company has been producing cars for many years, in which the device lies with the rear dependent suspension.

Nevertheless, the rear-wheel drivers of the German brand are famous in the whole world. Moreover, many drivers buy data cars with the rear device suspension just from the pleasure that the driver gets, sitting behind the wheel, this monster.

Attention! Rear-wheel drive makes it possible to feel the real pleasure from managing a powerful, fast and predatory machine.

Usually the rear suspension is a leading bridge. In some cases, machine builders install a hard beam, and this is enough to ensure optimal strength of the structure.

Torkemose

If the car itself was located on the previous part and all its device, then the role of the brake system is completely different. Reliable brakes make it possible to prevent many accidents and save millions of human lives.

Many automotive experts do not consider it necessary to allocate this element in the car's device. They just consider it part of the chassis. Nevertheless, it is radically wrong. After all, the importance of brakes in modern stress traffic is hard to overestimate.

Now most often distinguished the three elements of the brake structure:

• Working - allows you to control speed. This subsystem is responsible for the gradual decrease in speed until the car stops.
• Spare - it is needed when the main system in the car refuses. Usually it is made completely autonomous.
• Parking is a handbrake that keeps the car in one place until you.

In modern brake systems, a variety of additional devices are used, which provide better brakes. A variety of amplifiers and anti-lock systems are of particular importance. These elements allow us not only to raise the efficiency of the system several times, but also increase its comfort for the driver.

Transmission

This device transmits torque from the shaft on the wheels. The design consists of the following items:

• clutch
• hinges,
• gearboxes
• leading bridge.

Due to the clutch, designers in the car establish the connection of the shafts of the engine and the gearbox. In turn, the PPC strongly reduces the load on the engine, increasing its resource and ensuring the most rational consumption of fuel.

It is worth recognizing that in recent years, many variants of the gearbox device were invented. The first was MCP. It was invented at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first car on which she was installed was the same legendary model of the American Ford company - T.

Since then, about 40 years have passed, and in the 50s invent an automatic transmission. Now the driver does not decide when to turn on a new gear, and the hydraulic system. Plus such a device consists in its simplicity, as well as smoothness of switching.

Finally, the third twist of the evolution of the gearbox is becoming a robot. This box combines all the advantages of mechanics and automaton. The thing is that the transmission switches the smart program. It will definitely determine the time to accuracy in a few tenths of milliseconds. As a result, the driver gets huge fuel economy.

Important! There is also a variator, but it is rarely used.

Engine

Perhaps this is the most important part of the car - his heart. From the power of this device, the speed and dynamics of the machine depends the greatest extent. The essence of the principle of operation of this detail is extremely simple. The engine turns thermal energy into electric due to fuel combustion.

Electrical equipment and control systems

The fact is that every year these complexes of the car devices are becoming more and more connected with each other. Smart systems control voltage in wiring, battery operation and electricity consumption. Such an approach turns the machines into thinking devices that decide where the driver is best placed and followed by riding cars.

RESULTS

The device of the car is a complex system, to study the years. Nevertheless, the general scheme and the purpose of all nodes can explore and understand even a beginner. These knowledge can help both on the road and in the maintenance of the car.