The gearbox, or in a different transmission, transmits the rotation force - the so-called rotational moment - from the engine of the car on the wheels. At the same time, depending on the conditions of the car movement, it can transmit the rotational moment completely or partially.

The machine, which goes to the mountain, should enjoy the lower transmission compared to the machine rushing along the smooth highway. With a lower transmission on the wheels, a larger torque is transmitted. And this is required when the car moves slowly, because it is hard. Higher transfers are suitable for faster vehicle movement.

There are gearboxes with manual control, but there are automatic. To change the transmission in the manual transmission, the driver first presses the clutch pedal (drawing on the left). In this case, the engine is disconnected from the gearbox. Then the driver translates the control lever to another transmission and lets the clutch pedal. The engine is again connected to the gearbox and can again transmit its energy to the wheels. In an automatic transmission, the position of the gas pedal (accelerator) is correlated at the vehicle speed, and the transmission is automatically changing if it is necessary.

Manual transfer control

The charts driven by a number are shown, as using the control lever, you can go from one transmission to another. Depending on the installed transmission, different shares of the torque, passing through the gearbox (red lines with arrows), fall on the wheels. The main transmission. The motor energy is not transmitted wheels.

Neutral transmission. The motor energy is not transmitted wheels.

First gear. The largest gear of the driving shaft is connected to its pair on the slave shaft. The machine is moving slowly, but can overcome heavy sections of the path.

Second gear. The second pair of gear works together with the clutch mechanism. At the same time, the speed of the vehicle is usually from 15 to 25 miles per hour.

Third transmission. The third pair of gears together with the clutch mechanism works. The speed of the car is even more, and the torque on wheels is less.

Fourth gear. Input and output shafts are connected directly (direct transmission) - the speed of the vehicle is maximum, and the torque is the lowest.

Reverse. (5th Transfer in Picture) When the reverse transmission is turned on, its drive gear "rotates the output (presenter) shaft in the opposite direction.

Accelerator work

The number of engine speeds per minute depends on how much fuel comes from the carburetor to the cylinders. The fuel movement is regulated by the throttle of the carburetor, and the work of the flap is controlled using the accelerator pedal, which is on the floor in front of the driver.

When the driver presses the foot on the accelerator pedal, the throttle is opened and more fuel enters the engine. If the driver lets the accelerator pedal, the flap is covered and the amount of incoming fuel decreases. At the same time, engine speed and vehicle speed are reduced.

Automatic transmission

When an automatic transmission is applied, the driver has no clutch pedal under the foot. Instead of a torque converter in a pair with a planetary transmission (the picture on the right and below) automatically turn off the engine from the drive shaft when, by the conditions of movement, go to another transmission.

And after the transmission has changed, the leading shaft is connected again. It is worth the driver to put the control lever in the working position, and the mechanism of the automatic transmission itself will select the desired transmission in accordance with the conditions of the car's movement at the moment.

The need for a manual transmission occurs due to the main disadvantage of the internal combustion engine - the unit works with a limited range of revolutions. MCPP provides optimal engine operation.

Figure 1. Two gears with different numbers of teeth in engagement.

Manual box works in a pair with clutch. The principle of its work, if briefly, is that the gears of the gear-type located in the case of the box are included in the alternate engagement in various combinations. Thus, various transmissions differ in the gear ratio are formed.

The clutch provides temporary breaking of the transmission torque flow from the motor to the transmission - it is necessary to switch gear.

The traditional MCPP consists of a housing called a crankcase, shafts located in parallel and gear, synchronizers.

Changing the number of revolutions with different transmissions can be explained by the example of two gears with different number of teeth (see Figure 1). If you put two gears in the engagement: at the first teeth 20, and the second 40, then with two turns of the first gear, the second will only execute only one Turnover. With such a situation, the gear ratio is two. What is it necessary for? From the value of the value of the specified number depends the speed of spinning the desired revolutions by the engine. Internally affects acceleration. The more gear ratio, the "more powerful" and "shorter" will be the transfer. At the same time, the maximum speed will become less, there will be a frequent need for a transmission change. Transmissions manufacturers hold medium inverter values, create multistage structures with a specific switching scheme.

Types of transmissions

The body of the mechanical transmission is performed from the lung, but very strong alloy, it is sealed and filled with special oil, which allows you to maintain the working elements of the unit in good condition, even at large loads.

Tremary mechanical gearbox

Tricing mechanical boxes consist of such shafts:

• Primary (master) connected by clutch with a motor flywheel.
• Secondary (slave) having a rigid connection with the cardan shaft.
• Intermediate. Its purpose is to transmit rotation from the first shaft to the second.

The slave shaft rests on the bearing located in the shank of the primary shaft. There is no rigid connection between them, they perform rotation independently of each other. On the driven shaft placed the gear unit. On the primary - there is a gear located with it in a hard consolidation. The intermediate shaft is placed in parallel to the first shaft, has a gear block rigidly fixed on it. The gears of all shafts are in constant engagement.

On the slave shaft between the gears there are synchronizers intended for silent gear shifts, they level the angular velocity of the gear and shaft. The synchronizer allows for alternately to include two gears of the secondary shaft.

On the case of the box there is a mechanism for switching speeds, it is represented as a control lever and sliders with forks. So that there is no simultaneous inclusion of multiple gears, this mechanism is equipped with blocking. If the lever for switching the speed is placed in the car body, then the mechanism is used for remote control, it is called "Kulisa".

The principle of operation of this box is that when moving the control lever, a specific plug moves the clutch of the synchronizer, which combines the angular velocity of the shaft and gears, ensuring the transmission of torque from the gear through the synchronizer to the secondary shaft of the box. The rear gear is achieved when the secondary shaft is rotated in the opposite direction. It is achieved using an additional reverse gear. It allows you to get an odd number of steam gears: torque changes the direction. For a better understanding of the gear shift scheme, see Figure 2.

Figure 2. Switching transmissions MCPP.

The device of two-shoulded boxes has a leading and slave shafts located in parallel. With the help of a gear placed on the primary shaft, the torque is transmitted to the gear of the secondary, fixed by the synchronizer. The remaining processes are performed similarly to the trivial MCPP. The advantage of two-channel boxes is the compactness of the transmission. Plus, they have the best efficiency due to a small number of parts. The specified box does not contain direct transmission, so it is used for light vehicles.

Advantages and disadvantages

The principle of operation and device of the mechanical box are simple, but when driving on an equipped manual transmission with a car, a driver requires certain skills for the correct and smooth switching of speeds. This fact is the main disadvantage of mechanics. Work without jerks and failures The manual box will be if the driver performs timely shift.

The advantages of this transmission include:

1. Small cost and high reliability of the unit.
2. High efficiency.
3. Easy service and repair.
4. Good handling with extreme situations.
5. Minimum fuel consumption.
6. High acceleration dynamics.

Most of the mechanical gearbox failure faults occur when using the driver of the incorrect speed switching circuit. The gear lever must be switched smoothly, with a pause shutter speed in a neutral position - this will provide timely triggering of synchronizers that protect the gears from wear.

A manual transmission is a device for the receiving transmission rate of rotation speed from the engine to the leading wheels. The choice and inclusion of the necessary transmission when using the mechanical gearbox driver manually manually (unlike the gearbox automatic). The name of this device reflects the fact that all its functionality is implemented due to only mechanical elements, without the attraction of hydraulics or electronics (as opposed to hydraulic or electric transmissions). Popular, but technically reliably, the principle of operation of the MCPP is covered in this publication.

Why did the automakers have the need to implement the gearbox? Because any internal combustion engine of any car is capable of working only in some limited, and quite small, revolutions range. And the frequency of treatment of the wheels - from starting from the place to driving at high speeds - occurs in a much more extensive range. And it is not possible to choose some one universal gear ratio that would provide the entire range, with the simultaneous reasonable use of the engine speed.

For starting from the place and progressive acceleration of the car, as well as when it is moving off-road, it is necessary to spend more significant work in the physical sense, that is, to give a large power on his wheels. That is, at low speed, high engine speed is needed.

On the contrary, with a uniform movement of a dispersed car along a flat road, its speed is high, and high power and high engine speeds are no longer required - to maintain the desired speed, sufficiently low power, and low revs. With raising speed, the aerodynamic resistance of the engine is growing, which requires high revolutions and more significant power costs. The same - when moving uphill, it is necessary to increase the strength of the thrust.

From here there is a need to transmit rotation from the engine to wheels with a specific gear ratio, which could be changed depending on the driving conditions. In this one of the pioneers of the world car industry - the German engineer Karl Benz was convinced of the first long (80 km) trip on the car of his own design.

This autocouplement took place in 1887. Karl Benz and his spouse Berta with sons rushed to the inventor. An 80-kilometer journey turned out to be very difficult due to the imperfection of the design of the first car. On some, with the form of small, the lifts he had to push manually: there was not enough strength of thrust. After this trip, Benz has improved the car, providing it with an additional auxiliary transmission - "Redeyakaya", to increase the thrust.

This idea is used in the checkpoint to this day: the gear ratio must be variables that allow us to use different ratios between the speed of rotation of the motor crankshaft and leading wheels.

Of course, the first mechanical gear of Karl Benz was first a very primitive device. These were pulleys of different diameters attached to the leading axis. With the motor, they were connected to the belt, and with the help of the levers, the belt could be transferred from one pulley to another. Subsequently, a metal chain and the star came to replace the leather belt and the pulley as on modern "advanced" bikes.

Shogging and gearbox for the first time put on the car Wilhelm Maybach on the car. In parallel with the German auto-engineers, in about the same years, French and French were engaged in similar surveys. In the Emil Levass and Louis, a whole set of gears with different gear ratios for moving forward and one gear was already applied by Panar Mechanical Transmission Box. As in our time, the gears of the front gear were strengthened on the secondary shaft, which was moving along its axis. It made it possible to engage with a fixed gear on the primary shaft in its diameter of gear wheels.

Officially, the inventor of the mechanical gearbox, similar to the modern, became Louis Renault: In 1899, this young novice automotive industry patented the first gearbox in the world, based on the system of movable gears and shafts. She was three-speed.

The first patented Manager man - Louis Renault - in his "laboratory".

The overseas pioneer of the auto industry - Henry Ford - did not copy the achievements of German and French engineers, and went to his way. Its mechanical gearbox consisted of several planetary gears (satellites), which rotated around the central ("solar") gears and were fixed with drove. It is this - the planetary gearbox was equipped with the first mass serial cars "Ford A".

An equally important technical solution than the invention of the boxes on the gears of various diameters was the invention of the synchronizer, which was made in 1928 by Charles kettering from "General Motors". It made mechanical gearboxes more easily in management, gave them a new impetus for development and "technical longence".

Since the invention, Louis Renault has passed more than 120 years old, but the main principle of a stepped gear gearbox remained the same. Modern manual manual transactions, of course, are much more perfect: they have a gear not with direct, but by osomo-hook, and they are more comfortable, silent and durable. In general, cars with "mechanics" are more economical than cars with an automatic transmission.

A mechanical gearbox consists of a set of chickens of various sizes, which are entered into engagement to create various gear ratios between the crankshaft of the motor and leading wheels. The gear ratio becomes another way of moving both the gear itself and a special device - synchronizer. His task is to equalize (synchronize) District speeds included in the gear gear.

The principle is such that, the higher the gear ratio, the lower the transmission. The first transmission is called the lowest, and her gear ratio has the largest. On it, the transmission of rotation is carried out from the small gear to the large and, at a high rotational speed of the crankshaft, the velocity of the vehicle remains low, and the thrust force is high. On top gear, respectively, on the contrary. In the neutral position, the torque from the motor to the driving wheels is not transmitted, and the car rolls over inertia either worth it.

Most serial modern vehicles equipped with a mechanical gearbox have 5 speeds, or speed speeds. Several tens of years ago, most automotive manual transactions were four-speed. Mechanical boxes with six and more speeds, as a rule, are completed with "charged" sports cars or jeeps.

From a technical point of view, the mechanical gearbox is a closed step reducer. The working elements of its design are gears - gears, which are alternately come into engage, changing the turnover of the input and output shaft, as well as their frequency. Switching connections and gear combinations occurs manually.

The mechanical gearbox is capable of functioning only in a pair with clutch. This node is designed to temporarily disconnect the motor and transmission. This operation is needed for painless and safe transition of engagement from one gear to another, without turning off the engine speed, and in full preservation.

Two- and tricks received widespread layouts with layouts of mechanical gearboxes of gearboxes. They are called so by the number of parallel shafts, on which the ores are located.

Three shafts are located in the Trohovaya MCPP: the presenter, intermediate and slave. The first is connected to the clutch, there are slots on its surface. The slave clutch disc moves. From this shaft, the rotation energy is transmitted to the steroid shaft rigidly connected to it.

The slave shaft is coaxial with the leading shaft connected to it through the bearing, which is inside the first shaft. Therefore, independent rotation is provided to these axes. The blocks of "single-caliber" gears slave shaft do not have a rigid fixation with it, and are also dersecting with special synchronizer couplings. Here they are toughly fixed on the slave shaft, but they can move along the shaft on the slots.

On the ends, the couplings are printed toothed crowns, which can connect with similar crowns on the ends of the gear of the slave shaft. Modern standards for the production of transmissions implies the presence of such synchronizers on all transmissions to move forward.

In a two-channel mechanical gearbox, a leading shaft is also provided with a clutch block. Unlike a three-way design, there is a set of gears on the driving axis, and not alone. The intermediate shaft is absent, and the driven shaft is pubened. The gears of both shafts are freely rotating and all the time are in engagement.

On the driven shaft there is a rigidly attached leading gear gear. There are synchronization couplings between the other gears. A similar scheme of the mechanical gearbox in the sense of the synchronizers is similar to a trick layout. The difference is that there is no direct transmission, and each stage has only one pair of the connected gear, and not two pairs.

From one end of the slave shaft in the rigid engagement is the main gear. In the main transfer case, differential works.

The two-walled layout of the mechanical gearbox has a larger efficiency than in trothing, but it has limitations to increase the gear ratio. Due to this feature, the two-walled design of the manual transmission is used exclusively in passenger cars.

In rare cases, four-fold gearboxes can also be used on modern cars. But on the principle of its work, they also correspond to a two-walled-without an intermediate shaft, with the transmission of rotation from the primary shaft immediately to the secondary. Most often, these are mechanical gearbox with the 6th front turn transmissions. In them, the torque is transmitted from the primary shaft to the main gear through the first, second and third secondary shafts, the terminal gears of which are constantly engaged with the main transmission gear.

Ensuring the reverse of the car is assigned to an additional shaft with its special gear. When switching it to engagement begins the rotation of the slave shaft in the opposite direction. There is no synchronizer on the rear transmission, since the reverse is activated only when the car is completely stopped. In any case, it is necessary to do so. Therefore, on the manual transmission of many manufacturers, there is protection against accidental turning on the reverse on the go (you need to raise a special ring on the lever to translate it into the reverse position).

When the neutral mode is turned on, the gear rotation occurs freely, and all synchronizer couplings are located in an open position. When the driver squeezes the clutch and switches the lever to one of the steps, the special fork in the checkpoint moves the clutch into engagement with the corresponding pair on the gear end. And the gear is harshly fixed with the shaft and does not scroll on it, but ensures the transmission of rotation and energy of the effort.

During movement, the gear shift mechanism is driven from the vehicle driver using the gear shift lever. This lever moves the sliders with forks, which, in turn, move synchronizers and use the desired speed.

Two lower gear pairs have the greatest gear ratios (on passenger cars - usually from 5: 1 to 3.5: 1), and are used for touching and progressing acceleration, as well as if necessary, constant movement with low speed, or by off-road. When moving on lower gears, even with large engine speed, the car will ride quite slowly, but its power and torque will be fully used. On the contrary, the higher the transmission, the higher the speed of the car at the same level of engine speed, and its thrust is less. On the highest gears, the car will not be able to move from place or go at low speeds. But it can move on large, up to the most abused, speeds, with medium engine speeds.

In the absolute majority of modern manual transmission, gears are located with oblique tooth, which are able to withstand great effort than straightforward, besides, they are less noisy in their work. The high-alloy steel gears are made, and at the final stage of production, hardening for TWH and normalization to remove stresses that ensure the durability of parts.

Before the appearance of synchronizers for unstressed inclusion of higher transmission, the drivers needed to produce a double clip, with mandatory work for a few seconds on neutral transmission, to equalize the circular speeds of the gear. And for the transition to a lower transmission, it was necessary to make a penitz to align the turns of the leading and slave shafts. After the synchronizer is introduced, the need for these manipulations disappeared. And the gears have become protected from shock loads and premature wear.

However, these "skills from the past" can also come in handy with a modern passenger car. For example, they will help switch the transmission in case of failure of the clutch, or if it is necessary to cut the engine with a cutting engine, while the working brake system failed.

All cars with internal combustion engines are certainly equipped with gearboxes. Any motorist knows how many things there are and what kind of varieties of this device, and also accepts the fact that the most common manual is a manual transmission. Her brief designation is MCPP. The main difference, in addition to structural and demonstrative, is that the gear shift is fully controlled by the driver. We will deal with more, which is the named type of KP.

How does a mechanical kp work? What is she present? Let's figure it out.
A manual transmission performs a simple and understandable feature: change the gear ratio of rotation speeds from the motor. An important component of it is the transmission mechanism of the gear (most often) of the species. We have already found out that a mechanical CP is functioning by manipulating the driver, which independently decides, which currently the value of the gear ratio is required for the correct operation of the entire car. The visit and the name is mechanical, which involves completely manual control.

Principle of operation of the manual mCP

In general, the KP is the stepped gearboxes of the closed type. In themselves, they contain gear gears, which, depending on the demand, at the moment, can be clicked and can change the revolutions and between the input and output shafts, as well as their frequency.

Important! "Simply put, the principle of operation of a mechanical transmission is that on different stages of the input and output shafts, switching (manually) and the connection of various gear combinations" occurs. Another important question should be considered: a manual manual transmission.

It is worth understanding that by itself, any gearbox will not be able to function separately from other, no less important vendors of the car. One of them is grip. This node separates the motor and transmission at the required point in time. This allows you to switch gear without consequences for the car while maintaining the engine speed. The presence of the clutch and the need for its use is due to the fact that the MCPP passes through its gears a lot of value torque. It is also important to know that any gearbox subject to the classical design has the axis Shafts, which are risled gears. We mentioned about them earlier. The housing is usually called the "Carter". And the most common layouts are three and two-walled.

In the first place:

• leading shaft;
• intermediate shaft;
• slave shaft.

The presenter shaft is usually connected with the clutch, and the special disk is moved along it (it is called the clutch disk). Next, the rotation goes to the intermediate shaft, which is firmly connected to the gear of the primary shaft. When considering the design features of the manual transmission, the special location of the slave shaft should be taken into account. Often it is coaxial with the lead axis, and they are connected by means of bearing, which is inside the driving shaft. Such a device ensures the independence of their rotations. The gear blocks from the slave shaft are not fixed, and the gears themselves are limited to special couplings. They can also shift along the axis. In the included neutral gear, the gear free rotation is provided. Then the couplings acquire an open position. After the driver is squeezed by clutch, and the transfer is shown, say, on the first, the special plug in the CP will move the clutch in such a way that it clings to the desired pair of gear. This is how the transmission of rotation and an effort directed from the engine is carried out.

Such a device and principle of work are very similar to the triaxial version of the MCPP. It is noted that the two-walled mechanical transmissions have a large efficiency, but due to the characteristics of its design and the associated limitations on the permissible increase in the gear ratio are used only in passenger cars. Also an important element in the design of mechanical gearboxes are synchronizers.

Previously, when the first samples of such KP were not equipped with them, the drivers had to carry out a double climb to equalize the circumferential speeds of the gear. With the advent of synchronizers, this need disappeared. It should be noted that synchronizers do not apply for gearboxes with a large number (when it comes to say, about 18 steps), because from a technical point of view of configuration of this format is simply impossible. Also, to increase the transmission speed, the synchronizers are not used when designing sports cars. Synchronizers are functioning in this way: when the control switch transfers, the coupling shifts to the desired gear. The efforts come to the blocking ring of the coupling, and with the existing friction of the surface of the teeth begin their interaction. Money transmission The principle of work has how we found out, affordable and clear. Consider now questions regarding gear shift.

Gear shift

Now, when we know how the gearbox is running a mechanical principle of control, it is important to deal with the switching process itself. For this process, a special mechanism is responsible. Available with rear-wheel drive is equipped with a switch lever on the MCP itself. The mechanism is hidden in the housing, and the lever allows control. This option is characterized by some advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:

• availability and simplicity in terms of construction solutions;
• clear switching;
• high service life.

The disadvantages include:

• the inability to locate the motor in the back of the machine;
• the impossibility of applying on vehicles with front-wheel drive.

If the cars are equipped with the front-wheel drive, the levers are provided on the floor between the driver's seat and the passenger seat, on the steering panel, or on the dashboard. Constructive features in switching transmissions with front-wheel drive also possess its advantages and disadvantages. Among the first are special comfort in the location and convenience of switching, the lack of vibrations on the lever, relatively high freedom from the point of view of the designer and engineering layout.

Disadvantages are mainly represented by relatively short durability, the likelihood of the occurrence of the arms, as well as the need to adjust the thrust. In addition, such a variant in the design and arrangement of the lever has less clarity than when it is located on the MCPP housing. Love, who is interested in the theme of the diversity of gearboxes, one should familiarize themselves with the advantages and minuses of a particular mechanical CP, because it is a kind of "mother" All subsequent execution options and functional switch boxes.

Pros and cons mechanical gearboxes

Of course, the perfect gearbox simply does not exist. But the incomparable advantages of the mechanical are:

1. The relative cheapness of the design compared to the analogues.
2. Small mass and enviable efficiency (efficiency).
3. Lack of special cooling requirements.
4. Advantage from the point of view of savings and the best overclocking dynamics.
5. High reliability and high operation resource.
6. The presence of the opportunity to apply various techniques (which is important for the ASs and drivers with experience) and driving styles under certain conditions (for example, during the ice and when driving off-road).

1. Machine with manual transmission can be started by jolts and make it towing the most easily and convenient for long distances at any speed.
2. The presence of engine disconnection and transmission.

Impressive list. Let's talk about shortcomings. Among them:

1. The need for switching complete disagreement between the power mechanism and transmission, and this affects the switching time.
2. To achieve the smoothness of switching, you will have to fill the hand and save the experience for a long time.
3. The ideal smoothness will not succeed at all, since the number of steps in modern cars with a manual gear ranges from 4 to 7.
4. Relatively small resource on the clutch node
5. Statistical data that speakers that drivers preferring mechanics are more susceptible to fatigue on the way.

At the end of the article, consider a brief course of driving on the manual transmission for not having experience drivers.

Manual box for "kettles". 9 important details

The newcomer, who acquired a car with a manual box, is required to familiarize themselves with important nuances in handling the box and understand some moments. In order. What are the transfer for? In order to choose which precisely and under what conditions will be the best for use in the situation you need (weather conditions, road surface quality, etc.)

Important! Mastering the location of the gear. An important point is the synchronous pressing of the clutch pedal with simultaneous switching speeds.

1. Running the motor. Scheme: "Neutra" - clutch - engine start. And nothing else.

2. Proper clutch application. Squeeze - strictly to the end and no more than 2 seconds. We save the car.

3. Purchase coordination and smooth action. Clutch. Speed \u200b\u200b(for example, the first). Throw a clutch (slowly, of course), while we are also slowly taken for gas.

4. "Downshifting". Simply put, when the speed decreases, it is important to reduce and transfers, just as they were raised during acceleration.

5. Rear. Never, under no circumstances, it is recommended to include rear transmission until the car stops.

6. Park. The motor is muffled, the clutch is squeezed, the first transmission is turned on, manually brake in the working position. Everything is simple.

It is not clear, hard and tedious? More practice! Only under the condition of continuous and continuous driving, the described principles and subtleties will not be just a vault or laws, but with something natural and understandable.

Conclusion

Manual gearbox The device and the principle of operation, as we found out, are quite interesting, at least at the same time and are difficult to perceive. OPP operations exclusively with internal combustion engines. This type of design and principles in management gives the considered type of gearbox with certain superiorities in front of its analogs, which are increasingly starting to occupy the leading place on the market. However, do not forget that the most practical, although not exactly the first inexperienced opinion is easy to use, is the MCP.
Get acquainted with the "mechanics" closer, and you will be pleasantly surprised!

To date, there are a number of varieties of gearboxes - and we are not only about automatic boxes - even such simple "knobs" today have various subspecies and superstructures. But before we by going to the river Knowledge about this, let's clearly understand what the gearbox is and what it is needed!

How does the PPP work?

The gearbox in the car (or on any other mechanical vehicle) is a lever (from the point of view of physics) a step-by-step system, which literally transmits energy from wheels - that is, the force that the engine produces to lead in the movement of the wheel, first passes through Special system called gearbox (or distributed abbreviation - checkpoint). Figuratively and often physically gearbox is located between the engine and leading wheels - this is a kind of intermediary in the process that makes the car move, and it is simple in the case of a mechanical gearbox or variator (about it below) and the part of the car is complex in almost all other cases .. . Usually.

To explain the logic of the PPC, let's remember the physics of the school program - the lever system. Remember, the teacher, most likely, brought an example to the construction of famous Egyptian pyramids, when builders had to raise heavy stones to a huge height. Or you remember the lever system from the famous phrase of its discovery - Archimedes: "Give me a point of support, and I will turn the earth!". It was the point that, for example, if you take a long stick (this will be a lever), put it in the middle to the point of the support, on the one hand, connect the cargo, and after the other, take your hands to lower it and thereby raise another The end with the cargo, the farther from you will be the Point of Support, the easier you will raise the cargo (there is less effort to bring in the movement of the lever), but the more your hand will pass along with the end of the stick, for which it holds. And vice versa - the closer you move the point of the support, the more power you have to attach to move your end of the stick, but the more you move the load (and for greater height, by the way).

In fact, the lever system is applied around us almost everywhere - even inside us - our jaws, a number of body bends - all this works on the lever system. In everyday life, pliers can be brought in everyday life, a car for the carriage of bulk materials, classic bottles openers - even scissors. And, of course, the gearbox in our car.

But perhaps the principle of operation of the lever system in the car gearbox is easiest to understand the example of a bike, comparing two types of them: a classic Soviet single-speed bike and modern mountain hardhal with the possibility of switching speeds. In a single-speed bike, you will always have the same ratio of the frequency of turns of the pedals and the frequency of revolutions of the leading (rear) wheel, which means that you have, for example, I simply do not have enough strength to get into a fairly cool slide, because you will not be able to crush With such force on the pedal. On the other hand, at high speed, you may have been able to disperse this "cast-iron" bike even faster, but you will not be able to move your legs so quickly, although the strength would be enough for you.

But the bike with the possibility of switching speeds solves the above tasks: it uses the same leverage system, but only not familiar to us, described above - the role of the levers here are played by the stars: leading and slaves, which on high-speed cycling a whole set - usually several ( 2-3) leading different sizes, and slaves (from 6 to 10) are also different sizes. And so, turning over the various leading and driven stars, throwing the chain, we change the transfer and, accordingly, the power and speed of its rotation required for promotion wheels.

So, if we choose the smallest leading star and the biggest led, then we will get the lowest gear and the smallest gear ratio (about it below) when we need to turn the pedals many times so that the wheels do at least one turn - simply speaking Actively twist pedal, we will go all the same very slowly, but we can climb in this way to the most cool slide. But if we do on the contrary - choose the highest gear, the chain will be thrown on the largest leading star (where there are pedals) and the smallest led and, so we will need to do only 1 turnover of pedals so that the wheels have checked several times and our The bike went, respectively, very quickly.

Actually, the gearboxes in the car work in the same way, only does not exist in the car box, which would work right here as exactly like a bike - having a set of stars and a chain connecting them. And also in a car, as a rule, a much smaller number of possible gears - usually from 4 to 8 - the older box, the less there, as a rule, the gear, and the more newer, the more they are; In addition, the faster the car should drive, the more transmissions there are about passenger cars. But in freight can be 10 and even more gears. And there are at all the boxes without a clear set of gears - more precisely, their number of the car is infinite - we are talking about the variator.

So, what are the types of gearboxes and how do they differ from each other? Let's start with the basic and (so far) the most common options for boxes in a modern car.

Manual Transmission

Also known as "handle" or "mechanics", as noted above. This type requires the driver more than the device during the acceleration or deceleration of the car, you need to constantly put on the clutch pedal, and then switch the transfer manually using the switch lever in the central part of the car's interior under the panel. Most modern cars with a manual gearbox have five to six speeds, not counting the rear. This is the oldest and simple type of boxes - in the first years of car origin, all cars have been equipped with a manual transmission.

In general, the MCPP device is quite simple, efficient and allows the driver to have direct control over the car, for which the mechanics loves a separate category of drivers, which loves to always control the dynamics of the machine. On the other hand, the mechanical box always requires the work of one hand, especially in the conditions of the city. It also requires some skill and a little practice to skillfully own a mechanical gearbox and especially correctly smoothly release the clutch pedal.

Instead of the stars, the role of levers in the manual transmission is performed by gears of different sizes, and instead of the chain, these gears directly with teeth in the edges come into contact with each other. We simply throw the gears on each other simply by throwing the gears, changing the size of working together by the leading and driven gear. In the figure below, you can see an exemplary work scheme of a 7-speed manual gearbox.

At the same time, during the switching, we need two very important things that are indispensable satellites of any modern manual transmission: clutch, because during switching the working engine must be disconnected from the box, and the synchronizer, because the gears moving at high speed is not always possible to connect So that the grooves of their teeth coincided.

Automatic transmission

Typical automatic gearbox

In the past, most automatic transmissions had three transmissions (plus reverse), and if there were four programs in your car, then you had a real sports car or a luxurious sedan. Today, the 4-cumulative machines are rarity, on modern machines, automatic transmissions have up to eight gears and the fuel consumption and dynamics are not inferior to their simpler brethren.

All automatic machines must have special microchips (called in the people of "brains", which are part of the onboard computer of the car and will control the order of switching on certain revs and even depending on the style of driving a weakened person's car.

Here are two main types of gearboxes that today are found in the overwhelming majority of cars. Now let's consider less common types of gearbox - some of them are gaining popularity, others - on the contrary, lose it.

Robotic gearbox (robot, tiptronic)

Since computers every day are deeply penetrated into each system in the car, new abilities were given an automatic transmission. As we have already mentioned earlier, modern automata now have up to eight gears, and time and conditions when include one or another transmission, it is selected by a computer, and no one asks a person that for many drivers is a huge minus, especially in sports and / or. At the same time, during a calm relaxed driving in the city, the machine is most preferable. To combine the best of these both worlds, automakers provided drivers the opportunity to use in their auto hybrid version of the gearbox, which makes it possible to control the gear shift manually using or a special selector with two uncomplicable positioning lever positions: plus and minus, each of which is responsible for Switching transmissions one above or one below, respectively; Either with the help of "petals" on the steering wheel: on the right and left, each of which is responsible for the same function. The petals (or "elevated") are the most common in sports cars, but also in ordinary appear increasingly.

"Petals" manual gear shift and push-button system Lotus Evora car gear system

It should be borne in mind that the drivers have always been able to control the automatic gearbox to some extent with the help of the so-called "reduced" gears, but this was not actually a complete control over the switching for two reasons:

• Most often, reduced transmissions meant that you can limit the switch only first or second (less often - third) transmission - i.e. The car simply will not switch to the transfer above selected. But, for example, not to switch below the fifth transmission to force the "clean" automatic you can not.
• Even if you put the automatic transmission lever into the "L" mode - do not switch above the first transmission, the machine will still switch if the speed turns will rise too high (for example, if the car goes with a steep slide - for what, in fact, we need reduced transmissions in the machine ) not to damage the box.

Classic machine with reduced gears (left) and robot with the ability to manually switch gear (right)

Now in the tiptronic computer controls a large extent a manual box, eliminating the driver from the need to constantly squeeze the clutch, but at the same time the driver can always switch to a fully automatic switching mode.

Variator (CVT)

If you have ever traveled on a small modern scooter, then you are familiar with a variator or stepless gearbox. This is a very simple device, but it works well for almost under any conditions (unless incompatible with enough powerful engines). Essentially, the variator consists of two pulleys connected by the belt (directly like a bike from the description at the beginning of the article, but instead of gear - pulleys). But these are special pulleys, as they can change their size and, thus, change the gear ratio in the car box. There is no definite number of "gear" in the variator, because it can choose the exact ratio of the size of both pulleys between its lowest and highest gear ratios. Thus, you can easily "crawl" on the car park or dynamically ride along the highway. More on the site site.

Animation of the work of the variator

Driving a car with a variator is very similar to driving with automatic gearbox, except that you will not feel any gear shifts. Instead, the engine simply dials smoothly up and down. You press the accelerator pedal, and the car engine is gaining momentum up to a certain value, and then it just remains to work on these revolutions, while the car goes faster and faster, as the two pulleys in the gearbox change their dimensions. It may take some time to get used to the variator due to several strange sound and the principle of operation of CVT. Some automakers even offer variators with stealless switches that mimic an automatic or mechanical transmission.

CVT Every year gaining more popular popularity, appearing on an increasing number of new cars. The advantage of such a box is simplicity, as well as high performance, if you prefer a calm measured ride. But if you like to travel quickly or want a high-performance car, then this is the option, unfortunately, you will not suit you, as it is very quickly extended.

It would seem that CVT will be the perfect and bright future for most drivers, but nevertheless, it took a lot of time so that this technology can mature - especially the strength of the belt of this transmission - there is a big difference between what load falls on this belt in the scooter, And what a large passenger car.

In addition, there is a very big minus of the variator today, which practically drives on "no" all its advantages - it breaks ... breaks almost everyone - there is an opinion that such a box is on average longing the mileage of about 100 thousand kilometers, and Then it needs to be changed, but it is often one of the cost of the entire car.

Double Clutch Transmission (DCT)

A wide-known DCT abbreviation (thanks to Porsche) and some others, and used in fairly expensive sports and racing cars, a double-grip transmission box is essentially a kind of high-tech collage from automatic, mechanical transmissions and a computer.

As the name implies, the system uses two shift coupling coupling. The box can be used in fully automatic mode, using a computer by defining the time and gear shift conditions, or as mechanics, with the possibility of manual gear shift by the driver using all the same petals on the steering wheel or gear button. In addition, computer management of switching moments, as a rule, can also be adjusted by the driver so as to switch the transmission according to your personal driving style.

So looks like a double-clutch gearbox

DCT transmissions can switch with a lightning speed - as a rule, for a fraction of a second - and it is very smooth, thanks to automated control, which makes it an excellent option for racing and high-performance machines. While DCT is usually found in very expensive sports cars, it can be compact enough - yes so much that Honda also sets it as an option to several of its motorcycles.

Single speed gearbox

Unlike their noisy fellow, there are several other requirements for the gearbox and, as such, they have their own types of gear or use modified versions of traditional boxes.

A single-speed gearbox was installed at the dawn of the automotive and motorcycle era and in fact, it was a direct connection of the engine to the wheels or directly or almost directly (the gears were simply required for the number of revolutions of the wheels was less than the speed of the engine). Today, after almost a century and a half, one-speed transfer returned to the automotive industry in the electric car industry. And the point here in the very nature of the electric motor - he, in contrast to gasoline and diesel, can work in almost any range of revolutions, including in one turn per second, for example. If you have the opportunity to range to Tesla Model s, you probably realized that the car can accelerate lightningly practically at any speed, and it practically does not need more transmission.

However, a number of manufacturers of electric vehicles provide their creations with gearboxes.

Semiautomatic gearbox

A semi-automatic gearbox is a very advanced system that uses an old-kind clutch to perform directly shifting gears instead of a hydrotransformer in the classic machine. Unlike a manual gearbox, the clutch is controlled by a computer. It not only makes gear shifting much faster than in a manual gearbox, but also simplifies driving process and fixes the car, preventing his skate when the car is in the parking lot. As well as a tytitronic, a semi-automatic transmission can be switched to a fully manual gear mode at the request of the driver. Two types of the most common semi-automatic transmissions are the above-described gearbox with double-grip and electro-hydraulic gearbox ( sequental gearbox).

Gearbox IVT.

Ivt is essentially a specific CVT type (variator), but differs from the latter in that it includes not only the infinite number of transmissions, but also "infinitely" maximum gear ratios. Ivt refers to this type of variators that are capable of include the "zero coefficient" of the gear ratios, where the input shaft can rotate at all without any rotation of the output shaft (when the car stands on the spot, and its engine is working), while remaining closed in Transfer. Of course, the transfer ratio in this case is not "infinite", but instead it is "not defined".

What are the types of gearboxes and how do they differ? Video