"By the end of the forties, it became noticeably obscured, which created the need to design a new generation of the model. None of the update projects for GAZ-M20 did not have success, but since the beginning of the fifties there was an idea about the construction of a fundamental new car, which will later become GAZ-21 Volga (until 1965 was called GAZ-M-21). This legendary middle class sedan became a breakthrough for the Soviet automotive industry and the symbol of his era.
Work on the Volga began in 1953 under the leadership of Alexander Mikhailovich Nevzorov, and in less than 12 months the light saw the first prototype of manual assembly. In 1955, three prototypes were created, which were unambiguously hinted at the almost complete readiness of the Gorky Automobile Plant to the release of a new model, and 1956 was marked as the official start of production "twenty-first", although it was collected at that time only 5 serial cars.
The massive release of the model began in 1957. GAZ-21 of the first series had a 65-strong engine of 2.42 liters (a little later, in the same year it changed its 2.45-liter capacity of 70 liters. P.), Three-stage mechanical or automatic gearboxes for the choice and evolution for the USSR style . Volga did not accidentally have a lot of external similarities with their contemporaries Ford Mainline, Prymouth Savoy, Chevrolet 210 Deluxe and the other design designer was the Lion Eremeev, which, when creating a car, was repelled from the latest trendy trends in Europe and North America. The new-fashioned body lines, the abundance of chromium and a deer figurine on the hood became the business cards of the novelty. A special feature of the first series was a five-pointed star in the center of the radiator lattice, the appearance of which Volga is obliged to Marshal Zhukov, not satisfied with the exterior of prototypes with another nasal part.
It may surprise the availability of an automatic transmission. She really had a place to be on the first and second series of GAZ-21, but did not fit and eventually made the plant for various data only 500-3000 copies with the Automatom. In general, the technological filling did not twit in innovations - the motor was only an improved unit from "Victory", the suspension with springs from behind and the lever shock absorbers in the front could also be considered innovation, and the centralized lubrication system was constantly faced, leaving under the car oil spots.
The most important and indisputable advantage of GAZ-21 was unpretentious. "Volga" with ease coped with the harsh road conditions, and during the breakdown was a simple repair. In other countries, "twenty-first" called "Tank in Frace", "Tank on wheels" and "working horse", which turned the inscription "Made in the USSR" into a symbol of quality and reliability worldwide. For export, by the way, there were slightly more powerful modifications (plus 5-10 l.), Since foreign fuel has a higher octane number that made small refinement possible.
1958 became the last year of the production of the first series, after which the second appeared. It was distinguished by the modified grille with sixteen slots and other less noticeable innovations, such as easy body correction and refinement of lighting equipment, and was produced up to 1962. A total of about 170 thousand copies of two episodes were built.
In 1962 it was time for the most mass third series. The main concept of the update is to make a car more elegant. The body lines have become smaller, chromium has become smaller, and the grill of the radiator received twice as the vertical slots. In addition, the "Volga" lost the figure of the deer on the hood, which led to the sad consequences at the occasion of pedestrians. Another chassis was improved, the suspension became tougher, and the power unit added 5 "horses". In addition, a universal was created on the basis of GAZ-21, which is capable of transporting large-sized goods up to 400 kg.
Volga was used by conventional citizens, and taxi drivers, and ambulance service, and power structures. One of the most famous owners of GAZ-21 was the first person who was flying into space - Yuri Gagarin. The price of the car was approximately 5600 rubles
Since 1965, the project was actually abandoned and did not conduct any improvement in the car. The last Volga GAZ-21 descended from the conveyor on July 15, 1970, giving way to his receiver - models. In total, about 639 thousand "twenty first" was released.
The history of this legendary car began since 1953, when the talented (and at that time is the chief) designer of the Molotov car manufacturing plant, Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart, began a drawing of the next "bomb" for the USSR-kih motorists. Being the creator and passing a long-term internship in America at the Ford factory, he understood that even his "victory" (which was one of the best cars of that time in the USSR) requires significant upgrades.
Full-scale gypsum mocks M-21 "Motherland" ("Volga") and M-21 "Star"
And now, by 1953, Lipgart took Watman in the hands, and began working out a completely new model called "M-21". Many sources say it is a certain copy of Ford. But is it? Lipgart, who took an active part in the development and modernization of these cars, only adopted that the invaluable experience that American engineers gave him, and embodied them into their unique unit, which already lives as many years under the name "Volga".
Birth of a new "star"
At the end of 1953, Alexander Mikhailovich Nevzorov was appointed designer of the new model, and the design was entrusted to Lev Eremeev. From the very beginning to the end of the development of a car GAZ 21, many samples of the newest American cars (Plymouth Savoy, Ford Mainline and Chevrolet Styline Deluxe) were actively taken into account and some of their details are really felt, both in design and in the construct of Volga . Only 2 years old passed since the start of the design, and 3 samples were ready for the state test. The renewed gas had a capacity of 70 horsepower, and each sample was equipped with a top motor. But this type of engine had a hemispherical combustion chamber and was only experimental, therefore suffered a lot of failures and, after all, was not approved for serious production. One version of the Volga had a manual transmission, and the other remains - automatic (which at that time became a real sensation for citizens of the Soviet Union). These automatic transmissions were three-stage, and the main transfer had a conical form (only a few years later she began to be released by hypoid).
Also, the first GAZ-21 had an independent front suspension with hydraulic shock absorbers; rear independent suspension on springs; big radiator with 10 holes; Rear lights consisting of overall lights, brake and rotary headlights; as well as - . The salon was equipped with a radio receiver working in three ranges, and the corporate logo appeared on the hood -. The test path was the route "Moscow-Crimea" (there and back). As the results showed that the mechanical, that the automatic gearbox cope with the difficulties on the road (mountains, sand, irregularities. Stones, etc.) the same. And as a result, in 1957, the first "Volga" arrived on sale. But due to the poor economic situation of the USSR, as well as - the lack of high-quality automotive oils and highly qualified service centers, gas 21 with an automatic transmission was limited only to 700 copies, the focus was made on the mechanical KP. The total number of all the issued copies over the next 2 years amounted to more than 30 thousand, the price of which was 17,500 rubles.
"Tank on wheels" of a global scale
In 1958, Volga gained literally "second life." Modernization of the model significantly touched its appearance: the turn signs have changed, the bumper has gained another, more sophisticated, shape, and the radiator now had 16 vertical holes, instead of the "star" (for which Soon "Volga" will be called "shark mouth"). It became more comfortable, in some modifications a finish from the skin was appeared. Items, as well as woolen seats and rear sofa covers. This year is considered a significant for Volga for the fact that it was presented at the International Automobile Exhibition and was awarded the Gran-Owards. After that, at the Soviet plant began to produce 4 modifications at once: a regular sedan, "limit", taxis and export option. Demand was huge and in Europe, and beyond. As soon as this car was not called: and the "tank on the wheels", and the "working horse", and the "Tank in Frak". In any case, this meant only one thing - this is one of the brightest representatives of the automotive industry in the twentieth century, which instantly conquered the hearts of millions.
It is not strange that closer to 1962, our Volga gained the status of the "best car of the 60s".
And he assumed this not only its big popularity, but also the next external changes. Getting rid of acute forms, the appearance of "Volga" became more elegant and modern, a new radiator grille appeared, a nicknamed whale mustache, consisting of 37 vertical racks, and the rear lamp, illuminating the number mark, had the shape of a flying seagull.
By the way, in the same year, on special request, was developed.
It was a fully secret modification of the car with a 160-horsepie motor V 8 "seagull", power steering and automatic KP. For almost 7 years, only 603 copies have been released, and that is not for public use, but only for special services.
In 1965, Volga became a star of television screens. It was Ryazanov's film "Beware of the car", the main role of which was performed by Innokenty Smoktunovsky, made GAZ 21 of this legend. In the same year, the Molotov Plant engineers resorted to the next (and as it turned out to be the latest) modernization of Volga. The front wheels of the car were equipped, installed advanced wipers and a more efficient internal heater, as well as the spars were noticeably increased. It is known that a whole project was developed for a full-fourth-generation gas-21 restyled resting, which, unfortunately, was not convicted of life. Indeed, in the summer of 1970, the release of all modifications was stopped, and on July 5, Volga GAZ-21US (license body - 334312), the latter came down from the conveyor and still occupies an honorable place in the Museum of the World-famous Molotov Plant. But, no matter what, "Volga" even in our time have greater value and are in demand. They love both modern drivers, and connoisseurs of non-pointed classics.
Basic modifications of the basic sedan
Selector switching transmission automatic transmission.
GAZ-M-21A - 1957-1958, Taxi models 1957;
GAZ-M-21AYA - 1958-1959, tropical version of the taxi model 1957;
GAZ-M-21A - 1959-1962, Taxi of the 1959 model;
GAZ-M-21AYU - 1959-1962, Tropical Taxi Taxi Models 1959;
GAZ-M-21B - 1957, Taxi of the 1957 model with a nipped motor;
GAZ-M-21B - 1957-1958, Basic sedan model of 1957;
GAZ-M-21BU - 1957-1958, tropical version of the 1957 model;
GAZ-M-21G - 1956-1957, Basic sedan of the 1957 model with a low-tangled engine;
GAZ-M-21GU - 1956-1957, tropical version of the 1957 model with a low-tangled engine;
GAZ-M-21D - 1957-1958, export version of the 1957 model;
GAZ-M-21TU - 1957-1958, tropical export version of the 1957 model;
GAZ-M-21EU - tropical export version of the 1957 model with automatic transmission;
GAZ-M-21I - 1958-1962, Basic sedan of the 1958 model;
GAZ-M-21K - 1959-1962, export version of the 1958 model;
GAZ-M-21KB - 1960-1962, machine collectors for Belgium model 1958;
GAZ-M-21KU - 1959-1962, tropical export version of the 1958 model;
GAZ-M-21L - 1962-1964, Basic sedan model of 1962;
GAZ-M-21M - 1962-1964, export version of the 1962 model;
GAZ-M-21MU - 1962-1964, tropical export version of the 1962 model;
GAZ-21N - 1964 - export version of the 1962 model with the right wheel;
GAZ-21U - 1964 - Tropical export version of the 1962 model with the right wheel;
GAZ-21P - export version of the 1965 model with the right wheel;
GAZ-21PU - Export version of the 1965 model with the right wheel and automatic transmission;
GAZ-21P - 1965-1970, Basic sedan model of 1965;
Gas 21P -Milice.
GAZ-21C - 1965-1970, export version of the 1965 model;
GAZ-21T - 1962-1964, Taxi of the 1962 model;
GAZ-21TS - 1965-1970, Taxi of the 1965 model;
GAZ-21U - circa 1959-1964, modification with improved design of models of 1959 and 1962;
GAZ-21US - 1965-1970, modification with improved design of the 1965 model;
GAZ-21F - experienced with a forkar engine;
GAZ-21E - 1965-1970, sedan model of 1965 with shielded electrical equipment.
GAZ-22A-1958, Experimental Van
GAZ-22-1962-64, wagon. Basic model 75 hp
GAZ-22B -1962-64 Ambulance Care 75 hp
GAZ-22BK-1962-64 forced to 85 hp Option 22B.
GAZ-22BKU-1962-64 Tropical Option 22BK
GAZ-22BM-1962-64 Export option 22B (BK)
GAZ-22BMU Tropical Option 22BM
GAZ-22B -1965-70 Basic model
GAZ-22G -1962-65 Export option 22. 75 hp
GAZ-22D -1965-70 Ambulance Coach
GAZ-22E-1965-70 Export option 22V 75 hp
GAZ-22EU -Theropic Option 22E
GAZ-22K -1962-64 forced to 85 hp Embodiment export 22KE
GAZ-22B -23 -1962-70 SpecialAutomobile with engine V8 and automatic KP
- photo and.Paderin "GAZ 1932-1982 Russian cars"
GAZ-23 - basic model;
GAZ-23A - with a manual transmission (experienced);
GAZ-23A1 - with special equipment;
With improved finish;
| Model | Edging doors / windows | Engine power | Engine volume | KPP | A type | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Series (1956-1958) | ||||||||
| GAZ-M-21 | No no | 65 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. Automatic | Basic |
| ||
| GAZ-21B. | No no | 70 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. fur | Basic | |||
| GAZ 21E. | Yes Yes | 80 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. Automatic | Export | |||
| Second series (1958-1962) | ||||||||
| GAZ 21I. | No no | 70 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. fur | Basic |
| ||
| GAZ-21U. | Yes Yes | 80 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. Automatic | Improve | |||
| - | ||||||||
| Third Series (1962-1970) | ||||||||
| GAZ-21L. | No no | 75 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. fur | Basic |
| ||
| GAZ-21R | No no | 85 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. fur | Basic | |||
| GAZ-21US. | Yes Yes | 85 hp | 2.42 L. | 3-stupas. fur | Improve | |||
In the mid-50s, the Gorky Automobile Plant began serial production of the Middle Class car GAZ-21 "Volga" to replace by this time already outdated "victory". Initially, the car was called gas-m21Since the plant wore the name of the hammer, but after renaming the plant from the letter "M" refused to behave.
The first attempts to develop a car that was supposed to change the "victory" were taken back in 1948 by experts on the order of the Ministry of the Automobile Industry. They proposed their own version of the serial gas-M-20 restyling, as a result, the car "Nami-victory" turned out, but ultimately refused this option.
Automobile specialists "Gas" took up the development of a new car in 1951, the first gypsum layout was named GAZ-M21 "Victory-2", externally, he strongly resembled a representative sedan GAZ-M12 "WINDING", but by that time he also began to outreach and from such Design also refused. However, some technical solutions were still taken from "Victory-2" for example, a passenger salon made several forward, which, in combination with a decrease in the dimension of the wheels from 16 to 15, allowed to make it more spacious with the same wheelbase. It was decided to remove all speakers Inside the arches of the rear wheels. In addition, the technical task is a new car should have become more modern, dynamic and comfortable, with a new engine and an automatic transmission.
Since 1952, there has been parallel work on two independent projects entitled GAZ-M-21 "Star" designer John Williams and GAZ-M-21 "Volga" Lion Yeremeyev (he was the "Seagull" body designer). Layouts of both cars were ready in 1953, but from the "Star" Williams refused to "Volga" Eremeev. The first challenge of the twenty-first "Volga" It was manufactured in 1954 by manually. In the same year a car with a license plate gW00-08 Beginned test.
In 1954 and 1955, a number of prototypes were collected, which were distinguished by the design, they installed different engines and gearboxes, on some 3-speed manual box were installed on some automatic hydromechanical 3-speed. These prototypes had a complete set of chrome decor - chrome-plated grille, moldings, edging of the windshield and rear window, in the serial production of chromed parts were an additional option.
Compared with the previous domestic cars, the twenty-first Volga showed itself a dynamic, high-speed and comfortable car, it was more economical than its predecessor GAZ-M-20, and the dynamics exceeded GAZ-12, which was a higher class. Volga was adapted to domestic road conditions, and its durability and practicality exceeded foreign counterparts.
GAZ-M-21 can be divided into three series, but this separation was not used by the plant. The first series includes serial samples of release from 1956 to November 1958. The cars of the first series, released in 56 and 57 years, were equipped with an upgraded low-blank engine from "Victory" (GAZ-21B) with a capacity of 65 horsepower, as the new engine that was planned for Volga was not yet ready. By the way, the same engine was put on the UAZ-450 and export modifications of GAZ-69.
Externally cars "First Series" You can distinguish on the chrome-plated grid of the radiator, in the center of which the star is banging, some prototypes had exactly the same star, and a branded deer was molded on the hood. There were differences and in the cabin, for example, the instrument panel was not finished with leather and the like. Part of the machines had a two-color color of various combinations with three types of colors separation types. In total, about 30 thousand copies of the so-called "first series" were issued.
For more than 14 years of production, the plant conveyor left many modifications and prototypes of the twenty-first "Volga". The car GAZ-21 "Volga" was exported to countries such as Belgium, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Holland, Cyprus, England, Indonesia, Greece and the countries of the Middle East. Export models have differed by improved finish. Released "Volga" and abroad, for example, Belgian firm S.A. SCALDIA-VOLGA, together with the company Sobimpex N.V. We produced on the basis of machineomplets received from the USSR, diesel versions of GAZ-21 (M-21), and the variants of diesel engines were different, from 1.6 to 2.3 liters and with a capacity of 48 to 62 horsepower. In 1968, in parallel with GAZ-21, the release of the new Volga model under the GAZ-24 index was launched, which completely replaced the current model in 1970.
Design and design
The new car GAZ-21 "Volga" received the three-tailed body of the type of sedan with a more comfortable and spacious interior. A new alluminous 4-cylinder engine, which almost one and a half times exceeded the power of the Victory engine. Brake system with separated hydraulic cylinders of the front brake pads and one common hydraulic cylinder on the rear pads, a transmission parking brake.
Later, after the preparation of the new UMZ-21 superphanage engine was completed from the old Volga engine, they refused. The new engine capacity of 2445 cm3 developed the capacity of 70 horsepower, and the maximum vehicle speed was 130 km / h.
First 1959 to 1962 released the so-called "second series". As part of modernization, the car has increased the front wheel arches, because of this, the shape of the wings has changed. The design of the face reminded the front of one of the prototypes with the 16 vertical slots of the radiator lattice, it was nicknamed by sharks to the mouth, a new hood castle appeared. Catamies appeared in the windows of the rear lights, the lantern of the license plate has changed, the upper part of the instrument panel was initially flocked, and later covered with leather. The receiver became more richly decorated. The branded deer on the last samples of the "second series" was replaced by a trauma-safe "drop". There were other low-challenge changes.
By 1960, modernization of nodes and aggregates took place. Volga received a new modern wiring, now there was no "plus" and "minus". Removed the centralized lubricant of the chassis, strengthened the body. About 140 thousand copies were produced by the "second series" cars.
The next modernization of the car conditionally "Third Series" occurred in 1962, the vehicles have completely changed the external design, the radiator grille changed once again, now it consisted of 37 vertical racks (it was called "whale"). The bumper is divided into two halves and do not have "fangs". From the hood disappeared the branded deer and molding.
The "third series" was set a slightly modified ZMZ-21A engine, which developed the capacity of 75 horsepower. The lever shock absorbers were replaced by telescopic, the gearbox remained only mechanical, the interior decoration was carried out by new more durable materials. There were other minor changes. The release of the twenty-first Volga continued until July 15, 1970, the last car left the gas-21w plant conveyor with improved design. Total cars "Third Series" were issued about 447 thousand, it was the most mass version of the Sedan GAZ-21 "Volga".
Modifications
Basic model sedan sedan 1956 with a 3-speed automatic hydromechanical transmission.
Car for taxi service. Car release: "The first series" from 1957 to 1958, "The Second Series" from 1959 to 1962.
Tropical version of the GAZ-M-21A model.
Basic sedan sample 1956 with a manual transmission and clutch hydraulic drive.
Tropical (southern) variant of the previous modification.
Basic sedan model of 1957 with the low-glove "victorious" engine.
Tropical modification model M-21G
Export variant of the 1957 sample model with a manual transmission.
Tropical variant of the previous modification
Export version of the 1957 sample model with an automatic hydromechanical gearbox.
Southern version of the previous modification.
Basic sedan "The second series" of the sample of 1959. Years of release, including a transitional model from 1958 to 1962.
Export option "second series".
Tropical version of the GAZ-M-21K model
Machine component for exports to the Belgium of the sample of 1959.
Basic sedan "Third Series" Sample 1962.
GAZ-M-21M, GAZ-M-21MYU
Export variant of the "third series" sedan of the 1962 sample and its tropical option.
GAZ-M-21 - Middle class car, serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1956 (1957) to 1970. The factory code index - initially gas-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21.
In 1951, the chief designer of the plant Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart, without waiting for instructions from above, began working on a new car. By this time, gas-M20 is already morally outdated. Vladimir Soloviev, who led to this group of designing rear bridges and cardan gears was appointed the lead designer of the new car. A new upper electoral engine was charged with Harry Evarta, who created a hydrotransformer for winter to this. The appearance of the car was to be engaged in the sculptor of Lev Eremeev, who worked at one time over the winter by the time, Eremeev, was the most experienced from the new team, the only one who worked on the scale of the whole car. The name of the new car was "Victory-M21". Lipgart could not bring the car to the end. He was referred to as a simple engineer at the Chelyabinsk Plant "Uralzis".
The second generation of victory was brought to a natural gypsum layout. A sedan-three batch with the same wheelbase as M20, "deaf" rear rack, winter-pacting rear wings, semi-terrible arches of wheels and four predatory fangs on the bumper. There was nothing new in this project. He did not have any own engine or transmission. Further layout work did not go.
In 1953, a Gazovsky tuber, Englishman John Williams, began to create M21 (real name Thomas Boting). He started the layout at the factory in England. Later, the Boting got into Spain, where he participated in the battles for the republic and from there, as a well-deserved warrior officer, got into the USSR, where he was directed to the gas in the body of the CB. Among his sketches there were three-volume sedans with wide panoramic glasses, and two-blocks with a very aviation capped rear, and even five-door hachbeck. Until the gypsum layout stage, only a two-capacity sedan reached. The predatory mouth of the front, the attached "Victory" rear, wings passing to the American manner in Kiel. The wheelburn is shorter than the M20 base of 50 cm. This model was called M21 "Star". It was conducted in parallel with the other machine with which she divided the calculations of the engine, transmission, economic indicators and the model shop. With the car Lion Yeremeev, which in the end and get the name "Volga".
So it was supposed to look like a gas-21 "star" John Williams
In 1953, Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov was appointed chief designer of the gas branch of the car. Alexander Nzversov was delivered to Solovyov's development machine M21. In November, Nevzorov began to compose a new car. It is preparing a topless, completely aluminum engine with cast crankshaft and wet sleeves, volume of 2445 cm 3. For the car prepared 2 gearboxes. The first domestic automatic box, intended for general use models and a manual box for the option "Taxi". In addition to the "automatic" there were still innovations: the front sofa, which is folded in a couple of minutes in a relatively flat and soft bed and a centralized lubricant system (CSS - when pressed for a special pedal, the liquid oil came from the tank on the oil pipes to 19 points of the front suspension lubrication and Hinge steering tag).
The first experienced Volga, 1955
The very first experienced copy of the Volga, the cherry-red, manufactured in March 1955, had a manual transmission. Two more samples, blue and white, built in April, had an automatic transmission. To the May holidays to manufacture the fourth instance failed. The fourth prototype, the color of the ivory with the dark roof, was built in May 1955. Later, he was transferred to the radios of Murom for the final debugging of the radio model A-9 intended for the Volga.
In addition, all cars had small external differences, mostly differed in the number of slots in the radiator lattice - from 10 to 16, the design of lighting, salon, and so on
On May 3, 1955, only 3 cars went to the test. Part of the test was mileage Moscow - Crimea and back.
The magazine "Spark" wrote in July: "In a few dozen kilometers from Simferopol, in the territory of the state farm" Path to communism ", in the thick of the shrubs, there is a clay abandoned settlement. The unnatural seemed to see a beautiful, born for high speeds a car climbing in deep ripples . By scattering water columns, it jumps the swim dwarves, it is cleaned from suction sand. "Volga" must pass where the "victory" was held, and the tests have shown that she even exceeds his predecessor on the passability. "It's experiencing that in the Outside of Volga Victory, winters and "foreign analogues" participated. Particularly joyful presses saved the fact that during the autoclegment one of the "Sparring partners" of Volga was collapsed - the Englishman Standard Vanguard.
Field tests were successful, more responsible were in front - the presentation of beauty in the Kremlin. In the Kremlin, the novelty was presented by the legendary Marshal Georgia Zhukov, the USSR Defense Minister and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolay Bulganin. Chairman of the Commission of Zhukov, as a man of military and accustomed to rigor, could not criticize anything. It was not particularly what it was not for what, so he donated "shark ruined" the lining of the radiator. At that time, she looked like a lattice of the second release, that is, with a stamped grid with wide vertical slots. And this fully confirms its originality. Designers and designers were given for two weeks, and they have come up with a very successful, having traded a star to the horizontal bars, as in Marshalse. In 1955, there could be no complaints to the star!
The first series of GAZ-21, "Volga with a star"
So the first modification of 21 Volga, referred to in the commoner "Volga with the star" appeared. The first three serial cars came from the conveyor on October 10, 1956, but the assembly assembly of cars was delivered only to December.
In the autumn and in the winter of 1956, eight Volga (apparently, three experienced 1954-55 and five of the 1956 experimental series with the name M-21G) passed 29 thousand kilometers on the roads of Russia, Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus.
In 1957, on June 30, the State Plant named after Molotov becomes the Gorky automotive factory, the Winter car is renamed GAZ-12, and M21 becomes GAZ-21.
Until June 1957, the car was equipped with a modified boring victory with a 65 horsepower engine. In total, 1100 such "intermediate" machines in a standard, tropical version and in the "taxi" version and only with a manual gearbox were released. The maximum speed of this modification is 120 km / h.
Production of a fully new engine, ZMZ-21 - uppercampal, with a wedge-shaped combustion chamber, with a full-headed crankshaft (and, by cast, not wrought), head and block, cast from aluminum alloy, the sleeves of cylinders of the "wet" type - began in the middle 1957 G. It became easier than his predecessor by 15 kg. It existed in two versions with different degrees of compression for different varieties of gasoline (70 and 80 forces at 4000 rpm).
The plant made the freeline's Volga until the end of 1958. A little more than 30,000 cars were made. With the first release almost left the series and automatic transmission. A total of 700 cars were released with the machine.
At the end of 1958, the plant began to produce a Volga GAZ-21 second release. It was distinguished by the arches of the front wheels (steel slightly above) and improved finish. In addition, many "children's" diseases were eliminated. Also was removed the facing of the radiator with the star. Her place was taken by a lattice repeating the experimental sample, with 16 vertical holes.
GAZ-21 "second edition"
Consumers of the end of 1958 - the very beginning of 1959 it is customary to be called "transitional", and the release of 1959-1962 - the "second series" ("second release").
The exhibition premiere of the Volga second series took place in the spring of 1958 at the World Industrial Exhibition in Brussels. To the amazement of exhibitors, the most prestigious exhibition award - "Grand Prix" - went to Soviet cars. The culprits of an unprecedented event in the history of the domestic auto industry were the Volga with the index M-21, a seagull and a gas-52 truck.
With the second release on the Volga, windshield washers with a foot pump, a cataphtus on the rear lights, covered with a new radio receiver, covered with a new radio receiver. In 1960, it was decided to abandon the centralized lubrication system.
In 1960, the Belgian company SCALDIA organized the Volga assembly from the sets. Diesel was installed in the finished sedan (without an engine). At first it was Parkins 1.6l (48 hp), since 1963 - Rover 2.3l (62 hp), since 1964 INDENOR-PEUGEOT 1.9L (58l.s.). During the assembly, until 1967, 167 diesel cars were collected, mainly for Benilyux and Northern Europe.
During the second release (until April 1962), 150 thousand sedans were collected. Later, the deer mascot, and the salaries of the bumper, were abolished together with the pristine lattice. This is the last, third issue.
GAZ-21 "Third edition"
The body itself remained the same. But his silhouette lost the heavyness of previous modifications. Fangs disappeared from bumpers, and the bumpers themselves became more elegant. Chrome now covered only the upper part of them, and the lower, apron, painted in the color of the body. The front bumper in terms of acquired wedge. In the facing of the radiator instead of 16 wide holes, 36 narrow appeared. On the Slaf slang, she was called "whale cleaner." With the facing, new overall lights were integrated on the sidewall of the wing. The rear lights have lost steel salary, together with the cataphot began to cast from plastics. A new license plate lighting lantern on the trunk has acquired the shape of a soaring seagull. The hood was no longer installed a longitudinal molding and a deer figure, which was the cause of serious injuries when driving on pedestrians, but more often he became a victim of vandalism. The new emblem on the hood was borrowed from the "Seagull". With the only difference that its chrome salary had two horizontal wings. The changes were undergoing anterior suspension - instead of lever shock absorbers (victory scheme) began to install telescopic. The suspension has become tougher. The fabric ceiling upholstery was replaced with washing - from artificial leather.
At this time, a few more cars were tested at the factory. GAZ-21 "Semorage", GAZ-22 "UNIVERSAL", GAZ-22A "cargo" van, GAZ-22B "Sanitary", GAZ-23 "SpecialAutomobile" and modified GAZ-21 with the right wheel. All names of those years.
GAZ-22 "UNIVERSAL"
5-bed wagon with horizontally divided by the back door. With a folded rear sofa, the car could transport large loads weighing 400kg.
About 100 pieces were released right-hand drive sedans. Basically for Indonesia, Cyprus, Great Britain and Sweden, where until 1967 was the "English" movement.
GAZ-23. There was a machine for special services. It began to be designed in 1959 by order of the KGB of the USSR, a group of designers under the leadership of B. Dehtyar. The car was equipped with a 160-strong eight-cylinder engine from "Seagull" (based on ZMZ-13) with a volume of 5.53 liters with an automatic gearbox and power steering. For disguise, two outlet pipelines were asymmetrically reduced to one. To compensate for the body's pitch on the front axis from overload under heavy engine, also rear axles, putting a 100 kilogram ballast on the bottom of the trunk. Rear shock absorbers left lever. The car body was seriously strengthened, in particular, had reinforced by harvesting additional metal bands front spars and a fully original radiator mask, differing in form from GAZ-21. The mass of the car has increased by more than 300 kg. Because of the hard temperature regime, the brake system was significantly modified - the car received new brake drums made by original technology, brake pads of increased wear resistance. The original ASC brake fluid based on isoamyl alcohol in the mixture with castor oil was used. This machine is not in any popular directory. The car developed a speed of 170 km / h, and acceleration to "hundreds" occupied 16 C (against 34 C in GAZ-21). From 1962 to 1970, 603 copies of GAZ-23 were released.
In 1965, minor changes were introduced on GAZ-21.
Three GAZ-21
Corrosion protection and coloring
Given the harsh road and climatic conditions that dominated most of the territory of the USSR, the body of the car was very good, according to the standards of those years, corrosion protection, as well as a complex multi-stage coloring process.
The process of anti-corrosion treatment was called phosphating. Phosphating is the process of chemical treatment of steel products by formation on the surface of the metal layer insoluble in water phosphorous compounds. Phosphating was carried out by immersion of the body assembly in six special baths with chemical solutions. The first bath contained a degreasing solution based on caustic soda, the remaining - phosphating composition based on zinc monophosphate with nitrate and coal copper. The processing was produced at 60-80 degrees for 1.5 - 4 minutes in each bath with an intermediate body spraying the same solutions from special nozzles.
As a result of phosphating on the surface of the body, phosphate film from gray to dark gray, having high strength and protective properties. After phosphating, the body was immediately primed with oil primer by dipping, which ensured the access of the ground to the surfaces inaccessible with other methods of nanion.
After manual grinding on the outer surfaces of the body, the GF-0182 grade of yellow color was applied (the famous "yellow twin", familiar to those who were preparing the body "Volga" to color - the strength of this layer is such that it is often trying to preserve when repainting it, Without resorting to stripping surface to bare metal and not touching factory phosphating).
Then, all sorts of body surface defects were manually corrected using various spackets, tapping, sealing pastes and plastic mass of TPF-37 (which replaced the tin items used earlier).
After that, an intermediate layer of gray spiteling No. 188 was applied to the outer surface in order to increase the thickness of the protective layer, and went to the drying chamber, where all the applied layers were dried at a temperature of 130 degrees for 35 minutes.
At the body prepared in this way, a protective mastic was applied on the bottom, the final grinding was performed, controlling the quality of the surface with the help of a rubber bar (when he was slipped along the body of the body, he had to completely remove moisture and not to leave behind brilliant non-grinded places), removed moisture drying for 10 minutes at a temperature of 100-110 degrees. The last stage of the preparation for the color was a thorough inspection and elimination of found defects with alkyd-styrene spatlets drying at room temperature for 4-5 minutes.
After that, the body was completely ready for coloring as nitro and synthetic enamels. It should be borne in mind that here is a description of the technological process for 1963; Before and after that moment, there could be significant differences in technology.
Prepared body stained. Before the start of the sixties, the color of all body was produced by nitroemals in 5 layers, and black cars - in 7 layers, with intermediate drying of each. This gave a coating with excellent glitter, high hardness and satisfactory weather resistance.
At the beginning of the sixties, a synthetic enamel was introduced for most bodies, which was applied only two layers - "manifestory" and the main, with a drying of each in the thermocamera at high temperatures. Only black-colored cars have become painted with nitroemal to achieve high decorativeness. According to the same technology, representative's representatives of the automobile plant also painted.
Complex, multi-stage coloring technology was intended to achieve high anti-corrosion properties of the coating and increase the service life of the car to repainting or overhaul. The results of such a thorough approach are still visible on the well-preserved copies of "Volga" in the factory paint.
Specifications GAZ 21
| Number of places | 5 (4 and 1 on stretchers for GAZ-21D) |
|---|---|
| Base, mm. | 2700 |
| Overall dimensions, mm: | |
| - Length | 4830 |
| - Width | 1800 |
| - Height (without load) | 1620 |
| Pitch, mm: | |
| - front wheels | 1410 |
| - rear wheels | 1420 |
| The smallest rotation radius by a rut of the outer wheel, no more, m | 6,3 |
| Car weight (dry), kg | 1350 (1450 for GAZ-21D) |
| The greatest speed, km / h | 130 (120 for GAZ-21D) |
| Fuel consumption per 100 km (when driving along the highway), l | 11.5 (12.0 for GAZ-21D) |
| ENGINE | |
| A type | Petrol, four-stroke, carburetor |
| Location Cylinders | Vertical, in one row |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Working volume | 2,445 |
| Diameter of cylinders, mm | 92 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 92 |
| The greatest power (with the corresponding compression ratio and the octane number of gasoline) in L.S. - 75 at e \u003d 6.7 and octane number 72; 85 at 8 \u003d 7.65 and octane number 80 | |
| The number of crankshaft revolutions per minute | 4000 |
| The greatest torque, kgm | 17 at 8 \u003d 6.7; 18 at e \u003d 7.65 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
| Clutch | One-piece, dry with hydraulic drive |
| Transmission | Mechanical, three-step, with synchronizers between the second and third gears |
| Transmission numbers: | |
| - First transmission | 3,115 |
| - Second transmission | 1,772 |
| - Third transmission | 1,000 |
| - reverse | 3,738 |
| Cardan transfer | Open type. Has two shafts and three hinge, as well as an intermediate support |
| main gear | 4,55 |
| Transmission number of the main transfer | 4,55 |
| Differential | Conical with two satellites |
| Pointers. | Flange, half-breeded type |
| CHASSIS | |
| Suspension: | |
| - front | Independent, on transverse levers, with twisted cylindrical springs: mounted on a removable crossbar |
| - rear | Spring, on leaf longitudinal semi-elliptic springs. Springs are enclosed in covers |
| Stabilizer transverse stability | Torsion type. Located ahead of the front suspension |
| Shock absorbers | Hydraulic, telescopic type, bilateral action (4 pcs.) |
| Tires | Low pressure, beless or cameras |
| Control mechanisms | |
| Steering | Global Worm with Double Roller |
| Brakes: | |
| - Shoot | Booms on all wheels; Hydraulic drive |
| - Handheld | Central, drum type; Cable drive |
| Electrical equipment | |
| Wiring system | Single-wire; Negative pole is connected to the "mass" |
| Rated voltage in | 12 |
| Radio | Three-band, with push-button tuning |
| BODY | |
Closed, carrying, all-metal |
|
Modifications
| 21 | VI.57-58 |
The basic model of the first vol. with automatic. Kp, 70l.s. |
| 21A. | (first release) taxi on the basis of 21B | |
| 21Ayu. | (first release) Tropical option 21A | |
| 21A. | (second release) taxi on the basis of the 21st (indexes did not change) | |
| 21Ayu. | (second release) tropical option 21a | |
| 21B. | Taxi on the basis of 21g, pilot-industrial party | |
| 21V. | The basic model of the first vol. with mechanical KP, 70L.S. | |
| 21The | Tropical option 21B. | |
| 21g | Basic model of the pilot-industrial batch with a low-tangled engine 65 hp | |
| 21ghu | Tropical version 21g | |
| 21d | Export option 21B, 80 hp | |
| 21 | Tropical version 21d June | |
| 21E. | Export option 21. With automatic. KP, 80 hp | |
| 21teu | Tropical version 21E. | |
| 21I. | Basic model of the second release with mechanical. KP, 70 hp, | |
| 21K. | Export option 21I, 80 hp | |
| 21Ku | Tropical version 21K. | |
| 21kb | Machine component 21K for assembly in Belgium at the company SCALDIA-VOLGA. | |
| 21l | The basic model of the third release with mechanical. KP, 75 hp | |
| 21m | Export option 21l | |
| 21Myu | Tropical version 21m | |
| 21N | Option 21M with right-hand control | |
| 21Un | Tropical version 21n | |
| 21P. | Option 21P with right-hand control | |
| 21 | Option 21P with automatic KP | |
| 21p | The basic model of the third is upgraded. Vol. 75 hp | |
| 21c | Export option 21P with forced. up to 85 hp Engine | |
| 21xu | Tropical version 21c, 85 hp | |
| 21t | Taxi on the basis 21l | |
| 21Ts | Taxi based on 21P | |
| 21US | Export option 21P, 75 hp | |
| 21f | Experimental model with a forkar engine | |
| 21E. | Option 21C with shielded electrical equipment | |
| 22 | Universal. Basic model 75 hp | |
| 22b | Ambulance Care 75 hp | |
| 22BK | Forced to 85 hp Option 22B. | |
| 22BKU | Tropical version 22BK | |
| 22BM | Export option 22B (BC) | |
| 22BMU | Tropical version 22BM | |
| 22V. | Basic model | |
| 22g | Export option 22. 75 hp | |
| 22ghu | Tropical version 22g | |
| 22d | Ambulance | |
| 22E. | Export option 22B 75 hp | |
| 22teu | Tropical version 22E. | |
| 22k. | Forced to 85 hp Option of export 22g | |
| 22KE | Option 22K with shielded electrical equipment | |
| 22m | Forced to 85 hp Embodiment export 22E. | |
| 22Myu | Tropical version 22m | |
| 22N | EXPORT OPTION 22B with right-hand control | |
| 22nu | Tropical version 22N | |
| 23 | Special machine with an engine V8 and automatic KP | |
| 23A. | Special machine with engine V8 and mechanical KP | |
| 23A1 | Specially equipped version 23a | |
| 23b | Export option 23. |
Interior
November 21, 1953 Designer Alexander Mikhailovich Nevzorovand designer Lev Eremeev began to develop a new Soviet car-21 project,and next year, its first experienced samples were collected ..
To be accurate, the factory index of the model was originally denoted GAZ-M-21, and only later (since 1965) as GAZ-21.. They were equipped with an experimental topless engine with a hemispherical combustion chamber and camshaft chain drive (he showed himself not so hot, as in mass production did not go).
For a new car, two transmissions were developed - automatic and mechanical. Both were three-speed. The main transfer was first not hypoid, as on models released after 1957, and conical. The car had an independent front suspension with lever hydraulic shock absorbers. Rear, ordinary case, independent of longitudinal semi-elliptic springs. Tires 6.70-15. From the hood of the car soaked chrome deer.
From him in the center of the hood for the windshield was a wide molding. Facing a radiator with 10 vertical holes. The rear lights included overall lights, brake and rotation pointers - three in one red scatteer and reverse lamp in steel chrome salary.
"Volga" began to equip the three-band radio radio as standard equipment. The exception was the modification of the taxi - 21a (later 21t). On a taxi instead of a solid front sofa, two separate chairs were put. It was not in these modifications and cigarette lighter. The big round clock with the inscription in "Made in the USSR" was installed on all versions of the car.
On May 3, 1955, government tests of three "Volga" samples began - two with automatic transmission and one with mechanical. Part of the test was mileage Moscow - Crimea and back. The magazine "Spark" wrote in July: "In a few dozen kilometers from Simferopol, in the territory of the state farm" Path to communism ", in the thick of the shrubs, there is a clay abandoned settlement. The unnatural seemed to see a beautiful, born for high speeds a car climbing in deep ripples . After scattering water columns, it jumps the swimstered ditches, it is cleaned from suction sand. "Volga" must pass where the "victory" was held, and the tests showed that it even exceeds his predecessor on passability. "
Scene chase, I hope, remember ...
The production of GAZ 21 on the conveyor was timed to the World Festival of Youth and Students, who was held in Moscow in the summer of 1957. On the "Volga" of the first release, the facing was performed in front of the same style as on the "victory" of the last series (1955-1958) - three horizontal chromed timber. The upper timber was laid through the hood, and the bottom closed along the edges of the turns. The composition was crowned five-pointed star. The car enthusiast, who did not particularly distinguish modifications and said: "Volga with a star".
The appearance of this cladding on the machines of the first series is a separate story. At the obligatory show of experienced cars in the Kremlin, the design of the front of the car did not like Marshal Zhukov. A urgent directive was given to the plant from Moscow: to remake. Redued. Star Marshal could not come to taste. In 1958, when the commander got into opal, a new directive came - to remake. By that time about 31 thousand were released "Volga with a star".
Own engine car received only in 1957. It was a topless motor. In 1962, Volga becomes a car of the 60s. For this, there were enough cosmetic changes. The body itself remained the same. But his silhouette lost the heavyness of previous modifications. Fangs disappeared from bumpers. The bumpers themselves became more elegant. Chrome now covered only the upper part of them, and the lower, apron, painted in the color of the body. The front bumper in terms of acquired wedge. In the facing of the radiator instead of 16 wide holes, 36 narrow appeared. On the driver slang she was called "whalebone".
With the facing, new overall lights were integrated on the sidewall of the wing. The rear lights have lost steel salary, together with the cataphot began to cast from plastics. A new license plate lighting lantern on the trunk has acquired the shape of a soaring seagull.
The hood was no longer installed a longitudinal molding and a deer figure, which was the cause of serious injuries when driving on pedestrians, but more often he became a victim of vandalism. The new emblem on the hood was borrowed from the "Seagull". With the only difference that its chrome salary had two horizontal wings. The pompousness of the past years was replaced by ease and swiftness. The car visually began to be perceived as a completely new one. About deer and "reindeer breeders" a little more in detail:
The famous deer, who adorned the "Volga" hood of the first and second series, was not used in the final series, which is explained not only by concern about the safety of pedestrians. He became a real magnet for thieves that broke the deer from cars. Therefore, because of its high costs and is the main thing - trauma, already at the end of the fifties figurine, the deer ceased to put on export cars and a taxi, replacing it with a "drop" - a trauma-safe streamlined figure of an elongated shape.
In 1962, all the decorations from the "Volga" hood were removed - and a deer with a stand, and a drop, and a longitudinal molding of two parts. There is information that traffic police threatened the owners of the first second editions to remove deer during the passage of inspection.
There is another reason: during the rain, water flows, hitting the deer, flew straight on the windshield, which made it difficult to review while driving. But the owners of GAZ-21 still sazed deer on the hoods of their cars. They bought them in auto parts stores.
The changes were undergoing anterior suspension - instead of lever shock absorbers (victory scheme) began to install telescopic. The suspension has become tougher. The fabric ceiling upholstery was replaced with washing - from artificial leather. The base model received the designation 21l - precisely such a dedication of Dima Semitzvetov "Beware of the car").
In the same 1962, the model range was replenished with a 5-seater GAZ-22 universal with a horizontal rear door. With a folded rear sofa, the car could transport large loads with a mass of 400 kg. At its base, the ambulance carrier was produced - GAZ-22B.
In 1965, Eldar Ryazanov removes the "Beware of the car". And at the same time, the Gorky plant carried out the last modernization of 21 models. Soccerons were strengthened in the car, more efficient heater and wipers were installed. The hubs of the front wheels began to be equipped with roller bearings instead of balls. The base model with a 75-strong engine received index 21p, taxis - 21t, station wagon - 22V, ambulance - 22d. Top models of steel 21US and 21C. The price of the most expensive export modification 21c (85 hp) was equal in 1965 by 6455 rubles. The car with a two-color body cost already at 270 rubles more expensive.
The last "Volga" descended from the conveyor on July 15, 1970. This car modifications 21V with a body number 334312, painted in anthracite color, took a place in the exposition of the factory museum. Since 1956 to 1970, 638875 GAZ-21 and GAZ-22 cars were released.
GAZ-21 with the right steering wheel:
Yes, even such models have been. True, all this was in vain. Even the right steering wheel and the lack of a star on the lattice did not make a "Volga" popular in England, and in the West, in general. The Belgian Importer Scaldia Volga even experimented and installed under the hoods of GAZ-21, economical diesel engines from Peugeot and Rover, but it did not add a popularity.
The case, in many respects, was that Volga was somewhat large and voracious for Western countries. And such advantages like smoothness and comfortable riding in bad roads, they were not particularly valued there, since there were no problems with it. But her obvious advantages were appreciated by people from the closest climates of the Scandinavian countries, as well as from Greece, which "famous" with their bad roads.
GAZ-21, a little converted by the Italian car Atelier Ghia. The greatest changes touched the grille grille. It is unlikely that the Italians will take over the improvement of modern Russian cars, and "Volga" at that time honored even such honor:
To speak as a whole, the "Volga", despite the pretty good reviews, did not achieve much popular in the West. The reasons were very different. One of them was the so unbelievable star on the grille of the radiator, which hints at the origin of the car. Not all Western countries treated well to the USSR in those years, since they saw a communist threat in it.
On this with the technical side in the style of "galloping to Europe" after watching the rollers, we graduate.
And about three separate copies and artistic work, let's talk in the next part.
TO BE CONTINUED...
