Inventors: E. Brigs and E.D. Carpenter
Country: USA
Time of the invention: 1836

Combine harvester - a complex combustion machine that performs in series continuous flow and at the same time: cutting of bread (i.e. plants), feeding it to a threshing machine, rapid grain from non-sections, separating it from a mustache and other impurities, transporting pure grain to a bunker and mechanical unloading from His.

One of the most important agricultural, capable of performing several different operations at once. For example, the combine harvester cuts off the ears, knocked out of the spikelets of the grain and cleans the grain of the air jet. A complex machine performs the functions of three simple - headers, threshing and a mixture.

Additional devices are produced to combine harvesters, allowing to collect different agricultural crops.

The homeland of the modern grain harvester is the United States. In 1828, S. Lane (S. Lane) stated the first patent for a complex combined harvesting machine, which simultaneously cut off her bread, finished it and cleaned the grain from the husk. However, this car was not built.

The first implemented combine can be considered invented by E. Brigs and E.D. Carpenter (E. Briggs and E.G. Carpenter) in 1836. This combine was mounted like a wagon on a 4 wheel drive. The rotation of the threshing drum and the drive into action of the cutting machine was carried out by transmission from two rear wheels.

In the same 1836, a somewhat later, two inventors H. Moore and D. Khaskall (N. Moore and J. Hascall) received a patent for the machine, which, according to the basic principles of workflows, approached the design of the contemporary combine. In 1854, this combine worked in California and removed 600 acres (about 240 hectares). Until 1867, work on the design and creation of combines was carried out mainly in the eastern states of the United States.

In 1868 A.R. Vlasenko built a combine in the Russian Empire.

Built in 1875 in California, D. Peterson's combine design (D. S. Peterson), found significantly large use than combines of other inventors.

In 1890, 6 firms were engaged in the factory manufacture of combines (including HOLT), which produced combines for sale. The combines of this type although they were very close mainly according to the concept of modern machines, but they differed sharply from their latter.

All California combines were performed mainly from wood, had a large capture of the cutting machine. The movement of the combine on the field was carried out mainly by horses and mules, which were required up to 40 goals, the working bodies were driven by gear, from the move wheels, and from 1889 from special. All this led to excessive bulky combines, and their weight sometimes reached 15 tons.

In the late 1880s, about 600 combines of California worked on the Pacific coast of the United States type. In the early 1890s, in order to replace the live traction mechanical, steam self-propellants began to apply steam outflows, from which in the future crossed to the tractor.

The first harvest of HOLT with a 36-foot (11 m) cutting apparatus complete with a 120-strong steam self-propeller with a separate auxiliary steam engine on the combine frame was released in 1905. In 1907, the same HOLT company installed an internal combustion engine.

Application in the subsequent years of more reliable materials, perfect mechanisms and lungs with a large number of revolutions significantly reduced the weight of the combine, reduced their cost and made them more accessible for use in agriculture. However, this perfect car, despite its huge benefits, became the property of only large farms in the United States, the mass of small farmers the acquisition and application of combines was not available.

Only since 1926 the relatively widespread introduction of combines in the US agricultural production began. The development of US grain and high bread prices with the high cost of workers' hands in agriculture influenced both on the development of combines production and their implementation.

Nevertheless, the flourishing of combineries in the United States lasted only a few years. At this time in the US, only 14-15% of farms used combines. Canada's farmers in 1928 were purchased 3657 combines. In 1929 - 3295, in 1930-1614, and in 1931 - only 178. The global economic crisis affected the export of wheat and on the production of combines.

The production of combines, which accounted for in 1929 to 37 thousand per year, fell in 1933 to 300 pcs.; Many firms completely stopped production of combines. Attempts to introduce combines into small farms - mainly due to the release of small combines with a width of the seizure of up to 5 feet (1.5 m) - caused only a slight increase in the production of combines.

According to 1930 in the US, there were 60,803 combines in the United States, and by 1936 their number increased to 70 thousand in 1930, less than 1% of US farms were covered. Even fewer combines in other countries: so, by 1936 in Canada there were only 10,500, in Argentina - 24 800. In European countries, the number of combines was slightly.

In Russia, the first combine was brought by HOLT in 1913 to the Kiev agricultural exhibition. It was a wooden design on a single-barbic tracked track with a 14-foot (4.27 m) capture of the cutting apparatus and a gasoline engine for simultaneously actuating the mechanisms and movement of the machine itself. The combine was tested on Akimovskaya engine testing station, gave relatively good performance indicators. But the applications in the conditions of agriculture did not find Russia - in 1914 the First World War began.

Once again to the combine returns to the USSR. In connection with the organization of large commercial production in the grain state farms of the USSR in the period from 1929 to 1931, the mass import of combines from the United States is organized. The first American combines in the state farm "Gigant" brilliantly withstood the tests.

Simultaneously with the import, own production is deployed. In early 1930, the firstborn of the Soviet Combinoction plant "Kommunar" in Zaporizhia released the first 10 Soviet combines. By the end of the year, the total number of combines produced reached 347.

Since 1931, the release of Combine Rostov Factory named after Stalin "Rostselmash" (Kombin Stalinets ") began, in 1932 he began to produce the plant. Sheboldeva in Saratov (SCZ - Sarcombine, now the Saratov plant), who were the same type and worked according to one principle, at the same time, the Stalin was larger working seizure (6.1 m) and some constructive differences.

The "Communar" and "SCZ" was put a gasoline engine of automotive type gas, adapted to work on the combines of Nati and the name of Ford-Nati, with a capacity of 28 hp The kerosene engine of the Tractors of the CTZ and HTZ with a capacity of 30 hp was installed on the Staline Movement over the field was carried out with the help of TRAC tractors, HTZ and "Staline" of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. With tractors "Staline", the chambers worked for 2 in the coupling.

All of them were not adapted for harvesting wet bread, in connection with this in 1936, Lyubertsy plant the name of Ukhtomsky began the release of the Northern Combine of the design of Soviet inventors Yu.Ya. Annelta and M. I. Grigorieva - SKG-5A (Northern Combine Angelet-Grigoriev of the 5th Model), which was adapted for harvesting wet bread in small areas.

Thanks to its own production, by 1935, grain state farms were removed by combines 97.1% of the area. In the 1937 harvesting campaign in the USSR, there were already about 120 thousand combines that gathered 39.2% of grain spikes, thereby ensuring a significant reduction in cleaning losses, which reached 25% when using lobaggerek, even despite numerous restrictions in the work and the presence of constructive deficiencies .

After the Great Patriotic War in the USSR, large scientific research was produced, which significantly enriched the theory of the combine harvester. In particular, the role of the jackhaft was investigated in detail bithera and Solomotreas in the process of separation of grain, which made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the specified nodes.

There were studies of the aerodynamic properties of a coarse beach, which made it possible to significantly improve the efficiency of cleaning the grain. Based on these achievements in the 1960s, projects of high-performance (for those years) combines of types of SC-5 and SC-6 were developed.

The first self-propelled combine harvesters in the USSR were C-4, the release of which began in 1947. In 1956, SK-3 self-propelled combines appeared, in 1962 - SC-4, and in 1969 - SKD-5 "Sibiryak".

Since 1970, the Rostselmash plant has been produced by the KVC-5 Combine "Niva", and the Taganrog Combine Factory Combine SC-6-II "Kolos".

With separate cleaning of the loss of grain, the grain behind the rolls are allowed not more than 0.5% for the reprehensive breads and 1.5% for the explosive. The loss of grain during the selection of rolls should not exceed 1%, the purity of the grain in the bunker should be at least 96%.

With direct combining, the purity of grain in the bunker should be no less than 95%. Behind the harvester is allowed to 1% of losses for reprehensive breads and 1.5% for useful. Common grain loss due to the passion and straw should be more than 1.5% when cleaning cereals and no more than 2% when cleaning rice. Crushing should not exceed 1% for seed grains, 2% for food, 3% for leguminous and cereal crops.

Appointment and general characteristics of the combine harvester "DON-1500"

Self-propelled Combine Combine "DON-1500" is designed for harvesting crops direct and separate combining in all cereal areas of the country using additional devices for cleaning leguminous, cereal, fine-free crops, sunflower, grass seeds, soybeans, grain corn.

Depending on the zone of applications and harvesting conditions, the "Don" harvester can be equipped with a reservoir for collecting straw and sex or a grinder with a mass supply to trailed carts or scattering it along the field.

Technical specifications

Width of the capture of the header, m .............................. 5; 6; 7; 8,6

Passing capacity of threshing, kg ..................... 6-8

Mass with a digger and 6 meters harvest, t ............... .13

Width of thumb, mm ................................................ ... ..1500

Diameter of drum, mm .... .....................................800

Drum rotation frequency, rpm ....... ....... ... .512-954

Capacity of the grain bunker, m3 ................................6

Engine power, hp ......................... ............ 235

The height of the combine, m ..................................... .............4

Length with a digger and divider, m ........................ .11

Device

Combine "DON-1500" (Fig. 1) consists of the following components: harvested part, pick-up platform, threshing, equipment for cleaning the non-crop part of the harvest, chassis, engine, hydraulic system, electrical equipment systems, as well as additional equipment.

Castache frontally mowed on the throat, connects with the spacer through spherical hinge 46 and the balancing mechanism, while working on the soil with two shoes 1, copying the irregularities of the field in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Inside the spacer is an intermediate bitter 7. The spacer is rigidly connected to the inclined chamber 8, which is highly linked to the top of the threshold, and the bottom relies on two hydraulic cylinders 45 installed on the bridge beam of the leading wheels. In the housing of the inclined chamber there is a floating conveyor 9. On the header installed reversal 5, the cutting machine 2, auger 6 and the mechanisms of the working bodies of the working bodies.

Throwing it consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: a threshing machine comprising a bilny drum 11, a subbarabhanne 43 and a package biter 14; Solomotroat 33 and cleaning consisting of a transport board 42, upper 31 and lower 32 solit, fan 39, augers 30, 36 and a cheerful device 35. On the roof of the throat is a hopper for grain 17.

Equipment for collecting non-crop- shopper 21, which is attached to the back of the throat. It includes a chamber and mechanisms of the Solomonabivator 19 and a half-bivtel 28. Depending on the zone of the combine, it can be equipped with a straw chopper or a hood for styling the straw in the roller.

Chassis Combine it consists of a leading bridge with wheels 44, a drive mechanism, speeds of speeds, brake system; Bridge of controlled wheels 26 with hydraulic control.

Hydraulic system allows the Combine to change the operating modes and the settings for installing the working bodies from its workplace.

Power point- diesel engine SMD-31 A.

Cabin 12. - heat and insulated, has forced ventilation, can be equipped with air conditioning. For the convenience of the mechanic, two doors are made. All controls, control and alarm devices are concentrated in the cockpit.

Technological process the combine occurs as follows: when it moves along the field of a strip 4 of the rotating reeling 5 is immersed in the stem mass, separate the narrow strip of plants and supply them to the cutting machine 2.

Cutting stems Motovil moves on to a screw of the header 6. The auger with spirals of the left and right directions feeds the stalks to the center of the header into the finching mechanism zone, which captures the cut mass and moves to the header window. From here the mass is closed by a bitter 7 of spacers and pushed into an inclined chamber 8 to a floating transporter 9. The lower branch of the conveyor moves the stalks into the threshing machine. A rotating threshing drum 11 strikes the bread mass and drags it along a fixed deck, as a result of which the grain is highlighted from non-sections. Most of the grain is separated through the subbarabhanne on the cleaning transport board 42. The remaining mass (grain and straw) is thrown at a rotating jackhammer 14, it is reflected from its blades at an acute angle, which leads to a decrease in the flow rate, breaking the mass and the selection of grain. The rest of the heap is heading to the front of the straw-outwork 33. The speed keys of the straw-staining, performing a circular movement, intensely shaper the straw. The grain and small impurities wake up through the holes of the keys and go to their inclined DNU on the purification board 42. The stepped sidewalls of the keys move the straw to the outlet of the throat in the zone of action of the solubular system 19, which pushes the straw in the digger 21.

The grain eagle, isolated by a threshing drum and a straw-stroke, falls on the cleaner movements of the cleaning board 42, which moves the heap to the upper sieve connected to the transport board. The grain wakes up between the blinds of the upper sieve 31 and falls on the lower lattoon 32 (fluctuating towards the top). Having watched the lower lattoon, the purified grain falls in the grain screw 36, which it is fed to the bunker 17. The solution is purged by a stream of air, which is created by the fan 39. The air flow makes light impurities with solid to the recovery (sex).

From the top sieve 31 impurities and the limited ears fall on the extension of the upper sieve 29, the task of which is allocated from the voroch, which entered it, mobility ears.

Massey Ferguson MF 36 RS Combine Combine:

1 - Casting; 2 - the alignment mechanism; 3 - Motovilo; 4 - auger; 5 - conveyor; 6 - bridge of leading wheels; 7 - cleaning fan; 8 - cabin; 9 - air conditioning; 10 - working headlights; 11 - threshing drum; 12 - rotary separator; 13 - transport board; 14 - a solid mill; 15 - straw-stains; 16 - chassis; 17 - bridge of controlled wheels; 18 - straw chopper; 19 - bunker

cleaning grain culture

The extension agent has transverse and longitudinal blinds, which increases the selection of non-sections, and to reduce the velocity of the movement of the beam and increase the time to highlight the sections, the extension can be attached to the frame of the upper sieve at a low angle. Military ears are falling through the proliferations of the extension agent and fall into the spikes screw 30, which moves them to the cheerful device 35.

The impurities having a size larger than the driver (the flooring) are not passing through the proliferations of the extension agent, it is moved to it and by half a bifter 28 move to the front bottom of the digger 25.

The most diverse technique is used both broad and narrow use. Moreover, some of its kinds work all year round, while others most of the time are idle in the hangars. But without the same technique, the agrarians could not do. For example, in the field of the field, you can see a combine harvest combine, which in our time performs the work of a dozen deposits. And it is a very complex combustion machine that has a continuous stream and sequentially performs several operations. The combine cuts the cereals, supplies them into the thunder apparatus and moisters the grain from the sections. Then he separates it from straw and other impurities and transports it to the bunker. And from it from time to time or even continuously mechanically unloads grain to another transport.

In principle, the combine harvester replaces three simpler machines at once - the header, the flower and the throat. And it is possible to cling additional nodes that allow you to remove various agricultural crops. And the homeland of this miracle of technology is the United States. Back in 1828, the inventor S. Lane patented a complex combined car for cultures. She had to cut off the grain plant, coagulate it, as well as purify the grain from the husk. But it did not build it. And in 1836, two inventors from the same America have already mounted something similar to the combine harvester. It was similar to a 4-wheel wagon. And the rotation of the drive of the cutting apparatus and the threshing drum was carried out by transmission from the rear axle.

But the combine, constructively resembles modern models, managed to get in 1836 to two other inventors - J. Hascall and H. Moore. And this machine already in 1854 removed 600 acres of bread. Then gradually the combine harvester was increasingly improved together with the development of technology. And in Russia, the first such car produced by HOLT was brought in 1913. It was a wooden design on a caterpillar. She had a gasoline engine, which simultaneously referred to the mechanisms for cleaning and for movement. But this combine did not have time to apply, as the war began soon.

And with the USSR, the combines returned again. At first they were imported from the USA, in parallel, settling their production. And in 1930, the first grain harvest came from the gate of the Zaporozhye plant "Communar", the price of which was the work of many people. And by the end of the same year, the factory has already produced 347 such cars. A year later, the RostoSelmash Rostov Plant began producing famous "Stalin". And in 1932, the release of combines was established in Saratov at the Shelbodalev plant. These models were far from excellence, but they helped the villagers thoroughly. And after the war, there were serious scientific research in the Union, the result of which the models of SC-5 and SC-6 became. Then since 1970, the Taganrog plant began to produce a combine harvester "Kolos" or SC-6-LL, and Rostselmash - "Niva" SK-5.

And these cars for a long time furked the fields of the Soviet Union, and then independent states. And now they changed more modern models, such as the grain harvest "Polesie" KZS-812-16. It is a compact and maneuverable machine that has more than 8 kg / s. It is capable of pumping over 12 tons of grain in an hour. This machine refers to the type of combines, which have already been widely recognized. They have one threshing drum, a bitter and keyless straw-stains. And the composition of this combine "Polesie" includes razing grain zhzk-6-5 and self-propelled threshing model of the KZK-8-0100000 model.

By buying bread in the store, people are very often not even thinking about how difficult and responsible work is to grow this bread. Centuries go, and bread consistently occupies a dominant place in the food diet. How many expressions, aphorisms and wisdom are associated with this product. And today we will talk about one of the tools that plays a crucial role in the production of bread.

1. SK-3

Self-propelled combine, 3rd model. Soviet grain harvesting machine, which was created by GSKB for self-propelled grain combines and cotton cleaning machines in the city of Taganrog. He led the project Khanan Ilyich Izakson. The car was made from 1958 to 1964. A total of 169 thousand combines were created. It was the first Soviet combine equipped with a hydraulic strengthening of the steering wheel. SC-3 was also awarded the diploma of the Brussels Exhibition.

2. SK-4

Self-propelled combine, 4th model. As it is easy to guess, I came to replace the older model - SC-3. The car was produced from 1964 to 1974 at the Taganrog Combine Plant, as well as in Rostselmash. The grain harvesting machine received a premium of the Leipzig International Trade Fair, as well as the awards of exhibitions-fairs in Brno and Budapest. The collective-developer of the car under the leadership of H. I. Isakson was awarded the Lenin Prize.

3. SKD-6 "Sibiryak"

Double-drum-based Soviet Combine, which was produced from 1981 to 1984 at the Krasnoyarsk Combine Plant. The car was a product of deep modification of the SCD-5 "Sibiryak", which was produced since 1969 and despite the high reliability by the 80s of the 20th century, morally outdated. The car had a lot of "special" modifications, including for cleaning rice, work in areas without chernozem, a model with an extended rut.

4. Yenisei 1200.

Combine with the beautiful name "Yenisei" even young people should remember well from their childhood. The fact is that the release of the car began in 1985. The combine came to harvest a variety of crops, including sunflower, herbs, legumes and cereals. The car could also clean the culture in the "hard-to-reach" fields of the field.

5. DON-1500

Perhaps the most popular combine in the CIS after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The machine began to produce serially in 1986. For objective reasons, the car was used for a very long time in the former republics of the Union. The ubiquitous refusal of the combine harvester began only in 2006, when the more perfect imported and domestic models were hurried to replace him.

6. KSG-F-70

Very interesting sample. The Soviet combine on the tracked database, which was developed specifically for work on the rejected soils. For the most part, the car worked with feed crops: grass and corn. It was produced by the bin "Donselmash" in the city of Birobidzhan. Most such cars were in service with Far Eastern farms.

7. SK-5 "Niva"

The Soviet Combine, which was produced by the company "Rostselmash" from 1970. Development was led by Izakson Khanan Ilyich. The car is notable for the fact that it was able to become a business card of Soviet Combinoment. There is nothing surprising in this, the car was one of the most widespread in the USSR for all time.

In continuation of the topic, the story about and helped to promote science.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, there were no combines production. In the USSR K. appeared at the end of the 20s-early 30s. In 1930, the Communar Communar Combines began at the Zaporozhe Plant. In 1932, the production of these combines was organized in Saratov. In 1931-32, the production of trailed combine harvesters from C-1 began at the Rostselmash factory. They passed 2.5 kg of cereals in a second through the throat and cleaned, except grain, sunflower, corn, millet and other cultures. For the pre-war years, the combined plants of the USSR (mainly Rostselmash and Zaporizhia "Communar") were given to agriculture almost 200 thousand combines, which played a big role in the mechanization of harvesting.

The new powerful development of combinerness has reached the USSR after the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. A clearer specialization of agricultural engineering factories was carried out; The main enterprise of Soviet Combinogenation became the Rostselmash plant, which produced C-6 trailed harvesters and RSM-8. From 1947 to 1956, at Taganrog, Tula and some other plants, self-propelled combines C-4 were manufactured, and in 1956-58 - modernized C-4M combines. In 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decree on the termination of the production of trailed combine harvesters and the organization of the issue of more productive self-propelled combines. By this time, the model of SK-Z self-propelled combine and production of combines began at the Rostselmash plant and the Taganrog Combine Plant. Since 1962, these plants began to produce self-propelled combines.

These were the most massive options: