The history of the creation of this tractor is an example of an effective unification of the efforts of several teams of designers and scientists.
Back in 1926-1930. When choosing a manufacturing facility for the construction, scientists-machine builders and agrarians understood that for the soil and climatic conditions of most of the areas of the USSR and, taking into account the collectivization of agriculture, a caterpillar tractor is more suitable. Stopped the complexity of the design and increased material consumption. Therefore, the choice fell on the wheel machine of the American company McCormick-Deering, which received the Mark-1 or STZ-15/30 in the USSR, the production of which began in 1930 in Stalingrad, and in 1931 - under the brand of HTZ-1 or HTZ-15/30 and in the Kharkov Tractor Plant.
But already in 1932, the order of the All-Union AutoTractor Association (VATO) existing then was specifically under the development of a new caterpillar S.-H. The Tractor for the CTZ was formed a design and experimental department (CEO), which was headed by a competent engineer V.G.Stankevich, who had proven himself during the design of the SZZ, working in the Stalingrad branch of the Institute of Higromise.
Constructors of the CTZ, together with scientists of the Research Tractor Institute (NATO) and on a competitive basis, the KHTZ designers were prescribed to replace the STZ-1 (HTZ-1) to develop a caterpillar tractor, which could be used in agriculture, and as a military tractor.
Made in the spring of 1933. The first Stalingrad sample called "Komsomolets" (type A), in the development of which the English Military Tractor "Carden-Loyd" was taken as the basis (Light Dragon MK.1) of the company "Vickers-Armstrong" was unsuccessful ( Diesel and other nodes, overestimated mass, non-optimal dual-purpose vehicle set of speeds, unequal ravings on sides, difficult access to some units, and most importantly - insufficient visibility on aggregative rear to the gun). But the developers found out that creating one car that meets different, often controversial requirements, failed. It was accepted by the Specialist Specialists to design widely unified, but different machines of two appointments.
English Artillery tractor "CARDEN-LOYD" of the company "Vickers-Armstrong", served by the prototype for the Komsomolets Stalingrad
Constructors under the leadership of VGStankevich, together with the NATO Specialist Group under the leadership of V.Ya. Slonim (according to some sources, the general leadership was carried out by PS Kagan - Technical Director of Nati, before that, the SZZ and who worked by its chief engineer) developed even NOT 2, and 3 tracked tractors: agricultural STZ-3, transport STZ-5 and CTZ-6 tractor. Machines had high-degree unified engines, gearboxes, rear axles, final gears, running systems, frames.
The main participants in the development are constructors of CEO of the CEO I.I. Drong (subsequently the main designer of the MTZ), V.A. Kargopolov (subsequently the main designer of the STZ), G.F. Matukov, G.V. Sokolov and employees of Nati A.V.Vasiliev , V.E. Maalakhovsky, I.I.Trepshenkov, V.N.Tyulaev, D.A. Hudakov.
Experienced samples were manufactured and tested. On July 16, 1935, a demonstration of the country's management of the Country and developed HTZ on a competitive basis of Tractors B-30/40 (its own design) and GT-35/50 (the exact copy of the Tractor of the American Firm took place at the experienced field of the NATO in the Lichobors near Moscow. "McCormick"). According to the results of the tests and comparative notes, the preference was given to the Tractors of the CTZ, largely due to the use of elastic, and not semi-rigged suspension. SBZ, HTZ and NATO specialists were instructed to form a combined design bureau, bring its forces to bring the design and prepare the Tractor of STZ-3 to mass production.
Samples of STZ-3, manufactured according to the final documentation, in 1935-1936. Comprehensive tests were successfully passed, which were also led by the specialists from Natobi M.A. Skobi and V.N.Tyulaev. Parallel was the preparation of production. When finalizing the tractor in particular provided the cabin; Due to the lack of production in the USSR, fuel equipment instead of a diesel engine had to apply a carburetor engine.
To emphasize the contribution of employees of the NATO to creating this car, she was assigned a brand of SB-NATI (or STZ-NATI 1TA). On May 15, 1937, the last tractor STZ-1 was removed from the main conveyor, the head. №207036, and on July 11 of the same year, the first serial sz-nati came up. In the same year, the production of the tractor under the brand of SKHTZ-NATI (or HTZ-NATI) was mastered in Kharkov. During the Great Patriotic War (Great Patriotic War), the manufacture of this tractor in the active participation of the evacuated HTH and CTZ workers under the ASCTZ-NATI (or ATZ-Nati) was organized in the Altai Tractor Plant.
Lady cut of the Tractor of the SB-NATI
Engine 1 mA Tractor SZ-NATI
The distinguishing features of the Tractor of the SBZ-NATI were:
- who has become a classic layout with the front of the engine, rear - transmissions and tractor drivers over it; The fuel tank was located between the engine and the cab;
- carrying system in the form of an open riveted frame, on which all the main nodes of the tractor were mounted, the frame consisted of 2-chamber spars and 4 cross-links: a cast bar in front with the supports of the crankshaft axes of the guide wheels, 2 wrought transverse bars in the middle parts with axles for carriages suspension and steel pipe from behind, which is the axis of the slave gears of finite gears;
- inline 4-cylinder carburetor, operating on kerosene (referred to the possibility of work and on ligroine) Verkhnecklapal 4-cylinder engine 1MA of liquid cooling with a full-headed crankshaft; Fuel included in the LKZ-50B carburetor with gravity; To improve the mixing formation, the engine had an adjustable system of heating the working mixture by exhaust gases; The air cleaner is an inertial and oil (type "Pomona"); To prevent detonation at maximum operating modes, when the developed power exceeded 40-42 l.S.., Water was also fed to the engine cylinders; The lubricant system is combined with oil cooled in the heat exchanger air supplied to the engine; The cooling system is forced, the 4-blade radiator fan was driven by a roller of a centrifugal engine regulator with a wedge belt; spark ignition - from the Magneto high voltage of the SS4; engine start - on gasoline safe launcher;
- friction one-piece permanent clutch, installed on the engine flywheel, connected to a semi-rig transmission of a cardan transfer with gear (slotted) connections; To quickly stop the slave shaft after turning off the clutch is supplied with a brakes;
- Mechanical two-walled gearbox with sliding gears, providing 4 transfers of the front turn and 1 rear; Grease gears and bearing boxes, like the main transmission and end gear - splashing; The case of the box was attached to the front wall of the housing of the rear axle;
- rear axle with conical main transmission, onboard multi-disc friction couplings of dry friction of the mechanism of rotation and tape stopping brakes; On the side surfaces of the housing of the rear axle, single-stage finite transmissions were mounted; Friction and brakes were signed; Block of the gearbox and rear axle was mounted on a frame at 3 points: 1 in front and 2 rear;
- elastic balancing suspension with 4 support rollers on board; rollers are closed for 2 in the carriages installed on the Rama Rama Ramps; Cylindrical screw springs are used as elastic suspension elements;
- front-location guide wheels with spring depreciation and screw tension devices each;
- caterpillars with light-cast 5-surround links and open hinge with floating fingers; engagement with leading wheels - pulling; The upper branch of each caterpillar was maintained by 2 rollers;
- Hard-type trailed device (according to a modern classification - a TSU-1-type traction-hitch), consisting of a trailer bracket and a surplus earrings with a pile finger, with an adjustable position of the earrings in width and height;
- Rear dependent power selection shaft (as then it was called "Power-Takeoff") with a rotational frequency of 526 rpmwhich, if necessary, could retrieve the plated drive pulley (735 rpm), reversed by rearranging the lead gear.
- electrical equipment with nominal voltage 6 INcomprising a 65 GBT-4541 generator (on other information 60) T., 2 front, 1 rear headlights, plug for connecting external consumers on the right wing per cabin and switches block on the instrument panel;
- for the first time in the world installed on S.-H. Tractor semi-closed cabin with a 2-seater soft seat. The tractors' cabins of different plants were distinguished: the Tractor of the CTZ had a all-metal cabin with inclined front and low side walls, HTZ and atz tractors - with vertical front and high side walls.
| The main technical characteristics of the Tractor of the STZ-NATI:
- Mass: - Operational - 5100 kg; - structural (dry) - 4800 kg; - Overall dimensions: - Length - 3698 mM.; - Width - 1861 mM.; - Height - 2211 mM.; - longitudinal base - 1622 mM.; - Krug - 1435 mM.; - Width of the caterpillars - 390 mM.; - step of caterpillars - 170 mM.; - Middle pressure on the soil - 0.33 kgf / cm2; - Road clearance - 339 mM.; - engine: - cylinder diameter - 125 mM.; - Piston stroke - 152 mM.: - Working volume - 7.46 l.; - degree of compression - 4; - Power - 52 l.S.. at 1250. rpm; - Specific fuel consumption - 305 g / hp.; - the number of forwards forward / back - 4/1; - movement speeds (theoretical), kM / C., on transmissions: - Forward i - 3.82; II - 4.53; III - 5.28; IV - 8.04; - back - 3.12; - Range of traction effort (in Stern) - 1000-2600 kgf. |
Kharkiv SKTZ-NATI (like Altai ACTZ-NATI) differed from Stalingrad Stz-Nati in the main design of the cab
When designing a Tractor, the SB-NATI, its creators adhered to the principle "not to reinvent, but to design" and were laid in the Tractor for the period, proven technical solutions. The machine turned out both original, and successful, significantly superior to STZ-1 for operational and technological indicators. With a more powerful 73% engine, he developed twice as large hook power, the strength of thrust and fuel consumption per unit of work performed (Fleetter) was 10-15% (and for some information even 25%) more economical. Specific material consumption of caterpillar stz-nty - 90.4 kg / hp - was only 2.8% higher than that of the wheel STZ-1.
Traction Characteristic on the field prepared for sowing, Tractor SBZ-NATI (solid lines) in comparison with STZ-1 (dotted lines)
The High Technical Level of the Tractor of Stz-Nati says the fact that at the international exhibition in Paris in 1938 he was deservedly awarded the "Grand Prix". And the head of the Tractor from Nati V.Ya. Slonimsky in 1941 was awarded the Stalin Prize. Unfortunately, another head of the tractor creation is the chief designer of Stz V.G.Stankevich - in 1938 was repressed.
Following the STZ-NATI Stalingrad tractor builders at the end of 1937, the production of the STZ-5 transport tractor was mastered, and then the marsh modification of STZ-8.
The transport tractor of the STZ-5 (or STZ-NATI 2TV) had a closed 2-seater cabin of the front location, behind which the body was installed for transportation of up to 8 people and cargo, 5-speed gearbox (the range of forward speeds - 2.35 - 20, nine kM / C.), more suitable for high-speed machine small-grained caterpillars (in step 86 mM.), rubberized support rollers and supporting rollers, completed the winch located behind. Curb weight - 5840 kg. The tractor could board a trailer weighing up to 4500 kg. The stock turn on the highway was 145 kM.
The STZ-5 was issued about 10 thousand, it became the main light tractor in the Red Army during the Second World War. On the basis of STZ-5, various military cars were collected, incl. Reactive systems BM-13 "Katyusha", tankers.
The Marsh Tractor of the STZ-8 had directional wheels and agricultural (asymmetric) caterpillars on the soil. An increase in the base and the width of the caterpillars made it possible to significantly reduce pressure on the soil and increase the permeability.
The STZ-6 tractor-6 tractor remained in the prototypes had the same layout as the base system, and the running system and the gearbox, like the transport STZ-5.
Kharkiv on the basis of SHTZ-NATI developed and produced in the amount of about 16 thousand GTZ-2G gas generator tractor, which operated on solid wood fuel. Together with the All-Union Institute of Electrification of Agriculture (WESX), the Electrotractor HTZ-12 was created with a capacity of 38 kw With a power cable from a high voltage network, released by an experienced party in 39 cars. In September-October 1941 in Kharkov on the basis of S.-H. The tractor was released even a light tank HTZ-16; The information is found that several such tanks were collected and for the sz.
At the Altai Tractor Plant during the Second World War on the basis of ASCTZ-NATI, the military tractor of the ATZ-3T was developed.
Drawing in 1942 in Rubtsovsk on the basis of the tractor ASHTZ-NATI Tractor Atz-3T
During production, especially in the post-war years, the continuous improvement of the Tractor of the SBZ-NATI went. In particular, they were introduced:
- an anti-knock cell of the engine combustion, which allowed to refuse to feed into the water cylinders;
- more reliable final transmissions with steel centering glasses and end seals of the bearing nodes of the undercarriage system;
- carriages pendants with a changed, simpler and technological, springs springs in the balancing cups;
- two-stage oil purification and oil radiator in the engine lubrication system;
- the ability to install in the transmission of additional parts that provide another, slower, transmission;
- Connecting adhesion with gearbox Cardan shaft with elastic rubber bushings (silent blocks) instead of semi-rigid;
- Fuel tank of increased from 170 to 230 l. volume (due to the failure of the water tank) and others.
Many of the advanced and successful technical solutions applied to the CPZ-NATI were used in the design of the DT-54 tractor and various subsequent VGTZ models, HTZ, in Chinese YTO.
06/17/1944 The first STZ-NATI came up from the main conveyor born after the fierce fighting
Assembling Tractors of Stz-Nati on the main conveyor of the Stalingrad Tractor, 1947
Column of Tractors of Stz-Nati on the square of the fallen fighters in Stalingrad on November 7, 1947
The FAT made this car in 1937-1942 and 1944-1949, HTZ - in 1937-1941 and 1944-1949. ATZ - in 1942-1952. Before the appearance and distribution of DT-54, it was the main arable tractor in the USSR; It was used in the unit with various tools and machines on a wide range of work, was often applied on transport work, especially in the spring, autumn disabilitol and winter, was in demand in other sectors of the national economy and beloved by mechanisters. During the years, agricultural sz-Nati was widely used in the army along with transportation STZ-5.
In total, 191,000 (according to other data 210744) of the tractors of the ACTZ-NATI family tractors were issued.
The appearance of the Tractor of the STZ-NATI marked the beginning of a new era in the Soviet tractor construction - the epoch of the independent creation of domestic original designs of tracked and wheeled vehicles, the era of high-quality technical re-equipment of agriculture.
Tractor of the STZ-NATI (second right) in the exposition of the produced tractors on the intra-water supply area of \u200b\u200bthe VGTZ at the monument to tractor builders of all generations
The transport tractor of the STZ-5 is a tracked tractor produced in the USSR, on the Stalingrad Tractor Plant in 1937-1942 on the basis of the SHTA-NATI tractor.
In parallel with the agricultural option, SKTZ-NATI, the designers were developed by transport.
He received the designation of the SB-NATI-2TV, but later it was more famous under the name of the STZ-5. Much for its development made engineers of the SA I.I. DRONG and V.A. Kargopolov and specialists from Nati A.V. Vasilyev and I.I. Threrenenkov.
STZ-5 was extremely unified with SKTZ-NATI, and both models were released on one conveyor.
This tractor had a traditional layout for transport tractors.
Double (for the driver and gun commander) The closed treeshell cabin was ahead, over the engine.
Behind it and fuel tanks there was a cargo wooden platform with folding sides and removable tarpaulin riding. On the platform there were four folding seats for gun calculation and a place for ammunition and artillery equipment.
The frame consisted of two longitudinal channels associated with four different crossings. The engine 1ma, four-cylinder, carburetor, with ignition from magneto, is virtually multi-fuel - it was especially important for army tractors. It turned out on gasoline by an electric starter or a starting handle, and after warming up to 90 ° C translated into kerosene or ligroin.
To prevent detonation and increasing power, especially when working in summer with elevated loads, water in cylinders, water was injected into cylinders through a special carburetor system, and from 1941 he introduced an anti-knock combustion chamber.
In the gearbox, the gear ratios were changed to increase the power range and speed speeds, another (down) transmission was introduced.
When moving on it at a rate of 1.9 km / h, STZ-5 developed a 4850 kgf craving, that is, at the limit of the clutch of the caterpillars with the soil.
The chassis was more adapted to the movement with high speeds: the path of the caterpillars was doubled, the support and supporting rollers were rubberized.
To pull up trailers, the samovital vania of the tractor and towing other machines on the rear axle crankcase under the platform, a vertical cable with a cable of 40 meters long was installed.
The cabin had opened front and side windows, as well as adjustable blinds in the front and rear parts.
Since 1938, transport specimens have become sent to artillery parts of tank and mechanized divisions. The tractor has a good cross-country crossing.
So, he was able to overcome the piva to one meter depth and forcing brodes with a depth of 0.8 m. With an artillery gun on a trailer moved along the highway at a speed of up to 14 km / h. Up to 10 km / h developed by dirt roads.
The maximum tractor tractor force, 4850 kgf, was sufficient to tow all artillery guns that were armed with the Red Army rifle divisions during the Second World War.
When more powerful arthages lacked, STZ-5 towed and more severe than they were supposed to, guns and trailers. But even working with overload, tractors usually kept.
STZ-5 was the most massive means of mechanical traction in the Red Army.
He was continued to release until August 1942, when German troops broke through to the territory of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. In total, 9944 such tractors were released.
In 1941, on the chassis STZ-5, the reactive installations of the salvo fire M-13-16 - "Katyusha", which first applied in battles near Moscow. On May 9, 2015, in the city of Novomoskovsk Tula Region Katyusha, the 12th separate Guards mortar division of the jet artillery was held by its progress at the parade dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War.
With the defense of Odessa, where there were many Tractors STZ-5, they were used as a chassis for homemade tanks with no thin armor and machine-gun weapons, usually removed from outdated or baked armored vehicles.
In the first war years, many tractors have captured and called Gepanzer Serillerie Schlepper 601 (R) fought in the enemy army.
The Kharkov Tractor Plant moved to the production of a new tractor in 1937. During the Great Patriotic War, HTZ was evacuated to the city of Rubtsovsk Altai Territory. Here they began to build a new plant - Altai Tractor. In August 1942, the first Tractors of SKTZ-NATI came out of his workshops. They began to denote ATZ-Nati or ACTZ-NATI and released here until 1952. Stalingrad and Kharkov factories in 1949 were transferred to the production of the DT-54 tractor, which was distinguished by a diesel engine, a closed cabin and the location of the fuel tank.
P. 5 of 14.
As of January 1, 1941, 2839 tractors of the Red Army operated in the artillery of the Red Army (13.2% of the park), although there were 5478 cars in the states. Even in the Rifle Division on the states approved in April 1941, 5 cars were to be counted. At the beginning of the war, due to the shortage in the army of more powerful tractors, these tractors were closed with all the formed bars in the mehtyag system and transport provision of artillery, as well as tank units, which forced with the help of STZ-5 towing tools and trailers are much more severe than it was allowed to be allowed TTX. The same shortage of other, more suitable vehicles of high passability forced the BM-13 reactive mortars for the first time in the fall of 1941 under Moscow, and then wide - and on other fronts. With the defense of Odessa, where there were many Tractors of the STZ-5, they were used as a chassis for the construction of surrogate tanks "nor" with thin armor and machine-gun weapons, usually taken from outdated or baked armored vehicles. On the basis of STZ-5, even light tanks with a 45-mm can be done.
Despite the large losses in the fall of 1941, other plants were forced to stop the production of tractors, so all the severity of the Red Army's supply by transport tracked machines lay on the Stalingrad Tractor, which from June 22, until the end of the year produced 3146 STZ-5; For 1942 - 3359.
Even the approach of the enemy to Stalingrad did not stop such the necessary army production, despite the fact that due to the broken war of cooperation with other factories of the CTZ was forced to make all components of himself. From August 23, the day of the German breakthrough to the plant, on September 13, 1942, when production was stopped, from the conveyor managed to remove 31 tractors STZ-5.
Guards mortars based on the STZ-5 are fire on enemy positions. Stalingrad district, 1943
Tactical and technical characteristics of the transport tractor STZ-5 (STZ-NATI 2TV)
Vehicle
with the crew without cargo, kg 5840
Load capacity platform, kg 1500
Mass of the towed trailer, kg 4500
with overload 7250.
Places in the cab 2
Seats in the body for seating 8 - 10
Dimensions, mm:
width 1855.
cabin height (no load) 2360
Base of support rollers, mm 1795
Pitch (in the middle of the caterpillars), mm 1435
Width caterpillars, mm 310
Step Tracks Cateries, mm 86
Road clearance, mm 288
Average specific pressure on the ground with a load on the platform, kgf / cm² 0.64
Maximum engine power, at 1250 rpm, hp 52 - 56 Maximum speed on the highway, km / h 21.5 (up to 22)
Energy reserve on the highway with a trailer, km to 145 (9 h)
Limit overcomed by lifting on solid soil without trailer, hail 40
Maximum overcome lifting on a dry dirt road with a cargo and a total mass of the trailer 7000 kg, hail 17
Hourly fuel consumption when driving on the highway, kg:
without trailer 10.
with a trailer 12.
Minimum fuel consumption per 1 km of way (on the 5th gear) on the highway, kg 0.8
In total, the plant manufactured 9944 such cars, of which 6505 - after the start of the war. However, in the army as of September 1, 1942, these machines were numbered only 4678 - large summer losses affected. STZ-5 honestly survived in the army until the end of hostilities, and before the 1950s they were used in various sectors of the national economy, where the performance of veterans was maintained at the expense of spare parts, to the "elder brother" who produced and widespread in the national economy - Tractor SZ-Z (ASHTZ-NATI). This suggests that the difficult task of creating an inexpensive and mass transport tractor unified with arable was successfully completed.
Transport tractor "Stalinet-2"
After exploring the summer of 1933, the heavy caterpillar C-60 at the New Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (CHTZ) named after Stalin also an attempt was made to create a high-speed transport tractor on its base.
However, in contrast to the Stalingrad sz-z, the squabbed and cumbersome C-60 with semi-rigid suspension almost did not fit for this purpose. None of his unit could be used in a high-speed modification without radical alterations or a complete replacement. Nevertheless, at the beginning of 1935, the NATO team led by the head of the Tractor Department V.Ya. Slonim and the leading designer A.A. Kraisler took up this complex and ungrateful work - there was too much the desire to give the country another transport car. On the prototype of the Transport tractor "Stalinet-1" (C-1 or "high-speed") in the design of the machine, compared with the base, made fundamental changes: the engine power was raised by increasing the speed of rotation, the degree of compression and the transfer of it to gasoline (instead of Ligroin) ; added the fourth stage into the gearbox and expanded its power range; created a multi-line propulsion with a double elastic suspension; Applied a light small-grained caterpillar; Used air-frying friction racks. The layout was changed according to the experience of the STZ-5 - the engine was shone forward and concluded inside the cabin, behind, the body was installed on the released place, beneath him, from the "Comintern" tractor. C-1 built in the fall of 1935 in Nati, and on December 10, after passing the test, it was shown along with new tractors in the Kremlin I.V. Stalin and other state leaders. Next year, on the results of the tests, the suspension was reinforced, the engine power was brought to 120 hp (and even up to 130 hp) at 1200 rpm, that is, it has increased almost twice as compared with C-60, while the speed of the car has increased. In the winter of 1937, the C-1 was testing (drivers - A.V. Sapozhnikov from Nati and V.I.Duranovsky - from CHTV) already as an artillery tractor at the Luzhsky landfill, where she showed quite good results: average speed on the highway without trailer - 22 km / h, with an artsystem weighing 7.2 tons - to 17 km / h, with a mass of 12 tons - up to 11 km / h, lifting 24 ° - without a trailer and 12.5 ° -C trailer. However, at this time, the CHTZ was already intensively prepared for the transition to the new base tractor C-65 with the NATI M-17 Diesel (75 hp), therefore gasoline C-1 was unpromising.
C-2 serial tractor during polygon tests
The new transport tractor with diesel, also forced to the desired, higher power, had to be created almost from scratch, at the same time significantly modifying the suspension and the running part.
From the end of 1936, the transport modification of the engine M-17 from the end of 1936 was engaged in the lead designer-dieselist Nati A.V. Lebedev, as well as engineers V.N. Popov and A.S. Balayev. The operating volume of the motor increased by 14.3% by bringing the diameter of the cylinders to 155 mm - the limit due to the modified design of the block and the piston group; Rotation frequency increased by 35%; expanded the gas distribution phases; Apply a new forcamation. In the spring of 1937, Diesel MT-17 was built in Nati. At the same time, a new tractor "Stalinet-2" was also combined. Once again, the suspension and chassis were reworked, changes to the transmission were made. At the end of the year, the first C-2 was on the tests that showed that it requires a serious design refinement. However, the acute need for artillery tractors for the army on the eve of the war forced to convey the "raw" car into production. In the autumn of 1938, the TTZ began to make an experienced game of C-2 according to the drawings of the NATO, who passed the preliminary technological elaboration. Intense position at the factory with the release of conventional tractors, the development of gas generator machines and many extraneous orders have dragged the release of pre-seventive C-2 to the next summer. To check their performance and operational qualities, there was a mileage of two tractors from Chelyabinsk to Moscow, where they safely arrived on August 14, overcoming almost 2,000 km for 12 running days (passed to 167 km per day). Naturally, the mileage revealed so and disassembled flaws: insufficient power, speed and lifting capacity with an overestimated self-mass, and in addition, rapid wear of a number of parts. The refinement of the tractor before surrendering it to serial production (the plan for 1939 - 200 cars) was engaged in the representative of Nati A.A. Kraisler and the lead designer Chtz V.I.Duranovsky.
The monument is established in the city of Novomoskovsk, Tula region on Komsomolskaya Street at home 28.
Nearby is free parking.
Access is free, you can touch, climb. There is no security.
The state of the monument is excellent.
Date of shooting - May 02, 2016.
01.
All photos are clichel to 3648x2736.
A unique copy of the Guards Reactive Mortar BM-13 "Katyusha" on the basis of the Caterpillary Tractor of the STZ-5-NATI.
Released in June 1941 at the Moscow Plant "Compressor"
This combat vehicle died, having fallen under the ice of the Shatsky reservoir, December 14, 1941.
After 47 years, in November 1988, the expedition of enthusiasts, under the auspices of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper, discovered Katyusha and was able to pull her ashore.
On May 9 of next year, the restored car was held through the streets of Novomoskovsk in the ranks of the festive parade.
And then ranked his place at the pedestal of the Novomoskovsky Historical and Art Museum.
The documentary film was filmed about these events - the expedition of the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" on the rise from the bottom of the Shatsky reservoir (Novomoskovsk, Tula region) of the combat reactive installation of the BM-13 "Katyusha". November 1988.
02. Memorative plate on the pedestal. 
In 2015, the caterpillar "Katyusha" passed the restoration and again turned the parade:
03. The car was part of the 12th separate Guards mortar division of reactive artillery. 
04. The Division was formed in Alabino.
In the existing army from November 9, 1941.
In service of the division was the BM-13-16 machines on the chassis of the STZ-5-NATI tractor.
During the Tula offensive operation, the division provided fire support to the Soviet troops under the liberation of Stalinogorsk (now Novomoskovsk Tula region).
Two volley from the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Urusovo, the accumulation of German troops at the Macket station, December 12-13, Division began redeploying to the South Coast of Shatting in Stalinogorsk district.
However, hitting the intensive shelling, the column returned to the Prudues and forced the Shat on Ice.
The car, tractor and several combat vehicles passed, but one of Katyusha sank. 
05. Katyusha Weapon is relatively simple, consisting of rail guides and their guidance devices.
For the tip, swivel and lifting mechanisms and an artillery sight were provided.
In the back of the car there were two jacks that ensure greater stability when shooting.
The car contains 16 guides for rockets. 
06. The housing of the reactive projectile (rocket) was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - a combat unit compartment, a motor compartment (combustion chamber with fuel) and a reactive nozzle.
The M-13 reactive shell for the ground-based installation of BM-13 had a length of 1.41 meters, a diameter of 132 millimeters and weighed 42.3 kg.
Inside the cylinder with the plumage was solid nitrocellulose.
Mass of the combat part of the projectile M-13 22 kg.
The mass of explosive of the projectile M-13 4.9 kg - "like six anti-tank grenades."
Shooting range - up to 8.4 km. 
07. The platform for this copy of the Guards mortar served as a Tractor of the STZ-5-NATI - a caterpillar tractor produced in the USSR, on the Stalingrad Tractor Plant in 1937-1942 on the basis of the SHTA-NATI tractor.
Other names of the tractor - Stz-Nati 2TV, STZ-5 "Staline".
A total of 9944 Tractors of the STZ-5-NATI, including before the start of the war - 3438 units. 
08. The serial release of the transport tractors of the STZ-5 brand was mastered in 1937 on the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (CTZ).
The tractor was developed by the Design Bureau, formed from the Employees of the SC and the NATO Institute. General management carried out V.Ya. Slonim. 
09. The tractor is made according to the usual artillery tractor with the front of the engine and the mechanic-driver cabin.
In this case, the engine is located inside the cab between the seats of the commander of the calculation of artillery guns and the mechanic-driver.
The cabin is located behind the cabin and the cargo platform with folding sides, benches for placing the calculation of the gun and with a removable tarpaulin awning.
When the tractor is rewritten to "Katyush" the cargo platform was dismantled, and the launcher was installed on its place, the means of targeting and supporting jacks.
A four-cylinder carburetor engine 1ma was installed on the tractor.
It was multi-fuel, as it was launched on a gasoline by an electrostarter or a starting handle, and after heating it was translated into kerosene or ligroin.
When moving on dirt roads, the average speed was up to 10 km / h. 
10. BM-13 is an area of \u200b\u200blow-accurate space with a large variation of shells in terrain.
As a result, accurate blows, it was meaningless to apply.
Therefore, Katyusha was used by divisions from several machines that shot one goal at the same time.
The explosive insolent substance (explosive) in the projectile was carried out on both sides (the length of the detonator was only slightly less than the cavity length) and when two waves of detonation met, the gas pressure of the explosion in the meeting place sharply increased, as a result of this body fragments had a much greater acceleration, Preheated to 600 - 800 ° C and had a good ignition action.
In addition to the hull, a part of the rocket chamber, which spawned from the porch, was also breaking, this increased a fragmentary effect of 1.5 - 2 times compared with the artillery shells of a similar caliber.
That is why there was a legend of the "term charge" in the ammunition "Katyush".
The "thermal" charge was tested in Leningrad in the spring of 1942, but it turned out to be superfluous - after the volley "Katyusch" and so everything was burning.
The joint use of dozens of missiles at the same time also created the interference of explosive waves, which further increased the ammunition effect. 
11. Mechanical drive of the starting installation vertical. 
12. Standard artillery aiming devices with remote drum, liquid levels and fastening for panorama. 
13. The brightest detail of the monument is a fire extinguisher at its regular place. 
14. Support jacks. Sucked and climbed manually. 
15. The maximum traction force of the machine is 4850 kgf.
It was enough to tow all artillery tools that were armed with the Rifle Division of the Red Army during the Second World War.
The Tractor of the STZ-5 was the most massive means of mechanical thrust in the artillery of the Red Army. 
16. In the chassis from each board, four rubberized reference rinks and two supporting rinks are installed. 
17. The tracked chain of a small-grained.
In the front "bumper" you can see a hole for the "Curve of the Starter".
And under the frame, very elegant front towing hooks are welded. 
18. The tractor possessed a good cross-country crossing.
So, he was able to overcome the piva to 1 m depth and forcing brods with a depth of 0.8 m.
With an artillery gun on a trailer, he could move along the highway at a speed of up to 14 km / h.
As the majority of artillery guns are modernized and the creation of new samples already equipped with springs, and in some cases - and pneumatic tires, the question arose about an accelerated transition from equestrian traction to mechanical. It is not by chance that in the decision of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CSP (b) of July 15, 1929 "On the state of the country's defense" said not only about the modernization of artillery, but also on transferring it to mechanical traction. The focused work on the creation of new types of domestic artillery tractors was possible after the decisions of the Okrug and Defense of the USSR SCA "on the artillery armament system on the second five-year plan." On March 22, 1934. In the course of this decision and all cars were built, which will be discussed below.
Annex to the magazine "Model-Designer"
When in July 1932, in the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, which had just left for the design capacity, began under the leadership of V.G.Stankevich, the development of a arable caterpillar tractor of average power (about 50 hp), immediately arose the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking it universal, according to the test We have the English tractor "Vickers-Carden-Lloyd" - at the same time agricultural, transport and tractor, capable of towing off-road trailers. The last appointment took into account the interests of the army primarily.
In May 1933, the universal tracked tractor "Komsomolets" (not to be confused with the T-20 tractor) with an experienced diesel engine was built, but it turned out to be not quite successful, and not so much in its design (increased mass, uncomfortable layout, engine umbilical, small reliability of aggregates ), how much is the overall plan. It turned out that it is impossible to combine in one machine with the contradictory requirements for fundamentally different operating conditions. From the idea of \u200b\u200ba universal car, it was necessary to refuse, but to design two tractors - agricultural and transport, the most unified in their main units capable of producing in parallel on one conveyor, was then real.
With this initiative and spoke in the summer of 1933 designers of Nati. They proposed reverse challenge unification, when the agricultural version of the tractor received the transmission elements and the running part, more characteristic for the speed tracked machine: a four-stage gearbox with the ability to increase the number of steps, ductile blocked spring-balancing carriages pendants, lightweight and openwork cast tracts of caterpillars, end selection Power, closed cabin [* After a few decades, when higher operating rates of agricultural tractors were required, these successfully selected structural elements were very relevant for them.]. These progressive solutions laid out in the design tractor design, with its limited coupling capabilities and engine power, did not provide all the requirements for the full-fledged average artillery tractor for the army, but allowed to a certain extent to help solve transport tasks.
Experienced TRACT tractor in TI in the option of petrol worker
Tractors STZ-5 with 76-mm cannons of F-22USV on the parade. Moscow, / May 1940
The development of two types of tractors under the general guidance of V.Ya. Slonimsky (NATI) was carried out in parallel within two years at the Joint KB (30 people), which included factory engineers and the institute employees seconded to them. A great contribution to the creation of a transport tractor of the STZ-NATI 2TV (the factory name of STZ-5 was often used) made constructors of I.I. Drong, V.A. Kargopolov, P. Matukov and G.V. Sokolov - from the CTZ; A.V.Vasiliev, V.E. Maalakhovsky, D.A. Hudakov and V.N.Tyulyaev, from Nati.
In early 1935, a third series of experimental samples of STZ-5 was built. These machines, shown on July 16, together with the agricultural tractor of the SZ-Z to the highest leadership of the country, headed by I.V. Stalin, received full approval, and in the body of the STZ-5, the Politburo members even traveled through the Experienced Field of Nati. On December 10, 1935, the two STZ-5, participating in winter runs Stalingrad - Moscow, successfully demonstrated in the Kremlin, discovered during the tests of the shortcomings of the transport tractor by 1936. But on the preparation of it for production, after the sz-z, in the Stalingrad Tractor Plant left for two years.
Layout of the STZ-5 tractor (photocopy from the service manual):
I - Engine: 2 - radiator; 3 - tensioning wheel; 4 - trolley; 5 - frame; b - cardan shaft; 7 - gearbox; 8 - onboard transmission; 9 - leading wheel; 10 - Coupling; 11 - Cabstatan (winch); 12 - cargo platform; 13 - water tank power system; 14 - starting tank (gasoline); 15 - cabin; 16 - the cap of the main gibler; 17 - idling screw; 18 - water needle; 19 - Heating valve cover; 20 - Oil radiator; 21 - Oil filters; 22 - Kerosene condensate trigger; 23 - lever control gearbox; 24 - Control Arm
Tractor STZ-5 tows no firing position 122-mm Maubitsa of the 1938 sample. Battle for Moscow, 1941
The car had already had a layout traditional for transport tractors with anterior arrangement of a double (driver and commander of the gun) of a closed metal cabin installed above the engine. Behind the cab and fuel tanks there was a two-meter cargo wooden platform with folding sides and removable tarpaulin with celluloid windows. Here on the four folding seats, an instrument calculation was placed on the floor, and on the floor - ammunition and artillery gear. The light and rational frame of the tractor consisted of two longitudinal channels associated with four different crossings. The 1MO engine is typically tractor, four-cylinder, carburetor (from diesel. He began to work and could work on gasoline (tank - 14 l), moving later (after warming up to 90 °) to kerosene or ligroin (tank - 148 l), that is, it was actually multi-fuel. To prevent detonation and to increase power, especially when working on kerosene with a large load in the hot season, water was injected into the cylinders through a special carburetor system, while in 1941 there was no anti-knock alternating chamber of combustion. The engine had full lubrication systems, cooling, power, electrical equipment. Running - electric starter (it was not on the STZ-Z) or safe (with reverse impact) by a starting handle; Management - a "car" foot pedal. In the gearbox, the transfer of the rear axle, the gear ratios were changed in order to increase the power range (up to 9.81 against 2.1 in CU-Z) and movement speeds, another (down) transmission was introduced. When moving on it at a rate of 1.9 km / h, STZ-5 developed a 4850 kgf craving, that is, at the limit of the clutch of the caterpillars with the soil.
The column of Tractors STZ-5 with infantry moves to the front. Podorury Moscow, 1941
STZ-5 Late Releases at the Sweatstation of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. Spring 1942
The rear axle with onboard frictions and brakes (supplemented with a shared foot drive) together with the final gears were fully borrowed from the STZ-Z, which turned out to be very important in their combined mass production. The chassis was more adapted to the movement with high speeds: rubberized reference and supporting rollers and a fine-grained caterpillar with a doubled step were introduced. The leading asterisk remained the same, and therefore it was quickly worn out. At the rear axle crankcase, the platform was installed vertical cable with a cable of 40 m long for pulling the trailers (with separate overcoming heavy sections), the tractor's sample and towing other machines. The traction force of the Corestan was 4000 kgf, although the engine power allowed to develop up to 12,000 kgf, but it was unsafe for the strength of the tractor. Such a fairly simple and efficient device completely replaced the winch, which was already considered mandatory for each artillery tractor, except for the lung. The cabin had opening front and side windows, as well as adjustable blinds in the front and rear - to organize its flow ventilation; Otherwise, the temperature here from heating with a massive engine reached 50 °.
In 1939, a diesel engine D-8T (transport) with a capacity of 58.5 hp was built specifically for STZ-5. In the Kharkov Tractor Plant At 1350 rpm, a working volume of 6.876 liters, with a starter start (then with the STZ launcher). But due to its inherent flaws and technological difficulties in production, he did not go.
In 1937, the first 173 transport STZ-5 were issued, in 1938-M -136, in 1939 - it was 1256 and in 1940-1274. In the artillery parts, they touched the artsystem weighing up to 3400 kg, including 76-mm regimental and divisional guns, 122-mm and 152-mm worshi, as well as 76 mm (later and 85-mm) anti-aircraft guns.
Soon in the RKKA STZ-5 became the most common and affordable artillery tractor, which was successfully worked in all climatic zones. In the summer of 1939, the car was held army tests in the city of Bear of the Novgorod region. The parameters of its geometric patency were determined: ditch - up to 1 m, the wall is up to 0.6 m, the fork - up to 0.8 m. It was also confirmed by the tests of STZ-5, carried out in 1939 - 1940 on the NIBTPOLIGON.
The average technical velocity of the tractor with a trailer along the highway in the battery reached 14 km / h; As part of the regiment - 11 km / h; In the soil - 10 km / h. When operating, its agricultural origin has greatly affected: from all domestic machines of this destination, he had the worst patency, a small specific power, a narrow rod (chosen for working with a four-circuit plow), small clearance, insufficient coupling capabilities with small ground-carriers with a height of only 35 mm, A significant specific pressure on the ground due to the small width of the tracks, a strong longitudinal star while driving at high speeds - even the question of adding a fifth reference roller to increase the base (shock absorbers then not yet applied). On winter icing clutch roads, the caterpillars with the soil was not enough for a stable movement.
The location of the controls in the cockpit:
1 - the position of control levers onboard frictions with the full braking of the tractor; 2 - levers of onboard frictions; 3 - gear lever; 4 - manual accelerator; 5 - air damper lever; 6 - pedal clutch coupling; 7 - pedal and latch of a foot brake; 8-ignition lever
STZ-5 with an 85-mm anti-aircraft gun 52K of the 1939 sample on the street of liberated Vitebsk. 1944
However, the endurance of the tractor did not doubt - he twice (in November - December 1935 and in March - April 1939) performed non-stop runs of Stalingrad - Moscow and back without breakdowns and unacceptable wear. Additional tests of the STZ-5, conducted in the NATO in the summer, in 1943, showed the low traction properties of the machine. When moving on the highest, the fifth gear, the maximum traction force on the hook did not exceed 240 - 270 kgf, which allowed the tractor to work confidently without a trailer or pull it only on good roads with lines to 1.5 - 2 °. At the same time, the reserve of traction efforts turned out to be extremely minor (2 - 6%) and the speed dropped during overload. Therefore, it was necessary to work mainly on the fourth (the load on the hook - 585 kgf) and on the third (load - up to 1230 kgf) transmissions. Movement in off-road conditions or when towing severe trailers was possible only on the second transmission (traction force - 2720 kgf). A very low clutch coefficient of the caterpillage with the soil is also noted (F \u003d 0.599).
As of January 1, 1941, 2839 tractors of the Red Army operated in the artillery of the Red Army (13.2% of the park), although there were 5478 cars in the states. Even in the Rifle Division on the states approved in April 1941, 5 cars were to be counted. At the beginning of the war, due to the shortage in the army of more powerful tractors, these tractors were closed with all the formed bars in the mehtyag system and transport provision of artillery, as well as tank units, which forced with the help of STZ-5 towing tools and trailers are much more severe than it was allowed to be allowed TTX. The same shortage of other, more suitable vehicles of high passability forced the BM-13 reactive mortars for the first time in the fall of 1941 under Moscow, and then wide - and on other fronts. With the defense of Odessa, where there were many Tractors of the STZ-5, they were used as a chassis for the construction of surrogate tanks "nor" with thin armor and machine-gun weapons, usually taken from outdated or baked armored vehicles. On the basis of STZ-5, even light tanks with a 45-mm can be done.
Despite the large losses in the fall of 1941, other plants were forced to stop the production of tractors, so all the severity of the Red Army's supply by transport tracked machines lay on the Stalingrad Tractor, which from June 22, until the end of the year produced 3146 STZ-5; For 1942 - 3359.
Even the approach of the enemy to Stalingrad did not stop such the necessary army production, despite the fact that due to the broken war of cooperation with other factories of the CTZ was forced to make all components of himself. From August 23, the day of the German breakthrough to the plant, on September 13, 1942, when production was stopped, from the conveyor managed to remove 31 tractors STZ-5.
Guards mortars based on the STZ-5 are fire on enemy positions. Stalingrad district, 1943
Tactical and technical characteristics of the transport tractor STZ-5 (STZ-NATI 2TV)
Vehicle
with the crew without cargo, kg 5840
Load capacity platform, kg 1500
Mass of the towed trailer, kg 4500
with overload 7250.
Places in the cab 2
Seats in the body for seating 8 - 10
Dimensions, mm:
width 1855.
cabin height (no load) 2360
Base of support rollers, mm 1795
Pitch (in the middle of the caterpillars), mm 1435
Width caterpillars, mm 310
Step Tracks Cateries, mm 86
Road clearance, mm 288
Secondary specific pressure on the ground with a load on the platform, kgf / cm? 0.64
Maximum engine power, at 1250 rpm, hp 52 - 56 Maximum speed on the highway, km / h 21.5 (up to 22)
Energy reserve on the highway with a trailer, km to 145 (9 h)
Limit overcomed by lifting on solid soil without trailer, hail 40
Maximum overcome lifting on a dry dirt road with a cargo and a total mass of the trailer 7000 kg, hail 17
Hourly fuel consumption when driving on the highway, kg:
without trailer 10.
with a trailer 12.
Minimum fuel consumption per 1 km of way (on the 5th gear) on the highway, kg 0.8
In total, the plant manufactured 9944 such cars, of which 6505 - after the start of the war. However, in the army as of September 1, 1942, these machines were numbered only 4678 - large summer losses affected. STZ-5 honestly survived in the army until the end of hostilities, and before the 1950s they were used in various sectors of the national economy, where the performance of veterans was maintained at the expense of spare parts, to the "elder brother" who produced and widespread in the national economy - Tractor SZ-Z (ASHTZ-NATI). This suggests that the difficult task of creating an inexpensive and mass transport tractor unified with arable was successfully completed.
