To the store at the bus station slowly drove up an unusual car, stopping with a characteristic soft embroidering of the "Volgov" brakes. As long as the owner bought something in the store, who was waiting for his minibuses, people looked at this unusual car with interest. Especially under the impression were children. Still, now not every day you can see "victory".

In the late 80s, during my childhood "Victory" still often met on the roads, not as often as the "twenty first", but once a week it could be found for sure. Then they were getting smaller and less, and now, to the question of children - and what this car, not all of their young parents can give a true answer. "Victory" was forgotten, remembering the older generation people, or we, the people in the topic enthusized with Oldtimers.

For its time, gas M-20 was a technical breakthrough and victory of the Soviet car industry at the same time. The production of the car began in 1946, the ready-made running patterns on the party leadership of the USSR were presented in 1945, in fact immediately after the victory of the Soviets in the Great Patriotic War, and the main development was conducted since 1943, although the process of creating a new Soviet "car for all "Leaving in pre-war times, at the end of the 30s. The main designer who worked on the car was Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart, the legendary Soviet autoconstructor, doctor of technical sciences. Alexander Kirillov was the leading designer of the project. Such designers have a bad car, it simply could not.

According to one of the surrounding car legends, it was originally planned to call "Motherland". But when Stalin examined the pre-seventive samples, and asked the name of the future car, hearing "Motherland", asked - and how much "homeland" plan? "Hasom" creators of the car, as they say, understood.

Wooden sample layout of 1944, please note that the rear doors are opened against the stroke.

Wooden sample layout of 1944, please note that the rear doors are opened against the stroke.

And the victory was that modern on world standards began to produce in the USSR only a year after the end of the catastrophic war, after which the country was completely ruined financially, and many cities, many productions barely began to rise from Ruins. It is now difficult to even imagine the entire scale of the work done by a lot of people who created this car. The task of the party was performed.

Carrying the body of a "pontoon" type, without protruding wings, then only came into car models, even in the West, the aerodynamic indicators of the Body of Victory even today remain at the height, and not all cars even the 80s can boast that The front suspension was independent, on the levers, the elastic element was a spring, the rear axle was suspended on the springs. In the cabin of the car there was a heater, a device, although necessary, but the predecessors of the "victory" were absent, and there were elements of the present at that time, the radio and clock was installed. This even for European standards was considered chic, affordable only in premium cars. For the first time on the Soviet car, regular turn signs appeared, although the rules of those years, as well as low traffic performed the lack of signposts of rotation in the machine design. They included a two-way toggle switch, and on the dashboard there were control bulbs of the rotation indicator.

Under the hood of the "alligator" type there was a four-cylinder low-flaped gasoline engine with a volume of 2.1 liter and a capacity of 52 hp, until 1952 - 50 hp The gearbox was a mechanical three-step with synchronizers in the second and third speeds, but the synchronizers were simple, single-mounted, and therefore, when switching to reduced transmission, the dual release with a penzavoda was not completely superfluous, the gearbox is a great bank. The fuel consumption was small for his age, 11-13 liters per 100 km, but acceleration up to 100 km / h occupied the whole eternity - 45 seconds, and it was acceleration almost to the maximum velocity of the car, which was 105 km / h.

Hydraulic single-circuit drum brakes were also innovation on the Soviet car, previous gas models were with a cable mechanical drive brakes. There was no vaccum brake amplifier on the car, and it was necessary to put on the pedal with a significant effort, but the steering wheel, despite the lack of a hydraulic agent, was surprisingly easily. The steering wheel is huge according to the current standards, but there was enough places in the cabin.

But the visibility was a weak point of the car. The tiny salon rear-view mirror, through the tiny rear window there is little about what the driver informed, the side mirrors did not have in the staff set, but the traffic then was small, now in a big city with tight traffic, of course, you will not train.

At one time, there was a myth of the tinted bodies of the "victories" of the first issues. It was a myth, neither tinned, nor galvanized bodies at Victory, but there were cases when the stamping defects at the factory were aligned with the help of solder, and when there were places treated by the solder when repairing the master's bodies of the master. But at the same time it is necessary to note the good corrosion stability of the "victories" bodies.

Many constructive solutions subsequently moved to the Volga GAZ-21.

During the production of "Victory" was upgraded several times. The first series was produced from 1946 to 48 and there was a lot of complaints that were fixed in the second series, produced from 1949 to 1954. The third series has undergone a kind of restyling - a new racing of the radiator appeared, three chromebed bars instead of five thin, called "Telnyashka", changed the model of the radio, it became more economical.

From the second series, the release of modifications for a taxi began, as well as from 1949 to 1953 a version with a folding soft riding, such cars were released only about 14 thousand pieces, most of them went to export, and now they are the rarest collectible specimens.

The car was exported to Western European countries, Austria, Belgium, as well as in Romania, Hungary, Finland, Bulgaria, and enjoyed in great demand, as an inexpensive, comfortable and reliable family car.

The majority of Soviet citizens could only dream of this car, even though she was in a free sale, after all, she cost astronomical at the time of money - 16 thousand rubles. The archaic "Moskvich" -401 was more affordable, to which the average Soviet family could choose the amount needed for the purchase for two. But even at such a high price, the demand for the car inside the USSR was stable and often even arose. But at the same time, in the 50s, any resident of large cities of the USSR could afford to ride on this car as a taxi passenger.

Many cars came to this day in different state, and in varying degrees of humidity. The car is popular with both restorers, collectors and customizers, becoming the main for various variants of deep tuning. It also happens that some owners still use the car as the main one for their trips, collectingly admiring the views of others.

As illustrations, the works of Illustrator Peter Cepler, artist Alexei Bychkova, as well as a photo from archives and open sources.

GAZ-M20 Victory is a serial passenger car, which the Soviet state produced. The production was engaged in the Gorky Automotive Plant from 1946 to 1958. The model was one of the debut worldwides mass machines of mass production, where there was a 4-door body of a pontoon type, and which did not have separate wings, footage and headlights. It was released in different modifications where the open body of the "convertible" type can also be attributed. All.

History of car

The car was not just so called the victory - as in fact it was a victory on all relationships. The Soviet army was able to win the Great Patriotic War, began to appear opportunities to raise the country's industry to a high level. Therefore, a new model was able to become a symbol of those times.

The design of a new vehicle showed that in the USSR industry there is a great potential, and it is able to produce products that would not be inferior in its technical characteristics of products to popular foreign manufacturers.

Here you can add the fact that almost immediately, after the end of the fighting, the production of Gas-M20 was started, which is a considerable achievement. In the times of the Soviet Union, all the most important did on the tasks of the party.

Therefore, as soon as the war came to the end, the task of the government came to the design office in 1945 - to design a car for civilian purposes. Many enterprises of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics together with the entire industry as a whole, focused on the production of military vehicles, and in the party leadership already looked into the future.

In past difficult years, it was hard to imagine all the scale of work on the execution of orders. The task was to build a passenger car, which would be accessible, reliable, which was well acquired by a well-secured citizen of the Soviet Union.

As a result, GAZ-M20 victory was a car of creative intelligentsia, military officials and other Honored Persons of the USSR. The design of the new vehicle was engaged in the well-known designer Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart. In his years, he passed an internship in the Detroit enterprise.

However, the car was not connected with his experience of the American Plan. This was a completely unique car, which constructed Andrei Lipgart. Following the completion of the fighting, the new automotive plant "GAZ" began to build in Gorky.

The designer himself also took part in its construction, and after was able to lead his design bureau for the design of cars. The car designed to them was actually unique. It was the first car where there was a "pontoon type" body, which was released in the USSR.

If you look at the model from the aerodynamic indicators, Andrei Alexandrovich thought out the body so that he would even be able to earn high grades today. The first column of several cars GAZ M 20 The victory from the Gorky Automobile Plant to Moscow was sent to view the State Commission.

However, the first acquaintance allowed the commission to kick the car. The party leadership and the generalist did not like the fact that during the landing in the car flew the papa from the head of the military. In general, they counted the model still "damp", therefore provided another year on improving.

In one year at the factory were able to make a whole list of improvements. For example, a sofa, installed from behind, was lowered extremely low. Some refinement of the design plan could be called even advance - after all, in GAZ-M20, the victory has the presence of a stove, which allowed buyers to move without thick clothes and warm shoes.

In addition, the radio was installed on the model. Even judging by the body itself - she was a real breakthrough for those times. The body turned out to be strengthened, elegant and, even, a little feminine, which corresponded to those edges of the automotive fashion.

Under the leadership of Andrei Alexandrovich Liphard managed to design a truly amazing, original and modern car, which was distinguished from the crowd.

From the very beginning, the car wanted to give the name "Motherland", which in theory, was suitable for the Commission. However, Stalin asked: - And how much will we "go birth"? It puts many in a dead end, so they decided to choose the name "victory", which symbolized the victory of Soviet soldiers over the fascist Germany.

In total, about 236,000 cars were able to release, and many of them were able to survive even to today, due to the fact that Andrei Alexandrovich was able to make a design, on the one hand, reliable and durable, and on the other - simple and maintainable.

Nodes, along with victory units, were perfectly synchronized with other parts of the machines, so it was not in vain that in order to repair it, a Russian cutter is needed, "a hammer with a chisel" and "a few hot words".

There have been cases when the car turned over several times, after it rose on the wheels, and as if nothing was, continued to go. All this eloquently testified a good body strength.

For its years of life, GAZ-M20 changed his appearance several times, he passed, as was customary to call today, "restyling", which corresponded to the trends of the automotive fashion. Moreover, the car had various modifications.

So, in addition to the standard "sedan", there was a version of a convertible (which was a unheard of luxury for residents of the Soviet Union), which was intended for a comfortable rest. There were orders of cars based on GAZ-M20 Victory, which were intended for the village, therefore, the Specialists of the Gorky Automobile Plant were able to even make the all-wheel drive version of the sedan.

GAZ-M20 with a hinged roof

This allowed the chairmen of large collective farms and state farms to hand over their own fields with dignity and without fear stuck somewhere in the field. From the model even tried to construct ambulance, however, it did not work out of this, since the body was too short. But the model received its popularity in the Moscow taxi.

Also, it will not be superfluous to say that just the famous green light in the upper corner of the glass, which testified that taxi is free for the first time. The thoughtful suspension allowed the GAZ-M20 victory to have a smooth move during a movement than other cars could not boast.

Gorky car could not at all, not every citizen, however, despite this, the first store for the implementation of victories was located in Moscow, in the Baumanskaya district. To purchase it, they began to line up, despite, to put it mildly, not a very democratic value.

All cars lacked, therefore, "victory" decided to do in a sense, a clear coin. Therefore, it could be issued for promotion and rewards for famous people, where artists, professors, academics and military pilots could include. To date, the car has become a retro model that is sufficiently available.

For a very small amount, there is an opportunity to buy a rather good car with a decent technical condition. In addition, it has excellent maintainability, so a large number of parts from other machines will be suitable for it. For example, the power unit from will be quite comfortable to feel in victory.

The first exhibition of the Soviet Union, on which the country presented his own car, allowed to cause a universal exhibition. The grandson of the famous Henry Ford, who studied Lipgart when he looked at the car, could frankly admit that in this case the student surpassed the teacher - for it very much like her.

After Gaz-M20 was able to win the success of the international plan, she was started to copy, even England could not resist such temptation. Her in the UK began to produce under the name "Longard Standard". She was very similar to the "victory", and there were all its technical solutions.

After the model in the Soviet Union was removed from the serial release at the enterprise in Gorky, the rights to its release decided to sell Poland, which for 20 years did not cease to produce this car under the labeling "Warsaw".

But everyone understands that the world of the automotive industry began to walk large steps to improvements, so gas-M20 began to obscure gas in morally. Incidentally, Russian automotive industry did not allow to further improve this car.

The serial release replaced the victory on, so gas-M20 went to the secondary plan. The design composition had promising developments, ideas, innovations, but it was all dissolved in politicians. Wouldn't be these obstacles, today we would have a fundamentally new auto industry that would have a higher level.

But, despite all this, around the world, and in the Russian Federation there are a large number of connoisseurs of such a legendary car. There are even specialized clubs in Germany, in Eastern Europe, where lovers of such a brand are collected. The Russian Federation has Gas-M20 lovers who often leave for annual routes on April 12 and May 9.

Exterior

Until the mid-40s of the twentieth century, the victory was a revolutionary machine. The construction of the carrier body, which was borrowed from Opel Kapitan 1938, allowed the design of the gas to fully rethink the appearance of the car and adopt a whole list of innovations, which in the West were distributed only after several years.

If we talk about GAZ-M20 body, then it can be attributed to the rare to date "Fastbek". It is an aerodynamic "two-block", where there is a low-end roof, a narrowed back, strongly inclined rear windows and a highlighted luggage compartment with a small capacity.

The Opel prototype had 4 doors where the installed ahead were opened in the movement of the car, and the rear counter. The appearance of Victory was a pleasant partly due to the appearance of the belt line, uniting the front and rear wings with the body, the lack of decorative footrest, the hood of an alligator type, integrated into the nose of the body of the Farm and other characteristic elements that were unusual in those years.

Interior

Inside the Soviet sedan there was a lot of spacious place, and the car was characterized by a good room. The driver sat and received a maximum (at that time) convenience and comfort. Maybe, the sofa was influenced by the sofa, which the designer watched the designer, but it was possible to comfortably stretch over the entire length in order to rest during the break, and maybe even stay for the night, if there is such a need.

The steering wheel, today, not very comfortable, rather thin and has a huge size - although, all this previously corresponded to the fashion of those times. It is very interesting that the shift box on victory was installed in the same place as American models - there was a control lever, which was located under the steering wheel.

Even the workers of the Gorky automotive factory have established the presence of janitors and pairs of switches for them (depending on which power of the rain). The front panel has more informative devices, you can also observe the installation of watches that do not interfere with the overall interior.

All sensors on the dashboard were arranged in a symmetrical order, which, too, at least indirectly, indicates the fashion of that time. The interior had a plastic finish, which imitated wooden divorces, and the chair was trimmed by dermatitin, in rare cases used velor.

The gear shift lever was located under the steering wheel.

If we talk about visibility, she was very sidewrked, but should not forget that in those years there was no car, based on this, there was no need to install the rear visibility mirror. The vehicle doors have the presence of the vehicles, and the glass could be lifted and lowered by a manual way, they entered into a dense frame, so that avoid rattling.

As mentioned above, the sedan was used successfully under a taxi, so the sofa installed behind the rear was quite spacious for passengers with any complex. Those who love smoking will be able to use an elevated ashtray in the back of the sofa installed in front. In order to be carried out good salon ventilation. Rear doors also obtained the presence of forctions.

The luggage compartment of the GAZ-M20 victory was not highlighted by its productive qualities, because the lion's share was diverted under the spare stake and the box with the tools. But nevertheless, some suitcases put in the trunk all the same it turned out. Clean drivers sometimes attached to the body a luggage compartment on the roof, which was able to carry out the garden tools and so on to the cottage.

Specifications

Force aggregate

The power unit with a low-valve arrangement from the very beginning should have been 6-cylinder, but Andrei Aleksandrovich decided to make an initiative to create a four-cylinder sample.

Just like the engine was more economical and, most importantly, was "people's", which has the factory index of GAZ-20 (the letter "M" spoke about the common name "Molotolov).

The motor was approved into mass production at viewing the highest party leadership in 1945. A little later, a 6-cylinder car, nevertheless, began to be released in small series under the name M-20G / M-26, however, there was a fundamentally different power unit. It was the engine from the winter (), which gave 90 horsepower.

The main engine is the famous four-cylinder 2.1-liter engine, which gives about 50 horses. Such power was both the predecessor engine, EMKI, but its power unit possessed 3.5 liters of volume and was much modest fuel consumption.

GAZ-M20 consumes about 10-11 liters per hundred kilometers, but GAZ-M1 is already about 13 liters. The first hundred kilometers sedan was gained over long 45 seconds, and the limit speed reaches 105 kilometers per hour.

Transmission

The initial version of GAZ-M20, issued in a serial order from the 4th 4th to the 48th years, had a three-speed not synchronized mechanical gearbox from the gas-M1 machine, where there was a "easy-to-switch" coupling (instead of the synchronizer).

Already with the beginning of the 1950s, GAZ-M20 had a 3-speed gearbox, where the synchronized 2nd and 3rd transmissions were from the GAZ-12 "WINE" machine. A little later, this box switched to the 21st Volga. The switching lever moved from the floor to the steering column.

Suspension

There was an independent suspension of a lever-spring type. From behind it was all much easier, there were springs there. Shock absorbers were used hydraulic bilateral action. They allowed the car to have a smooth move. The principal scheme of the suspension installed in front, later began to apply on all models of Volga.

She had a pivot type and threaded sleeves. A certain part of the parts borrowed from Opel, however, the squaster itself had its own development. Hydraulic type shock absorbers had a lever method of work, which allowed them to be at the same time, and the upper levers of the suspension.

Brake system

She was considered the most perfect in the middle of the twentieth century. After all, it was on the victory that it was a hydraulic, previously such a type of brake system was not used in a secular automotive industry. However, the contour was one, there were no separation. It turns out that if one of 4 cylinders flowed, the brakes disappeared all.

All Volga models, where there were drum brakes, on the front suspension there were a pair of worker cylinders on the wheel. The victory had on two pendants one cylinder on two pendants, and each of them raised a pair of pads at the same time.

Specifications

Body	type "Fastbek" (4-door sedan) and 4-door convertible
Number of doors	4
Number of seats	5
Length	4665 mm
Width	1695 mm
Height	1590/1640 mm
Wheelbase	2700 mm
Front track	1364 mm
Packed back	1362 mm
Ground clearance	200 mm
Engine location	front of longitudinal
engine's type	petrol
Engine volume	2112 cm 3.
Power	52/3600 l. from. at rpm
Torque	125 N * m with rpm
Valves on cylinder	2
Transmission	3-speed with synchronizer of the 2nd and 3rd transmission
Front suspension	independent, lever-spring
Rear suspension	spring
Shock absorbers	hydraulic bilateral action
Front brakes / rear	drum
Fuel consumption	13.5 l / 100 km
Maximum speed	105 km / h
type of drive	rear
Curb weight	1350 kg
Acceleration 0-100 km / h	45 seconds

Modifications

If we talk in general, the victory did not have so many modifications. For the twentieth year of release, it was only twice under modernization, and all the cars received a conditional separation into 3 series:

• Gas M20. It was a standard machine of the 1st and 2nd series. The first (from 1946 to 1948) was produced in a small amount, and there was a lot of marriage and flaws in the mass plan. In some period, even, suspended the release of the car, but since the 49th year, the 2nd issue of GAZ M20 started, which ended only in 1954;
• Gas M20V. The 3rd series of cars started in 1955 and was finished at the same time with the completion of the production of gas victory in general. The car had a changed radiator grille and radio;
• Gas M20A. The vehicle was designed to work under a taxi. The car was released since 1949 (from the 2nd series). The total number of cars produced - more than 37,000 units;
• Gas M20 "Cabriolet". The car where there was an open top (there was no metal roof). Its release has been established from 1949 to 1953. There were a total of about 14,000 copies.

Also produced small buses of victory for security services. Super-convertible was designed to carry out military parades. Even sports modifications were, however, they were produced in a small rubage.

Pros and cons

Pluses of cars

• Quality body;
• Hydraulic brake system;
• A small cost and ease of interchangeability of elements and details;
• Pleasant appearance;
• High ground clearance (200 mm);
• Spacious and comfortable salon;
• The presence of soft sofas in front and rear;
• Radio;
• Soft suspension allowing a sedan to move smoothly;
• Rich story;
• Convenient steering gearbox.

"Victory" is a Soviet car, serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant in 1946-1958. Factory index model - M-20.
On June 28, 1946, the serial release of Victory cars began. Until May 31, 1958, 241,497 cars were issued, including 14,222 cabriolets and 37,492 taxi.

GAZ M-20B


Main modifications:
M-20 "Victory" (1946-1955):
- the first series (1946-1948) and
- The second series (1948-1955) (from November 1, 1948 he received a heater and blowing the windshield, to improve the dynamic characteristics, the transfer ratio of the main transfer from 4.7 to 5,125, from October 1948, new springs of parabolic sections were changed; from October 1949 new thermostat; with 1950 new more reliable hours; from November 1, 1949 was collected on a new conveyor; from October 1950 he received a new gearbox from winter with a lever on the steering wheel and approximately - a new water pump) - Sedan-Fastbek Body, Engine 4 -Cyl., 50 liters. s., Since 1955 - 52 liters. from. (M-20), mass series (184 285 copies, incl. M-20B and about 160 thousand. All modifications to M-20B).
M-20B (1955-1958) - upgraded "victory", "Third Series", engine 52 liters. p., New decoration of the radiator cladding, excluded the jumper between the fangs of the bumper, the radio as standard equipment, antenna on the rotary base, the new front bridge beam design, the upgraded carburetor "K-22 E", a new air filter, a new steering wheel with an annular signal button, Bright red coloring the scales of devices and clock is changed on brown.
M-20A "Victory" (1949-1958) - Sedan-Fastbek Body, 4-Cyl Engine., 52 liters. from. (M-20), a taxi modification, mass series (37,492 copies).

"Victory" - convertible

(There is a version that this modification had its own index "M-20B") (1949-1953) - Body sedan-convertible (with rigid safety arcs) Engine 4-cyl., 52 liters. from. (GAZ-M-20), outdoor modification, mass series (14,222 copies).
Report of the Ralph Mors (LIFE magazine) with testing of the Soviet car by Americans.


During the latest modernization of 1955, the victory received a new lining of the radiator, a more attractive outcome of the cabin, a new steering wheel with an annular signal button, a radio receiver A-8 and a new emblem on the radiator cladding.


Having quickly received recognition in the homeland, gas M-20 paved for the Soviet auto industry the path to the world market. The car willingly bought in the Scandinavian countries in Belgium, in a number of Western European countries, where the first trade representatives of the Gorky brand appeared.
In the post-war Europe, a lack of relatively inexpensive, comfortable cars was felt, and the victory quickly found a steady sales in many countries.
Even western specialized editions, affected by the endurance of the car and who have found a two serious disadvantage of the car and who have found a two serious disadvantage of the car, and have a dynamics and fitness fee) and an unimportant visibility of a bad gasoline).


Evaluating the Russian victory, the American magazine Science and Mechanics wrote in 1957:
Calm on Colds, turns and at acceleration. Good on difficult roads, if you do not rush. On the road keeps great. For its size is very stable - apparently due to weight and powerful springs.


And the magazine AUTO AGE for 1953 reported that American engineers carefully examined the victory and found the quality of manufacture in many indicators excellent. On body elements a lot of signs of manual labor. Somewhere can consider traces of a file, but, in general, the quality of the body is very good.


British authoritative magazine The Motor after the comprehensive tests of the Russian victory was noted:
The design of "Victory" is provided for, above all, the reliability and possibility of riding for distant distances in the country, where the roads are bad, and service points are small and are located far from each other.
The beauty of lines and high characteristics are sacrificed to practicality and utilitarian purposes. However, despite this, the fact that the circumstance is paid to such details as the device of cigarette lighters, heaters and other internal amenities, indicates that such equipment is appreciated in Russia as well as everywhere.




Happy winners "Victory"


In the report provided, the row with the "victory" is constantly adjacent to compare some American novelty.


Comparison of the capacity of the trunk.


Curious Americans:


Active interest:

The need for comfortable all-wheel drive cars after the war did not disappear - both the army and the national economy needed a car with a closed heated body, like the "victory", which would have the same permeability, which had a gas-69 car that had appeared in 1953. Therefore, when the Gorky Automobile Plant was commissioned the design of such a car, designers, which would not think that the "Victory" hybrid and GAZ-69 decided to create a hybrid "Victory" and GAZ-69. For all design work on designing M-72, everything went literally three days. Another month was needed to build a prototype. As a result, on February 24, M-72 came out of the gate of the Gorkovsky Automobile plant became the first all-wheel drive passenger car with a frameless bearing body. Changes in the Victory Body were the most minimal.

A group of designers led by Gregory Mosesheevich Vazserman simply strengthened the weak parts of the Victory Body and increased the ground clearance. For this, the rear springs were solved not under the beam of the rear axle, as on M-20, but above it. At the same time, the body rose by 150 mm. In addition, instead of the anterior independent suspension on a twovet sprouts put the front springs. The length of the car at a 2712-millimeter wheelbase (12 mm more than the "victory") was 4665 millimeters. The width was 1695 mm. The equipment of the M-72 salon was the same as at M-20: a soft insanity of the cabin, heater, a clock, two-way (long and medium waves) radio receiver. New levers appeared to manage all-wheel drive transmissions. Under the combination of devices, the plate with a memo driver was strengthened - on it, a demultiplier control circuit and a maximum speed table on each transmission. Taking into account the need to work on dirty roads, the windshield washer was applied to M-72 for the first time in the USSR - mechanical pumping, which was used by pressing Naked on a special pedal.

Despite the initial plans to put a 3,485-liter engine GAZ-11, set at the time for the winters and on GAZ-51, at the last moment they decided to leave the standard 2,112 liter engine, which stood on the "victory", and on GAZ-69. The diameter of its cylinder was still 82-millimeters, and the piston move was 100 millimeters. True, this engine acquired a different head of the cylinders, as a result of which, instead of a 6,2-fold degree of compression, it acquired 6.5 times. At the same time, it was recommended to operate a car on aviation gasoline B-70. However, during the installation of late ignition, it was also possible to use 66th gasoline, however, the fuel consumption has somewhat increased. It must be said that this very head originally wanted to install and even on the very first "victories", but then, in order to use cheaper gasoline, installed a head with a 6.2-fold compression. Increasing the degree of compression, changing the carburetor busters and the improvement of the intake system gave an increase in torque at high speed and an increase in power to 55 hp. Only at the end of the release of M-72, the engine cylinders were wrecked to 88 mm, the operating volume rose to 2433 cube. cm, and power has increased to 65 horsepower. In oil suspension included an oil radiator. The oil in it fell out of coarse filter, and cooled in the radiator, glass in the oil refining pipe. When the body was raised, gaps were formed between it and wheels. They were covered with a back of the shields, and ahead reduced the depth of cuts in the wings.

The electrical equipment of the car was 12-volt. Starter with a capacity of 1.7 hp It was the most powerful of all Soviet starters. The service of the starter was carried out due to the battery 6 STE-54, which had a capacity of 54 amps-hour. The rear axle, designed specifically for this machine, had semi-dressed semi-axes, which relied on single row ball bearings. There were no removable hubs, and the wheels were attached directly to the flanges of the semi-axle. The main transfer of the rear axle had the same gear ratio that they had a "victory" - 5,125 the leading gear had 8 teeth, and the ledged - 41 tooth. From GAZ-69, the car received only a dispensing box. Since this unit did not have direct transmission - even the upper transmission of the dispensing had a gear ratio 1: 1.15, and at the bottom - 1: 2.78. Therefore, the maximum speed M-72 was lower than that of victory.

Traffic tests of the prototype M-72 showed its high permeability and driving quality. The car confidently moved along the dirty broken roads, in the sand, arable land, snow-covered terrain, took up 30 degrees. Due to the streamlined body, the speed on the highway reached 100 km / h, and the fuel consumption was less than that of GAZ-69. By the way, about the flow rate. Fuel consumption per 100 km path on asphalt roads was 14.5-15.5 liters, on the ground - 17-19 liters, and in off-road conditions - 25-32 liters. For the spring of 1955, a prototype passed more than 40 thousand kilometers, which made it possible to identify some weak points and eliminate the shortcomings. In May, the car was tested in the mountains of the Crimea, and since June began mass production M-72 on gas. Despite the considerable width, the car had a very small for those years of turning radius - 6.5 meters., That allowed him to successfully unfold in narrow losses.

The serial release of the release of Victory cars began on June 28, 1946 and lasted until May 31, 1958. During this time, 241,497 cars were released, from them 14,222 convertibles and 37,492 taxi.

Gas "Victory" - the first Soviet passenger car, which has a boss of a completely pontoon type, i.e. Without protruding steps, headlights, wings and their rudiments.

The model received the factory index M-20. Was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant, serially in 1946-1958.

How gas M20 was created

The level of development of the Soviet automotive industry by the end of the thirties allowed to move from the issue of foreign models to its own development of original designs.

By that time, the Gaza had a full-fledged engineering school, and the design school used modern methods for designing the appearance of the car, using artistic maquetting and using the grafted method for the construction of complex surfaces of body panels.

The factory designers have accumulated extensive experience when working on adaptation to the domestic conditions of foreign models, as well as their upgrades.

The production base began to be formed, experiments on the manufacture of stamping and pressing equipment for the production of bodies were successfully carried out on the automobile plant.

In accordance with the plan on the III-IV of the five-year plan, autogas in 1938 began the formation of a promising type of product.

The development was planned: GAZ-11-51 truck and a passenger car of the middle class with a six-cylinder engine GAZ-11 with a capacity of 78 liters. from.

For information on the latest trends in the global automotive industry, a number of foreign average models of the middle class were purchased, with which comparative tests were carried out, which allowed to form the basic requirements for the form of the body and dynamic indicators of their own promising "car".

Based on the data obtained, the designers were determined with the main elements of the design of the future car, which includes:

• carrying the body;
• hydraulic brakes;
• independent front suspension.

The History of the M20 The victory began in 1938, after the factory designer-designer Valentin Brodsky, the first sketches of a passenger car with a streamlined tender body and a flat sidewall without protruding wings were made.

Such a form of body allowed without changing the external dimensions of the car, increase its streamlining and the width of the passenger compartment.

Foreign manufacturers, afraid to scare away buyers Too radical change in the appearance of the car, moved in this direction very reluctantly, therefore, in cars with such bodies, in pre-war years, very few, just a few experienced or minor models were released.

On Gaza, working on the machine, which was created on a more or less distant perspective, believed that the use of the advanced body forms would give her a greater "margin of safety" from moral obsolescence - which later brilliantly confirmed.

Working on the improvement of visibility from the driver's seat and at the same time giving the car a more streamlined form, Brodsky in its project provided for the use of panoramic windshield, but in those years there were no technology that allowed to produce large bent glasses with high optical qualities.

In this regard, it was necessary to use four flat - two large averages instead of one curved glass - the letter V was installed in the form of the letter V, and two small ones were located on the sides.

The headlights turned out to be completely drowning in the wings, while retaining the semicircular radiator mask as an independent element of the architecture of the car.

Moscow, the young artist Vladimir Aryamov in 1940 presented his version of the promising car of the Gorky plant.

Its two-door sedan-Fastback, which had the designation of GAZ-11-80, also had a very advanced body shape, with a flat sidewall and non-protruding wings, with a flat front without protruding radiator grille.

At that time, the design of a car, there was a smaller population value, and, moreover, it was more complex, compared with the GAZ-11-51 priority truck, so work on the creation of a new car was delayed. The call in 1940 for war with Finland V. Brodsky also affected this, and of course the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

After the Stalingrad battle, the factory has a full-fledged opportunity to work on passenger cars.

On February 3, 1943, at the meeting of the Middle Industry People's Commissariat, a promising type of post-war model range submitted by the plant was approved.

According to the results of the meeting, the plant received a government assignment, which essentially was a formality and repeated his own proposals.

The main work on the design of the car was charged with the chief designer of the plant A. A. Lipgartu. Development of chassis A. M. Kriegor, Kizhov - A. N. Kirillov.

The car was originally designed in two versions: M-25, fully corresponded to the obtained task and had a 2.7-liter six-cylinder engine, and a 2.1-liter four-cylinder, created on the initiative of Lipgarta M-20.

The numbers "25" and "20" in the designations of cars talked about their belonging to the new line of gas models, with the engines that were reduced compared to the pre-war samples - in the future continues of the model GAZ-21 and GAZ-24.

The designations of multiple passenger models began with a unit - GAZ-11, winters (GAZ-12), GAZ-13 and GAZ-14 "Seagull".

According to the dynamic qualities of "Victory" with a four-cylinder engine, "EMKE" M-1 approximately corresponded, the replacement of which in the national economy was the main task of a new model.

Having a more advanced design of the engine, which allowed to reduce its working volume from 3.5 to 2.1 liters without loss of power, the car GAZ 20 victory was noticeably more economical.

Gas M25 with a six-cylinder engine possessed a dynamics corresponding to similar European models of that time, as well as six-cylinder GAZ-11-73, but had a relatively lower efficiency. Subsequently, work on a six-cylinder version of "Victory" for a number of reasons was cooled.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union received extensive experience in operating and servicing a variety of foreign automotive equipment, both a trophy German, and the American lend-lodge - in those years, Germany and the United States were recognized leaders in the field of design and production of cars.

What allowed the Soviet automotive designers "on the onmost copies" to explore the latest achievements of world automotive industry.

Also during the war years, the Gorky automotive plant collected Chevrolet cars.

Long exploitation of foreign samples of cars made it possible for the allocation of constructive solutions, which were most acceptable for specific climatic, road and operational conditions of the USSR.

Given this valuable experience, technical tasks were compiled and the first and passenger cars were designed.

To compensate for lost due to the time of time and the general lack of experience in the design of modern cars, the designers of the Gorky auto plant used the information obtained - in particular, the general design of the front suspension design was borrowed, many elements of the submool frame and the power elements of the bottom, the German model Opel Kapitan Sample 1938, which possessed a modern carrier body and loved ones, to the car designed in autogas, mass-overall characteristics.

But the rest of the body of the Soviet car was quite original in design and technological design, and due to non-standard designs, a number of unique solutions were applied for his design time, which were no longer met anywhere.

Officer of the People's Commissariat of Middle Machine Building Yuri Dolmatovsky, who worked on the design of a promising model, took the pre-war work of Brodsky, but introduced its changes, removed the additional sections of the windshield, changed the radiator mask with a convex on a flat, which continued the surface of the front wings, with placed in them Headlights.

The final appearance of the future GAZ M20 "Victory" was performed by the designer-designer by Veniamin Samoilov - it was he who in his sketches made the original design of the face with widely separated by the headlights and the characteristic horizontal band-ended "three-storey" flashing in front of the front wings.

By the beginning of the summer, 1944, a master model was completed for the manufacture of a body (from a solid tree, a freebump was made, which immediately repeated the surface of the body surface, and later the templates for the manufacture of stamps were removed) and made a vehicle demonstration layout from Tree.

In the same year, on November 6, there were tests of the first chassis of the car in a six-cylinder version (M-25), with a two-color, black with gray, color.

With the rear doors with hung on the rear loop and opened forward, like a later model of GAZ-12 winters, with a sidewall decorated chrome-plated molding, subsequently, on serial vehicles, from both of these solutions refused.

The four-cylinder prototype M-20, beige color, was ready only by the beginning of 1945 and had the design of the doorways already like a serial car.

Both running layout had common features of the differences from serial cars following them:

• The "three-story" grille of the radiator, which has two moldings of the first "floor", which came under the subharbones (there is data that remained on the very first serial cars); more complex shape of the subharbones themselves;
• composite of two parts Front wings - the wing itself and spacer between it and the front door;
• the wheels from EMCI, which is attached to the characteristic form of the disk, with the simulation of individual spokes.

The slowest work was carried out on the artistic design of the interior of the car. In the first running layouts to speed up the work, ready-made devices and finishing parts of the foreign trade salon were installed, which were received by the USSR on Land Lases and were in factory warehouses (in the war years, gas was collected by the Chevrolet cars).

And only in the first quarter of 1945, a laboratory on an external and interior decoration was created on Gaza, which took up the development of the original design interior design, nameplates, emblems and other small parts, selection of plastics, tissues and other materials.

During the creation of a car GAZ M-20 "Victory", Soviet auto plants have not yet had established emblems, and therefore almost every model created their original nameplates.

The pedestal of "victory" had the letter "M", which at the same time hinted on the Walls of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and on the Volga symbol - a steaming seagull.

In fact, the letter spoke about the name "Molotov," (the plant since the beginning of the 1930s, and until the end of the 1950s, I wore the name of the drug addict V. M. Molotov).

Officially, the car was recorded as M-20 - "Molotolovers, a twentieth model" (an intra-water designation was written on the factory plate: gas-20 car).

The emblem naturally was red - the color of the USSR banner.

After the war, the plant resumed the production of the last pre-war serial model - GAZ-11-73, and, along with this, began to actively prepare the serial production of a fundamentally new car.

The demonstration of the Higher State and Party Guide, headed by I. Stalin's pre-seventures "Victory", took place after the completion of government acceptance tests, June 19, 1945 in Moscow.

The serial production was decided to launch a four-cylinder option, like a cheaper and economical, and the final designation of the model was the M-20 "Victory".

It should be noted that the six-cylinder car on the basis of M-20 went into a small series, but later, and had the designation M-20G / M-26, though with another engine - 90-strong from winter (GAZ-12), with increased compared With the prototypes of "Victory" work volume - 3.5 liters instead of 2.7.

There is such a version that the car first wanted to call "homeland", but when Stalin, in June 1944, a sample of the future serial car was shown, he asked: "How much will we have a homeland?"

After that, Stalin was offered the second version of the name, which was approved. But, in fact, it is just a beautiful myth, because the official name "Victory" was laid on it from the very beginning of the design of the car, in honor of the ambulance over the fascist Germany.

The name "Motherland", according to I.Paderyr, was proposed for the next model, M-21, and for the walls of the plant never went out.

The State Commission of the State Committee of the State Administration "On Restoring and Development of the Automotive Industry", released on August 26, 1945, prescribed from June 28, 1946 to master the release of a new model of the middle class car.

During the post-war, destroying and lack of raw materials, the development of the car was associated with the development of a large number of new and complex products for the Soviet industry.

Body "Victory" Gas M20 is the first fully designed and prepared for mass production in the USSR. Until that time, even relatively independently developed models (KIM-10), the production equipment ordered foreign, more often by American firms.

So the equipment for the ZIS-110 model was made in the USSR, but for mass production, it was not suitable, because the stamps cast from the zinc aluminum alloy were withstanding only a limited number of working cycles. In this case, the political pressure caused the factory workers to rush with the launch of a new model in a series.

The result of which it became that the first conditionally serial cars of the Victory brand, which were produced in 1946, from June 28 (and how some sources declare - there was a gravity advance, from June 21), was made by circuit technology, manually. The release of such cars in 1946 amounted to only 23 cars.

In 1947, on April 28, announced the start of the major release. Stalin, in the same month, the conveyor assembly machine was demonstrated, but the car was still very "raw", with a non-exhaust technology of its production.

In February 1948, a thousandth car came down from the plant conveyor. The factory photographer perpetuated these events, thanks to him, we have the opportunity to see the details of the finishes issued during this period of cars.

The photo shows the car - already with a "two-storey" cladding of the radiator, but still having struck headlights that are painted under the color of the body, and not chrome-plated, as on cars later release of the second production series.

During the release of the first production series until August (according to some data - October), 1948, 1,700 cars were collected, which were low quality assembly and had production defects, which caused a huge amount of complaints from consumers, most of which were responsible employees, as well as state and public institutions are quite high rank.

In October 1948, based on the received complaints, decided to stop the conveyor C to eliminate the deficiencies detected.

Ivan Kuzmich Loskutov, was released from the position of the director of gas, despite the previous merit, and the chief designer of the plant LipharTurt managed to maintain his place only because of participation in the development of the next model of the car GAZ-12.

Hurry to launch a car in a series, the victory tests were carried out on an accelerated program, which did not allow to identify all defects in its design.

Forced pause in production made it possible for full-fledged car tests. We conducted studies and dynamic qualities, measuring the rigidity of the body, its fatigue strength on the vibrationande. As a result, all necessary changes made in the design of the car.

After the forced stop of the conveyor, a number of works were carried out, as a result of which 346 details were changed and more than 2,000 tools and devices involved in the production, which also included stamps used for the manufacture of the body, all design documentation for the car was completely reprinted.

The design and technology of manufacturing many nodes has been revised, in most cases, a bet on modern, highly efficient production techniques was made. As a result, the plant has mastered the point electric welding, high-speed processing of metals with cutting, hardening high frequency currents.

Gas was transferred to the workshop of the former 446th aircraft carrier, which had more advanced conveyor conveyors, and not a tape type, where they mounted a new production line for assembling the modernized car. As a result, it was possible to raise the level of culture of production.

Thus, in fact, a completely new, much more perfect technological process for an existing industrial design was created.

The conveyor of the plant, since 1948-1949 he began to produce "victories" of the second manufacturing series. From November 1, 1949, cars were produced in modern equipped, new buildings. As a result, the scale of production increased dramatically, released to this machine with detected defects returned to the plant to eliminate them.

In 1949, the M-20 car and its creators awarded the Stalinist Prize. At the same time, we mastered the production of modification with an open body M-20B.

From October 1950, it began to establish a new gearbox (based on GAZ-12 aggregate) with the side of the steering shaft by the control lever and synchronized top gears.

In 1955, the release of the modernized "victory" of the Third Production Series began, which received its own designation M-20B.

Main modifications Gas M - 20

M-20 "Victory"

Produced from 1946 to 1955

The first series (from 1946 to 1948).

Second series:

• from November 1, 1948, the heater was added and blowing the windshield;
• since October 1948, new springs of parabolic sections have been added;
• from October 1949 a new thermostat has been installed;
• from 1950 installed new more reliable hours;
• from November 1, 1949, an assembly began on a new conveyor;
• from October 1950, it was completed with a new gearbox from winter with a lever on the steering wheel and about the same time - the new water pump - the body of sedan-fastbeck, engine 4-cylinder, power 50 liters. from.;
• since 1955 - 52 liters. from. (M-20), mass series (184 285 copies, including gas M20V victory and about 160 thousand. All modifications to M-20B).

M-20V.

Produced from 1955 to 1958

The third series of upgraded "victory", with a 52 liter engine. s., Radio, new decoration of the radiator cladding.

M-20A "Victory"

Produced from 1949 to 1958

Body sedan-fastbeck, four-cylinder engine, 52 liters. from. (M-20), Modification of Gas M20 Taxi, Mass Series (37 492 Ex.).

"Victory" - convertible

There is a version that this modification had its own M-20B index.

Produced from 1949 to 1953

The body of sedan- (with rigid safety arcs) four-cylinder engine, 52 liters. from. (GAZ-M-20), outdoor modification, mass series (14,222 copies).

Minor and experienced modifications

M-20d

Produced from 1956 to 1958

There was a forced engine with a capacity of 57-62 liters. from. Due to the increase in the piston diameter to 88 mm.

M-20G or GAZ-M26

Produced from 1956 to 1958

High-speed version for MGB / KGB, having a 90-strong six-cylinder engine from winter.

M-20E.

Produced in 1956

For resource tests of the engine GAZ-21.

Van

The project, the body after the middle rack was baked plywood with a wooden frame.

Gas M20 Pickap

The Gas Victory Picap was built on remakes from sedans.

Sedan "Victory we"

Produced in 1948

Two experienced instances have been released.

Stretch

In the body of the insert - the carrier of the aggregates was applied when developing winter.

Four-door front cabriolet

Multi-axis production PAMS gas for the military ministry (front-end, with a brewed left rear door, a X-shaped amplifier on the bottom and absent door frames).

Sports modification

She is "Gas Torpedo", "Victory-Sport" - sports factory alteration with a forced engine, fairing and a two-door body.

Specifications

common data

• Manufacturer: Gas.
• Years pr-va: 1946-1958
• Assembly: USSR
• Class: Middle Group I

Body

• 4DV. Fastbek (5mis.)
• 4DV. Cabriolet (5mis.)
• Layout: Front, rear-wheel drive

Engines

• Manufacturer: Gas.
• Brand: M-20
• Type: Carburetor
• Volume: 2 112 cm3
• Maximum power: 52 liters. p., at 3600 rpm
• Maximum torque: 125 N · m, at 2000-2200 rpm
• Configuration: Inline, 4-cylinder.
• Cylinders: 4.
• Valves: 8.
• Max. Speed: 105 km / h
• Acceleration up to 100 km / h: 46 s

Fuel consumption with mixed cycle:

• 11 l. (control);
• 13.5 liters (operational) l / 100 km

• Cylinder diameter: 82 mm
• Piston stroke: 100 mm
• Compression ratio: 6.2

Supply system:

k-22e carburetor (until mid-1955 - K22a)

• Cooling: Liquid
• Valve mechanism: SV
• Cylinder block material: cast iron
• GBC Material: Aluminum
• Tafence (number of clocks): 4
• Cylinder Operation: 1-2-4-3

Transmission

• Switching: lever in the floor
• Synchronizers: No ("light inclusion couplings")
• Rear gear: 3,383
• Transmission relations:
  1 Transfer: 2,820
  2 Transmission: 1,604
  3 Transmission: 1.00
• Number of steps: 3
• Type: Mechanical
• Model: With shafts from M-1 (until 1951)
• Manufacturer: Gas.
• mechanical 3-stupas.
• mechanical 3-stupas.
• Manufacturer: Gas.
• Model: with sync. (since 1951), similar to GAZ-21 and Winter
• Type: Mechanical
• Number of steps: 3
• Transmission relations:
  1 Transfer: 3,115
  2 Transmission: 1,772
  3 Transmission: 1.00
  Rear gear: 3,738
• Synchronizers: on II-III transmissions
• Switching: Lever on the steering wheel

Characteristics

• Length: 4665 mm
• Width: 1695 mm
• Height: 1590-1640 mm
• Clearance: 200 mm
• Wheel base: 2700 mm
• Pitch Rear: 1362 mm
• King Front: 1364 mm
• Weight:
  1460kg sedan
  1490 kg Convertible
• Tank volume: 55 l

More detailed technical characteristics of gas M20 "Victory"

Technical features of Victory

Body "Victory" In addition to the original "blindless" form, differed reduced to 1600 mm high (against 1750-1800 in most mass models of the time close in class), as well as related to this lowest location of the floor line, belt line and pillows Seats.

This noticeably changed the location of the center of gravity and the distribution of masses, and also made it possible to refuse the landing footboard.

The engine rendered forward, into the space above the beam of an independent front suspension, allowed to make the hood and the car as a whole below.

At the beginning of the release of "Victory" (1946), such a layout was considered an advanced. There was an opportunity for a more rational location of passengers in the body, improving the stability and manageability of the car due to the decline in the center of gravity, it is noticeable to reduce the aerodynamic resistance of the air due to the smaller area of \u200b\u200bthe body cross section of the body, to reduce shaking in the cabin when driving through bad roads, due to the decrease in the height of the pillows Seats relative to the road.

"Victory" at the time of the beginning of its production, for these indicators was at the same level with the latest foreign models - Kaiser-Frazer Models 1946 and Studebaker Models of 1947, and she overtook the bulk of the first post-war cars for several years.

Many foreign firms for such stylistic and layton solutions on mass models came later, for example, American Hudson and Packard, English Standard - in 1948 model year, Chevrolet and Ford - in 1949, while such a transition in those years was considered revolutionary and accompanied by a powerful advertising Campania.

Having the same engine power as the four-cylinder GAZ-M1 (50 hp), the maximum speed developed by the "victory" was the same as in a six-cylinder, 76-strong gas-11, and with uniform movement, fuel consumption was total 10-11 liters per 100 km of way - instead of 15 in GAZ-11 and 13 U M-1. This became possible due to the body that received a more aerodynamic shape and a reduced frontal area.

Victory was significantly more comfortable, its predecessor, due to the use of soft spring independent pendant in front, which was more than three times softer, and advanced to the passenger salon, located low between the axes - in the zone of the greatest comfort.

And of course, a significant improvement in manageability has become possible due to the low center of gravity and independent pendant pendant, which were combined with the almost perfect distribution of the car mass along the axes (49% front, 51% rear).

By placing more rationally passengers and cargo, the designers got an increase in the volume of the interior from 2.84 to 3.38 cubic meters. m, with a decrease in the overall dimensions of the width and height in comparison with EMKET, and for the first time to make the trunk, however, it was not very large and most of him occupied a spare wheel and a driver's instrument.

Force aggregate

When designing a car, two engine options were provided - six- and four-cylinder.

Both engines - modifications of the 3.5-liter six-cylinder GAZ-11 motor, which was an analogue of the American Dodge D5, the factory in 1937 acquired on it the production documentation.

Inline six has a working volume of 2.7 liters and power in 62 liters. p., four-cylinder engine - 2.1 liters and 50 liters. from..

The engines were variants of the same design, and close in their characteristics - in the power, the difference did not exceed 12 hp.

The only advantage of a six-cylinder motor in comparison with four-cylinder is smoothness. But all the details of the cylindrophone group at the four-cylinder engine were completely unified with GAZ-11, and the six-cylinder had a reduced diameter of cylinders compared to it, so it would take place in the production of a whole nomenclature of unique, only for this engine, details - pistons, " Dry "cylinder sleeves, a complete set of piston rings, etc.

The only advantage of a six-cylinder motor in comparison with four-cylinder is smoothness. But the details of the four-cylinder motor were completely unified with GAZ-11, while the six-cylinder diameter of cylinders was reduced compared to it, so that its release would require the production of the whole range of unique used only in this engine, details - "Dry" cylinder sleeves, pistons, a complete set of piston rings, and so on.

Increased efficiency and greater degree of unification with the GAZ-11 engine, which was planned to use gas on promising trucks, a four-cylinder power unit was selected for mass production.

The engine was the novel mark and in many details is unified with GAZ-51 and in winter, installed on the GAZ-69 jeep; Also about two thousand the first cars of the Volga model 21B and GAZ-21g had this engine, which forced to 65 liters. from. Cylinder boring with an increase in diameter from 82 to 88 mm - this version of GAZ-21 ("with a star and a novel tank") is currently one of the most rare and desired for collector.

The engine had a working scale of 2112 cubic meters. cm and maximum power (depend on the modification) at 50-52 liters. p., which was achieved only with 3600 revolutions per minute.

The "Victory" engine had such a compression ratio that "66th" gasoline could work, at that time it was the lowest grade gasoline.

"Victory" had good dynamic qualities, according to the standards of the time, although the car accelerated to 100 km / h in 46 seconds, he had good pickup at speeds up to 50-60 km / h, it gave the opportunity for a confident movement in the then urban stream ; Speed \u200b\u200bat 50 km / h The car reached in 12 seconds, which was twice as fast than a small "Moskvich".

In those years, the workload of the country highways was not large, therefore the ability to perform rapid overtaking and rebuilding when driving along the highway, they did not pay much attention.

And yet, if you evaluate the engine as a whole, then it was a weak place "Victory" in its reliability and durability.

For a heavy car, he was weak, as a result of which, even by the standards of those years, the dynamics of gas M20 "Victory" was insufficient.

The reason for choosing the engine was a difficult position with fuel in the country, which just experienced the Great Patriotic War.

Power transmission

The gearbox "Victory" was a three-stage, the "EMKI" box was taken beyond its basis, which did not have synchronizers (partially their functions were performed by the so-called "light inclusion coupling"), with an outdoor arrangement of the lever.

Gas gearbox M20 victory

Subsequently, in the early 1950s, the production and installation of the CAT from winter with synchronizers on the II and III transmissions and a submissive lever began.

The rear axle was designed specifically for the "victory" and was installed only on this machine.

Its constructive features were spiral-conical gears of the main transmission and loaded semi-axes. It was possible to remove the semi-axles after full disassembly of the main transmission crankcase. The hubs struck on the conical neck of the semi-axle, which were fixed with the knap and attracted the nut.

Chassis

According to the overall design plan, the front suspension repeated the corresponding unit of the Opel Capitit model.

Threaded sleeves, shock absorbers with upper levers and some other parts of the suspension are interchangeable, but the design of the pivot node and the rack differs greatly.

Steering, which had anterior arrangement of the steering trapezium instead of the rear, completely different in design.

The rear suspension was performed according to the HOTCHKISS type, which became practically standard on new models - with a rigid beam of the bridge and longitudinal springs, unlike the outdated rear bridge Torque Tube with a jet pipe, which rested in a bronze ball on the gearbox and further, through It was transferred to the power unit longitudinal efforts from the rear axle, such a scheme was characteristic of the first post-war "Fords" (inclusive) and EMKI. Shock absorbers, were lever hydraulic, like in front.

The wheels were unusually large for those years width and stamped discs that do not have holes, the fastening of the wheels was carried out by five nuts on the heels with a breakdown of 5 × 5 1/2 ", that is, 5 × 139,7 mm (American system, originating From the first car gas). Automobile tire size 6.00-16.

For the first time in Soviet practice, the brake system on the mass model was made hydraulic, without contour separators and servo drives.

Drum brake mechanisms used having one hydraulic cylinder in each brake drum, which acted immediately on both brake pads.

Body and its equipment

"Victory" has a whole metal, carrying the body of type "Fastbek" or "convertible". Made of frame, amplifiers and hinged panels. As a material for the body, steel grade 08 was used with a thickness of 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm (on spars and amplifiers more than 2.0 mm). To the body, in front, on the bolts a short spar frame (subframe) is mounted on which: a power unit, steering and anterior suspension is installed.

Gas M20 Salon

Body "Victory", for its time, had a magnificent finish and equipment that was repeatedly marked by foreign specialists who studied the car.

In the "victory", many elements of standard equipment were not applied before that not only on the massive Soviet models of cars, but also on many analogues of foreign manufacturers, or were installed as an option for an additional fee.

According to the tradition of those years, soft, pastel colors were used for the interior decoration. In the palette of flowers included gray, beige, brown.

Artificial materials prevailed, with a minimum number of chrome details.

The use of a loose-free body shape made it possible to maximize the expansion of the internal space, creating a more comfortable cabin, with a closer location of passengers.

Make a car more comfortable, compared to pre-war counterparts, allowed the moderate height of the body and the center of gravity, an independent pendant in front and effective hydraulic dual-action shock absorbers. Especially the comfort of the car was felt when driving bad roads.

However, the use of a specific car roof profile, made less lumen over the rear seat cushion, it was greatly noticeable on cars of the first industrial series.

From the second series (1949), the height of the rear sofa pillow was reduced, which added comfort on a trip for passengers sitting from behind, especially if they were in the headdress.

One of the features of the salon was the widespread application of plastics for finishing the instrument panel. Installation of massive plastic linings gave panels neat and modern appearance.

A gray, brown or ivory plastic was used. The same plastic was used for the steering wheel, various handles and buttons.

The panel was stamped from the steel sheet and stained with the body color. A complete set of devices was installed: gasoline level pointer, ammeter, oil pressure gauge, thermometer, speedometer, clock with auto-winding and separate (left and right) control lamps of rotation indicators.

The door panels were covered with a leatherette, most often brown-beige (under natural outdoor skin) or gray, and crossed out three shiny horizontal moldings (two slightly below the windows and one at the bottom).

Two sofas with springs and soft pads were installed in the car's cabin, which was covered with high-quality woolen fabrics.

The front sofa had the possibility of moving in the longitudinal direction and consolidation in a position convenient for the driver, depending on its growth. Taxi cars had sofas with hygienic washing upholstery leatherent.

All the windows had internal edging trimmed according to the original technology, the gas invented a special method of metal color which created the surface, practically not distinguvented on the view from the Karelian Birch-valuable wood.

Another advantageous difference between the car, from the previous Soviet, and from most foreign models of those years - a separate trunk from the salon, into which the access was outside, through the lifting lid. Its purpose preferably was to store the sewing tool and the spare wheel, and for the luggage itself, only the upper shelf of a small size was allocated.

The equipment of the cabin consisted of two sun visors, two ashtons, a cigarette lighter, a ceiling ceiling with an automatic switching on, a plug-on lamp, a portable lamp, a trunk lamp with automatic inclusion, rear-view mirrors, two-tone sound electrose.

From the second series, they began to establish a heater with an anti-icing of windshield, and from the third series, a regular radio receiver was added with an antenna, which was located above the windshield.

Electrical equipment gas M20 "Victory"

Although in those years, very capricious and unreliable 6-volt wiring were used, the electrical equipment of Victory was made by 12-volt.

Significantly, compared with previous gas models, an assortment of electrical equipment has expanded. At the "Victory", a fairly powerful generator was installed, which could charge the battery even if many electrical appliances were included (at that time, the power of most cars did not exceed 100 watts, it greatly complicated operation in winter and night).

On the Soviet car of this class, for the first time as standard equipment, a salon heater was provided (installed from the second production series), combined with a blowing glass blowing. In the heater, the fan served only on the windshield only, and he received a self-sample, this was much reduced the effectiveness of heating when the parking lot and at low speeds.

All "victories" have the rear lights differ from the usual: two overall fires combined with directional signposts (double lamps) were located on the wings of the car, and the only stop signal was installed in the middle of the trunk lid, in the block with a lighting sign lighting light.

It was the difference between the "victory" from the massive Soviet cars of those years (Moskvich-400, ZIS-5, GAZ-AA, etc.), which had only one left lamp, and from the ZIS-110, equipped with two full-fledged rear lanterns.

This location of lighting devices was later repeated by car winters.

In the first parties "victories" there was no discrete relay, therefore, when turning on the turning pointers, they burned constantly.

It was interesting to include the front overall lights, from "victories", they were burning only in the middle position of the central light switch, and when the headlamps were turned on, Gasley's dimensions. It was most likely done to make it easier to distinguish the non-moving front turn signs that were combined with dimensions, in there cases their light is not so lost against the background of bright headlights.

From gas-M20 devices had:

• • speedometer with odometer and level control lamp;
  • fuel level index;
  • ammeter;
  • cooling fluid thermometer (this device has an arrow when the temperature is raised to the left);
  • oil pressure gauge;
  • control lamps of rotation pointers,
  • the control lamp overheating (it could be connected to the relay-regulator, in the case, it also showed the absence of charge).

Projects of modernization

Since the beginning of the release of Victory, she had a modern design and advanced design, but by the beginning of the 1950s a large number of constructive disadvantages of the car were revealed, the body had too low ceiling height over the rear seat, almost completely absent back, too small trunk volumes, In addition, it was not a good aerodynamic effect - the occurrence of lifting force when driving at high speed, the strong exposure of the car by demolishing the side wind (due to these disadvantages of the structure, the "Fastbek" body, but nowhere in the world did not fit on the "general purpose" cars).

The aggregate part by the mid-50s, also did not correspond to the world level, first of all it concerned the low-glove engine, most American and many new European models have been completed from 1952-1954 by top-tank engines, hypoid rear bridges, bent stalks, etc.

"Victory we"

During the temporary stop of the gas conveyor, in 1948, by our specialists, L. Terentyev, Yu. And Dolmatovsky, an alternative version of the modernization of "Victory" was proposed.

In this project, a large number of changes were proposed, first of all it is the body of "Sedan", which is clearly expressed by three volumes (instead of two at the Fastbak sedan), the exterior design and the interior has been changed.

The project salon received an improved finish. Instead of the front sofa, it was supposed to install two separate seats with bucket, thin backs, which would give an increase in the useful space of the cabin.

In addition, the victory-us project had several options for the design of the front, which was fulfilled by the designer artist Vladimir Ivanovich Aryamov and included the traditional symbol of the city of Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) - the motive of the head and brains of the deer.

Also, for the future it was assumed to create a number of prototypes of hydromechanical automatic transmission for the "victory" (us d2).

There were several samples that had some differences in the design, one of them had a two-color painting.

The modernization project, in general, was quite fit of its time, and externally reminded the most advanced models of those years, produced serial, such as Kaiser (USA) of 1948 and other three-volume sedans with a pronounced pontoon and a clear division of volumes, while he Successfully corrected some flaws had the victory.

However, the difficulty of reconfiguration of production and other problems (there were many difficulties with the development of the existing model, which was not so smooth as it should), this proposal was not accepted.

The sedan on the basis of "Victory" was subsequently released in Poland, but under the designation "Warsaw" (later modification). This machine was designed independently of the "victory-us" and had another exterior design.

Project "Victory" GAZ M20 second generation

A group of gas constructors GAZ, since 1951, conducted work on the project, called M-21 "Victory".

We mentioned above work were based on the basis of the technical task, and developed by L. Eremeev, the appearance of the car, very much reminded its winters, only in a reduced form. But the design of the winter himself, by that time, has already started outdated, and therefore the case did not go on the plaster layout.

The main class of next-generation gas, which began to be developed in 1952-1953, was no longer the name "Victory": their development was carried out under the "Star" and "Volga" devises. But, in the design of "Volga", they were not less, a lot of developments were implemented on the project "Victory" of the second generation.

Currently, retro auto gas M20 victory is very popular with collectors.