My next post is dedicated to the memory of past greatness - an open-air museum of military equipment. I will not retell what the historical and cultural complex “Stalin Line” is, which is located near the city of Zaslavl (30 kilometers from Minsk towards Molodechno), because everyone knows about this place.
This is my second time on the “Stalin Line”, the first was in 2011 or 2012, I don’t remember exactly. I divided the topic into several parts and I’ll start the first post with the most interesting thing - military engineering equipment, which is unique in its appearance and, of course, makes a strong impression.
Military engineering vehicles are a necessary element of any army in the world. Engineering technology in the army, these are engineering vehicles for laying roads in destruction zones and over rough terrain, creating passages through minefields, ravines and ditches, clearing rubble, snow and embankments, and more. All of them are equipped with a variety of equipment, such as: bulldozer blades various types, winches, hydraulic grabs and manipulators, excavator equipment, boom crane equipment, various earthmoving equipment, mine sweeping equipment and much more. The need for reliable and powerful military engineering vehicles especially increases during military operations and conflicts, rescue operations in Peaceful time, during natural and man-made disasters, of which there are many in our time.
Engineering vehicle for clearing IMR. The purpose of the IMR is to equip column tracks, make passages in areas of continuous forest or city rubble formed after the use of nuclear weapons or massive aerial bombings. For this purpose, the machine is equipped with powerful universal bulldozer equipment and a telescopic manipulator:
The UR-77 self-propelled lightly armored tracked amphibious demining unit is designed to make 6-meter wide passages in minefields consisting of anti-tank anti-track mines and anti-tank anti-bottom mines with a pin target sensor. The task of making passages in anti-personnel minefields is not the task of the UR-77, although it is not excluded, and reliable detonation of high-explosive pressure-action anti-personnel mines such as American M14 mines occurs in a strip up to 14 meters wide:
KMS-E - a set of bridge construction tools. Designed for mechanization of the construction of low-water bridges and military bridges on pile and frame supports:
USM is a bridge-building installation designed for the construction of low-water bridges:
IRM "Zhuk" army vehicle, intended for conducting engineering reconnaissance of the area. Created on the basis of BMP-1 and BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles:
A deep ravine or ditch will not stop a column if it is accompanied by an armored tank bridge developed on the basis of the T-55 medium tank. The vehicle is designed for crossing water barriers, ravines and engineering barriers:
Excavator E-305BV based on army truck KrAZ-255B1.:
MTU-20 is an armored tank bridge laying vehicle. Developed on the basis of the T-55 medium tank at the Omsk Transport Engineering Design Bureau. Designed for building a single-span metal bridge:
BAT-M - track-laying vehicle based on a heavy artillery tractor AT-T. Designed for laying column tracks, filling craters, ditches, trenches, creating gentle descents to steep slopes; making passages in rubble, making clearings in bushes, small forests, clearing roads and column tracks from snow, etc.:
MDK-3 is an earth-moving machine based on the MT-T heavy tractor. Adopted into service in the late 1980s.
Pit excavation machine MDK - 3 is further development MDK - 2M machines and are designed for digging out trenches and shelters for equipment, pits for fortifications (dugouts, shelters, fire installations). The dimensions of the pits are bottom width - 3.7 meters, depth - up to 3.5 meters.
When excavating pits, the excavated soil is laid to one side to the left of the pit in the form of a parapet. Technical performance according to the amount of excavated soil - 500 - 600 m3/hour.
MDK-2M is an earth-moving vehicle based on the AT-T heavy artillery tractor. Designed for digging pits in various soils up to category IV inclusive:
BTM-3 is a high-speed trench army vehicle for quickly laying ditches, trenches and trenches in soils of categories 1-4, i.e. the machine is capable of digging trenches in soils ranging from sandy to frozen. Created on the basis of the AT-T tractor:
I mentioned all three of these monsters earlier in one of my posts.
Bulldozer BKT-RK2. Created in 1979 on a Belarusian-made MAZ-538 chassis:
The TMK-2 trenching machine is wheeled tractor also on the MAZ-538 chassis, on which the working body for trenching and bulldozer equipment are mounted:
PTS-M is a medium tracked floating conveyor. A real amphibian!
PTS-M can be used as a means of transporting people, equipment and other cargo across water barriers and transporting them overland in off-road conditions. High performance, simplicity and versatility guarantee wide application engineering technology in the national economy.
Crawler floating conveyor PTS-M made on the basis of components and assemblies of the T-55 tank and consists of a waterproof body, power plant, caterpillar engine, water propulsion. For loading and unloading equipment, the PTS-M has a tailgate and ramps; with the installation of special equipment, it can be used in sea conditions with waves up to three points.
In one flight, the transporter can transport (options): 2 85-mm cannons with crews, guns and howitzers of caliber from 122 to 152, one each with rocket launchers, 12 wounded on stretchers, 72 soldiers with full weapons, 2 UAZ-469 vehicles, a car from UAZ -452 to Ural -4320 (without cargo).
GSP is a tracked self-propelled ferry designed for ferrying medium and heavy tanks, self-propelled artillery units and medium tanks with mine trawls when troops are crossing water obstacles:
BMK-T - towing and motor boat. Designed for towing individual links, sections of the pontoon bridge during its installation, towing the bridge tape when it is turned or moved; for delivery of anchors; for towing ferries assembled from a pontoon-bridge set; to conduct river reconnaissance. It can also be used for crossing infantry personnel, towing non-self-propelled watercraft, patrolling water obstacles and solving other problems on water obstacles.:
BMK-130M is a towing motor boat based on the BMK-130. Designed for towing ferries when constructing bridges and ferry crossings, moving a bridge to another site, throwing anchors, for reconnaissance of the river and carrying out various tasks when equipping and maintaining crossings:
Landing ferry. The RDP ferry is transported on land in a folded state, and before launching into the water it opens up, turning into a self-propelled “island” measuring 16 by 10 meters, which can transport 60 tons of cargo through water at a speed of 10 kilometers per hour:
I regularly look for interesting pictures in Instagram, Welcome!
On January 21, soldiers of the engineering troops raise their glasses. This is one of the most sought-after branches: in combat operations it goes to the forefront, clearing the way for other formations, in extreme situations peacetime helps restore damaged objects and territories.
Military engineers have unique vehicles at their disposal; RG presents 5 unusual ones.
Road builder IMR
Now there is already a third generation of engineering barrier vehicles capable of laying a road wherever it pleases. Created on the basis of the T-72 or T-90 tanks, the nine-meter IMR is equipped with a bulldozer blade that can work in two positions, and a telescopic boom with a set of different fasteners. She is not afraid of minefields and even gamma radiation, which she weakens by about 120 times.
Two crew members can “live” inside the vehicle for three days. In the cabin there is a place to boil water, heat food, the designers even took care of the toilet.
In open areas, the IMR is capable of laying a 12-kilometer path. Not a highway, of course, but you can drive and walk. In continuous forests the figures are more modest - 300-400 meters per hour, which, however, is also decent.
Zmey Gorynych UR-77
The self-propelled gun is designed to make gaps in enemy minefields. The vehicle carries two 90-meter charges of more than 700 kilograms of plastic each. After launch, they unwind and fall to the desired area. The detonation of these munitions causes the anti-tank mines laid around to go off, providing a passage about six meters wide. Experts call the UR-77 one of the best means of overcoming minefields. But not 100% - the installation can not neutralize all types of traps set against infantry.
The fairy-tale nickname for the modern mine clearance installation was passed down from its predecessors due to the unusual nature of the spectacle: with a jet roar, a rocket appears above the ground, followed by something long and writhing.
Minelayer GMZ - 3
Gorynych's opponent. The third-generation tracked minelayer is capable of laying mines over several kilometers in an hour, both in advance and during the battle. If necessary, it will disguise ammunition underground. And the navigation equipment installed on current modifications makes it possible to record the exact coordinates of each mine, which greatly facilitates the task of delineating the contours of the fields.
The crew can only select the so-called mine installation step, the mechanism will send it to the conveyor, and after laying special device will transfer the charge to the firing position.
Bridge on wheels TMM-6
Do you want a bridge in 50 minutes? No problem. This is exactly the amount of time, according to the maximum standard, required to deploy a heavy mechanized bridge over which heavy armored vehicles can pass without much difficulty. One set of TMM-6 is designed for 102 meters with a length of one span of 17 meters. So from it you can assemble six 17-meter, three 34-meter, or still one, but the longest one-hundred-meter crossing.
On the highway, such a car can travel a distance of up to 1,100 kilometers without refueling, and its maximum speed is 70 kilometers per hour.
Digger TMK-2
This tractor, awkward at first glance, leaves a deep mark behind. According to experts, the TMK-2 is easy to operate and has high maneuverability, which makes the machine indispensable when laying trenches for pipelines, various other lines or drainage work.
In one hour, TMK-2 will make 700 meters of a trench one and a half meters deep. Additional bulldozer attachments allow the machine to be used even to change the terrain: for example, to fill holes, ditches or, conversely, to dig ditches. With kit additional equipment TMK-2 can be used for maintaining and clearing roads of snow. This kind of equipment will go to cities for civilian needs.
In war films, we are used to seeing infantry, tanks, artillery and airplanes, while engineering troops are extremely rare here. However, one should not underestimate the importance of military engineers and their equipment, because it is thanks to them that tanks and other armored vehicles overcome various obstacles and arrive on the battlefields in time, and the infantry receives fortifications. WITH unusual technology This post will introduce you to the Corps of Engineers.
Louis Boirot's machine for breaking through wire barriers. Tested in 1914. Inside the eight-meter frame was a pyramidal structure with a motor and seats for two crew members. The structure slowly rolled forward, and the frame crushed the barriers. The car did not go into production due to its slowness and large size.
Breton-Prétot machine for overcoming barbed wire, 1915. Built on the basis of a tractor. The wire was clamped between special teeth and cut with a chain similar to a modern chainsaw. The vehicle earned the approval of the military, but did not go into production due to the successful testing of the tracked chassis.
Strazhits obstacle overcoming system. Developed in 1934 in the USSR on the basis of the T-26 light tank. The vehicle was equipped with metal triangular structures designed to improve maneuverability through ditches, trenches and walls. The originality of the design, unfortunately, did not ensure effectiveness, so the Guardians were not accepted for service.
Cultivator No. 6, British trenching machine. Created in the early 40s under the personal control of W. Churchill. This monster, 23 meters long and weighing 130 tons, could dig a trench one and a half meters deep and two meters wide at a speed of 0.7 to 1 km/h, depending on the type of soil. And not only straight, but also curved.
Cultivator No. 6, rear view. People near the car allow you to visualize its size. Before serial production this colossus never arrived. Not a single copy has survived to this day.
Japanese logging machine "Ho-K". Used to build roads in the forest or jungle. The Chi-He tank was used as a base for it. Two such vehicles served in Manchuria.
A special Basso Key skidder worked in tandem with the Ho-K. He was busy clearing a road made by a logging machine. There were also two copies of them in Manchuria.
German heavy airfield tractor-tow truck Adler Sd.Kfz.325. Two prototypes were built in 1943. The car could not only tow airplanes. The large, hollow front drum wheels were perfect for compacting the surface of airfields.
“Sookoo Sagyo Ki.” A specialized Japanese engineering vehicle to overcome Soviet fortifications on the border with Manchuria. It was built using components from the Type 89 “I-Go” and Type 94 tanks. Tasks: digging trenches, eliminating minefields, barbed wire, disinfection, setting up smoke and chemical screens, using as a mobile flamethrower, crane and bridge layer.
In 1942, the Australian Army equipped some Matilda II tanks with rocket-propelled bomb guides. The car was nicknamed Hedgehog - “Hedgehog”. 16-kilogram bomb charges were supposed to destroy Japanese pillboxes. True, this particular modification never had time to take part in hostilities.
The British built a large amount of engineering equipment on the basis of the Churchill tank. For example, the Churchill AVRE engineering tank with a 290 mm mortar for destroying pillboxes. In the front of the car in the photo there is a fascine for overcoming ditches.
An interesting photo from the training ground. Churchill AVRE built a bridge over the obstacle, climbed it and dropped the fascine. Apparently, the tank should now “jump” onto her.
The Churchill bridge-laying machine is ready to lay a 9-meter tank bridge with a lifting capacity of up to 60 tons.
An equally interesting modification is the Churchill Armor Ramp Carrier. Intended to close the obstacle by itself. If necessary, several vehicles could be stacked on top of each other and literally overwhelm the obstacle with tanks.
Example of using Churchill ARC in Italy. As you can see, here it was necessary to place two tanks on top of each other. The usual linear "Churchill" goes along them.
Another option for using ARC. This time - to overcome a high vertical wall.
An absolutely mind-blowing project based on the Churchill - a bridge layer. He laid a road on soft or viscous soils, using a sheet of thick material reinforced from the inside with steel reinforcement. Despite its apparent unreliability, such a coating ensured that a column of equipment would not land on its belly on a road broken by caterpillars.
Booked Caterpillar bulldozer D7
However, ordinary “civilian” bulldozers were used just as actively. The photo shows the clearing of littered city streets in the Philippines.
Some equipment sank when landing in shallow water. To lift it, so-called bottom tractors were used. This one was built on the basis of the Churchill.
Another version of the bottom tractor, this time based on the medium American Sherman tank.
This Churchill-based repair and recovery vehicle not only removed damaged equipment from the battlefield. Surviving tankers could take refuge in the stationary dummy tower.
Minefields have always been the most dangerous obstacle for any kind of troops. Engineers from the Corps Marine Corps The United States created the Sherman Crab. To do this, a chain trawl was attached to the tank, which quickly rotated and hit the ground with chains. Because of this, the mine fuses went off.
"Crab" in action.
Post-war period, Israel. To break through road barricades, a number of makeshift armored cars (“sandwich trucks”) were equipped with an improvised ram. To combat this machine, nicknamed "Booster", opponents of the Israelis began to mine the barricades.
Soviet tank tractor BTS-2. During testing it was called “Object 9” and was built on the basis of the T-54. It could develop a force of up to 75 tons, pulling out not only medium but also heavy tanks. Adopted into service in 1955.
Israeli "Sherman-Eyal". Mobile observation post. In place of the dismantled tower there was a 27-meter tower. Used for surveillance in the desert until the 1973 war.
Soviet UZAS-2, developed in the late 1980s. Intended for driving piles. It was a modified artillery piece. It was capable of driving a pile into any soil to a depth of 0.5 to 4 meters, and with virtually no noise, shaking or damage to the pile.
On January 21, soldiers of the engineering troops raise their glasses. This is one of the most sought-after branches: in combat operations it is at the forefront, clearing the way for other formations, and in extreme peacetime situations it helps restore damaged facilities and territories.
Military engineers have unique vehicles at their disposal; RG presents 5 unusual ones.
Road builder IMR
Now there is already a third generation of engineering barrier vehicles capable of laying a road wherever it pleases. Created on the basis of the T-72 or T-90 tanks, the nine-meter IMR is equipped with a bulldozer blade that can work in two positions, and a telescopic boom with a set of different fasteners. She is not afraid of minefields and even gamma radiation, which she weakens by about 120 times.
Two crew members can “live” inside the vehicle for three days. In the cabin there is a place to boil water, heat food, the designers even took care of the toilet.
In open areas, the IMR is capable of laying a 12-kilometer path. Not a highway, of course, but you can drive and walk. In continuous forests the figures are more modest - 300-400 meters per hour, which, however, is also decent.
Zmey Gorynych UR-77
The self-propelled gun is designed to make gaps in enemy minefields. The vehicle carries two 90-meter charges of more than 700 kilograms of plastic each. After launch, they unwind and fall to the desired area. The detonation of these munitions causes the anti-tank mines laid around to go off, providing a passage about six meters wide. Experts call the UR-77 one of the best means of overcoming minefields. But not 100% - the installation can not neutralize all types of traps set against infantry.
The fairy-tale nickname for the modern mine clearance installation was passed down from its predecessors due to the unusual nature of the spectacle: with a jet roar, a rocket appears above the ground, followed by something long and writhing.
Minelayer GMZ - 3
Tracked mining installation GMZ-3 during an exercise dedicated to Engineering Troops Day at the 187th training center in the Volgograd region.
Gorynych's opponent. The third-generation tracked minelayer is capable of laying mines over several kilometers in an hour, both in advance and during the battle. If necessary, it will disguise ammunition underground. And the navigation equipment installed on current modifications makes it possible to record the exact coordinates of each mine, which greatly facilitates the task of delineating the contours of the fields.
The crew can only select the so-called mine installation step, the mechanism will send it to the conveyor, and after laying it, a special device will transfer the charge to the firing position.
Bridge on wheels TMM-6
Do you want a bridge in 50 minutes? No problem. This is exactly the amount of time, according to the maximum standard, required to deploy a heavy mechanized bridge over which heavy armored vehicles can pass without much difficulty. One set of TMM-6 is designed for 102 meters with a length of one span of 17 meters. So from it you can assemble six 17-meter, three 34-meter, or still one, but the longest one-hundred-meter crossing.
On the highway, such a car can travel a distance of up to 1,100 kilometers without refueling, and its maximum speed is 70 kilometers per hour.
Digger TMK-2
This tractor, awkward at first glance, leaves a deep mark behind. According to experts, the TMK-2 is easy to operate and has high maneuverability, which makes the machine indispensable when laying trenches for pipelines, various other lines or drainage work.
In one hour, TMK-2 will make 700 meters of a trench one and a half meters deep. Additional bulldozer attachments allow the machine to be used even to change the terrain: for example, to fill holes, ditches or, conversely, to dig ditches. With a set of additional equipment, TMK-2 can be used to maintain and clear roads from snow. This kind of equipment will go to cities for civilian needs.
Cars Soviet army 1946-1991 Kochnev Evgeniy Dmitrievich
Engineering technology
Engineering technology
The most extensive program of automotive engineering equipment on the KrAZ-255B/B1 chassis included both unique experimental Perimeter vehicles and modified versions of previously produced earthmoving, loading and unloading and pontoon vehicles, as well as fundamentally new vehicles for the Soviet Army for establishing water crossings, drilling operations and water purification.
Experienced KrAZ-E255BP with a hydraulically equipped “Perimeter” kit for self-digging. 1978
KrAZ-E255BP– an experienced truck with a set of original devices “ Perimeter» with hydraulic equipment for self-digging. His idea was developed in the 1960s at the 21 Research Institute near Moscow; in 1969 it was supported by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Automotive Industry, which made it possible to transfer the installation for production to the main Soviet automobile plants, including KrAZ. In the early 1970s, the first version of the E255BP was built there, in which a wide blade blade, raised by two hydraulic cylinders, and a rolled-up apron made of rubberized fabric were mounted at the rear under the body. During operation, soil from the dump was fed to the apron and transported to another place. During tests at 21 Research Institutes in 1978, the KrAZ-E255BP dug a pit 2.5 m deep and 3.1 m wide in 2 hours 40 minutes. This required 102 cycles of 170 m in length, and the volume of excavated soil was 137 cubic meters. Tests revealed increased loads to transmission units and frequent breakdowns. Soon a modernized version was built at the plant 2E255BP, but it was not possible to eliminate all the problems on it, and work on this topic was stopped.
In parallel with the installation of heavy cranes on special KrAZ-257K/K1 chassis, they were also installed on KrAZ-255B/B1 vehicles. From this range, the 10-ton version became the main military truck crane KS-3572 Ivanovo crane plant with a telescopic boom with hydraulic drive, put into service in 1976. Subsequently, a hydraulic crane was based on the 255B1 chassis KS-3576 second generation, as well as a 14-ton model KS-3575A. In the same way, at first a simple military unit was mounted on this vehicle. bucket excavator E-305AV with a mechanical cable drive of the working parts, originally created for installation on the KrAZ-214. In 1970, the Kalinin Excavator Plant began production of a new multi-purpose model E-305BV with a backhoe or front shovel with a capacity of 0.4 cubic meters, intended for installation on the KrAZ-255B. To drive the working equipment, a 38-horsepower D-48L diesel engine was used here. With different shovels, the excavator could dig pits 4.1 m deep within a radius of 5.9 - 7.35 m and unload soil to a height of up to 5.9 m. It had a curb weight of 19 tons and developed maximum speed 70 km/h. Subsequently, the E-305 series excavators were replaced by the more productive EOV-4421 machine.
Hydraulic single-bucket military excavator EOV-4421 on the KrAZ-255B1 chassis. 1979
EOV-4421– a military hydraulic single-bucket excavator on the KrAZ-255B/B1 chassis for performing a wide range of earthen construction and tactical work. Since the late 1970s, it was in service with engineering battalions and was produced by the Muromteplovoz plant. The modified chassis had a shortened rear part of the frame, and the second fuel tank was transferred to a turntable. Unlike the previous E-305 series, the excavator was equipped with a backhoe with a capacity of 0.65 cubic meters, a more powerful autonomous 76-horsepower YuMZ diesel engine, hydraulic drive working bodies and remote hydraulic supports with remote control from the excavator driver's cab. Its boom was adapted for lifting and moving loads weighing up to 3.5 tons, that is, it performed the functions of a truck crane. The excavator weighed about 20 tons, had a digging depth of 3.25 m within a radius of 7.3 m, and had a productivity of different jobs 50 – 70 cubic meters of soil per hour and transport speed 70 km/h, on dirt roads – up to 30 km/h.
Modernized heavy mechanized double-track bridge TMM-3.
TMM-3– a modernized heavy mechanized double-track bridge with a load capacity of 60 tons. Created specifically for installation on modified KrAZ-255B/B1 vehicles and used for the construction of bridge crossings up to 40 m wide. Its main design feature was modernized units and bridge blocks with a sliding track (within 800 mm), which made it possible to adapt the bridge to pass a wide range of Vehicle. Externally, the TMM-3 version differed from the TMM in that the spare wheel was placed on a special subframe above the driver’s cab. Moreover, all parameters and operational characteristics did not differ from the bridge TMM, which was produced in parallel and since the late 1960s was also mounted on 255 series trucks.
The TMM-3 set also consisted of four bridge layers with folding double-track bridge blocks and folding supports. The folded blocks were mounted on a special reloading mast with a forked end, which was rotated around its axis using two hydraulic cylinders. When the angle of 100° was reached, the cable winch came into action, lifting the upper part of the bridge block through the boom blocks. When both sections were installed in a straight line and fixed with a special mechanism, the winch was turned off and the bridge was lowered to the desired place - to the shore of a water barrier or to its hydraulic support. The track width and support height could be adjusted using hydraulic cylinders. Modifications TMM-3M and TMM-3M1, which were subsequently based on the KrAZ-260G chassis, were also in production. The combat weight of bridge layers of the TMM-3 series was in the range of 19 - 20 tons, the crew size was 8 - 12 people. Bridges of this type were manufactured in Czechoslovakia, where they were based on four-axle Tatra-813 vehicles.
PMP– a folding pontoon-bridge park with a lifting capacity of 60 tons of the first generation, identical to the park on the KrAZ-214 chassis and also consisting of steel 20-ton sealed pontoons with a length of 6.75 m. It was produced until the end of the 1970s and was based on KrAZ-255B/ B1. During the production process, to carry out specific tactical tasks, it was offered in several versions with different dimensions and the carrying capacity of river links. Reinforced park PMP-U was equipped with steel pontoons with dimensions of 8.0x8.1 m and a payload of up to 26 tons. Experimental amphibious fleet PMP-A it was supposed to be equipped with special floating vehicles, created on the ZIL-135P (8x8) chassis and equipped different types pontoons – metal size 12.0x8.4 m made of light alloys or plastic, 14.2 m long and 3.3 m wide. Their load capacity ranged from 15 to 40 tons. The program also included a rear road park PMP-D and a special park for the Strategic Missile Forces with reinforced connections and a modified assembly scheme, which allowed the passage of mobile missile launchers. The MLZh and MLZh-M parks were intended for building floating railway bridges. Among the serial products specifically designed for KrAZ-255B1 vehicles, there was a modernized fleet of PMP-M, based on basic version PMP.
The process of lifting the folding pontoon of the PMP fleet onto the KrAZ-255B1 pontoon vehicle.
PMP-M– a modernized second-generation combined arms pontoon-bridge fleet for installation on 255B1 vehicles. It was developed taking into account the operating experience of the PMM fleet in order to expand the scope of its application, increase bandwidth, reliability, durability and practicality. It was put into service in 1975 and since 1980, instead of the PMM model, it has been mass-produced by the Navashinsky Machine Plant. As in the first design, it consisted of sealed steel folding river links, which formed individual metal pontoons with dimensions of 6.75x8.1 m and a carrying capacity of 20 tons. Its main design features were the straightened upper deck of the coastal section, the presence of removable hydrodynamic shields (wave breakers) to dampen the effects of waves and currents, rigging equipment and devices for equipping crossings in winter conditions(ice axes, ice cutters, skis, etc.). Many of these devices were used for the first time in the world and were protected by patents. The PMP-M fleet was used to build two types of crossings with a length of 227 or 382 m for single- or double-lane traffic and to assemble individual ferries with a carrying capacity of 20 or 60 tons. Depending on weather and combat conditions, the time to build bridges ranged from 30 to 90 minutes, and the implemented modernization made it possible to use the park at current speeds of up to 3 m/s. It also included 36 pontoon vehicles transporting river and coastal units, trucks for delivering lining made of metal plates, as well as 16 boat vehicles for transporting BMK-T boats on an inclined platform or BMK-130M and BMK-150M on trailers. The most advanced towing motor boat BMK-T had a hull with four bulkheads, a deck and a wheelhouse. Its power unit was a YaMZ-236 diesel engine, which rotated a water pump and two propellers on sterndrives with attachments. It developed a speed of 17 km/h, could push a 60-ton ferry with cargo at 9 km/h, or transport a landing party of 20 people. Full mass pontoon vehicle KrAZ-255B1 with river link was 18,960 kg, dimensions– 9950x3150x3600 mm. The development of the PMP-M fleet actually became the PPS-84 and PP-91 variants, which were mounted on KrAZ-255B1 and KrAZ-260 trucks.
KrAZ-255B1 truck with a second-generation PMP-M bridge pontoon. 1980
PMP pontoon parks were supplied to the armed forces of all Warsaw Pact states, as well as to China, India, Egypt, Iraq, Afghanistan and other countries where they took part in hostilities, including in the Middle East, Vietnam and Angola. It was assembled under license in Czechoslovakia, China, Yugoslavia and mounted on three- and four-axle trucks self-made. Unlike most other Soviet automotive technology this unique pontoon park was copied by leading Western companies, and now its foreign-made versions are in service with many countries around the world.
PPS-84 "Amur"– a special heavy pontoon-bridge fleet with a lifting capacity of up to 120 tons of the second generation, capable of passing heavy equipment, including multi-axle self-propelled ballistic missile systems. Developments in this direction have been carried out since 1972 as a development of the first teaching staff park of the early 1950s. The new fleet was designed for installation on KrAZ-260G trucks, but due to the delay in their serial production in November 1981, it began to be mounted on the KrAZ-255B1 chassis. In December of the same year, it entered state testing and was put into service in 1986 under the code name "Amur". With the launch of mass production of KrAZ-260 vehicles, they became the main base of the PPS-84 fleet.
In addition to the above-mentioned pontoon-bridge parks, KrAZ-255B vehicles also found use in the most unusual self-propelled pontoon park for its time SPP, which was based on special pontoon amphibians PMM “Volna”, created on the chassis of four-axle amphibious vehicles ZIL-135MB. The role of the 18 KrAZ-255B vehicles included in its composition was limited to the delivery of river and coastal PMP units, transitional pontoons with connecting devices, pavement, special equipment and four BMK-T boats to the amphibians.
USM pile driving rig on a KrAZ-255B1 vehicle with four pile drivers and a 2-ton crane.
USM (USM-1)– the first Soviet installation for bridge construction (pile driving machine) was used to build low-water or underwater 60-ton wooden bridges on piles or frame supports with a roadway width of 4.2 m. It was in service since the late 1970s and was based on two trucks KrAZ-255B1 with special equipment and property. Equipment for driving 6.5-meter wooden piles, installing supports and laying spans on them was mounted on the first main bridge-building vehicle with a winch and hydraulic outriggers. Its kit included a farm with four towers for piledrivers with DM-240 diesel hammers and a working platform mounted on a full-rotating platform driven by a vehicle transmission. Extension of the truss in the rear direction by 4.5 m made it possible to drive piles at a distance of 0.5 to 4.5 m from each other. They were supplied to the pile driving installation using conventional truck cranes. At the front of the chassis there was a 2-ton mechanically driven reloading crane with a manually extendable telescopic truss boom with a maximum reach of 7.5 m, which was used for laying spans and decking. The total weight of the pile driving installation is 18.9 tons, overall dimensions are 10750x3070x3800 mm. Expanding and collapsing time is 10 minutes. The productivity of the USM-1 machine with a crew of 11 people was different conditions 7 – 15 linear meters of bridge per hour. The second flatbed truck with a reloading hydraulic crane served to transport auxiliary equipment and property: diesel hammers, an inflatable rubber boat, chain saws, spare parts, etc. The upgraded version of USM-2 was installed on the KrAZ-260 chassis.
CSS– powerful piling machine for driving reinforced concrete piles different sizes during the construction of military road bridges on land or water. Entered service in April 1980. Initially it was mounted on the KrAZ-255B1 chassis, but later its main base was the KrAZ-260 trucks. The installation was equipped with two diesel hammers, a 1.5-ton hydraulic winch and was adapted for work on pontoons. At the same time, it could drive two piles with a diameter of 18 - 30 cm and a weight of 1500 kg each and had a productivity of at least four piles per hour. Its overall dimensions are transport position– 12300x2750x3500 mm.
PBU-200– a mobile drilling rig of the engineering troops for making water intake wells in the hardest rocks and providing water supply points. It was mounted on three KrAZ-255B vehicles with two trailers. The main vehicle made it possible to drill wells with a diameter of up to 273 mm to a depth of 200 m. The second vehicle carried a powerful pumping station for pumping up to 12 cubic meters of water per hour. A third vehicle with a hydraulic crane and 2-PN-6M trailers served for the delivery of pipes, auxiliary equipment and property. The PBU-200 installation was serviced by a crew of five people.
The engineering equipment included an autonomous desalination station OPS for the purification and desalination of natural water, housed in a van on a 255B1 chassis with an evaporation apparatus, a heat exchanger, filters and its own power plant.
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