Well, recently renewed the update of Ninth and in it, finally, added the long-awaited "Detachment 2.0", German anti-tank grenades, but for me, perhaps, the most important was the new T-20 Komsomolet. Historically, T-20 is a Soviet tracked armored artillery tractor, however, due to the lack of artillery in the game (or for what other reasons), this type of transport became a replacement for old-kind gas. The article was conceived as a guide review, therefore I will try to consider his main advantages of a minuses, explain the tactics of actions and make a conclusion whether it should be bought at all.
The Komsomolets opened at the 5th level of stripes "Driving" and costs 79K loans or 950 Gold. In principle, not expensive, and it is not so long to open. This is probably plus. What rushes into the eyes at the first look at him? Of course, there are bad armored boards, or rather, in general, their absence is a huge minus. But the arrows and the driver and that is good). T-20 drives slower than gas, but, in theory, it is more passing. Of all this we can say that it is not very suitable for the transport of passengers, except from reps to the first point, but still not advise. Honestly, I don't even know that from infantry transport is an analogue to him, because Cattencard and viszl and closely do not stand next to him. And the rozlights do not have such an excellent protection arrow (what to talk about jeeps) Personally, he recalled the machine of intelligence, and therefore his functions are similar. This is a real moving fortress. It is great for defense and support for attack. That I mean, came, hid in the bushes, switched to the machine gunner, shoot enemies while the timmes capture the point, went further and again first. The main thing is to look more often, because it is impossible to remove the machine gunner, but with flanks can come around. In principle, there is nothing more on tactics, but there is nothing to say, but the question that is probably tormented by many fans is: "Is it worth buying it at all?". Well, my answer is ambiguous. I bought it as my Soviet Pecha has the whole technique, except for anti-aircraft guns AAA, and therefore I have something to go. But it will not be a replacement of gas, it is not suitable for transporting attack aircraft and in general for active movement on the map, because if you already have a motorcycle and horn, you can safely buy, but if you swing a new pector, then I would advise you to first buy gas, It is already opening a motorcycle and only then buy T-20.
At the end of 1936, in the KB of the plant №37 in Moscow, under the leadership of the main designer of the N.A. Astrov, a full-fledged armored tracked tractor "Komsomolets" T-20 (factory index 020 or A-20) was created. The car had a more spacious riveted-welded body from an armored personnel with a thickness of 7-10 mm, which defended the carriage - the driver and the arrow commander - from the bullets of the rifle caliber and small fragments. In addition, the commander received defensive weapons - a DT tank machine gun in a movable mask, by no means superfluous in the front edge area, where direct contact with the opponent was very likely for artilleryrs. The crew cabin, armored from all sides, had two hatches from above, and ahead and on sides - folding armored bridlers, covered with observation slots, later replaced by Pulse blocks "Triplex". The cab was located (the engine, as well as on the "pioneer", was located at the back and was deployed by the flywheel forward), closed on top of the armored hood with folding lids. Above him, behind the armored house, a cargo compartment was placed with two blocks of longitudinal triple seats. Being turned outward, they formed their backs on the side of the cargo platform for the carriage of the ammunition and artillery equipment. When transporting artillerymen was placed back to each other, in the dimensions of the tractor. In rainy weather, with prolonged marches, a closed awning could be installed with the windows, while the height of the machine increased to 2.23 m. Electronic trading platforms are ideal for procurement in industry.
The four-stroke four-cylinder carburetor engine M-1 with a capacity of 50 hp was installed on the tractor. (37 kW) with the carburetor "Zenit" with an economizer and a enrichr. Starting the engine was carried out using the MAF-4006 electric starter with a capacity of 0.8-0.9 hp (0.6-0.7 kW) and from the crowning handle. In the ignition system, the IG-4085 bobbin and the IMF-4003 interrupter was used. The engine was located at the cabin and was protected by armored hood. The air for the cooling system was originally closed by a fan through side air intakes over the caterpillars, which when driving in dry weather caused the engine contamination and its rapid wear. On the last series of tractor, the air intakes were transferred to a cleaner zone - between the backrests of the seats. To increase the survival of the machines, the arrow commander had a duplicate control (except for switching gear) that during the war years it was repeatedly rescued when the driver's injury or death. The tank of a benzobacker equipped with a gas station was 115 liters. In addition, there was a consumable tank with a capacity of 3 - 6.7 liters (depending on the series).
The four-stage gearbox provided four transmissions forward and one reverse transmission. One-way demultipator from a three-axle gas-aaa car doubled the number of steps in the transmission and allowed to have two ranges: traction and transport. Hence the possibility of minimal ("smoke") of the speed of movement of 2-2.5 km / h with a traction effort on the hook to 3000 kg. The remaining transmission units: the main transmission, onboard friction frictions with brakes, onboard transmissions with leading asterisks, as well as a small-grained caterpillar, supporting and supporting rubber rollers were used from T-38 tank.
Trolleys with blocked pairwise support rollers, unlike tank, had a more compact spring suspension, which made it possible to reduce the height of the caterpillar blade for convenient placement of the calculation. Initially, the rear reference roller operated the role and guide wheels, but due to the frequent cases of tipping the trolley that could not be prevented by installing the limiter, it was necessary to introduce a separate guide wheel. Unfortunately, the use of silent rubberous caterpillar with metal plins was not justified and applied to the experimental manner - she often scored.
The electrical equipment of the machine was performed on a single-wire diagram. The voltage of the on-board network was 6 V. As sources of electricity were used by the CSTE-100 battery with a capacity of 100 A and H and GBF-4105 generator with a voltage of 6-8 V and a capacity of 60-80 W.
Army tests of the Komsomol Member, held in August - November 1937, showed that it, subject to the elimination of individual flaws, can be adopted by the RKKKA. The average velocity of the tractor with the trailer on the highway reached 15-20 km / h, according to the cafeteria and off-road - up to 8-11 km / h, which was recognized as high. The car overcame 1.4 m, the ferrod 0.6 m, the wall is 0.47 m, the trees poured with a thickness of 0.18 m. The movement was possible with a roll of 40 ° (though, at the same time, caterpillars with short feathers travers sometimes dropped). The maximum overcomes of the rise with the crew of two people and the full refueling without the trailer reached 45 °; With a full combat mass and a trailer weighing 2000 kg to 18 °. The rotation radius was only 2.4 m (turn on the spot), which was also evaluated positively, given the high demands on the maneuverability of the machine. Unfortunately, the car engine, which is not calculated for long-term hard work on the tracked tractor, was overloaded and often prematurely faced (wear of connecting bearings, breakdown of head gasket, leaks through the glands). However, there were no other suitable, lungs and compact, motors then there were no in the country.
Disadvantages were noted, later eliminated: the unfortunate of the towing device (they subsequently installed a rubber hook shock absorber), a small passage of caterpillars (the trackers began to cast from manganesely steel), self-off transmission (entered the lock in KP). The slip of the tractor on the icing road was eliminated by the introduction of removable spikes attached by bolts to each fifth tract of the caterpillar (only on board - 16 spikes). The spikes began to come to each machine into an individual zip set.
Release "Komsomolets" began in 1937 at the head plant No. 37 and on the special production of the SB and Gas. At the last, in the special waste, headed by M.I. Kazakov, conducted independent work on the creation of light artillery tractors on the basis of automobile aggregates and light tanks. Due to the intense position with the release of the Armorist, attempts were made to create an unarmented Komsomol Center. Such machines created at factory No. 37 were light tractors LT-1 and LT-2 with gas engines GAZ-M (50 hp) and GAZ-11 (76 hp), developed in 1939 under the direction of S.Surengana.
"Komsomol members" of the 1st series with regimental guns of the 1927 sample
Pass along the Red Square.
Gaza in 1940-1941 were built (leading constructors N.I.Dyachkov and S. B. Mikhailov, constructors of aggregates S.A.Soloviev, I.G.Sevozko, Tester A.F.Hmelevsky) Light tractors GAZ-20 ("Komsomolets-2") with a gas-m and gas-22 engine (T-22) based on light tank T-40 (rollers with an individual torsion suspension) with a gas-11 engine. All of them had rear leading asterisks, a cabin and a platform from a gas-mm truck, and in their tracting properties could be towed tools for division and anti-aircraft artillery. However, due to the identified essential flaws, the military from these tractors refused.
The release of the Komsomol Center ceased in July 1941: the arms were more needed light tanks. Everything was manufactured 7780 Machines of three production series, a slightly distinguished platform, seats, cooling systems, chassis, weapons. They were widely used in the Red Army and played a prominent role in her motorization. So, as of January 1, 1941, the troops numbered 4401 "Komsomolets" (20.5% of the special tractor fleece) under the state of 2810. By the way, in the states approved in April 1941, in each rifle division, it was supposed to have 21 cars ; By the beginning of the war, the number of tractors of this type in the troops reached 6,700 units.
In the summer of 1941, when applying confrudars on the enemy, the Komsomolets was sometimes used as machine-gun tanks to combat infantry. At the same time at the Gorky Artillery Plant No. 92, on the initiative of the chief designer, V.G.Gabin on the hundred cars were mounted 57-mm anti-tank guns of the ZIS-2. The obtained open self-propelled guns of the ZIS-30, although they were unstable during shooting (low support base, a large height of the fire line), quickly passed the military tests at the end of July. Later they were distributed through tank brigades and they took part in the battle for Moscow.
At the fronts of the war, the Komsomolets tractor, the number of which was continuously reduced (1662 cars remained in the army, on 1.1.1943 - 1048), on 1.1.1943 - 1048), continued to carry their hard service. In the absence of other tractors, they were used for towing a heavier small-caliber anti-aircraft and divisional artillery, of course, the cars were worked with overload. Used T-20, which were ideal for forest roads, besides, always provided by road spare parts, and partisans.
A large number of tractors was captured by German troops in good condition. "Komsomol members" in the Wehrmacht consisted under the designation "Leicht Gepanzerter Artillerie Schlepper 630 (R).
The only preserved in our country "Komsomolets" can be seen in Moscow on a possessing grief in an open area. In Finland, they are not as an example more, as much as 3. One in the artillery museum of Hemeinlinna, and in the Finnish Tank Museum in the city of Parol, there are two of them, and one - on the go. And this is not surprising, because in the Finnish army, the T-20 trophy tractors were exploited until 1961.
| Tactical and technical characteristics tractor "Komsomolets" |
|
|---|---|
| Year of issue | 1936 |
| Crew | 2 |
| Mass in the equipped state without cargo, kg | 3460 |
| Length, M. | 3,45 |
| Width, M. | 1,859 |
| Clearance, M. | 0,3 |
| Width caterpillars, m | 0,2 |
| Height of the cabin (without load), m | 1,58 |
| Armored protection, mm | Body forehead 10 mm BORE 7 mm Cum 7 mm |
| Armament | 7,62 mm machine gun DT. |
| Ammunition | 1260 Patrons |
| Engine | GAZ-M, 50 hp 4-cylinder |
| Fuel, L. | 115 |
| Highway reserve, km | no trailer - 250 with trailer - 152 |
| Max. Speed, km / h | 50 |
| Lift platform, kg | 500 |
| Mass of the towed trailer, kg | 2000 |
| Number of locations in the body for seating | 6 |
| Average specific pressure On the ground with a load on the platform, kg / cm 2 | 0,58 |
| Released, pcs | 7780 |
| Photos of the tractor "Komsomolets" | ||||
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Drawings tractor "Komsomolets":
Komsomolets is a light half-edged front edge tractor intended for anti-tank artillery.
The predecessor of the Komsomol Center was a light tractor "Pioneer", designed in 1935 in the Scientific Auto Tractor Institute (NATO) under the leadership of A. S. Shcheglov on the sample of the Russian Tractor "Marmon Herington" with the Ford Car Engine V-8.
Besides predecessor
The car was very short and narrow. Its mass was only 1500 kg, speed up to 50 km / h. The driver sat in the middle, right above the gearbox, and was covered in front with a protective casing. Behind him, there were six seats, three in a row mounted backs inwards, on which side, closely, the fighters of the instrument calculation were placed.
The first batch of "pioneers" (50 units, according to other data - 25) issued at Moscow Plant No. 37. Ordzhonikidze in 1936. And on November 7 of the same year, the tractor was already attended in a parade on Red Square. The production continued to 1937. In the troops they did not take root due to instability when driving and on turns, low traction properties and low capacity.
Test
The design of the new light tractor was engaged in KB NATI under the leadership of N. A. Astrov. Army tests of the Komsomol Member, held in August - November 1937, showed that, subject to the elimination of individual flaws, it can be accepted for the supply of the Red Army. When moving along the highway, the maximum speed reached up to 50 km / h. With a touched 2-ton trailer and total weight of 4100 kg, the speed was reduced to 40 km / h, and the average average was 15-20 km / h depending on the type of road coating. At the off-road speed declined to 8-10 km / h, but at the same time the tractor could move with a 40 ° roll and throw the trees with a diameter of 18 cm. The maximum overcomes of the rise with the crew of two people and the full refueling without a trailer reached 45 °. With full combat mass and trailer weighing 2000 kg - up to 18 °. The radius of turning in place was only 2.4 m, which was also evaluated positively, given the high demands on the maneuverability of the machine. The A-20 tractor can tow the trailer with a loading capacity of 2 tons, but when the reduced transfer of the demultiplier is turned on, this indicator increased to 3 tons. Such indicators were quite suitable for army requirements.
Unfortunately, the automotive engine, not calculated for long-term hard work on the tracked tractor, was overloaded and often faced a prerequisite. However, there were simply no other suitable motors then in the USSR.
PRODUCTION
The production of Komsomolov residents have deployed from December 1937 at factory No. 37, where the floating tanks T-38 and components for them, as well as on the special manufacturers of the Code and gas, were also manufactured.
Due to the simple design and unification of its individual elements, the release was held with high rates. As a result, as a result, on January 1, 1941, the customer in the face of the Red Army accepted the 4401 car of three series (20.5% of the special tractor fleet), with 810. Next, by June 22, 1941, the total number of tractors was already 6,700 units. The car was easy to operate and reliable in technical terms. It could have been released significantly longer if the war did not start with Germany. Already in July, Plant No. 37 received orders for light T-40 tanks, and then at T-30 and T-60. From August "Komsomol members" no longer produced. Until this time, it was possible to collect 7780 cars, most of which fell to the front.
During the defensive battle of June - August 1941, the Western Front was irretrievably lost 46 artillery regiments, which could not be exit from the environment. All material part, including tractors and tractors, was left in the territory busy opponent. Only about 1 thousand units were lost only by the T-20 tractor. By the end of the Great Patriotic War, T-20, T-20 continued to be widely exploited only as part of the Far Eastern and Trans-Baikal military districts, where they were numbered at least 800 cars.
Constructive features
Using the experience gained when creating floating tanks T-37A and T-38, the project of KB N. A. Astrova provided for a full booking of the driver of the driver's mechanic and the arrow commander.
The input of the short operation of the "pioneers" revealed the need for armor protection of the driver, engine, radiator and gas tank from the fire of small arms, as the tractor should work in close proximity to the enemy - in the zone of likely shelling.
Design Description
The housing of the tractor was structurally divided into three parts. Transmission was placed ahead. It consisted of one-piece main friction friction of a four-stage gearbox, a one-step demultiplier (from gas-AAA vehicle) to obtain direct or slow gears, conical main transmission, two multi-disc drinkers with tape brakes with fades from Ferodo and two onboard single-stage gearboxes. The main friction, gearbox and conical main transmission were borrowed from gas-aa truck. The gearbox provided four transmissions forward and one back.
The transmission contained a control station protected by an armored cabin. The driver's seat was located on the left, and the commander of the car, at the same time who carried out the duties of the machine gunner, to the right. A 6.62 mm dt machine gun was located in the ball in the right and had a relatively small shelling sector. The ammunition consisting of 1008 ammunition was placed on two racks. One rack on six disks was behind the driver's seat. The second, three disks - to the right of the commander. Six six more disks were laid in special machines, and the last 16th was immediately installed on the machine gun. The currency currency of the 3rd series increased by one disk, it consisted of 1071 cartridges.
For review used hatches in the windshield and onboard armoredirs of the cabin, in which there were observed sluts, and starting with the 2nd series machines - Triplex glass. In the roof of the cabin, two rectangular landing hatch and the crew landing were performed. In the open position, they were held in crochet retainers, and in the closed, "snaps".
The engine compartment was located in the middle part of the case. A 4-cylinder carburetor engine M-1 with a capacity of 50 liters was installed here. from. (37kW), equipped with a liquid cooling system, with a "Zenit" carburetor, economizer and enrichment. The air for the cooling system was originally closed by a fan through side air intakes over the caterpillars, which when driving in dry weather caused the engine contamination and its rapid wear. A separate hatch under the yield of cooling air, made in the feed of the Armorist, on the prototype and machines of the 1st series were covered by armored blinds. The maximum capacity of the two fuel tanks was 121.7 liters, and 115 liters accounted for the main one, and the additional accomplished up to 6.7 liters of fuel. The engine compartment was closed by an armored hood with folding covers. The start of the engine was carried out using the MAF-4006 electric starter with a capacity of 0.8-0.9 liters. from. (0.6-0.7 kW) or from a crown handle. In the ignition system, the IG-4085 bobbin and the IMF-4003 interrupter was used.
The cargo compartment was located above the engine behind the armor partition. In the cargo compartment along the longitudinal axis of the car, two seats were installed for the transport of an instrument calculation, which consisted of six people. Being turned outward, they formed their backs on the side of the cargo platform for the carriage of the ammunition and artillery equipment. In rainy weather, with prolonged marches, a closed awning was installed with windows, while the height of the machine increased to 2.23 m. In the bottom of the case, six round hatches closed with hatched with rubber layers were made. The hatches were located under the turbulent engine cranks, gearbox, demultiplier, main transmission, fuel tank and radiator.
Booking the housing was differentiated and had a rational form. The frontal armorists who defended the transmission compartment and the control department had a thickness of 10 mm. Side and feed closed 7-mm armor. Almost all armor sheets were connected on a metal frame with rivets and bolts. From entering shells, 10-mm armor did not save, but reliably protected from bullets and fragments.
The elements of the chassis are supporting and supporting rollers, driving wheels and small-grained caterpillars - borrowed from the floating tank T-38. Trolleys with blocked pairwise support rollers, unlike tank, had a more compact spring suspension, which made it possible to reduce the height of the caterpillar blade for convenient placement of the calculation. Initially, the rear reference roller operated the role and guide wheels, but due to the frequent cases of tipping the trolley that could not be prevented by installing the limiter, it was necessary to introduce a separate guide wheel. Unfortunately, the use of silent rubberous caterpillar with metal plins was not justified and applied to the experimental manner - she often scored.
The electrical equipment of the machine was performed on a single-wire diagram. The voltage of the on-board network was 6 V. The CSTE-100 battery was used as sources of electricity with a capacity of 100 A-h and the GBF-4105 generator 6-8 in a capacity of 60-80 W. The means of external and internal communications on the machine were not installed. Outdoor lighting was provided by two headlights fixed on the windshield sheet of the case, and one dimensional lantern on the feed of the Armorist. In combat conditions, the headlights were removed and stacked inside the body.
Tactical and technical characteristics of T-20 T-20 "Komsomolets"
- Mass in the currency without cargo, kg: 3460
- Load capacity platform, kg: 500
- Mass of the towed trailer, kg: 2000
- Number of places in the cabin: 2
- Number of locations in the body: 6
- Overall dimensions, mm:
- Length: 3450
- Width: 1859
- Height in the cab: 1580
- clearance: 300 - Max, speed, km / h: 50
- Power reserve, km: 250
History of creation
The development of artillery weapons in the interwar period went along the path of continuous enhancement of fire power of guns, increasing the range of their shooting, rapidity and maneuverability on the battlefield. Equestrian traction, until then, dominated in artillery, could no longer provide the necessary mobility of new artsystems, especially corpus and high power, the mass of which, taking into account the next amplification and equipment increased significantly. The special position in the Red Army of the early 1930s began to occupy an emerging as a special type of troops anti-tank and battalion artillery, represented by the light 37-mm guns of the 1930 sample and 45-mm cannons of the 1932 sample, as well as a 126,2-mm gun Sample 1927. She needed particularly high maneuverability when changing firing positions, not inferior to the mobility of opposing tanks, shooting a straight flooring at a distance of 500-1000 m under the conditions of the front edge, a fast-flowing battle and a powerful rifle-machine-gun enemy. And here the horse traction, with all due respect to it, then in the Red Army, was no longer suitable. We needed a light, mobile and small tracked tractor of the "front edge", created with full consideration of the specifics of its new use, the mass production of which for the rapid and complete saturation of anti-tank divisions and artillery regiments would be under industry. Such opportunities then have autotractor plants and those engineering enterprises, which, with their help, built fasteners and light intelligence tanks. Obviously, the light artillery tractor of this class was advisable to create on their basis using well-developed chassis aggregates and the chassis, which were quite suitable for this purpose in their technical parameters. The power unit could be a gasoline 4-cylinder engine Gas-A with a capacity of 40 hp, along with car clutch and gearbox, widely used almost all the small tanks produced.
At the fronts of the war "Komsomoltsy", the number of which continuously declined (on September 1, 1942, 1662 cars remained in the army), they continued to carry their hard service. In the absence of other tractors, they were used for towing more severe small-caliber anti-aircraft and divisional artillery, working with overload. In addition, in the summer of 1941, during the defense and applying confrudars on the enemy, the Komsomolets was sometimes used as machine-gun tanks to combat infantry. We used "Komsomol members" and partisans - they turned out to be perfect machines for forest roads, besides always provided by road spare parts.
Machines based on "Komsomolts"
SAU ZIS-30
- In July 1941 at the Gorky Artillery Plant No. 92, on the initiative of the chief designer V. G. Grabrust, 57-mm anti-tank weapons of the modification of the ZIS-2 were mounted on a hundred "Komsomol members". Quickly passing in the end of July, military tests obtained by the open self-propelled guns of the ZIS-30, although they were unstable when shooting (low support base, a large height of the fire line), nevertheless were distributed through tank brigades and used in the battle near Moscow.
Literature
E. Truthfully. Tractor ... in armor and with a machine gun // Model designer. - 1994. - № 7.
Links
- Tractor "Komsomolets". The Russian Battlefield.. Archived
- Light tractor T-20 "Komsomolets". 1941-1945 . Archived from the original source on May 19, 2012.
- Detailed photos of the T-20 tractor "Komsomolets" of the 1st series. DishModels.ru.. Archived from the original source on May 19, 2012.
| Armored vehicles of the USSR B. interwar period | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tankets | "Schlotonka" · T-17. · T-21 · T-22 / T-23 · "Fordson" · T-25. · T-27 · Movable firepoint · PPG · D 7 · D-44. |
 |
| Small tanks | T-33 · T-34 · T-41 · T-37A · Tank Schitikova · T-38 · T-43. · T-38m · T-39. · T-43-2 · T-51. · T-116. · Tank TM. · 0-10 | |
| Tanks accompaniment | Renault-Russian · "The Boat AM" · T-16. · T-18 · T-19. · D-10 / D-11 · TMM. · T-26 · T-26-5 · KT-26 · T-26A. · T-46. · T-26m. · STZ-25 · STZ-35 · T-111. · T-126Sp · Object 211. | |
| Maneuverable tanks | T-12. · T-24 · Tg. · TA-1 / TA-2 · D-4. · D-5. · BT-2 · BT-203. · PT-1 / PT-1A · IT-3. · D-38. · Flying Tank BT · BT-5 · BT-6. · RBT-5 · BT Tsyganova · BT-7 · BT-7A · BT-5-Is · BT-SV-2 · Air cushion tank · MAC-1 · A-20 · A-32 | |
| Tanks breakthrough | ||
Literature
Tractor "Komsomolets"
A special position in the Red Army of the early 1930s began to occupy an emerging anti-tank artillery, represented by 37-mm guns of the 1930 sample and 45mm of the 1932 sample. She needed high maneuverability (not inferior to tanks) when changing positions, often under the enemy rifle-machine gun. Here the horse traction, with all due respect to her, then in the Red Army, was no longer suitable. We needed a light small-sized tracked tractor that fully responded to the specifics of its use. In addition, the mass production of such machines for rapid and complete saturation of anti-tank divisions and artillery regiments should have been under the industry. Such possibilities in those years have autotractor factories and engineering enterprises, building fuels and light intelligence tanks. It is obvious that such a necessary army tractor was appropriate to create on the basis of the latter, using the chassis and chassis well-developed in the production of nodes, which were quite suitable for this purpose in their technical parameters. The power unit could be a gasoline four-cylinder engine gas-a with a capacity of 40 hp (Together with car clutch and gearbox), widely used by almost all the small tanks produced. The first such tractor, "Pioneer," was designed in 1935 at the Scientific Auto Tractor Institute (NATO) under the leadership of A.S.Shcheglov on the sample of the Hermon Herington high-speed American tractor with the Ford V-8 car engine. The layout of the car and his traction di-yam settlement did S.N. Osipov, the leading engineer on the car was appointed Bruzystansev. The power unit and the transmission with the differential borrowed from the T-37a floating tank that was in the production of a floating tank, spring-balancing trolley (one on board) and caterpillars were used. The rear guide wheel had an elastic suspension and simultaneously performed the role of a support rink (bearing lazen). The car was very short and narrow. Its mass was only 1500 kg, speed up to 50 km / h. The driver sat in the middle, right above the gearbox, and was covered in front with a protective casing. There were six seats behind him on sides, three in a row mounted backs inside, on which sideways, closely, were placed fighters of an instrumental calculation. The first batch of "pioneers" (50 units, according to other data - 25) issued at the Moscow Ordzhonikidze Moscow Plant No. 37 in 1936. And on November 7 of the same year, the tractor was already attended in a parade on Red Square. The production continued to 1937. In the troops they did not take root due to instability when driving and on turns, low traction properties and low capacity. During the short operation, the need for armor protection of the driver, engine, radiator and gas tank from the fire arms fire was revealed, since the tractor should work in close proximity to the enemy - in the zone of likely shelling. Such an armored modification soon developed and built in Nati (Marinin Designer) in two versions: "Pioneer B1" (the calculation sits face to each other) and "Pioneer B2" (the calculation sits back to each other). Soon it became obvious that the car was at the heart of his already not very successful, it turned out even worse. Quite quickly, at the end of 1936, under the leadership of the chief designer of the N.A. Astrov, a full-fledged armored tracked tractor "Komsomolets" T-20 (factory index 020 or A-20) was created. The car had a more spacious riveted-welded body from an armored personnel with a thickness of 7-10 mm, which defended the carriage - the driver and the arrow commander - from the bullets of the rifle caliber and small fragments. In addition, the commander received defensive weapons - a DT tank machine gun in a movable mask, by no means superfluous in the front edge area, where direct contact with the opponent was very likely for artilleryrs. The crew cabin, armored from all sides, had on top of two Luke Laza, and ahead and on sides - folding armored bridlers, covered with observation slots, later replaced by pulent blocks "Triplex". The cab was located (the engine, as well as on the "pioneer", was located at the back and was deployed by the flywheel forward), closed on top of the armored hood with folding lids. Above him, behind the armored house, a cargo compartment was placed with two blocks of longitudinal triple seats. Being turned outward, they formed their backs on the side of the cargo platform for the carriage of the ammunition and artillery equipment. When transporting artillerymen was placed back to each other, in the dimensions of the tractor. In rainy weather, with prolonged marches, a closed awning could be installed with windows, while the height of the machine increased to 2.23 m. The towing device responded to the requirements of the connection with the breath of light guns and their front. The power automotive unit of gas with a four-stage gearbox (with an inclusion lock) complemented a demultiplier from a three-axle gas gas-aaa, which doubled the number of steps in the transmission and allowed to have two ranges: traction and transport. Hence the possibility of minimal ("crawling") speed of 2-2.5 km / h with a traction of effort on the hook to 3000 kg. The remaining transmission units: the main transmission, onboard friction frictions with brakes, onboard transmissions with leading asterisks, as well as a small-grained caterpillar, supporting and supporting rubber rollers were used from T-38 tank. Trolleys with blocked pairwise support rollers, unlike tank, had a more compact spring suspension, which made it possible to reduce the height of the caterpillar blade for convenient placement of the calculation. Initially, the rear reference roller operated the role and guide wheels, but due to the frequent cases of tipping the trolley that could not be prevented by installing the limiter, it was necessary to introduce a separate guide wheel. Unfortunately, the use of silent rubberous caterpillar with metal plins was not justified and applied to the experimental manner - she often scored. The tank of a benzobacker equipped with a gas station was 115 liters. In addition, there was a consumable tank with a capacity of 3 - 6.7 liters (depending on the series).
The air for the cooling system was originally closed by a fan through lateral aircraft over the tracks that when driving in dry weather caused the engine pollution and its rapid wear. On the last series of tractor, the air intakes were transferred to a cleaner zone - between the backrests of the seats. To increase the survivability of the machines, the arrow commander had a duplicate control (except for switching gear) that during the war years it was repeatedly rescued at the failure of the driver. Army tests of the Komsomol Member, held in August - November 1937, showed that it, subject to the elimination of individual flaws, can be accepted for the supply of the Red Army. The average velocity of the tractor with a trailer on the highway reached 15-20 km / h, according to the cafeteria and off-road - up to 8 - 11 km / h, which was recognized as high. The car overcame 1.4 m, the ferrod 0.6 m, the wall is 0.47 m, the trees poured with a thickness of 0.18 m. The movement was possible with a 40 degrees. (True, at the same time, the caterpillars with short feathers of the traks). The maximum overcomes of the rise with the crew of two people and the full refueling without a trailer reached 45 degrees; With a complete combat mass and a trailer weighing 2000 kg to 18 degrees. The rotation radius was only 2.4 m (turn on the spot), which was also evaluated positively, given the high demands on the maneuverability of the machine. Unfortunately, the car engine, which is not calculated for long-term hard work on the tracked tractor, was overloaded and often prematurely faced (wear of connecting bearings, breakdown of head gasket, leaks through the glands). However, other suitable - lungs and compact - motors then there were no in the country. Disadvantages were noted, later eliminated: the unfortunate of the towing device (they subsequently installed a rubber hook shock absorber), a small passage of caterpillars (the trackers began to cast from manganesely steel), self-off transmission (entered the lock in KP). The slip of the tractor on the icing road was eliminated by the introduction of removable spikes attached by bolts to each fifth tract of the caterpillar (everything is on board-16 spikes). The spikes began to come to each machine into an individual zip set.
Release "Komsomolets" began in 1937 at the head plant No. 37 and on the special production of the SB and Gas. At the last, in the special waste, headed by M.I. Kazakov, conducted independent work on the creation of light artillery tractors on the basis of automobile aggregates and light tanks. Due to the intense position with the release of the Armorist, attempts were made to create the unarmented options for the Komsomol Center. Such machines created at factory No. 37 were light tractors LT-1 and LT-2 with gas engines GAZ-M (50 hp) and GAZ-11 (76 hp), developed in 1939 under the direction of S.Surengana. Gaza in 1940-1941 were built (leading constructors N.I.Dyachkov and S. B. Mikhailov, constructors of aggregates S.A.Soloviev, I.G.Sevozko, Tester A.F.Hmelevsky) Light tractors GAZ-20 ("Komsomolets-2") with a gas-m and gas-22 engine (T-22) based on light tank T-40 (rollers with an individual torsion suspension) with a gas-11 engine. All of them had rear leading asterisks, a cabin and a platform from a gas-mm truck, and in their tracting properties could be towed tools for division and anti-aircraft artillery. However, due to the identified essential flaws, the military from these tractors refused.
The release of the Komsomol Center stopped in July 1941 - the army was more needed light tanks. In total, 7780 cars of three production series were made, a slightly distinguished platform, seats, cooling systems, chassis, weapons. They were widely used in the Red Army and played a prominent role in her motorization. So, as of January 1, 1941, the troops numbered 4401 "Komsomolets" (20.5% of the special tractor fleece) under the state of 2810. By the way, in the states approved in April 1941, in each rifle division, it was supposed to have 21 cars ; By the beginning of the war, the number of tractors of this type in the troops reached 6,700 units. In the summer of 1941, when applying confrudars on the enemy, the Komsomolets was sometimes used as machine-gun tanks to combat infantry. At the same time at the Gorky Artillery Plant No. 92, on the initiative of the chief designer, V.G.Gabin on the hundred cars were mounted 57-mm anti-tank guns of the ZIS-2. The obtained open self-propelled guns of the ZIS-30, although they were unstable during shooting (low support base, a large height of the fire line), quickly passed the military tests at the end of July. Later they were distributed through tank brigades and they took part in the battle for Moscow. At the fronts of the war, the Komsomolets tractor, the number of which was continuously reduced (1662 cars remained in the army, on 1.1.1943-1048), on 1.1.1943-1048), continued to carry their hard service. In the absence of other tractors, they were used for towing a heavier small-caliber anti-aircraft and divisional artillery, of course, the cars were worked with overload. Used T-20, which were ideal for forest roads, besides, always provided by road spare parts, and partisans.
The only preserved in our country "Komsomolets" can be seen in Moscow on a positive grief. In the Finnish tank museum there are two, and one - on the go. And it is not surprising, because in the Finnish army, T-20 trophy tractors were exploited until 1961.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the T-20 "Komsomolets"
Mass in the currency without cargo, kg 3460
Load capacity platform, kg 500
Mass of the towed trailer, kg 2000
Number of places in the cab 2
Number of locations in the body for seating 6
Dimensions, mm:
Length 3450.
Width 1859.
Cabin height (without load) 1580
Base of support rollers, mm 1775
Pitch (in the middle of the caterpillars), mm 1480
Width of caterpillars, mm 200
Step Track Caterpillar, mm 87
Road clearance, mm 300
Secondary specific pressure on the ground with a load on the platform, kg / cm.kv 0,58
Maximum engine power, hp 50-52
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h:
without trailer 50.
with a trailer 47.5
Energy reserve without trailer, km 250
Middle fuel consumption per 1 km with load and trailer, l 0.7
Maximum permissible overcome lifting on solid soil without trailer, hail - 32
