Many requirements for the design of the car can be implemented only if certain inertial (weighing) indicators are supplied. These include the mass and moments of the car inertia, as well as the position of the center of mass.

Own mass

Depending on the state of the car, its mass can be changed at a fairly wide range, (in a cargo car during loading mass increases more than 100%).

Three interrelated mass indicators:

mass of a non-car car, that is the mass of the car without equipment (tool, spare wheel) and refueling. This indicator allows you to judge the material intensity, but can not give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe behavior of the car in real operating conditions.

mass of a curb car, that is the mass of the car with refueling and equipment, but without a driver and passengers. Under this mass, the maximum possible dynamics of overclocking is made.

full mass of the car - the total mass of the exhaust car, payload, driver and passengers. Evaluation of the main operating quality of the car. These values \u200b\u200bare estimated.

Due to the presence of suspension, some elements of the vehicle design have the possibility of relative movement. Part of the design of the automobile vehicle, which is separated from the wheels or bridges with elastic elements of the suspension, is called podcorns. Parts of the design of the chassis of the automotive vehicle, the mass of which is not perceived by the elastic elements of the suspension, are called unsourous. The smaller the ratio of the mass of insistant parts to the mass of the undercorns part of the structure, the better the smoothness of the car's stroke. Therefore, with the same own masses, there will be a more comfortable car, which has a smaller mass of the structures.

The payload of the truck is called load capacity And it is indicated in its passport data with only one digit. Passenger cars and buses are designed to transport passengers and their baggage, therefore, are not characterized by lifting capacity, but passenger. At the same time, passenger cars indicate the number of places, including the driver, and the buses are the number of seats, the total number of places and the total number of places to transport people to peak hours. Since the mass of passengers and their baggage is unknown, they are defined by some conventional values \u200b\u200bwith which you can calculate the full load. In our country, the passenger mass takes equal to 75 kg, a mass of baggage - 10 kg per passenger of a passenger car, 5 kg per passenger of urban and 15 kg per passenger long-distance bus.

Position of the center of mass.

From the standpoint of the implementation of a series of operational qualities laid into the construction of a car, not only the indicators of their own masses and the beneficial load of the car, but the distribution of normal reactions on the wheels of the car is important. This distribution is determined by the provision of the center of mass.

The center of mass of the car is, as a rule, in the longitudinal plane of symmetry, although its slight deviation from this position is possible when the car load changes. Obviously, the closer the center of the masses to any of the axes of the car, the more load coming on it. The distribution of masses is influenced On the stability and controllability of the car, its permeability, braking qualities and smoothness of the stroke. In this regard, in reference literature, the values \u200b\u200bof the masses falling on different axes of the car are indicated. These indicators can be represented in absolute values \u200b\u200bor as a ratio (usually percentage) mass. From the point of view of ensuring the passability, the mass of the car coming to the drive wheels is of particular importance. This indicator is called coupling.

In most countries, in order to ensure the safety of highways, maximum allowable axial loads are regulated. Therefore, the characteristics of the mass distribution are also the basis for making a decision on the possibility of using the car in specific operating conditions. Application in the structures of heavy cars (freight, and sometimes buses) more than two axes, is usually determined by the need to reduce axial loads to permissible values. Cars whose axial load exceeds permissible, belong to off-road. Position center position in height car influence On its handling, braking properties, stability against tipping, and unconditional advantages from these points of view have cars with a lower location of the center of mass.

Moments inertia

With the same position of the center of mass and equal masses, cars can have different values \u200b\u200bof the moments of inertia. In general, the inertial properties of the structure, along with the above mentioned masses, can be characterized by three values \u200b\u200bof inertia moments (relative to three mutually perpendicular axes passing through the mass center). Moment inertia relative to the vertical axis It has a great influence on the controllability of the car and its stability against the drift. Moment of inertia relative to the horizontal transverse axis affects the smoothness of the stroke of the car. Moment of inertia relative to the horizontal longitudinal axis It may affect the resistance of the car against the transverse tipping.

In the design process, the designer has the ability to affect the magnitude of the moments of the car inert mainly due to changes in its layout pattern.

In the automotive industry there are such terms as: complete and outfit mass. These terms are those that in the theory of driving schools are defined. But today, even many drivers with great experience, do not remember or do not know about it. The curb weight of the car is the total mass of the machine with the necessary snap-in, all materials that are needed during the operation of the machine, full fuel tank, weight of the chauffeur, but excluding passenger weight and cargo weight.

The total mass is considered the mass of the car, which is extremely possible and consists of: the weight of the driver and passengers, the masses of the equipped car, as well as the weight of the goods.

What is the difference between the oven and full mass

If you figure out the differences of the concepts of concepts, then the whole of the essence is to come down to what exactly it can be included and consuming into the overall mass criterion. Compared with the value of the car's exhaust mass, in the indicator, its full mass appears the weight of the driver, and the weight of all passengers, as well as the mass of the transported baggage.

Full weight \u003d car weight + the mass of all people in the car + cargo in the luggage compartment.

Curb weight \u003d mass of the car without additional cargo.

Of course, every person has a different weight. This can be attributed to baggage. Therefore, drivers use such concepts as the "permissible total mass of the machine." Each car has its own highest solvable indicator, everything will depend on the manufacturer's company, those materials from which the car is made, as well as the forms of the car body, etc.

Do not overload the car. If this is not observed, then during the use of a car with it, the deformation of the body, bridge systems, and also other details that need to be fixed to the machine suspension. And still do not forget that, provided that the machine is complete, the car will be consumed in large volumes. Also, the mass is always taken into account when using a two-hand lift.

All of the above tips for motorists are quite important information, Especially if the driver does not have enough driving experience. They should not be neglected or not to take them into account. Since, sometimes even experienced drivers and a chateral commit certain actions that cannot seem at first glance with ridiculous and trifling, but which can lead to consequences. Therefore, be careful and careful, sitting behind the wheel.

Question from the reader:

« Good day. Help sort out the mass of the car! There are many different indicators, the head goes around, and two are indicated in the TCP! For example, what is the allowed mass of the car? What is - without load? And the last thing is that -akable mass of the car? Thanks in advance. Luda»

The question is really interesting. I will try to explain to simple words, read our article ...

To begin with, it is worth noting - this is a very important characteristic. With this value, you can calculate fuel consumption, as well as the dynamic characteristics of the car. For example, a car with the same technical component (engine power and identical transmissions) may differ in the dynamics due to the mass of the car. Even the difference of 20 - 50 kg can strongly affect the car dynamics, the difference can be 1-2 seconds, and this is essential. That is why from racing cars are removed all too much to ease the body, to increase the dynamics of the car according to the maximum. Also - the lighter your car, the less it spends. If the car body is an easy - the engine does not need to push the heavy body on high speeds, there is enough average speed and the speed is typed, therefore the flow rate is less.

As you can see, a lot of things affects. Therefore, manufacturers try to make it easier to facilitate the body of modern cars using more durable and lightweight materials, such as aluminum alloys, carbon, etc.

But as you correctly noticed in TCP, and in the book of operation of the car, there are many different masses. Let's in order.

Dry mass of car

Such a term is rarely used in everyday life, it basically uses manufacturers on test benches. "Dry" - called the mass of the car, without equipment, which is not fastened, and without oils (engine and transmission), without liquids (cooling, brake, washer liquid), without fuel, without tool, without passengers and without any cargo . That is practically "naked" car.

Mass without load (if completely - the mass of the car in the "curved state" without load) sometimes also the cutting machine

There is in the designation in the TCP. Without a load (but in a curb) - this is the mass of the car, without a driver and passengers, without cargo, but with a complete margin of fuel, necessary tools and spare consumables (jack, pump and spare wheel) and full equipment fluids. That is, both gasoline, and all oils and liquids (cooling, braking, washer fluid) everything is there.

The allowed maximum mass (in the TCP is indicated as permittedmax mass)

This is the maximum permissible mass, installed by the manufacturer with a driver and passengers, with a cargo, with all fluids, with fuel, with tools, as well as with trailed devices that affect the mass (trailers, autoomom).

With this maximum mass, the car retains its technical properties if it can be not safe to exceed it. May just not withstand the suspension. It should be noted that manufacturers take into account the driver and passengers weighing 75 - 80 kg.

These are the masses of the car are obtained. I hope my article was helpful to you.

Some of the key characteristics of the car are the indicators of its mass. The vehicle weight directly affects fuel consumption and the operation of a plurality of systems provided in the machine.

Choosing a new car, many buyers are thinking about the question of its equipped, complete and extremely allowable masses. After all, quite often vehicles are used to transport passengers and large cargo. If the machine is not designed for the necessary loads, it will be unsuitable for the planned mode of operation.

The trite driver must understand how many passengers and baggage he can take on board so that it does not harm its car, not provoke a breakdown of suspension or other nodes due to overload.

The basic concepts of the characteristics of the TC mass are told on theoretical. Many do not consider such information useful, but faced with it after a while. Because of this, motorists arise difficulties in studying this issue.

The concept of the cutting mass

This is the most common concept on which automakers, official dealers and which are watching the drivers themselves focus.

The equipped mass of any car is the weight or mass of the vehicle, which includes the weight of the entire standard equipment, operational materials, but it does not take into account the weight of cargo, passengers and the driver.

Standard equipment usually include a spare amount and tools. As for the operational materials, the fuel, engine and transmission oil, coolant and other components are considered here.

You can somewhat differently describe what is an equipped mass in any factory car. This is the total weight of the components of the empty in terms of cargo, the driver and passengers of the vehicle, but with the filled fuel tank, with all standard tools, equipment and working fluids. In fact, this car is in the form that comes in the car dealerships. It contains all the most necessary, but there is nothing superfluous, which will gradually be accumulated by the car owner.

Determine the value of this characteristic is not difficult. This is due to the fact that the equipped mass, like the full mass of the car, is often. But they mean different parameters. Therefore, to start, look at the technical passport. Also, such information is available even before purchasing the machine, since manufacturers and sellers necessarily prescribe these parameters in the list of technical specifications.

It is important to add that the EU accepted a slightly different standard, according to which the weight of the driver is included in the total circuit-made mass. This takes into account the standard weight of 75 kilograms.

The decision is quite reasonable and has a logical explanation. The thing is that the movement of the vehicle will be impossible in the absence of a person in it, that is, the driver. It is considered a significant component of the machine, which is why automakers are considered to be incorrect to date drivers to payloads.

The outaged mass has a different name. This is a lot of load. As for the total mass of the vehicle, then everything is somewhat different.

It is in the concept of full mass that additionally the weight of the equipment, consumables, driver, cargo and passengers includes. From here it is not difficult to determine the difference between these two concepts. It lies in the weight characteristics of the passengers in the car, the driver itself and the cargo located in the cabin or the luggage compartment.

Another important characteristic is considered a dry mass of the vehicle. It includes the net weight of the machine itself, its design. In this case, the weight of standard equipment, fuel, consumable liquids should be subtracted from the cutting mass. Then we get that very dry mass.

Features of calculation

Each country has the right to use its own formula to determine the overall mass of a particular vehicle. This is not surprising, since such a criterion is key to passing cars to the sections, where there are weight limitations. This primarily concerns bridges, as well as dams and other similar designs.

As already noted, in Europe additionally add averaged vehicle weight, that is, an indicator of the average mass of man. So you can better form data on the weight of the car.

If we talk about the rules for the Russian Federation, then the following points are taken into account when calculating the exaccuits:

• 75 kilograms. As in the case of the European Union, in Russia there is a rule of adding a averaged indicator of human weight to the equipped mass. It is based on a simple concept of the fact that the driver acts as a mandatory component for the movement of the vehicle;
• if these trucks or buses intended for, with a constructively stipulated location for a crew member, 75 kilograms are also added;
• instruments. In the equipped mass necessarily include the list of instruments required by the motorist;
• 90%. It is this volume of the fuel fuel tank that is included in the equipped mass. If you take the standard volume of the tank in 60 liters and roughly calculate the mass of fuel, it turns out that it takes about 55 kilograms in the calculation as a surcharge to the equipped mass;
• split. The obligatory component is a spare wheel;
• jack, fire extinguisher, etc.

By summing all these parameters with a dry mass, the final value is obtained, which is indicated in the technical documentation of the car.

It is worth noting the fact of the existence of special formulas that allow you to individually calculate the overall mass. This is especially true for freight vehicles that pass through special items for weighing procedure. If you deduct out of weight indicators, the equipment is equipped, you can learn about the exact weight of the cargo, the maximum mass and other characteristics.

Therefore, in certain situations, controlling services apply the calculated formulas to determine this parameter.

Why it is important to know

There are a number of vital vehicles of a motorist when he needs or simply needs to know exactly the parameters of the equipment of its vehicle.

Each machine has a certain limit on the weight of the transported and towed cargo. If you are stuck and ask to tow the driver of the machine, which is technically unable to cope with such loads, the consequences will be negative for both parties.

Also about the equipment must be remembered when the passage of complex sites, bridges, dangerous places, etc. On the roads there are special warning signs, showing with which maximum weight here can be driving.

The concept of weight of payload

Observing with the concepts of mass of a car without load, we are now interested in a slightly different mass of the car. Specialists and simple motorists believe that the most significant from the position of the operation of the vehicle is such a characteristic as a lifting capacity. Also, it is called a lot of payload. But the concept of lifting capacity is more understandable and simple. From this, the point will not be changed.

Under the load capacity of the car, they understand the total weight of the entire cargo transported by the vehicle, which meets the operational and total machine characteristics of the machines.

It is important to take into account the separation of the mass of the payload for nominal and calculated.

In the case of calculating, only the weight is taken into account that is maximum able to transport a particular vehicle. In the case of the nominal necessarily, the quality of the road coating, which is carried out by cargo transportation. If this is a solid coating, then passenger cars are capable of transporting from 500 kg. cargo and more. In the case of trucks and dump trucks, figures appear in the area of \u200b\u200b25-30 tons.

The concept of total mass

Next, we describe in the fact that according to the rules is called the permitted maximum or complete mass of the vehicle. Many identify such concepts as an equipped and full mass of a passenger or truck. But this is not entirely right.

There is a significant difference between these values, which cannot be missed. It will be a serious mistake.

If we talk about what the full or maximum permissible mass of the car means, then the weight of the equipped and extremely loaded vehicle is implied here, which is laid at the model design. Additionally take into account the weight of the driver itself and its passengers.

Each individual brand and a specific vehicle model have their own indicators of permissible or full mass. In many ways, this characteristic depends on which materials were used in the production of body parts, elements of the cabin and other components.

MM (maximum mass) \u003d MSN. (equipped) + MGRP. (Cargo and passengers) + mV. (driver)

It is extremely recommended to violate the requirements for maximum loading of the vehicle. If there is too much cargo and people on board, which will exceed the load prescribed in the technical documentation, it will lead to serious problems. First of all, the suspension will suffer. Also rises the risk to face the deformations of the body itself.

Differences between full and equipped

In order to finally understand these concepts, a certain clarity should be made relative to the equipment and full mass. Many know that these concepts are different, but what exactly they differ, they cannot say for sure.

Here the whole point is that specifically enters the overall performance of two characteristics. If we compare with the parameters of the equipped mass, then the weight of the motorist itself will be additionally taken into account, that is, the driver on board passengers and.

It is impossible to deny the fact that not all people correspond to the standards in technical parameters. Weight of 75 kilograms are considered averaged, since the driver can weigh both 50 kg. And 150 kilograms. People are different, and from here there is a difference in their weight.

Similarly, things are with transportable luggage and cargo. Someone practically does not use the luggage compartment, and the maximum transports a couple of times a week several packages from the supermarket. Others regularly fill the trunk with different objects, things and goods. It comes to the point that the rear suspension sinks from such a load, and the machine is barely risen from the place.

Such a drawback in the characteristics led to the active use of the concept of permissible total mass. Each separately taken vehicle has a marking mark on the workload, the design does not allow. This is still at the design and production stage provided for automakers.

The more the motor vehicle is loaded, the more intense the fuel consumes, the consumption of not only gasoline, but also oils, the tires are rapid faster, the wear of the suspension elements and the engine is accelerated.

This does not mean that the car can not be used as a means for transporting baggage or passengers. To prohibit anyone except the driver to sit in a car is not necessary. But you need to adhere to the limit load installed by the manufacturer. Otherwise, you risks face serious breakdowns, body deformation and other troubles.

In fact, all the considered concepts are quite simple. To understand them and determine the difference will not be a lot of work.

When studying the automotive themes, a number of terms are found that determine those or other parameters of vehicles. Most definitions are introduced and clarified by government regulatory departments and other organizations responsible for organizing the road. As for passenger cars and freight transport, exercise and full mass are one of the key technical parameters, which are indicated in the documents by manufacturers.

The car overlooking the plant conveyor and the car entered in a car dealership for sale have a different mass. After the touch with zip (spare tool and accessories) and refueling technical fluids, the car's mass increases. For domestic vehicles, the concept of the curb mass is regulated by GOST R 52389-2005. It includes a mass:

• car;
• standard snap (lift, fire extinguisher, spare wheel, medical first aid kit, regular set of keys and tools);
• technical fluids, lubricants and full tank with fuel;
• the driver whose weight is made as 75 kg.

In the Zone of the European Union, automakers in the equipped mass of the car also include a mass of the driver whose weight is 75 kg. It can be said that the operational mass is the mass of a fully equipped, refilled and ready for a car trip.

What is the full mass of the car

All elements of the car are calculated and manufactured with a certain margin of strength. It is clear that the excess of the loading of the car leads to a deterioration in the traction characteristics and the efficiency of braking, as well as the key manner affects safety. Therefore, the company manufacturers indicate a full allowed mass in the car. It represents the maximum allowable parameter and includes a mass:

• curb and ready-to-use machine;
• driver and passengers by number of places;
• cargo transported.

What is the difference between the full and oven mass of the car

If you compare the full (permitted) and cutting machine, the first parameter is obtained by adding the second weight of passengers and transported baggage. The cutting mass (heavy load) of the machine is set on the basis of the technical features (car brand, type and weight of the body, the volume of the fuel tank and the cooling system, manufacturing materials, etc.) and is the parameter specified, then the full mass is the limit indicator. It shows that its excess can lead not only to a decrease in operational characteristics, but also to emergency failure of individual nodes and machine elements.

All manufacturers in the design of their cars are trying to reduce the mass of machines that directly affects their acceleration and economical characteristics. The greater weight will transport the vehicle for a certain distance, spending the minimum amount of fuel - the better.

Having calculated the full allowed mass, manufacturers are guided by some averaged passenger data, driver and transported baggage on general purpose roads. The method of testing tests, they establish that threshold, before the onset of which the car is capable of working without a substantial overpowering of fuel and exceeding axial and other loads on the transmission elements and the chassis. If one-time and minor excess of the total allowed mass can be at some extent compensated by the stock strength of the structure, then the constant and excessive loading of the cabin and the trunk of the machine will definitely lead to a decrease in the operational resource of the entire machine.

With a simplified calculation, using the total mass, the equipment can be found out what the maximum amount of cargo can take on board the car. All specified norms and values \u200b\u200bare indicated in the TCP (vehicle passport) and duplicate on special tags located in doorway or under the hood of the machine. For example, the value of the operational mass may need a service station when servicing or repairing a machine using a weight lift. Knowing the weight of the alleged shipping will not be difficult to find out whether the value of the allowed (complete) mass is exceeded, and take measures to prevent the safety of the machine.