GOST 28307-2013
Interstate standard
Trailers and semi-trailers Tractor
Test methods
Tractor-Drawn Trailers and Semi-Trailers. Methods of Testing
ISS 65.060.10
Date of introduction 2014-07-01
Preface
Objectives, basic principles and the main procedure for working on interstate standardization Installed in GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Standards of interstate, rules, recommendations on interstate standardization. Development rules, adoption , updates and cancellation "
Information about standard
1 Developed by the Russian Association of Producers of Agricultural Equipment (Rosagromash Association)
2 was submitted by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart)
3 Adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Protocol N 58-P dated August 28, 2013)
For the adoption of the standard voted:
Short name of the country on MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 | Abbreviated name of the National Standardization Authority |
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Belarus | Gosstandart of the Republic of Belarus |
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Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyzstandart |
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Moldova | Moldova Standard |
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Russia | Rosstandard. |
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Tajikistan | Tajikstandard |
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Uzbekistan | Ustanndart |
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Ukraine | State Standard of Ukraine |
4 by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of November 22, 2013 N 1590-ST Interest Standard GOST 28307-2013 was introduced as a national standard of the Russian Federation from July 1, 2014.
5 Instead of GOST 28307-89
Information about the changes to this standard is published in the annual information indicator "National Standards", and the text of the changes and edits in the monthly information indicator "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or the cancellation of this Standard, the appropriate notification will be published in the National Standards Monthly Information Index. Relevant information, notifications and texts are posted in the public information system - on the information website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet.
1 area of \u200b\u200buse
1 area of \u200b\u200buse
This standard applies to tractor trailers, semi-trailers, tractor trailer chassis and semi-trailers and machines performed on their base (tanks, houses for transportation of forests and other long freights, transportation of animals and birds, trailers and semi-trailers with installed technological equipment for various purposes) .
This standard establishes the nomenclature of indicators and methods for determining them with all types of tests above the types of transport and transport and technological machines (hereinafter - trailers and semi-trailers).
This standard does not apply to tractor trailers and semi-trailers with active drive.
2 Regulatory references
This standard uses regulatory references to the following standards:
UNECE N 13 Rules - Revision 10 Uniform Relations concerning vehicles Categories M, N and Brake
UNECE Rules N 58 - Revision 1 Uniform prescriptions regarding approval: I. Rear protective devices; II. vehicles regarding the installation of rear protective devices officially approved type; III. vehicles in relation to their rear defense
GOST 1000-75
Note - GOST R 52746-2007 trailers and semi-trailers are valid in the territory of the Russian Federation. General technical requirements
GOST 12.2.002-91 Labor safety standards. Technique agricultural. Security assessment methods
GOST 12.2.002.3-91 Labor safety standards system. Agricultural and forest vehicles. Determining brake characteristics
GOST 2349-75 Devices of traction-hook-loop systems of automotive and tractor trains. Basic parameters and dimensions. Technical requirements
GOST 3481-79 Agricultural tractors. Traction coupling devices. Types, basic parameters and dimensions
GOST 4364-81 Drives Pneumatic brake systems of motor vehicles. General technical requirements
GOST 8769-75 Devices external light vehicles, buses, trolleybuses, tractors, trailers and semi-trailers. Number, location, color, visibility corners
GOST 16504-81 System of state test products. Testing and quality control of products. Basic Terms and Definitions
GOST 20915-2011 Agricultural machinery. Methods for determining testing conditions
GOST 21623-76 System of maintenance and repair of technology. Indicators for assessing maintainability. Terms and Definitions
GOST 23181-78 Drives Brake hydraulic vehicles. General technical requirements
GOST 26025-83 Machines and tractors agricultural and forest. Methods for measuring structural parameters
GOST 26026-83 Machines and tractors agricultural and forest. Methods for assessing adaptability to maintenance
GOST 26955-86 Technique Agricultural mobile. The norms of the impact of movements on the soil
GOST 28305-89 Machines and Tractors Agricultural and Forest. Tests acceptance rules
GOST 30748-2001 Tractors of agricultural. Determination of maximum speed
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the action of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or on the National Standards Annual Information Signal, which is published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information pointer "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard should be guided by replacing (modified) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, the position in which the reference is given to it is applied in a part that does not affect this reference.
3 Terms and Definitions
This standard applies terms according to GOST 16504, GOST 10,000, as well as the following term with the corresponding definition:
nominal loading capacity: The maximum weight of the cargo transported by the trailer (semi-trailer) installed by the manufacturer.
4 types of tests and general requirements for their conduct
4.1 At the design stage of trailers (semi-trailers), the following types of tests can be carried out:
- preliminary;
- Acceptance.
4.2 At the production of trailers (semi-trailers), the following types of tests can be carried out:
- Qualification tests of the samples of the installation series (the first industrial batch);
- receiving and delivery;
- periodic;
- typical;
- certification.
4.3 In accordance with the objectives and objectives of the tests, it is allowed to combine the tests of various types.
4.4 Typical test program includes types of estimates in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1
Type of ratings | Types of testing |
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acceptance, typical | qualification | periodic | certification |
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Evaluation of technical parameters | ||||
Assessment of performance indicators of the technological process | ||||
Construction safety and ergonomics assessment | ||||
Evaluation of reliability | ||||
* Tests are carried out with the operational and technological assessment of trailers and semi-trailers for agricultural purposes. |
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4.5 The preliminary test program is developing a developer, acceptance tests - Acceptance Commission.
5 Test preparation
5.1 The procedure for providing trailers and semi-trailers for tests - in accordance with GOST 28305.
5.2 When trailers and semi-trailers for testing, completeness of their delivery must be checked in accordance with the technical documentation.
5.3 Before testing, running, adjustment of mechanisms and controls in accordance with the operation manual.
5.4 An assessment of the quality indicators of the technological process should be carried out under conditions characteristic of the work of this type of trailers and semi-trailers. The parameters characterizing the working conditions of trailers and semi-trailers during testing should be within the limits that meet the requirements of the regulatory document on the test product.
A comparative assessment of machines should be carried out in comparable conditions.
5.5 Methods for determining testing conditions - according to GOST 20915.
5.6 When transporting goods on the roads of a common network and in the field conditions of the road over the route to be in good condition.
5.7 When testing, use measuring instruments, tools and equipment, the measurement error of which should not be more%:
± 1.0 - linear dimensions;
+2.5 - angular sizes;
± 1.0 - mass;
+1.0-volume;
± 2.5 - forces;
± 1.0 - time;
± 2.0 - rotational speed;
± 2.0 - pressure;
± 2.0 - temperature.
5.8 Used measurement tools and equipment must be believed in accordance with current rules.
6 parameter estimation methods
6.1 Evaluation of technical parameters
6.1.1 The nomenclature of technical parameters to be estimated - according to the technical documentation for the trailer (semi-trailer).
For trailers and semi-trailers of agricultural purposes, a list of technical parameters characterizing the design is given in Appendix A.
6.1.2 Assessment of general requirements for the design of trailers and semi-trailers should be made for the correspondence of GOST 10,000.
6.1.3 Measuring dimensions, masses, minimum rotation radii are carried out according to GOST 26025.
The capacity of the platform (tanks) is determined by the calculation or by filling the bulk (liquid) load of a known density with the definition of its actual mass.
Weight and dimensional characteristics are determined for trailers and semi-trailers with basic and sanding sides (if available).
6.1.4 The determination of the maximum transport velocity is carried out according to GOST 30748.
6.1.5 Determination of geometric parameters of traction and coupling devices, type and constructions of coupling devices are carried out according to GOST 2349.
In assessing the conformity of the elements of aggregativeness, the requirements of GOST 3481 are the following mechanisms:
- hitch;
- hydraulic equipment;
- brake device;
- Electrical equipment.
The design of these mechanisms should provide impossibility of spontaneous disconnection of the tractor with an aggatable trailer (semi-trailer).
6.1.6 The width of the corridor of the movement when turning the transport unit, M (see Figure 1), calculate according to the formula
where is the largest rotation radius of the transport unit, m;
The smallest rotation radius of the transport unit, m.
Figure 1 - Determination of the width of the corridor of the movement when turning the transport unit
6.1.7 Time to lift the platform loaded to the nominal capacity, the time of lowering the platform of the platform, the vertical static load on the tractor's tractor hook from the semi-trailer hinge during unloading is determined by threefold lifting and lowering the platform in each direction and finding the average values \u200b\u200bof the corresponding values.
6.1.8 The maximum pressure in the hydraulic system should be determined when lifting the platform loaded to the nominal capacity.
6.1.9 When determining the parameters of the hydraulic dump truck, the platform lifting device should determine the performance of the platform lift restriction.
6.1.10 The rates of the platform lifting angle (the angle of the floor of the raised platform) should be determined on a flat horizontal platform when lifting the platform without cargo.
6.1.11 The limit of the platform lift angle (platform slope angle) is measured by a tilter installed:
- at the left and right side - with rear unloading;
- In front and rear side - with lateral unloading.
The tilter must be installed on the floor of the platform at a distance of not more than 0.3 m from the side sides (with rear unloading) and not more than 0.5 m from the side, towards which unloading (with lateral unloading). For the measurement result, the average values \u200b\u200bare taken with a threefold lift of the platform in each direction.
6.1.12 The specific pressure of wheels on the soil is determined in accordance with GOST 26955.
6.2 Assessment of the quality of the technological process
6.2.1 The nomenclature of functional indicators characterizing the quality of the technological process, and the conditions for their definition - according to industry regulatory and technical documentation.
6.2.2 For trailers and semi-trailers for agricultural purposes, it should be done:
- energy assessment;
- agrotechnical assessment;
- operational and technological assessment;
- Economic assessment.
Conducting estimates - in accordance with national regulatory documents.
6.3 Evaluation of the safety and ergonomic design
6.3.1 Evaluation of the safety and ergonomics of the design of trailers and semi-trailers should be carried out with the definition of the following indicators:
- general safety requirements for construction;
- specific security requirements in accordance with functional purpose;
- the presence of warning inscriptions;
- the presence and design of protective fences;
- eliminating the possibility of spontaneous inclusion (shutdown) of controls and regulation;
- safety of aggregation;
- static stability;
- stability at rear unloading;
- the presence of external light instruments, their color and location;
- efficiency of brake systems;
- resistance to the movement of control and regulation organs;
- design and strength of the rear protective device;
- stability of the rectilinear movement of the transport unit;
- effectiveness of the action of counter-type stops;
- Pressure transmitted by the layer of the semi-trailer to the soil.
6.3.2 General safety requirements for construction - according to GOST 10,000.
6.3.3 An assessment of the safety of machines performed on the chassis of tractor trailers and semi-trailers should be carried out in accordance with the regulatory document establishing security requirements for specific types of machines.
6.3.4 Availability of warning inscriptions, anti-tottack stops, signs of the maximum speed limit, places for moistening and installing jacks are determined by visual inspection.
6.3.5 Checking the design and strength of the rear protective device is carried out on the UNECE N 58.
6.3.6 Exclusion of the possibility of spontaneous inclusion (shutdown) of controls, safety of aggregation, the presence and performance of non-removable safety chains (cables), the presence and performance of the device (stop) for fixing the unloaded platform in the raised position, the presence and performance of the support on the semi-trailers' trailer device is determined Testing.
6.3.7 The angle of transverse static stability is determined according to GOST 12.2.002.
6.3.8 The methodology for assessing the stability of the trailer (semi-trailer) at the rear unloading is given in Appendix B.
6.3.9 Assessment of the presence, colors and locations of external light instruments are carried out according to GOST 8769.
6.3.10 Evaluation of the efficiency of the working and parking brake system is carried out according to GOST 12.2.002.3.
It is allowed to evaluate the effectiveness of the working brake system along the brake path of the tractor train under the conditions specified in GOST 12.2.002.3.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the inertial brake system is carried out on the UNECE N 13.
6.3.11 An assessment of the response time of a pneumatic brake drive is carried out according to GOST 4364; Hydraulic brake drive - according to GOST 23181.
6.3.12 The stability of the rectilinear movement of the transport unit is determined when moving at a maximum speed along a flat horizontal section of the road.
The criterion for the stability of the straight movement is to find a transport unit in the corridor, the width of which does not exceed 0.5 M of its maximum width.
6.3.13 Assessment of the effectiveness of anti-tart stops are carried out when the trailer (semi-trailer) loaded to the nominal load capacity is installed on the rise and descent with a slope of 15%. The estimate is allowed by the estimated method in accordance with the method described in Appendix B.
6.3.14 The pressure transmitted to the soil is determined for the loaded semi-trailer by calculating the ratio of the vertical static load transmitted through the support to the soil to the support area.
6.4 Evaluation of reliability
6.4.1 Reliability assessment should be carried out by industry regulatory documentation with the definition of indicators established by the design documentation for the trailer (semi-trailer).
6.4.2 Reliability assessment is carried out according to test results under conditions specified by the regulatory document on the product.
It is assumed to evaluate the reliability of serially produced trailers and semi-trailers according to the results of observations in real exploitation.
6.4.3 To reduce the timing of tests, accelerated reliability tests are allowed for modes that reproduce operational loads.
Accelerated tests are carried out on special polygons or on stands on special programs. The accelerated test program is according to the test protocol or an application to it.
6.4.4 It is allowed to determine the time of the main work by calculating the ongoing in physical units and performance for the test period.
6.4.5 During the test period, the detected failures and damage should be carried out.
6.4.6 Determining the cost of time and labor on finding and eliminating failures should be carried out by open timekeeping. The error in measuring the duration of the operation is not more than ± 5 s.
The classification of elements of the employment time of each artist during repair and maintenance is carried out according to GOST 21623.
The complexity of the implementation of individual repair operations is determined by summing the time spent on the technological operation by each performer.
It is allowed to determine the costs of time and labor to find and eliminate failures and damage to standards approved in the prescribed manner.
6.4.7 Evaluation of adaptability to maintenance is carried out according to GOST 26026.
6.4.8 Reliability indicators should be determined by developing, measured by the time of the main work, and to assess the actual reliability indicators with the regulatory values \u200b\u200bor indicators of the analog product.
The deviation of the operations of compared vehicles should not exceed 20% under comparable operating conditions.
6.4.9 For trailers and semi-trailers for agricultural purposes, the definition of reliability indicators and form of their representation - in accordance with *.
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* See Bibliography section. - Note database manufacturer.
Appendix A (mandatory). List of technical parameters for trailers and semi-trailers for agricultural purposes
Appendix A.
(mandatory)
The list of technical parameters for trailers and semi-trailers of agricultural purposes includes:
- type (trailer / semi-trailer);
- aggregativeness (tractors tractors);
- maximum transport speed in kilometers per hour;
- mass of the exhaust trailer (semi-trailer) in kilograms;
- full mass of the trailer (semi-trailer) in kilograms;
- Distribution of full masses by supports:
a) on the coupling device,
b) on the front axle (front trolley),
c) on the rear axle (rear trolley);
- Overall dimensions in millimeters:
a) length,
b) width,
c) height;
- Overall dimensions when unloading in millimeters:
a) when unloading back:
1) length,
2) height,
b) when unloading on the side:
1) width,
2) height;
- Base in millimeters:
a) trailer (semi-trailer),
b) front / rear trolley;
- the width of the ruts in millimeters;
- Minimal turn radius in meters:
a) internal,
b) outdoor;
- the width of the turning band of the transport unit;
- Road clearance in millimeters;
- Internal platform sizes in millimeters:
a) length,
b) width,
c) height;
- the capacity of the platform (tanks) in cubic meters;
- Loading height of millimeters:
a) in terms of floor platform,
b) on the upper edge of the sides;
- type suspension;
- type and geometric parameters of the traction device;
- vertical static load on the tractor hook from the trailer hinge;
- type of electrical equipment;
- direction of unloading (back, on the side);
- pressure in the hydraulic system of the dumping installation in megapascals;
- vertical static load on the tractor's tractor hook from the semi-trailer hinge during unloading;
- Lifting time platform loaded to nominal loading capacity in seconds:
a) back,
b) to the side;
- The time of lowering the empty platform in seconds:
a) with rear unloading,
b) when unloading to the side;
- the extreme angle of lifting the platform in degrees;
- the angle of inclination of the platform platform in degrees;
- Brake Drive Type:
a) working,
b) parking;
- Pressure in the pneumatic / hydraulic system in megapascals;
- Tires:
b) size;
- tire pressure in megapascals;
- Specific pressure of wheels on the soil in megapascals.
Appendix B (mandatory). Methods for determining the limit angle of lateral stability at the rear discharger unloading (semi-trailer)
Appendix B.
(mandatory)
The trailer (semi-trailer) is installed on a platform that can be tilted relative to one of its sides. The surface of the platform should be smooth, solid and durable to prevent possible deformations affecting the tests. Under the wheels are laying steel plates with a thickness of 1 mm, having dimensions, large spots of the tire contact. Tire pressure should be equal to the nominal indicated by the manufacturer. For semi-trailers, drawing is placed on an altitude given by the manufacturer using a mechanical support installed on the platform, or by directly connected to the tractor, also installed on the platform. Controlled wheels are installed in the position of the straight movement. Measures should be taken to prevent the trailer tipping (semi-trailer).
When tested, there should be no load, acting vertically up on the trailer coupling device (semi-trailer).
The test load equal to a quarter of the nominal capacity is attached in one of the front-quarter platforms in the center of this front quarter at a height equal to half the height of the sides. The platform is tilted with a bias of 8% (5 °), then slowly evenly raise the trailer platform (semi-trailer) until the top position is reached.
When testing at least one of the unloaded tires should be kept contact with the support surface.
Contact with the support surface is considered preserved if the steel plate is not moved to the side of the tire when the power is applied.
Appendix B (recommended). Methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of anti-cancel stops by equivalent effort
Tests should be carried out on a dry platform or a road with a solid coating (asphalt, concrete) at air temperature from minus 10 ° C to plus 30 ° C.
The trailer (semi-trailer) must be loaded to the nominal capacity, the air pressure pressure in the wheels must match the value specified in the instruction manual.
To the trailer installed on a flat horizontal surface (semi-trailer) with an anti-tart-mounted tractor, the horizontal force is applied by horizontal force equivalent to the value of the projection of the gravity of the trailer (semi-trailer) mounted on a slope of 15%, on the surface of the road.
Equivalent strength, N, calculated by the formula
where is the equivalent force, n;
- full mass of the trailer (semi-trailer), kg;
- Acceleration, equal to 9.81 m / s.
__________________
* Formula and explication to it correspond to the original. - Note database manufacturer.
Tests are carried out for directions corresponding to the installation of the trailer (semi-trailer) on the rise and the descent of at least three times the repetition for each direction.
An assessment of the effectiveness of anti-tart stops is carried out according to the absence of the movement of the trailer (semi-trailer) under the influence of the applied equivalent force, subject to the absence of deformations of the anti-tottacking stops.
Bibliography
State system for ensuring uniformity of measurements. The procedure for the calibration of measuring instruments |
||
STO Stork 2.8-2010 * | Tests of agricultural machinery. Reliability. Methods for evaluating indicators |
|
UDC 631.373.001.4:00 6.354 μs 65.060.10
Keywords: tractor trailers, semi-trailers, tractor trailer chassis and semi-trailers, test methods
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Electronic document text
prepared CJSC Codex and drilled by:
official edition
M.: Standinform, 2014
Anti-tottal focus is an indispensable device during the operation of trucks. Another name in the language of car owners is "shoe", since their form resembles: a rectangular triangle with a bend. When stopped, the driver usually puts the car on the handbrake, but in some cases one handbrake may not be enough.
For example, when stopping on the mountainside, the hill will need an additional safety measure - an anti-totary stop, which ensures the holding of the car when the roadway is tilted. It is able to withstand high load, so it can approach both a passenger and truck.
Anti-tartoor for trucks must comply with certain quality standards, have a certificate. With their help it is easy to prevent an unexpected movement of the machine. At the moment, the emphasis must be necessarily in all car owners.
Design of anti-tetting stops
The rules of operation of the car oblige owners to always have anti-taking stops for trucks. These requirements are imposed as follows: they must have a design that meets all standards, as well as to withstand high load. In this case, the driver must comply with some conditions:
- The stops must be a suitable diameter wheel.
- The location of the stop.
- The location in the trunk of a passenger car (for freight should be on the body or in the trailer).
Ignoring these conditions faces the punishment - a big fine
There are 2 types of design of anti-tetting stops: a triangular common type and folding in the form of a stop-wedge. Materials from which the anti-cancel stop for trucks is also two. First, it is very durable, high-quality fortified plastic. Secondly, it is galvanized steel. For the first instance, the degree of load begins from 800 kg and ends at 6500 kg. For the second instance, the minimum redundant load is 1750 kg and the maximum - 6500 kg.
It would seem that the advantage of the steel stop is obvious, but there is a limit. When transporting flammable, flammable liquids, materials use is allowed only by plastic stops on fire safety techniques. If the cargo machine transports bulk materials, for example, sand, then mainly the use of steel stop, as it is possible to enter small elements of the cargo transported to the gap between the focus and expensive, which in the case of plastic can lead to a rollback of the car due to the reduced resistance coefficient and road fabric.
Plastic stops
The most common mistake, buying an anti-taking focus for trucks, make newcomers who have no experience. They buy solid, but fragile plastic products. These stops quickly break down the wheel on them. There is also a situation in which the driver forgets before the continuation of the movement to remove them, then only small pieces remain with the plastic from them.
Plastic stops are very fragile, short-lived, so it is not recommended to acquire them if exploitation is planned in extreme conditions.
Rubber
More durable than plastic, is a rubber anti-taking focus for trucks.
The product description, according to many buyers, coincides with reality. Rubber stops are a very good option for buying, they are made of durable solid rubber, if you come on them, they will not break, unlike plastic. There are many different brands of rubber products, but the quality of everyone is approximately the same - good.
Metal
The most durable of the presented models is the focus of anti-collective metallic for trucks. Metal has both a number of advantages and a number of disadvantages compared to plastic and rubber analogues. First, the main advantage of metal stops is their strength. It is many more strength of rubber or plastic. Secondly, it is possible to reliably use the folding option, which is much more practical than its analogues from other materials; The folding option will take extremely little space in the trunk compared to the usual one.
The main disadvantage, sometimes being key when choosing, is corrosion instability, that is, when a storage rules violated, the product covers rust and lose its reliability and strength. Use then the anti-taking stop for trucks will be unsafe.
Requirements
According to the well-known rules, counter -ift stops must comply with the following requirements:
- The maximum load that the stops must withstand are equal to half the total weight of the car.
- There should be a dense installation under the wheels.
- Any possible slippage on the road linen of the stop must be excluded.
- Must have a signal color: red, orange or yellow.
The conditions presented below must be observed when the anti-tottal stops are used for trucks. The requirements of traffic rules are as follows:
- In vehicles weighing more than 3.5 tons (for trucks) and 5 tons (for buses), it is necessary to use at least two stops.
- Completion of trucks Weighing more than 3.5 tons and buses Weighing more than 5 tons should provide for at least two stops.
- They must be in an easily accessible place, but must be tightly installed in order to avoid their loss.
- For the design should assume a working brake device and anti-tart stops.
Conclusion
If all requirements listed above are performed, the anti-tottal stops are allowed to operate. In addition, before sending for sale, they must pass for strength tests. Therefore, in the store, the buyer's choice should fall on a quality product that he can serve for a long time.
Exploitation of trailers: anti-tottal stops for passenger cars, technical characteristics of the car shoe
Any car before it is allowed to operate,must be a technical inspection. Inspection make experts from the service providing road safety.
Each vehicle owner must be:
- a first-aid kit
- fire extinguisher,
- emergency sign as well
- anti-collective emphasis.
Anti-tottal stops - general information
What is it needed for? The appointment of this subject is easy to understand even a schoolboy. The anti-tarto is needed so that if necessary, it is necessary to rest, not allowing arbitrary rollback of the car. Such a trouble may occur with a car located on a natural bias. Or if the car has undergone unplanned physical exposure.
Automotive anti-type stops are usually made from durable plastic having a form of a rectangular triangle. One of his sides has a characteristic bending. The anti-taking focus is put under the wheels of the leading bridges of both cargo and passenger cars located in parking mode.
Road rules undertake to have every passenger car owner to have at least 1 Anti-collective emphasis. On trucks with permitted maximum mass 3.5 T. And buses with permitted maximum mass more 5 T. Be sure to be no less than 2 Anti-tottal stops.
Such anti-tottal stops in the people are called shoe. Lining such anti-type shoes also under the wheels of steam locomotives and diesel locomotives, railway cars, self-propelled carts, etc. But for railway workers, anti-tart shoes are usually made from durable metal, an intrinsically safe coating often use.
Usually owners of passenger cars, anti-tart stops stored next to the spare wheel, that is, in the trunk. INfabrics of trucks must place the anti-taking focus in close proximity to the place where it will be applied, consolidating in a special bracket. So that you can stop, go out, stretch your hand, remove the focus and put it under the wheel.
In fact, the opposite shoes, the stops appeared in human history for a long time. Most likely, they were invented immediately after the invention of the wheel.
After all, if you use the wheel without stop, it is fraught with premature or sudden damage to the vehicle, as well as nearby property. One word, wheel and anti-tottal stop by a friend without a friend - in no way! They are inseparable as "twins brothers."
P.S. Use additional equipment for trailers with the mind and competently, learn and know specifications! About other additional equipment to passenger trailers can be read on our website
