Connel. Evolution of the conveyor: from antiquity in modern production. Creating a conveyor Ford to watch what "conveyor production" in other dictionaries

The first conveyor line Henry Ford, introduced into operation in April 1913, was used to assemble the generators. Until this time, one worker could collect from 25 to 30 generators for a nine-hour working day. This meant that the assembly of one generator was spent about 20 minutes.

The new line broke this process into 29 operations performed by individual workers with individual generator nodes, which delivered a constantly moving conveyor. The new approach has reduced the time of assembling one generator on average up to 13 minutes. A year later, it was possible to smash the production process on 84 operations, and the assembly time of one generator was reduced to 5 minutes.

Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 near Dirborn, Michigan. Since 1879, there was a student of mechanics in Detroit, he worked in an electrical company. He spent all his free time for the manufacture of a car. Every evening Ford fought in his barn. When testing in the car there were many faults. They faced the engine or wooden flywheel, then the transfer belt was rummaged. Finally, in 1893, Ford built a car with a low-power four-stroke internal combustion engine, resembling a four-wheel bike rather. This car weighed only 27 kg.

Since 1893, Henry has been working as Chief Engineer "Edison Ilyuminetting Company", and in 1899-1902 - in the "Detroit Automobile Company". In 1903, he founded Ford Motor, which later became one of the world's largest car manufacturers. At its factories, Ford widely introduced standardization and introduced the conveyor assembly. He outlined his ideas about the rational organization of labor in the books "My Life and Work" (1922, Russian translation of 1924), "Today and tomorrow" (1926), "Movement forward" (1930).

Not only Ford was engaged in the automotive industry. In 1909, in this country there were already 265 firms that produced 126,593 cars. It is more than them by that time made in all European countries.

In 1903, Ford created a racing car. Grandfield racer won the three-mile races on it. In the same year, Ford organized a joint-stock company for the production of cars. 1,700 cars of the model "A" were released. The car had an 8 l motor power. from. and could develop the maximum speed of 50 km / h. A little on the current standards, but in 1906 the model "K" reached 160 km / h on racing.

First, Ford Motor updated car models often. However, in 1908, with the advent of the model T, the company's policy has changed. The model "T" became the first car collected on the conveyor, on the principle of the conveyor on the processing of a carcass on the Chicago slaughter "Swift & Company". The car was produced, for the sake of savings, only black and remained until 1927, the only formed produced by Ford. In 1924, half of all cars in the world was the Ford-T brand. It was produced almost unchanged for 20 years. In total, about 15 million "Tin Lizzy" were released - the Americans called the car. Despite its non-pieces, the Lizzy engine worked for conscience.

In addition, the car provided success and relatively low cost: the production has become massive. From 850 dollars it fell to 290. Fords began to appear in Europe. In France, which at that time was the leading automotive power, they hit in 1907. But its production in this country, Ford did not create, but built large plants in Dagenhem (England) and in Cologne (Germany). Production has steadily expanded. At the end of 1912, at the factory in Dagenhem, this suburb of London - only 3,000 cars were released. And about 50 years old - 670,000.

And the monument to Henry Ford is not delivered to the USA, but in England.

Fords car cheaper. But in the 20s, the outdated model began to be crowned "Chevrolet", "Plymouth" and others. Ford had to stop his plants, dismiss most of the workers and redirect production.

In 1928, a new model appeared - "Ford A". This car is interested in what has become a prototype of a gas car, which produced the Gorky automotive factory. At the time of the "Ford-A" was considered the best passenger car in the world.

The production of Ford trucks began in 1917. After 10 years, the Ford Aa cargo half-and-a-half car rose to the conveyor, on the basis of which the famous half-timer was created in the USSR - gas-aa cargo car.

By 1939, Ford Corporation already produced 27 million cars, largely due to the absorption of other minor firms. And soon the release of passenger cars in the country was forbidden: The Second World War began. At the released production facilities, Ford began to do airplanes (8,685 bombers were manufactured during the war years). Only in 1946, American automotive companies began to produce passenger cars, and old, pre-war grades.

By the way, in our country, designers worked on drawings of new models during the war years and immediately after her end began to make new cars.

About the safety of motion concern "Ford" also did not forget. Since 1955, it began to produce cars with a strongly concave steering wheel at its plants, then safe door locks were applied, the soft covering of the instrument panels and even seat belts.

What helped Henry Ford to achieve such success? First of all, the introduction into the production of the assembly conveyor. The conveyor is a conveyor for moving bulk, lump or piece goods. Ford in its production used a conveyor for assembling small parts of the car and even enclosures.

In industrial production, conveyors are an integral part of the technological process. Conveyors allow you to set the tempo of production, ensure its rhythm, being the main means of the integrated mechanization of streaming technological operations; Conveyors at the same time liberate workers from heavy and time-consuming transport and loading and unloading work, make their work more productive.

The term "Fordism" is connected with the name of Ford, which is based on the conveyor principle and new methods of employment. Each of the workers along the conveyor performed one operation that does not require any qualifications.

According to Ford's testimony, for 43% of workers required preparations for up to one day, for 36% - from one day to one week, and for 6% - 1-2 weeks, for 14% - from 1 month to year. The introduction of conveyor assembly along with some other technical innovations led to a sharp increase in labor productivity and a decrease in the cost of production, marked the beginning of mass production. At the same time, Fordism led to an unprecedented strengthening of the intensity of labor, he made it a haggare, silent and exhausting. Workers turned into robots. Forced rhythm, asked by the conveyor, caused the need to move to every work of workers. The Ford System, as before, Taylorism, has become synonymous with the operation of workers inherent in the monopolistic stage of capitalism. In an effort to suppress the discontent of the workers and prevent their organized struggle in defense of their rights, Ford has introduced reinforced discipline in enterprises, has embedded and reprisals with work activists.

From the story of the working automotive factory Ford in Dugenham: "For many years, the activities of the Ford are not allowed at the Ford enterprises. In the book "My life, my achievements", Henry Ford claimed the role of a certain social reformer and argued that its methods of organization of production and labor could turn the bourgeois society in the "Society of Isobacy and Social Harmony". Ford exceeded its system as care for workers, especially higher wages in its enterprises than on average in the industry. "

In the early 1970s, some firms refuse extreme forms of conveyor production in order to increase the content and attractiveness of labor, and therefore its effectiveness. For this, the conveyor lines are shortened, the operations on them are combined, the movements of the workers along the conveyor and the like are practiced.

Let's summarize some results. The giant jump in production occurred in 1913, when Henry Ford introduced the assembly line to the automotive industry. Until this time, the cars were built almost the same as at home: that is, the workers simply chose a place at the factory and collected the car from below to the top. The cost was high, and therefore only rich people at that time could afford to buy a car.

To make it available for most, according to Ford, it was necessary to increase productivity. For this required:

limit the number of operations performed by each worker;
bring closer to those who performed it, and not the opposite;
provide the most rational sequence of operations from all possible options.

Conveyor assembly method made prices for cars available millions of families. As a result, the number of registered cars rose from 944,000 in 1912 to 2.5 million in 1915 and up to 20 million in 1925.

Henry Ford was not an economist, but its innovative strategy of production had a revolutionary impact on the production of industrial consumption goods and the standard of living of Americans.

At which it is divided into the simplest short operations, and the movement of parts is automatically carried out. This is such an organization of performing operations on objects in which the entire impact process is divided into a sequence of stages in order to improve performance by simultaneously independent operations over several objects passing various stages. The conveyor is also called the means of promoting objects between stages with such an organization.

Such a dismemberment of the production process to the simplest operation allows one workformer to perform any single operation, without spending time to replace the tools and transmitting parts to another worker, such parallelism of the production process allows you to reduce the number of working hours required for the production of one product. The disadvantage of this production system is the increased monotony of labor.

Sometimes the invention of the conveyor method of production is attributed to Eli Whitney. Appeared in 1914 at the production of model-T at the Henry Ford plant and produced a revolution first in the automotive industry, and then in the entire industry.

In fact, the method of conveyor production of cars was first patented by Ransom Ilame Olds (Ransom ELI OLDS) at the very beginning of the 20th century, and since 1901, OldSmobil was produced by the model Kövd Chi - the first car of mass production in the history of its method. The engineers who worked for Ford only added to the already patented OLDS principles and methods of the conveyor assembly running ribbon, also invented long before, at the end of the XIX century, and on its own recognition of one of them (William Clanne) prototype for the conveyor assembly of cars served conveyor " Disassembly »Cattle carcass on life.

The conveyor line designed for human labor should be adjusted to different speeds of work depending on the working capacity of people - a relatively more quickly work goes the first 2-3 hours, after dinner and before the end of the working day, at the same time, to combat fatigue from labor monotony optimal The duration of each operation should be 50-60 seconds and the working rotation should occur.

Notes

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Conveyor (eng. Conveyer, from convey- transport) - conveyor, continuous machine for moving bulk, packaged, complex or piece goods.
Conveyors are mechanical continuous vehicles to move various goods for short distances. Conveyors of different types are used in all industries for loading and unloading and transporting materials in the production process.

It is believed that the conveyor is the invention of the XX century, caused by the requirements of mass production. However, almost all the basic principles of the conveyor mechanization were already known in the XV century. The lifting equipment existed in antiquity: the lifting devices were used in Egypt in the XVI GG BC. e.
For several millennia BC. e. In ancient China and India, chain pumps that can be considered prototypes of scraper conveyors used to continuously supply water from water bodies into irrigation systems. In Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, many-lifting and screw water lines were used - precursors of modern bucket elevators and screw conveyors. The first attempts to apply scraper and screw conveyors to move bulk materials (for example, in flourishing production) refer to XVI - XVII centuries. At the end of the XVIII century. Conveyors began to systematically use for transportation of light bulk materials for short distances.

In the 30s of the XIX century. For the first time, conveyors with ribbons made of durable fabric were applied. In the second half of the XIX century. The industrial use of conveyors for the delivery of heavy mass and piece goods has begun. Expansion of applications of conveyors led to the emergence and operational development of new types of conveyors: tapes with tissue rubberized ribbons (1868, United Kingdom), stationary and mobile lamellar (1870, Russia), coil screws with spiral screws for large-rod materials (1887, USA), buckets with hinged buckets for cargo delivery for complex tracks (1896, USA), tapes with steel ribbons (1905, Sweden), inertial (1906, United Kingdom, Germany), etc. 1882 The conveyor was used to communicate technological aggregates in the mass production (USA).

Floor foundry (1890, USA), suspended (1894, United Kingdom) and special assembly conveyors (1912-1914, USA) were somewhat later.
Since the 80s of the XIX century. The manufacture of conveyors in industrialized countries has gradually highlighted in a separate area of \u200b\u200bengineering. In modern types of conveyors, the main structural elements were preserved, which were improved in accordance with the achievements of science and technology (replacement of the belt drive electric, the use of vibration equipment, etc.).

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe conveyor in mass production was fully embodied by the automotive industrialist Henry Ford at the beginning of the XX century. In an effort to make a cheap mass car affordable to a poor buyer, he introduced a stream production at his assembly enterprises. Ford himself did not apply to authorship regarding the idea of \u200b\u200bthe conveyor. In the biographical book "My Life" he noted: "Approximately April 1, 1913 we made our first experience with the assembly. It was when assembling Magneto. It seems to me that it was the first moving assembly way, which ever was arranged. In principle, it looks like mobile paths that are used by Chicago butchers when cutting out carcasses. "

The conveyor is really closely associated with the production of fresh frozen meat.
For the first time, this idea was applied in practice by American Gustavy Swift, the creator of a powerful meat industry in the United States. The Swift at the age of fourteen began to work on his brother, butcher on the Cape Code.
Later he began his own business and began to trade in cattle, gradually moving with his product to the west - first in Albany, then in Buffalo and finally in 1875 in Chicago. Here he thought about how to ensure year-round meat trade. And if you transport meat in refrigerators, how to score and cut the cattle before transporting meat? Swift found the railway company that agreed to transport the wagons-refrigerators, put money into their construction and improvement and began to carry meat-shaped in Chicago to the East, in growing industrial cities. The deft business quickly went uphill.

Swift thoroughly thought out the entire technological chain from buying livestock before delivering freshly frozen meat to consumer. The most important link of this chain was the cutting of carcasses, for which the "dismantling line" was invented. Swift put forward a brilliantly simple idea: a carcass must move to those who separate it. In the Swift meat-seeming workshop of the pig and the cutting of the carcasses were dissected on numerous single operations.

This is how I described the cutting line of the Swift line Eptton Sinclair in the novel "Jungle" (1906): "Then the crane (Tshau Pig) picked up and served on a suspended trolley, which rolled between two rows of workers sitting on a high platform. Each worker, when the carcass slid past him, did only one operation over it. " At the end of the line, the carcass was already completely divided.

The Ford Conveyor was a "dismantling line" of the swift, on the contrary: the car's cores as it moves through the conveyor, thrown iron "meat". Otherwise, the similarity was just amazing. Here is a description of the work of the conveyor from Ford: "When assembling the chassis, forty-five different movements are made and an appropriate number of stops is arranged. The first working group attaches four safety casing to the chassis; The engine appears at the tenth stop, etc. Some workers make only one or two small movements of the hand, others - much more. " Each of the workers sitting along the conveyor carried out one operation consisting of several (or even one) of labor movements, which did not require almost no qualifications. According to Ford's testimony, for 43% of workers required one-day preparation, for 36% - to a week, for 6% - one or two weeks, for 4% - from month to year.

The introduction of conveyor assembly, along with some other technical innovations, caused a sharp increase in labor productivity and a decrease in the cost of production, laid the beginning of mass production. But the consequence of this was an increase in labor intensity, automatism. Labor on the conveyor requires the workers of the extreme nervous and physical tension. Forced labor rhythm, defined by the conveyor, caused the need to replace the working form of workers. Henry Ford noted: "... The result of this basic rules is to reduce the requirements for the mental ability of the worker and reducing its movements to a minimum limit. If possible, he has to perform the same movement one and the same movement. "

All XX century There was a time of the triumphal procession of the conveyor principle of the organization of production, which was transformed, enriched, but kept his solid core. The conveyor is the basis of mass production of goods.
The pioneer of the application of the conveyor Ford was calculated and created a full cycle of production, including the manufacture of steel and glass.
The efficiency of using the conveyor in the technological process of any production depends on how much the type and parameters of the selected conveyor correspond to the properties of the cargo and the conditions in which the technological process proceeds. Such conditions include: productivity, length of transportation, the form of the track and the direction of movement (horizontal, inclined, vertical, combined; conditions of loading and unloading of the conveyor; cargo size, its shape, specific density, appearance, humidity, temperature, etc.). Also matters the rhythm and intensity of feed and various local factors.

High performance, simplicity of design and relatively low cost, the ability to perform various technological operations on the conveyor, low labor intensity of work, ensuring the safety of labor, improving its conditions - all this contributed to the widespread application of the conveyor. It was used in all areas of the farm: in Cherniby and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, mountain, chemical, food and other industries. In industrial production, conveyors are an integral part of the technological process. The conveyors allow you to establish and regulate the pattern of production, ensure its rhythm, being the main means of the integrated mechanization of transport and loading and unloading processes and streaming technological operations. The application of the conveyor frees the workers from severe and labor-intensive transport and loading and unloading works, makes their work more productive. Wide conveying is one of the characteristic features of developed industrial production.

At the same time, in the automotive industry, which in one time the first began to apply the conveyor assembly, at the end of the XX century. There was a return to the old production methods. Some firms began to charge the full cycle of the car assembly with one brigade of the collectors. This is due to the fact that at a high pace of conveyor movement, a marriage is inevitable, which is not always noticeable and corrected at the end of the assembly cycle. Such flaws are noticeable only when operating the car by the owner. Their detection entails both monetary losses and damage to the prestige of the manufacturer.

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Conveyor - continuous machine. This type of technology is designed to move bulk, lump or piece goods. One of the most important characteristics of the work of the conveyors is of course it is not interruption.

Nowadays, the conveyor is perceived by everyone as a completely ordinary engineering solution, before the master went around a complex unit and collected it entirely alone, and now these aggregates go on the conveyor and dozens of masters make each detail to them. Yes, labor productivity increased, everything is simple elementary but when 100 years ago from the conveyor Henry Ford came off the first products, it was a real revolution in production, in economics, in sociology, in philosophy.

Brief story about opening Henry Ford

Henry Ford born in a poor farmer family, to his 20 years managed to change several jobs associated with technology, and from everywhere he was exconnered from the crash. The main reason was his passion for inventiveness, which took all time and strength. From the moment when he left the last company, which set him an ultimatum, he decided to surrender to his dreams. It continues to design cars that successfully compete with the most popular models in speed and reliability. But it is not possible to organize the mass production of our cars immediately - there is not enough money. The first automotive company he created was a joint-stock company, where Ford was led only by the technical part and did not affect the organization of production or the company's policy on the market. Ford believed that the modern position in the production and sale of cars does not correspond to the enormous potential of this sector of the economy, but could not affect anything. Soon he leaves this company and organizes a new one. Despite the fact that now only a part of the shares also owns him, he already feels a common owner of the case, which is also reflected in the name of the company - FordMotorcuppach. But all his attempts to conduct the case "in a new way" are jumping back to the misunderstanding of companions. Apple discord becomes the price policy of the company. Ford insists at reducing price and increasing production, its partners see the future in the production of expensive elite models. These discords led to the fact that after the initial success of the company, the company began to decline and Ford succeeds to buy out of displeasted companions some of the shares that made his voice decisive. His time came, and since then the word Ford has become a law for each employee company.

So, the mass production of inexpensive machines for the "middle" class. But how to achieve cost reduction? Henry Ford decided to bet on the conveyor, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich, what is called, rushed in the air. In 1902, a competitor, Ford, the company "Oldsmobil" introduced special trolleys at the production, on which the machines collected moved along the workshop. In 1911, such experiments began to be carried out at the automotive plants of the company "General Motor". Although Ford was not the author of the idea, he was still the first to understand what a huge future belongs to the conveyor. In the spring of 1913, the new principle was tested in the workshop, where the main element of the car ignition system was collected - magneto. Initially, every worker, having done its operation over the magneto, simply passed the mechanism to the neighbor in a long table, but it also gave a huge savings in time, when the table was replaced by a moving ribbon, it turned out that labor productivity compared to the "pre-" raise "times increased 4 times! During the year, the new system began to be applied already on the assembly of all Ford vendors. In 1914, FordMotorcpani released cars twice as large as in 1913, while retaining the same number of workers.

Nowadays, the conveyor in production is the highest rates both quality and time saving. This system has turned the process of assembling complex products, which has previously demanded high qualifications from the collector, to routine, monotonous, low-skilled labor, significantly increasing its performance. The arrangement of workers or automata on the line of the conveyor assembly is carried out taking into account technology and sequence of assembling or processing parts to achieve effective division of labor.

Now consider the classification of conveyors

Depending on the direction of moving objects, conveyors are divided into:

Horizontal_votical_nacked.

Depending on the type of cargo:

Bulk_stum.

Depending on the functions performed:

Transferred selection.

Depending on the placement of the conveyor or details:

Outdoor_nive.

Depending on the traction authority:

Ribbon conveyor

The belt conveyor is a design consisting of supporting racks, drive and stretch drums, drive equipment, intermediate support rollers and a ring ribbon, on which loads are directly moved. Ribbon conveyors can be successfully used for transportation of both bulk materials and goods packed in the container. In the first case, equipment is used with a ribbon of a grain-shaped form, which is created using the support rollers, in the second - conveyors with a conventional flat ribbon.

Chain conveyor

Chain convemier is a conveyor type, which has a traction force is created by one or two chains. Chain conveyors, in comparison with tapes, are able to transport cargo with high temperature, heavy loads, and they have more performance. However, they are more cumbersome, harder, more expensive, and they have higher cost. Conveyor chains contain large quantities of friction pairs, which requires their regular lubrication.

Cable conveyor

Cable conveyor. The maintenance of the pipeline of this type is based on a ring wire rope, which moves inside the U-shaped gutter due to the toothed drums and drive equipment. On the rope at the same distance from each other, metal discs are fixed that move the cargo. The most often cable conveyors are used to transport non-abrasive materials - for example, stone coal. Such equipment is installed in the assistant structures and is used to transport goods from the mine to the reception area. In addition, often conveyors of this type are used on the sawmills, where they are used to supply logs, and at the enterprises of the pulp and paper industry without a traction body:

Gravitational conveyor

Gravitational roller conveyor. The conveyor of this type moves cargo using gravity and is used mainly for transporting goods in Tara. The design of the equipment is an inclined frame on which a roller roller is fixed. Packaging with cargo moves along the roller guide of the conveyor under the action of gravity.

Inertial conveyor

The inertial conveyors serve to transport bulk, less often small piece goods for relatively short distances in horizontal or inclined (up to 20) directions. In the inertial conveyors, the cargo particles slide on a load-refrigerant organ or perform flights in space under the action of inertia strength. Inertial conveyors are divided into 2 groups: swinging, characterized by significant amplitudes and low frequency of oscillations, and vibration - with a small amplitude and high frequency of oscillations.

Screw (screw) conveyor

Screw conveyor. The main working element of the screw or screw conveyor is a chute inside of which a metal auger rotates. The device works on the principle of meat grinder, under the action of the screw surface, turning the material and delivering it to the place of shipment. The most appropriate to the use of screw conveyors to move dry lubricants, and with certain changes in the design - and for sticky materials.

Depending on the load-related design (with a traction body):

Plate conveyor

The plates conveyor is a transit mechanism of a continuous action, used where, for any reason, it is impossible to use tape conveyors. The traction body is represented in the form of parallel branches made of metal chains, which are connected by wooden or steel plates, which are a load-rope. Wooden plates can be used for transporting packed goods, steel plates are used for bulk and slicing cargoes.

Lulent conveyor

The lulent conveyors are similar to the design, but instead of the buckets have hinge-suspended shelves, so-called crackers. Loading and unloading cradles manually or automatically using special devices.

Scraper conveyor

conveyor chain rope gravitational

Scraper conveyor. Scraper conveyors are an ideal option for transporting bulk unproken goods (grains, powder, chips, etc.) in a horizontal position or with a slight inclination. The material moves through the groove with the help of scrapers fixed on an infinite (ring) chain. You can lift the cargo in the chute at any point of the conveyor, the unloading is made through the hole at the end of the conveyor or through the special holes in the groove.

Bucket conveyor

Bucket conveyor. This type of equipment is used where there is a need to transport a large amount of bulk materials - coal, cement, sand, slag, rubble and others. The feature of the design of the bucket conveyor is metal buckets (cast iron or steel), fixed between two rows of ring roller chains. The buckets are a single line, which is ensured due to the overlap. Each individual bucket is constantly in a vertical position, because it may freely swing on the suspension axis. The construction of bucket conveyors allows you to transport cargo simultaneously and vertically, and horizontally.

Depending on the location of the worker's workplace:

· Worker (worker's workplace is located on the conveyor - moving along with the conveyor),

· Distribution (fixed place of work of the employee).

There are also types of conveyor

Pneumatic conveyor. The principle of action of such conveyors is the movement of goods using air flow. To date, there are two main types of pneumatic transport equipment. The conveyors of the first type move the goods packed in the container and shown in the conveyor pipeline, under the action of an air pressure difference created at the ends of the conveyor. In the conveyors of the second type (aeroallobam), bulk materials are transported by a suspension in a powerful air flow.

Conveyor with overload gravity. The conveyors of such a variety are combined in themselves the features of scraper and bucket conveyors. As in the bucket elevators, they have a double row of endless chains, between which the buckets are attached - the truth is already a V-shaped profile. In the lifting section of the buckets move a wide part upward, and at the end of the vertical run, where the chains go through asterisk, lean. The contents of the buckets are poured into a horizontal chute, where moves, as in the scraper conveyor. The cargo can be transported simultaneously in vertical and horizontal planes.

Elevator - conveyor for transporting goods in buckets, rigidly attached to the traction element, and a vertical or cool-inclined direction

Escalator. The prototype of the modern escalator is the usual conveyor for moving various goods.

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...

Moving tape

The appearance of the conveyor belt has become the completion of the process of industrialization, which began I in the XVIII century. Already then [separation of labor in industrial production began, but only the conveyor allowed him to bring it to a logical end. A significant step in this direction was the rationalization ideas of Winslow Taylor 1880. But the moving belt of the conveyor, which set the pace, has become a new level. Consequences for workers - monotony, tedious, growing alienation from the product produced - not immediately realized. Ford relied on the ideas of Taylor, but in the center of his attention was the possibilities of the car, not a person.

But he reduced the working day to 8 hours, having organized production in 3 shifts, began to pay the worker twice as much, introduced a five-day week with two days off and retirement in the case of industrial injury.

Modernity

In the 1920s. The conveyor production is widespread. The rationalization wave overwhelmed many industries. Starting from the 1970s. The monotony of the mechanical conveyor changed much more flexible computer technologies. The conveyor remained an important part of industrial production, but a person performs mainly control and quality control functions.

1783: Oliver Evans constructed a mechanical mill, where the principles of tract production were already used.
1832: In France, a tunnel bakery stove is patented.
1932: Opel Automotive Plant The first in Germany introduces conveyor production.

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