A discharged battery does not always require buying a new one, often it is enough to charge the old one, the procedure is inevitable with frequent cold starts and short trips. The most affordable chargers are manually operated, the owner must know what voltage to charge the car battery with.
Requires direct current, voltage up to 16.5 volts. Charging takes place in one of two modes: with constant current or constant voltage.
Charging the Bosch battery
The charger is set to amperage equal to 10% of the nominal capacity. For example, for a 12 Volt battery with a capacity of 55Ah, a current of 5.5A is required, for 60Ah - 6A. In this case, the strength of the current must be regularly monitored and adjusted, since it tends to go astray.
Keeping the current at 10% at the end of the charging process will generate strong gassing. Therefore, upon reaching 14.4 Volts, the current is reduced by 2 times. For maintenance-free batteries, it is halved again when the voltage shows 15 volts.
Find out the charging time of your battery
The 12 Volt battery of the car is charged when the voltage and current indicators in it do not change for 2 hours. For full operation, it is enough to save the parameters for 1 hour. This usually occurs at 16.3 (± 0.1) Volts.
Charging with conservation voltage
The 12 Volt battery will be charged per day:
With a highly discharged battery, the current at the beginning of charging can reach high values, which can lead to battery breakdown, therefore the indicator is limited to 20A.
As the charge progresses, the current decreases, and at the end tends to zero. This method does not require constant monitoring by the owner. You can control the process a day after the start by measuring the voltage at the terminals. If it is 14.4 (± 0.1) volts, charging is complete. Maintenance-free batteries usually take more than a day to reach this target. On devices with indication, the signal will light up to indicate the end.
Charging Calcium Batteries
Old dry-charged batteries are charged with a 10% current; voltages up to 16 volts are permissible for them. Newly designed 12 Volt Ca / Ca batteries fail quickly from such high voltages.
The maximum allowable value for them is 14.4 Volts at a current of 10% of the capacity. Such charging takes more time, but does not shorten the battery life.
Charging 6 Volt batteries
6 Volt batteries are often used in:
- motorcycles, scooters;
- boats;
- trade, warehouse, industrial equipment;
- children's cars;
- wheelchairs.
Given the widespread use of 6 Volt batteries, they are produced in a wide range of capacities, they can have both 1.2Ah and 16Ah, or any intermediate value. Charging such batteries with a car charger is problematic. Close monitoring will be required, constant current adjustment. The risk of overheating is high.
The most suitable charger for a 6 Volt battery is an Imax B6 charger or similar. Current 10% of capacity, voltage up to 7.3V.
Charging lithium polymer batteries
Lipo 3.8 V is charged by the devices that come with them, or by chargers like Imax B6.
The batteries are charged with a current from 20 to 100% of the nominal capacity. Smaller values are preferable for the battery. The main question is, what voltage does a charged battery show? After dialing 70-80%, charging begins at constant voltage and decreasing current.
Special devices for Lipo 3.8 V signal the end of charging when 70-80% capacity is reached. A further increase in density provides more infrequent charges, but shortens the life of the battery as a whole.
When charging 3.8 Volt lithium polymer batteries, the charger should read 4.2 Volts. If it is possible to set 4.1 volts, it will take a little longer to charge, but the battery will last much longer.
Charging the battery without removing it from the car
The methods described above involve charging from an outlet, which usually requires removing the battery. However, charging can also take place under the hood. Modern portable devices, such as CTEK, are compact in size, allowing you to charge a 12V battery under the hood. They can be left overnight so that the battery is in working order in the morning. Such chargers are especially relevant for car owners with calcium batteries.
Recharging the battery with a generator
In vehicles with an internal combustion engine, the battery is paired with a generator. When traveling, the generator recharges the battery, then it gives a charge to start the car.
If the battery capacity is excessively higher than the recommended one, it will take much more time to charge from a standard generator. Often in such cases, the battery does not have time to recharge to the required level, it begins to discharge quickly up to deep discharges.
When installing a Battery with a capacity less than the recommended one, the generator current is too high for it, it quickly overheats, and may boil.
The service life of the battery in both cases described is sharply reduced.
What voltage a charged battery should display depends largely on its type. We examined the main ones in detail. Gentle charging extends battery life. With timely maintenance, they can serve up to 5 years or more.
Lead-acid batteries are charged from a "rectified" (direct) current source. For this, any device that allows you to regulate the current or charging voltage is suitable, provided that it provides an increase in the charging voltage to 16.0-16.5 volts. Otherwise, it will not be possible to fully charge a modern 12-volt battery, up to 100 percent of its capacity.
For charging, the positive terminal of the charger is connected to the (+) terminal of the battery and the negative terminal to the (-) terminal.
There are two charging modes: constant current mode and constant voltage mode. In terms of their effect on the battery life, these modes are equivalent.
Constant current charging.
The battery is charged at a current that is one-tenth of the rated capacity for a twenty-hour discharge. That is, for a battery with a capacity of 60 A / h (ampere per hour), a charging current of 6A is needed. The disadvantage of this charging mode is the need for repeated (every 1-2 hours) control of the current value and its regulation, as well as strong gas evolution at the end of the process.In order to reduce gassing and ensure a more complete battery charge, it is useful to apply a gradual decrease in amperage as the charge voltage rises. When the voltage reaches 14.4 volts, the charge current must be halved to 3 amperes (for a battery with a capacity of 60 A / h) and continue charging until gas evolution begins.
In modern batteries that are not equipped with holes for refilling water, after increasing the charging voltage to 15 volts, it is useful to again reduce the charging current by half - to 1.5 amperes (for a battery with a capacity of 60 A / h).
For so-called maintenance-free batteries, the state of full charge occurs at a voltage value equal to 16.3-16.4 volts (the difference depends on the quality of the electrolyte and the composition of the alloys from which the grids are made).
Charging in constant voltage mode.
With this method, the charge level of the battery at the end of the process depends on the charging voltage supplied by the charger. So after continuous 24-hour charging at a voltage of 14.4 volts, a 12-volt battery will be charged to 75-85% of its capacity, at a voltage of 15 volts - up to 85-90%, and at 16 volts - up to 95-97 %. Completely in 20-24 hours. the battery is charged when a voltage of 16.3-16.4 volts is applied to it.Depending on the capacity and internal resistance of the battery at the moment of charging, the current passing through it can exceed 50 amperes. Therefore, in order to avoid its failure in chargers, the maximum current is limited to 20-25 amperes.
During charging, the voltage at the battery terminals gradually reaches the voltage of the charger, and the charge current decreases to almost zero (provided that the charging voltage is less than the voltage at which gas evolution begins). Thus, charging can be done without constant human attention. The indicator of the completion of charging here is considered to be an increase in the voltage at the battery terminals to 14.3-14.5 volts. During this time, the green light usually turns on, indicating the moment the required voltage is reached and the end of the charging process.
In practice, normal charging (up to 90-95% capacity) of maintenance-free batteries with modern chargers with a maximum voltage of 14.4-14.5 volts usually takes more than 24 hours.
Car battery charging.
In a car, the battery is recharged in constant voltage mode while the engine is running. By agreement with battery manufacturers, car manufacturers set a charging voltage of 13.8-14.3 volts in generators - less than the voltage at which intense gas evolution occurs.With a decrease in the air temperature, the internal resistance of the battery increases, due to which the efficiency of its charging in the constant voltage mode decreases. For this reason, it is not always possible to fully charge the battery on a car, and in winter, when the voltage at the terminals is 13.9-14.3 volts and the high-beam headlamps are on, the battery charge does not exceed 70-75%. In this regard, in winter, in conditions of low temperatures, short driving distances and frequent cold engine starts, it is useful to charge the battery indoors using a charger at least once a month.
Electrolyte density control.
For a freshly charged battery, the electrolyte density indicator in each can should be in the range of 1.27-1.29 g / cm 3. As the charge is consumed, the density gradually decreases and the battery, discharged by half, is 1.19-1.21 g / cm 3. With a full discharge, the density of the electrolyte reaches 1.09-1.11 g / cm 3.In a normally charged battery that does not have internal short circuits, the electrolyte density indicator in all banks is approximately the same with a discrepancy of no more than 0.02 g / cm 3. In the event of an internal short circuit in any of the cans, the electrolyte density in it will be lower than in the rest, by 0.10-0.15 g / cm 3.
The density of electrolyte and other liquids is measured with an instrument called a hydrometer. For various liquids, the hydrometer has replaceable densitometers (from the Latin word densum - density, density, viscosity).
When measuring density, the hydrometer should, if possible, be held so that the float does not touch the tube wall. Together with this, the temperature of the electrolyte is measured, and the density is calculated on the basis that its temperature is + 25 ° C. For this, the hydrometer reading is increased or decreased by a value that is taken from the table given in the corresponding special literature.
| CLIMATE AND TIME OF THE YEAR IN MEASUREMENT DENSITY OF ELECTROLYTE | DENSITY (g / cm 3) | |||
| Accum. charged | Accum. discharged | |||
| by 25% | by 50% | |||
| Very cold(temperature in January from -50 ° C to -30 ° C) | WINTER | 1,30 | 1,26 | 1,22 |
| SUMMER | 1,28 | 1,24 | 1,20 | |
| Cold(temperature in January from -30 ° C to -15 ° C) | 1,28 | 1,24 | 1,20 | |
| Moderate(temperature in January from -15 ° C to -8 ° C) | 1,28 | 1,24 | 1,20 | |
| Warm humid(temperature in January from 0 ° C to + 4 ° C) | 1,23 | 1,19 | 1,15 | |
| Hot dry(temperature in January from -15 ° C to + 4 ° C) | 1,23 | 1,19 | 1,15 | |
If the operating cycle voltage on the battery is less than 12.6 volts, and the electrolyte density is less than 1.24 g / cm 3, you should check the voltage at the terminals with the engine running and put the battery on charge.
By regularly performing these simple steps, you can achieve long-term and trouble-free operation of the battery at any time of the year.
You've probably noticed that lately I often write about car batteries, I just opened a new section on the site and I want to sanctify all the "hot questions" - read a lot of useful things. Another very hot topic is battery overcharging, today I will try to tell you what the reasons and consequences of this phenomenon can be, why recharging the battery is as bad as its "undercharging". Read on ...
I have already pointed out more than once that there is a small amount of electrolyte in the battery, each model has a different power depending on the power. It is this electrolyte that contributes to the accumulation of energy, without it there would be no effect of the accumulator battery. But this liquid is very capricious, it needs to create the necessary conditions - so that it does not freeze, and also so that it does not boil away. If, then the "boiling" of the battery can be provoked by overcharging, and this is already serious. Something needs to be done.
What is recharge?
If you explain it on your fingers, this is a fairly simple process - with the battery already charged, the generator continues to charge and charge. In the composition of the electrolyte, there is a share of water, and quite large about 65% (the rest of the composition is sulfuric acid 35%), under normal circumstances, the battery is gaining a charge (raises the density to the desired level) and turns off, thus, its voltage is 12.7 Volts , this is the average of 100% voltage across many batteries.
If you continue to charge the battery further, then the water inside the electrolyte will begin to decompose into its constituent gases, and these are hydrogen and oxygen - the electrolyte will boil or boil, respectively, the water level will fall (evaporate) - the more current you supply, the more intense it will be - this is the classic battery recharge.
It is accompanied by intense boiling and a decrease in the electrolyte level. In fact, this phenomenon is much more dangerous than, say, “undercharged”.
If the battery is not fully charged, you simply will not start your car, but when overcharged, the battery may simply explode.
The reasons for this phenomenon
Guys, I will say a few words about the "special" recharge from the charger - many do it on purpose! REMEMBER! Thus - to the desired level - in our band it is about 1.27 g / cm 3, if the density is lower (already with a charged battery), then the battery can freeze at minus values. We need to raise it! But how to do it? Very simple - you need to evaporate a small amount of water from the electrolyte, so the concentration of the acid will rise and the density will increase.
Therefore, many motorists - "boil" the battery at a low current, from a charger, but only up to a certain density value. After that, the charging is turned off. Otherwise, just "ditch" the battery. It is especially important not to allow the "exposure" of the plates.
Now "non-special" recharge, as they say under the hood of the car, its main reasons:
- The generator charge regulator relay is out of order ... This relay "sees" the charging, and upon reaching 12.7 Volts, it cuts off the power supply from the generator. If this relay fails, then the generator will constantly charge the battery, and its currents are considerable, it will boil very quickly! This is the most common reason. Fortunately, this relay is worth a penny. A small video, we are watching.
- The generator itself is out of order , this also happens. For example, they changed the relay, but nothing helps, charging is constantly in progress! It is necessary to repair or change the generator, here the repair is already more difficult and more expensive.
- On some vehicles, for example, on trucks, also on some UAZ, there is a voltmeter , it shows the voltage from the generator to the battery, that is, how it recharges it. Usually, it should not exceed 14 Volts, but often the readings are 15 - 17 Volts, this is a lot. I had such a case in practice - they changed both the relay and the generator, everything is new, and the voltmeter shows 17 Volts, they already broke my head what to do! It turns out that the sensor itself has failed, this display has been changed and everything is fine, the voltage has leveled off at 14 Volts. So the moral is this - sometimes the sensor itself fails - there is no overcharge, it just shows "false" readings.
These are the most common reasons why the charge goes above the norm, in fact there is nothing more to break down, if you do not have some kind of Lexus in which there are just a lot of sensors, there may be something else, although it seems to me that there is hardly any- whether.
Fortunately, in new cars, two indicators on the panel will light up, this, as well as the battery icon.
Many will say - so what, it recharges, and "hi" with it, what will happen? But guys don't tell me, we read about the consequences.
Consequences of overcharging
So, for those who believe that all this is frivolous and that you can ride with it, it is dedicated, I will expand it into points:
- Overcharging causes the electrolyte to boil, it spills out onto the surface of the battery, and then flows down to many parts under the hood, for example: - terminals, pipes, body metal, radiator, wires, etc. Since acid is present here (albeit not concentrated), but all the same, it can corrode everything that I have listed for you, even if not immediately, but it will do it.
- Oxidation of terminals. Since the acid gets on the terminals, they will oxidize very quickly, and a green coating will appear.
- The electrolyte level goes down, the lead plates are exposed, and the charge goes on! Thus, they will heat up, which negatively affects them - if you do not grind for a long time, they will "crumble", the banks may close or the battery will die altogether. Just throw out the battery.
- Since the electrolyte evaporates, and these are essentially explosive gases (oxygen and hydrogen), the battery itself may explode, and so it will not seem a little. The entire engine compartment will be in acid.
Car battery voltage is a leading indicator, on the basis of which a competent driver should draw conclusions about the state of the battery, whether it needs to be charged or replaced. It is known that there is a direct dependence of the voltage on the charge level of the car battery. First, we will consider the question of what voltage indicators can be used to conclude that the battery is working, why the battery loses U and what the voltage norm means. After that, we will try to determine the battery charge by voltage: the table on the basis of which certain conclusions are drawn about the state of the battery will be attached at the end of the article.
The battery is losing voltage: what is the reason?
If a charged power supply is discharging quickly, there may be several reasons for this "behavior" of the battery. The battery charge level can quickly drop due to a natural reason: the battery has simply exhausted its resource in the usual way and needs to.
Also, the generator may fail, which charges the battery while driving, helping it to maintain the required level of operating condition. If the battery is not yet old and the alternator is in order, it is likely that the car has serious problems with current in the form of its constant leakage.
In addition, the on-board network of the car may be faulty - for example, the radio tape recorder or some other device takes too much current, and the battery simply cannot cope with this load.
In order to eliminate the voltage drop, sometimes it is enough to correct the problem by means of a technical inspection, identifying the cause, eliminating it and re-measuring the voltage at the battery terminals after several hours of operation. It is important to evaluate indicators such as level, as well as measure the voltage under load and without it.
What does normal battery voltage mean?
For normal operation of the battery, its voltage should fluctuate within 12.6-12.7 volts, not less. This norm should be learned by novice drivers as a multiplication table - in order not to miss the critical level of the battery charge drop and not be in the position when the car suddenly "stands up".
You should also be aware that, depending on the characteristics of the battery and the car, as well as other related conditions, the rate may change - up to 13 volts and slightly higher. This is exactly what some battery manufacturers say, and this factor also needs to be taken into account. Ideally, how many volts should be a relative figure. But you always need to focus on readings from 12.6 to 13.3 volts - depending on the type and country of manufacture of the battery.
If the voltage in the battery drops below 12 volts - it is at least half discharged, and when it drops below 11.6 volts - the battery urgently needs charging.
So, the norm of the voltage indicator for most of the car batteries is from 12.6 to 12.7 volts, and if a non-standard battery model is used, the U rate may be slightly higher: 13 volts, but a maximum of 13.3. Some aspiring motorists ask what the ideal U should be. Of course, there are no ideal numbers, since the level of current in the car network, weather conditions, and energy consumption by individual elements of the car's on-board network can change.
In order not to miss the moment when the battery charge begins to drop to a critical level, there is a so-called battery charge table. If you measured U at the terminals of your battery, you can determine the battery charge by voltage: the table will help you navigate this. It displays the direct proportional dependence of U on the battery charge level as a percentage.
The table also shows the indicators of the density of the electrolyte and the temperature at which it can freeze in the cold season - also depending on the level of charge and U in the battery.
Battery charge level table
| Electrolyte density, g / cm³ | Voltage (voltage) no load | Voltage (voltage) under load 100 amperes | Battery charge level, in% | Freezing point of electrolyte, in ° С |
| 1,11 | 11,7 | 8,4 | 0 | -7 |
| 1,12 | 11,76 | 8,54 | 6 | -8 |
| 1,13 | 11,82 | 8,68 | 12,56 | -9 |
| 1,14 | 11,88 | 8,84 | 19 | -11 |
| 1,15 | 11,94 | 9 | 25 | -13 |
| 1,16 | 12 | 9,14 | 31 | -14 |
| 1,17 | 12,06 | 9,3 | 37,5 | -16 |
| 1,18 | 12,12 | 9,46 | 44 | -18 |
| 1,19 | 12,18 | 9,6 | 50 | -24 |
| 1,2 | 12,24 | 9,74 | 56 | -27 |
| 1,21 | 12,3 | 9,9 | 62,5 | -32 |
| 1,22 | 12,36 | 10,06 | 69 | -37 |
| 1,23 | 12,42 | 10,2 | 75 | -42 |
| 1,24 | 12,48 | 10,34 | 81 | -46 |
| 1,25 | 12,54 | 10,5 | 87,5 | -50 |
| 1,26 | 12,6 | 10,66 | 94 | -55 |
| 1,27 | 12,66 | 10,8 | 100 | -60 |
