Any car consists of a number of components, each of which performs their functions. The engine converts energy into a mechanical movement, the transmission allows you to change the traction force and torque, and also transmit it further, the chassis provides the movement of the car. The latter component consists of several components, among which the suspension.

Appointment, main components

The suspension in the car performs a number of essential functions:

• Provides an elastic fastening of wheels to the body (which allows them to move relative to the carrier part);
• It gives the oscillations obtained by wheels from the road (thereby reaches the smoothness of the stroke of the car);
• Ensures constant contact of the wheel with the roadpapers (affects manageability and stability);

From the moment of the appearance of the first car and by our time several types of this component of the running part were developed. But at the same time, to create an ideal solution that would suit all parameters and the indicators never succeeded. Therefore, of all existing types of car suspensions, it is impossible to allocate some one. After all, each of them has their own positive and negative sides, which predetermine their use.

In general, any suspension includes three main components, each of which performs its functions:

1. Elastic elements.
2. Damping.
3. Guide systems.

The task of elastic elements includes perception of all shock loads and smooth transmission to the body. Additionally provide constant contact of the wheels with the road. These elements include springs, torsions, springs. Due to the fact that the last type is springs, almost now is not used, then consider the suspension in which they were used - we will not.

Twity springs were the greatest distribution as elastic elements. On the cargo car often used another kind of pneumatic oil.

Twisted springs suspension

Damping elements are used in the design to clean the oscillations of elastic elements by absorbing them and dispersion, which prevents the body swaying during the suspension. Shock absorbers perform this task.

Front and rear shock absorbers

Guide systems bind a wheel with a carrier part, provide the ability to move along the desired trajectory, while withholding it in a specified position relative to the body. These elements include all sorts of levers, traction, beams, and all other components involving the creation of moving connections (silent blocks, ball supports, sleeves, etc.).

Views

Although all the listed components are characteristic of all existing vehicle suspension types, but the design of this component of the chassis is different. Moreover, the difference in the device has an impact on operational, technical parameters and characteristics.

In general, all the types of car suspensions are now divided into two categories - dependent and independent. There is also an intermediate version - half-dependent.

Dependent suspension

The dependent suspension began to be used on cars from the moment they appear and "swinging" it on a car with horse-drawn wagon. And at least during the existence, this type has significantly improved, but the essence of the work remained unchanged.

The peculiarity of this is concluded in the fact that the wheels are interconnected by the axis, and they do not have the ability to move separately relative to each other. As a result, the movement of one wheel (for example, when entering the pit) is accompanied by a second displacement.

In rear-wheel drive vehicles, the rear axle performs the rear axle, simultaneously being an element of the transmission (its design includes the main transmission with differential and semi-axis). In the front-wheel drive auto, a special beam is used.

Dependent suspension Dodge RAM 2009

Initially, springs were used as elastic elements, but now they have already completely supplied the springs. The damping element in this type of suspension is shock absorbers, which can be installed separately from elastic elements or to be placed coaxially (the shock absorber is installed inside the spring)

At the top of the shock absorber is attached to the body, and in the bottom - to the bridge or beam, that is, in addition to quenching the oscillatory movements, it also appears as a fastener.

As for the guide system, it consists of longitudinal levers and transverse thrust in the design of the dependent suspension.

4 longitudinal leverage (2 - upper, and 2 - lower) provide a fully predictable movement of the axis with wheels in all existing directions. In some cases, the number of these levers is reduced to two (the upper is not used). The task of the transverse thrust (the so-called Panar traction) includes a decrease in body rolls and holding the trajectory of movement.

The main advantages of the dependent suspension of such a design are the simplicity of the design, which affects reliability. It also provides excellent adhesion with the road surface wheels, but only in case of movement along a flat surface.

A large disadvantage of this species is the possibility of clutch loss when driving in turns. In this case, due to the combination of the axis with the elements of the transmission, the rear axle has a massive and overall design for which it is necessary to ensure a lot of space. In view of these features, the use of such a suspension for the front axle is almost impossible, so it applies only from behind.

The use of this type of suspension on passenger cars is now minimized, although it is still found on trucks and full-sized frame off-roads.

Independent suspension

An independent suspension is characterized by the fact that the wheels of one axis are not connected between themselves and the movement of one of them does not have any influence on the other. In fact, in this type for each wheel there is a set of components of parts - an elastic, damping, guide. With each other, these two sets practically do not interact.

McPherson racks

There were several types of independent suspension. One of the most popular species is MacPherson suspension (it is the "swinging candle").

The peculiarity of this type is enclosed in using the so-called depreciation rack, which performs three functions at the same time. The rack includes a shock absorber, and a spring. At the bottom of this part, this composite suspension element is fastened to the wheel hub, and at the top by means of supports to the body, so it also provides the fastening of the wheel.

Macpherson gas oil rack device

Also in the design there are still some components of the guide system - transverse levers, in the task of which enters in addition to ensuring the movable connection of the wheel with the body, also prevents its longitudinal movement.

To combat body rolls while driving in the suspension design, another element is used - a transverse stability stabilizer, which is the only link between the pendants of two wheels of one axis. In fact, this element is a torsion and principle of its work is based on the occurrence of opposing force when twisting.

Macherson's suspension suspension is one of the most common and can be used both on the front and rear axle.

It is distinguished by relatively compact sizes, ease of design and reliability, for which gained popularity. The disadvantage of it is the change in the corner of the collapse with a significant course of the wheel relative to the body.

Lever type

The lever independent suspensions are also a fairly common option used on cars. This type is divided into two types - a double and multi-dimensional suspension.

The design of the double-particle suspension is made so that the depreciation rack performs only its direct tasks - extinguishes the oscillations. The mounting wheel is fully lying on the control system consisting of two transverse levers (top and bottom).

The levers used are a-shaped form, which ensures reliable wheel retention from longitudinal movement. In addition, they are of different lengths (the top - shorter), due to which even with significant movements of the wheel relative to the body, the corner of the collapse does not change.

Unlike MacPherson, a double-dimensional suspension is more dimensional and metal, although a slightly more component parts on reliability does not affect, but it is somewhat more complicated in service.

Multi-dimensional type, in fact, is a modified double-mounted suspension. Instead of two A-shaped in its design, up to 10 transverse and longitudinal levers are used.

Multi-dimensional suspension

Such a constructive solution has a positive effect on the smoothness of the stroke and the controllability of the car, the preservation of the corners of the wheel position during the suspension operation, but it is more expensive and complicated in service. Because of this, according to the applicability, it is inferior to MacPherson stands and a two-dimensional type. It can be found on more expensive cars.

Semi-dependent suspension

A certain intermediate between dependent and independent suspension serves half-dependent.

Externally, this species is very similar to a dependent suspension - there is a beam (in which the transmission elements are not included), made at the same time with the longitudinal levers, to which the wheeled hubs are attached. That is, and there is an axis connecting two wheels. To the body of the beam is attached, too, with the help of the same levers. Springs and shock absorbers are springs as elastic and damping elements.

Semi-dependent suspension with a pale mechanism

But in contrast to the dependent suspension, the beam is torsion and can work on twisting. This allows in a specific range wheels independently of each other move in the vertical direction.

Due to the simplicity of design and high reliability, the torsion beam is often used quite often on the rear axes of front-wheel drive cars.

Other species

Above the main types of suspension used on vehicles are considered. But their types are somewhat more, although the rest are not used now. Such for example is the suspension "Dedion".

In general, the "Dedion" was not different from the design of the suspension, but a device for transmissions of rear-wheel drive cars. The essence of the development was reduced to the fact that the main gear was made from the design of the rear axle (it was hard to fastened to the body, and the rotation transmission was performed by semi-axes with shurts). The rear axle itself could have both independent and dependent suspension. But due to a number of negative qualities, this type did not receive a wide distribution.

Suspension de dion.

It is also worth mentioning about the active (it is adaptive) suspension. It is not some kind of separate type, but is, in fact, an independent suspension, and differs from some constructive nuances described above.

In this suspension, shock absorbers (hydraulic, pneumatic or combined) with electronic control are used, which makes it possible to change the parameters of this node in some way to increase and lower rigidity, increase the clearance.

But due to the complexity of the design, it is found very rarely and only on the premium segment cars.

Unfortunately, the roadbed is not always smooth and smooth, and all arising oscillations are transmitted to the car body. The suspension is designed to mitigate these oscillations. In other words, the suspension prevents an excessive shaking when driving, providing maximum comfort to passengers. It, on a row with wheels, is among the mandatory elements of the chassis of the car.

Pendant functions:

1. Connection of bridges and wheels with car body. Due to the presence of suspension, the wheels can rotate, setting the direction of the vehicle movement.
2. Transmission of torque from the engine and the main carrier force.
3. Ensuring the smoothness of the stroke and smoothing the return on road irregularities. A large load on the running part occurs while driving along the broken road canvase, which can lead to a quick breakage.

The suspension should be durable and durable to qualitatively perform its functions, so all manufacturers are looking for all sorts of solutions in this direction by introducing innovations.

In the modern car, the suspension is a rather complicated technical system in which:

• Elastic elements. These include metal (torsions, springs, springs) and non-metallic (rubber, pneumatic and hydropneumatic) parts that make up the load from oscillations associated with the root road, and evenly distribute it throughout the body. These parts have elastic characteristics, in connection with which they relate to this group of elements.
• Guide elements - Details providing the connection of the suspension with the body. These are various levers (transverse or longitudinal), regulating the interaction of the wheels and the body relative to each other.
• Shock absorbers - Dimmering devices designed to align the oscillations of the body obtained from the elastic element. They have a hydraulic (the principle of operation is based on the occurrence of oil fluid through the system of holes and the creation of hydraulic resistance), the pneumatic (the active substance is gas) and a hydropneumatic (combined) structure.
• Stabilizer transverse stability. This is a kind of metal bar, which prevents the formation of an excessive roll in the process of moving the car.
• Wheel supports - elements on the front axle, and distributing the load emanating from the wheels throughout the suspension.
• Fastenersconnecting the parts between themselves (for example, bolts, sleeves with ball hinges, etc.)

REFERENCE: On the front suspension, two ball supports are usually located, sometimes four (for example on SUVs), less often three

Principle of operation

The suspension is functioning due to the fact that at the time of the attendance for irregularity, elastic elements are moved (for example, springs), transforming impact energy. The rigidity of the movement of these elements is monitored, accompanied and softened with depreciation devices. Ultimately, thanks to the suspension, the force of impact on the car body is much weaker, which provides a more smooth transport course.

Depending on the level of rigidity distinguish the suspension:

• Hard - allow you to increase the informativeness and efficiency of car management, but the comfort decreases.
• Soft - provide better comfort when traveling, but manageability deteriorates.

Experienced drivers try to choose the optimal option that combines the best quality of the device.

In addition to helping to overcome the irregularities of the ground, the suspension participates in the passage of turns and the commission of the side maneuver, in acceleration and braking.

What suspensions are there

Due to the features of the suspension design, it is customary to divide into 3 types: dependent, independent and semi-independent suspension

Dependent suspension

It implies the rigid connection of the opposite wheels, in which the movement of one wheel in the transverse plane entails moving the other. The car bridge includes a rigid beam, forcing wheels to move in parallel. Initially, springs were used as the guide and elastic elements, but in modern vehicles, the binder wheels are fixed by two longitudinal levers and a transverse burden.

Benefits:

• low cost
• ease of construction
• high center of transverse roll
• constancy of collapse and ruts

In other words, on a flat surface, regardless of the swing, the angle of wheels is not changed relative to the road, and the machine has the best grip with a road surface. On a bad road, unfortunately, this advantage is lost, since the failure of one wheel entails the failure of the failure and the second, as a result of which the grip worsen.

The design is very simple and reliable, therefore is widely used for trucks and on the rear axis of passenger.

Semi-dependent

Includes a hard beam that torsions hold on the body. This design makes the suspension relative to self-sizing. For example, you can explore the suspension of the front-wheel drive car VAZ.

Independent suspension

Ensures the autonomous work of each wheel. Those. Their movements do not depend on each other, which leads to a smoother course. An independent suspension can be both anterior and rear, and in turn it is made to divide on:

• Pendant with swinging semi-axes - the main element of the design is the semi-axis. When driving on unevenness, the wheel will always retain perpendicular position relative to the semi-axis.
• Suspension with oblique levers - the axes of the swing of levers are under the oblique angle. The advantages of this type of appliance can be called a decrease in the oscillations of the wheelbase and the roll roll on the corners.
• The suspension on the longitudinal levers is the simplest type, among the independent. Each wheel is held with the lever that perceives lateral and longitudinal efforts. Usually, the lever is attached to the body with hinges and is highly resistant. The disadvantage of such a suspension is that the wheels are torn along with the body, creating a large roll.
• With longitudinal and transverse levers. This type of suspension is complicated in technical plan and bulk, so weakly popular (used on such brands as Rover, Glas, etc.).
• With double longitudinal and transverse levers.
• Torsion-lever suspension - includes two longitudinal levers and torsion cleaned beam in its design. Used on the rear axle of front-wheel drive cars, in modern auto-forming mainly on budget Chinese models. The advantage is the reliability and simplicity, and the disadvantage is excessive rigidity, depriving the comfort of the rear row passengers.
• MacPherson suspension is the most common scheme of the front suspension of modern cars. This is due to the small width, ease and simplicity of the design. However, this suspension has a significant minus: high friction in a shock absorbing rack and, as a result, reducing the filtering of road noise and irregularities.
• Hydropneumatic and pneumatic suspension. The role of elastic elements is performed by pneumatic cylinders and hydropneumatic elements combined into one integer with the hydraulic power system and the hydraulic brake system.
• The adaptive suspension is distinguished by the fact that the degree of damping shock absorbers varies depending on the quality of the roadway, the motion parameters and driver requests. The result can be noted increased maneuverability and safety.

All suspensions have their own positive characteristics and disadvantages. Some are still widely used, and some long ago are not relevant.

Car suspension can be characterized in several directions:

Elastic characteristic

Under it understand the dependence of the vertical load on the wheel from the suspension deflection. In addition, static deflection, dynamic stroke, suspension stiffness, and so on, are taken for elastic characteristic.

• Static deflection (static stroke) suspension - deflection under the weight of the car. When loading, as a rule, suspension levers take a horizontal position, and the springs are straightened. Static deflection is approximately equal to dynamic move or slightly less.
• Dynamic move - deflection under the influence of the restraint forces of the road when moving along it.
• The stiffness of the suspension (stroke rigidity) should not be confused with the rigidity of the elastic element. Hard suspension makes control clearer.

In other words, the elastic characteristic determines the quality of the suspension itself.

Smooth stroke

Car oscillations affect almost all its basic properties, such as smoothness, comfort, fuel consumption and management quality. They increase due to increasing speed or worsening the quality of the road. The smoothness of the stroke directly affects the sensations of passengers during the trip. The greater the road, the more nicer in the way, without shaking and strong vibrations. Some standards of permissible oscillations are established, on which the price and quality of the car depend on. These standards are designed to protect passengers and cargo from fast fatigue, and damage to the way.

It is impossible to completely exclude vibrations, but manufacturers try to maximize the level of comfort. If the wheels are evaluated by the wheels and complexity in the control of the machine, the body fluctuations determine the smoothness of the stroke.

Under the smoothness of the stroke, it is customary to understand the property of the car to provide maximum protection of passengers and cargo from strong jokes and shocks that occur when the car is in contact with the road. The frequency of the oscillations of the body ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 Hz indicates that the smoothness of the stroke is normal.

REFERENCE: The frequency from 0.5 to 1.0 Hz is similar to the frequency of the jokes experienced when walking

During the trip, passengers experience slow oscillations with large amplitudes and fast, with small jerks. If quickly can be eliminated with seats, vibration insulation, rubber supports, etc., then to protect against slowly, the elastic suspension of the wheels is used.

Thus, it can be said that the smoothness of the course is an important characteristic to pay attention to when choosing a car.

Kinematics

This characteristic causes changes in the position of the wheels while driving. As it was written earlier, depending on the type of suspension, the wheels can move both in parallel to each other and with small deviations are independent of each other. It would seem, a special difference in how no wheels are moved, but this is not the case, since kinematics affects the safety of movement.

Elastoknematika

The process of changing the position of the wheel relative to the body, with the use of elastic elements in the suspension (springs, silent blocks, etc.) is made by elastokinematics. Thanks to these elements, the suspension can adapt to road conditions. For example, it is possible to consider the situation in which during the braking on one side the road coating consists of gravel, and on the other - asphalt. In this case, the angles of the wheel convergence are changing individually. Elastokinematic suspension allows you to occur to a more uniform clutch of the wheels and the road leaf during rotary maneuvers, reacts to the deviation of the body from the horizontal position, carrying out a small reverse of the rear wheels. Thanks to which the driver can feel more confident to feel during turns and restructuring.

Damping characteristic

Demption - artificial suppression of mechanical oscillations. Considering the fact that the fluctuations of the body take passengers from the comfort zone, this characteristic is very important when choosing a car. The attenuation of oscillations occurs due to the work, first of all, shock absorbers that level vibrations, by evenly distributing the drum force. The properties of their work describes this characteristic.

Prices and unsophisticated masses

To begin with, it is necessary to determine the distinction of a tearful and unsappressible mass.

The unsavory mass includes a lot of wheels and other parts attached directly to them. These are discs, tires, brake system parts that are on the wheel.

The tight mass is the part of the car that affects the suspension. Roughly speaking, these are the details of the top of the car.

The ratio of a tearful and unsappressible mass significantly affects the smoothness of the stroke and the safety of the ride. A large magnitude of unsappressible masses has an impact on the nature of the suspension, which is expressed, for example, in a large power of inertia arising in the suspension when overcoming irregularities. If you take a wave-like surface as the basis, then at speed, the rear axle under the influence of elastic elements will not have time to land, which will lead to a worsening of the clutch of the wheels with the road.

A smaller magnitude of unsappressible masses is less affected by the smoothness of the stroke on the uneven road, so manufacturers tend to reduce it.

Despite the fact that manufacturers are actively improving the wear resistance of the equipment, due to the poor state of the roads, their efforts are reduced to "no" and drivers face such problems as:

1. Deformation of suspension levers. The reason for this kind of breakage can be called the low quality of the material from which the item is made. It manifests itself, as a rule, by road on a high obstacle or vice versa, entrance to a deep hole. With a fairly serious breakdown, a characteristic vibration from the engine work appears. Service for a hundred lies in the removal of a deformed lever, replacing the details or a complete replacement of equipment.
2. Change the angle of the front wheels. Often this occurs as a result of wear of the front suspension hinges and leads to a deterioration of the rotation of the wheels, excessive fuel consumption. With such a breakdown, the adjustment of the collapse of the convergence helps.
3. Wear or damage to the shock absorber, disruption of tightness. It occurs due to long-term work, a large load or garbage. When the fluid moves, the operating valves are defectors are susceptible to the excessive load, which over time leads to their breakdown - the formation of leaks. The use of faulty shock absorbers can seriously harm the vehicle, up to the destruction of the parts of the suspension.
4. Broken shock absorber support. Usually occurs for two reasons: a) tires are wearing in the support; b) fails bearing. A characteristic feature of the breakdown is a knock, even when driving for insignificant irregularities.
5. Wear mounting suspension. Fastenings can be attributed to the consumable material, during operation, their wear is inevitable. Timely replacement will not allow the destruction to go to the rest of the details.

The main cause of the suspension breakdown is poor-quality road surface. In addition, the service life of the driver affects the driving style, the quality of maintenance or base components.

After studying the structure, the principle of operation and characteristics of the suspension, we can conclude that this is a complex mechanism that requires careful control and quality service, first of all, in order to safety. The suspension has a huge impact on the work of the entire car and driving conditions. The classification of suspension is diverse, so everyone can choose a car by its criteria.

The car consists of a plurality of nodes, each of which performs functions assigned to it. Without their exact work, the normal movement of the car is impossible. One of the most important is the car suspension. It helps to guess blows from an uneven surface and transmits a torque of wheels to the body. Due to this, the vehicle is moving in the right direction.

Attention! Without a suspension, every blow at the race on the pit would bring serious harm to the body.

What is the suspension can be found in the video:

Purpose of suspension and general device

The car suspension has several basic functions that determine its role in the operation of the car. It is she who provides the comfort of passengers when driving. One of its main elements are shock absorbers. They absorb the main shock force.

Another important feature of the suspension is to hold the car body during turns. This structural feature provides high reliability even on the coolest devias. The general device consists of such elements:

• body;
• wheel;
• hinge;
• elastic, damping and guide element.

Attention! Now in most constructions of suspension for cars, springs are used as an elastic element, but still you can find designs with springs.

A good car suspension provides smoothness while driving. It is from her that it depends on how comfortable you will feel on the track or off-road. In the process of evolution, many designs were created by road engineers, each of which is unique. Many of them found their practical application.

Suspension types and their device

There are many types of suspension for the car. Each has a number of structural features, which ensures its functionality. It is not surprising that each design is determined for a specific class of machines calculated for certain operating conditions.

Suspension types There is a lot. In principle, each serious automotive manufacturer tried to invent his unique design, which would maximally responded to the class produced by him. The listing of them all will take too much time. Therefore, it is better to focus on the most popular.

Dependent suspension

Perhaps this is the oldest suspension that is still applied. Its main feature is a hard link. This effect can be achieved thanks to the beam and the part.

It is noteworthy that in the very first models, manufacturers even used springs. But soon it was to move away from this practice. Modern analogues are equipped with longitudinal levers. For the perception of lateral force corresponds to the transverse thrust.

The dependent car suspension has such advantages:

• low cost;
• low weight;
• good clutch with the surface.

At first glance, this is not so little, but the fact is that many other types of suspension for cars have such qualities. The main disadvantage of the system is frequent drifts. In addition, due to the fact that the wheels are moving in multidirectional, problems with handling are observed.

Rear semi-dependent

The suspension design is pretty simple. These are two longitudinal levers. They are combined with each other. Such a suspension is installed only from behind, on the front-wheel drive machines. Otherwise, the effectiveness of the system is under a big question. To the advantages of the system can be found:

• compactness;
• low weight;
• good kinematics.

The main condition for using suspension of this type is the presence of a non-leading rear axle. In some designs, shock absorbers and springs are installed separately.

Attention! The main alternative for the spring is the pneumatic element with fixation of a certain value.

In some options, the device is allowed to turn on the springs and shock absorbers to one unit. In this case the pneumatic element is mounted on the shock absorber.

On longitudinal levers

This suspension for cars belongs to the class of independent. The main difference is the lack of a rigid connection. Each wheel is held with the lever. It is he who takes lateral efforts.

Attention! The lever must have limit strength. This is the key to the reliability of the entire device.

The lever is attached to the body with two hinges. In this case, the element itself has a wide reference base. Just so it becomes possible to ensure the necessary fixation and reliability.

The suspension for the car of this type can only move longly. At the same time, the track does not change. A similar design feature has both a positive and negative side. If the car is only forward, then there is a significant fuel economy. In addition, the body has increased stability, but it is worthwhile to enter the car, as everything is changing radically.

The longitudinal suspension shows itself on turns. The wheels bend along with the body, and this, of course, does not contribute to stability. A similar type of construction has extremely scarce possibilities when transmitting lateral power. Large rolls - convincing evidence.

Adding a stabilizer longitudinal suspension to the device allows the car to get rid of an excessive roll. Unfortunately, such an supplement leads to a loss of stability on an uneven coating.

It would seem that all the above disadvantages are more than enough to forget about the longitudinal suspension for cars. But she has significant advantages that cannot be forgotten. It is very compact and easy to install. Because of this, it is most often installed on buses and trucks.

Transverse double levers

This suspension device for a car is a kind of previous modification. It was created in the 30s of the last century. Despite this, it is still indispensable in machines that take part in various types of races.

The wheel in such a suspension for the car is held with the help of two levers, which are located transversely. The mount can exercise both to the body and to the subframe. Different automotive companies use the option that is most suitable for their purposes.

The main advantage of the transverse suspension for the car is the possibility of wide setting. You can easily change the slope of the levers if you need it.Thanks to such an adjustment, the transverse roll parameter changes. Moreover, there is an opportunity to change the length. This allows you to influence the collapse.

The bottom lever of the transverse suspension for the car should be a little longer top. A similar structural change allows you to form a negative collapse of the wheel. Moreover, this is happening with minimal steam expansion.

In practice, this will look like this: the suspension will capture the wheel from above. Because of this, when turning the wheels, the front turns out to be much closer to the vertical. This effect can be achieved at the expense of negative collapse. It is he compensates for the slope, although not completely.

The distance between the transverse levers allows you to control the compliance of the car suspension. It also affects kinematics. The dependence is quite simple. The farther from each other, the more rigidity and higher accuracy.

Naturally, without minuses in the transverse suspension, the car did not work out. Because of the changing collapse worse, tires show themselves. This is especially noticeable when braking. It is not surprising that over time, engineers began to install levers longitudinally.

Attention! The main advantage of the suspension of the car with longitudinal levers is the ability to receive the center of the roll higher than that of other modifications.

Deon.

Looking for the opportunity to remove the load from the rear axle, scientists invented the suspension for the car de Dion. In it, the Carter is separated from the beam. At the same time, it is attached directly to the body. Thus, the torque goes directly to the leading wheels from the power unit. Conductors serve semi-axes. The design may be dependent and independent

Attention! The main disadvantage of this car suspension is the lack of balance when braking.

The suspension plays one of the most important roles in the car. It is not surprising that many modifications were invented by road engineers, each of which is optimally suitable for certain operating conditions.

On video - overview of the types of suspension for cars:

The car suspension is a totality of elements that provide an elastic connection between the body (frame) and wheels (bridges) of the car. Mainly the suspension is intended to reduce the intensity of vibration and dynamic loads (blows, jolts), operating per person, transported goods or elements of the car design when it is moved along an uneven road. At the same time, it should ensure constant contact of the wheel with a road surface and effectively transfer the leading force and braking force without deviating the wheels from the corresponding position. Proper suspension operation makes car control comfortable and safe. Despite the seeming simplicity, the suspension is one of the most important systems of the modern car and the history of its existence has undergone significant changes and improvements.

History of appearance

Attempts to make the movement of the vehicle softer and more comfortable were taken back in Karet. Initially, the axes of the wheels were hard to fastened to the housing, and each road irregularity was transferred to the passengers sitting inside. Only soft pillows on the seats could increase the level of comfort.

Dependent suspension with transverse resort location

In the first way, to create an elastic "layer" between the wheels and the body of the carriage was the use of elliptic springs. Later, this decision was also borrowed for the car. However, the spring has already become semi-elliptical and could be installed transversely. The car with such a suspension was poorly controlled even at low speed. Therefore, soon the springs began to install longitudinally for each wheel.

The development of the automotive industry led the evolution of the suspension. Currently there are dozens of their varieties.

The main functions and characteristics of the car suspension

Each suspension has its own characteristics and performance that directly affect manageability, comfort and safety of passengers. However, any suspension regardless of its type should perform the following functions:

1. Absorption of blows and shocks on the road To reduce loads on the body and improving the comfort of movement.
2. Stabilization of the car while driving By providing constant contact of the wheel tire with road surface and limiting excessive body rolls.
3. Saving a given geometry of movement and wheel position To preserve the accuracy of the steering during movement and braking.

Drift car with hard suspension

The rigid car suspension is suitable for a dynamic driving at which an instantaneous and accurate response to the driver's actions is required. It provides a small ground clearance, maximum stability, rinse resistance and body swinging. It is used mainly on sports cars.

Luxury car with energy-intensive suspension

In most passenger cars, a soft suspension is used. It smoothes irregularly as possible, but makes the car somewhat roll and worse managed. If adjustable rigidity is required, a screw suspension is mounted on the car. It is a rack shock absorbers with a variable spring tension force.

SUV with long-time suspension

The movement of the suspension is the distance from the extreme upper position of the wheel when compressing to the extreme bottom when hanging the wheels. The suspension stroke is largely determined by the "off-road" vehicles of the car. The more its value, the greater the obstacle can be overcome without hitting the limiter or without saving leading wheels.

Suspension device

Any car suspension consists of the following main elements:

1. Elastic device - Perceives loads from the irregularities of the road surface. Views: springs, springs, pneumatic elements, etc.
2. Demmp- Has the body fluctuations when driving through irregularities. Views: all types.
3. Guide device— Provides a specified movement of the wheel relative to the body. Views:levers, transverse and jet thrust, springs. To change the direction of impact on the damping element in the sports suspensions of Pull-Rod and Push-Rod, rockers are used.
4. Stabilizer transverse stability - Reduces the transverse body roll.
5. Rubber metal hinges- provide an elastic connection of the suspension elements with the body. Partially amortized, soften the blows and vibrations. Views: Silent blocks and sleeves.
6. Stroke suspension limiters - limit the move the suspension in extreme positions.

Suspension classification

Mostly pendants are divided into two large types: and independent. This classification is determined by the kinematic scheme of the suspension guide device.

Dependent suspension

Wheels are rigidly connected via beam or continuous bridge. The vertical position of the pair of wheels relative to the total axis does not change, the front wheels are rotary. The rear suspension device is similar. It happens spring, spring or pneumatic. In the case of the installation of springs or pneumobalon, it is necessary to use special traction to fix bridges from moving.

Differences dependent and independent suspension

• easy and reliable in operation;
• high load capacity.

• bad handling;
• bad stability at high speeds;
• little comfortable.

Independent suspension

Wheels can change the vertical position relative to each other, while remaining in the same plane.

• good handling;
• good car stability;
• large comfortable.

• more expensive and complex design;
• less reliability during operation.

Semi-dependent suspension

Semi-dependent suspension or torsion beam - This is an intermediate solution between the dependent and independent suspension. The wheels still remain associated, but there is the possibility of their small movement relative to each other. This property is ensured due to the elastic properties of the P-shaped beam connecting the wheels. Such a suspension is mainly used as the rear suspension of budget vehicles.

Types of independent suspension

MacPherson

- The most common suspension of the front axle of modern cars. The bottom lever is connected to the hub by means of a ball support. Depending on its configuration, a longitudinal reactive traction can be used. A shock absorption rack with a spring is fastened to the hub node, its upper support is fixed on the body.

The transverse thrust, fixed on the body and connecting both levers, is a stabilizer, counteracts the car roll. The lower balloons and the bearing cup of the rack-shock absorber make it possible for rotation of the wheel.

The details of the rear suspension are made by the same principle, the difference lies only in the absence of the possibility of rotation of the wheels. The lower lever is replaced with longitudinal and transverse thrust fixing the hub.

• simplicity of design;
• compactness;
• reliability;
• inexpensive in production and repair.

• average handling.

Double front suspension

A more efficient and complex design. The upper point of fastening the hub is the second transverse lever. Spring or torsion can be used as an elastic element. The rear suspension has a similar structure. Similar suspension scheme provides better car handling.

Air suspension

Pneumatic suspension

The role of the springs in this suspension is performed by pneumatic bullons with compressed air. When it is possible to adjust the height of the body. It also improves the smoothness of the course. Used on luxury cars.

Hydraulic suspension

Height adjustment and rigidity LEXUS hydraulic

Shock absorbers are connected to a single closed contour with hydraulic fluid. makes it possible to adjust the rigidity and height of the road lumen. If there is a control electron in the car, as well as the functions, it is independently adjusted to the conditions of the road and driving.

Sports independent suspension

Screw suspension (coilovers)

Print suspension, or coilovers - depreciation racks with the ability to adjust stiffness directly by car. Due to the threaded connection of the lower stop, the spring can be adjusted its height, as well as the magnitude of the road lumen.

As elastic devices in the suspensions of modern cars, metal and non-metallic elements are used. Metal devices obtained the greatest distribution: springs, leaf springs and torsions.

Spring car suspension with variable rigidity

The most widely (especially in the suspensions of passenger cars) apply twisted springsmanufactured from the steel elastic rod of the circular cross section.
When the spring is compressed along the vertical axis, its turns are brought together and twisted. If the spring has a cylindrical shape, then with its deformation, the distance between the turns is maintained by constant and the spring has a linear characteristic. This means that the deformation of the cylindrical spring is always directly proportional to the applied force, and the spring has a constant stiffness. If you make a twisted spring from the bar of alternating section or give the spring a certain shape (in the form of a barrel or cocoon), then such an elastic element will have a variable rigidity. When compressing such a spring first, less rigid turns will be closer, and after their contact, the work will come to work. Springs of stiffness variable are widely used in suspensions of modern passenger cars.
The advantages of the springs used as the elastic elements of the suspension should include their small mass and the possibility of ensuring high smoothness of the car's move. At the same time, the spring cannot transmit efforts in the transverse plane and its application requires the presence of a complex guide device in the suspension.

Rear spring suspension:
1 - Sprinkle Spring;
2 - rubber sleeve;
3 - bracket;
4 - sleeve;
5 - bolt;
6 - washers;
7 - finger;
8 - rubber bushings;
9 - Spring washer;
10 - nut;
11 - bracket;
12 - rubber bushing;
13 - sleeve;
14 - Plate Earrings;
15 - bolt;
16 - stabilizer bar;
17 - indigenous sheet;
18 - Spring sheets;
19 - rubber compression stroke buffer;
20 - stepladers;
21 - lining;
22 - rear axle beam;
23 - shock absorber;
24 - clamp;
25 - Longer Rama;
26 - stabilizer bracket;
27 - Stabilizer Earring

Sheet springs He served as a elastic element of the suspension on the manpure crews and the first cars, but it continues to be applied in our days, the truth is mainly on trucks. A typical leaf springs consists of a set of bonded sheets of various lengths made of spring steel. Spring sheet usually has a semi-terminal form.

Methods of fastening springs:
a - with twisted ears;
b - on rubber pillows;
B - with a false eye and a moving support

Sheets from which the spring consists have different lengths and curvature. The smaller the length of the sheet, the greater should be its curvature, which is necessary for a more dense mutual adjacent of sheets in the collected spring. With such a design, the load on the longest (indigenous) sheet of springs is reduced. Spring sheets bonded with a center bolt and clamps. Using an indigenous leaf of the spring, it is attached by the first ends to the body or frame and can transmit efforts from the vehicle wheels on the frame or body. The shape of the ends of the indigenous sheet is determined by the method of fastening it to the frame (body) and the need to ensure compensation for changing the length of the sheet. One of the ends of the springs should be able to rotate, and the other is rotated and moved.
With the deformation of the springs, its sheets bend and change their length. In this case, there are friction of sheets in each other, and therefore they require lubrication, and between the sheets of the springs of passenger cars set special antifriction gaskets. At the same time, the presence of friction in the spring allows you to quench the body fluctuations and in some cases it makes it possible to do without use in the suspension of shock absorbers. The spring suspension has a simple design, but a larger mass, which determines the greatest distribution in the suspensions of trucks and some passenger cars of increased passability. To reduce the mass of spring suspension and improving the smoothness of the course sometimes apply malystovye and single Color Spring S. sheet of variable in length. Pretty rarely in the pendants are used springs made of reinforced plastics.

Torsion suspension. In the rear suspension of the Peugeot 206 car, two torsion are used, connected to longitudinal levers. Tubular levers installed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the car are used in the suspension guide

Torsion - Metallic elastic element working on twisting. Typically, the torsion is a solid metal rod of round-section with thickening at the ends, on which the slots are sliced. There are pendants in which torsions are made from a set of plates or rods (Cars ZAZ). One end of the torsion is attached to the body (frame), and the other to the guide device. When moving wheels, torirs are twisted, providing an elastic connection between the wheel and the body. Depending on the pendant construct, the torsions can be located both along the longitudinal axis of the car (usually under the floor) and across. Torsion pendants are compact and easy and allowed to adjust the suspension by pre-tightening torsion.
Non-metal elastic suspension elements are divided into rubber, pneumatic and hydropneumatic.
Rubber elastic elements Present in almost all designs of the suspension, but not as the main, but as an additional, used to limit the moves of the wheels up and down. The use of additional rubber limiters (buffers, buffers) limits the deformation of the main elastic suspension elements, increasing its rigidity at high movements and prevent metal blows. Recently, the rubber elements are increasingly replaced by devices from synthetic materials (polyurethane).

Elastic elements of pneumatic suspension:
a - sleeve type;
B - double cylinders

IN pneumatic elastic elements Elastic properties of compressed air are used. The elastic element is a cylinder made of reinforced rubber, which is supplied under pressure air from a special compressor. The form of pneumobalon may be different. Gift-type cylinders (a) and double (two-section) cylinders (b) were distributed.
The advantages of the pneumatic elastic elements of the suspension include high smoothness of the car's move, a small mass and the ability to maintain a constant floor level of the body, regardless of the load of the car. Suspension with pneumatic elastic elements apply on buses, cargo and passenger cars. The constancy of the flooring level of the cargo platform provides the convenience of loading and unloading the truck, and for passenger cars and buses - convenience when landing and disembarking passengers. To obtain compressed air on buses and trucks with a pneumatic brake system, regular compressors referred to from the engine are used, and on passenger cars install special compressors, as a rule, with an electric drive (Range Rover, Mercedes, Audi).

Pneumatic suspension. On new Mercedes E-Class cars instead of springs, pneumatic elastic elements began to be applied

The use of pneumatic elastic elements requires use in the suspension of a complex guide element and shock absorbers. Suspension with pneumatic elastic elements of some modern cars have complex electronic control, which provides not only the constancy of the level of the body, but also the automatic change in the stiffness of individual pneummobalones on the turns and in braking, to reduce the riga of the body and cloves, which in general increases the comfort and safety of motion .

Hydropneumatic elastic element:
1 - compressed gas;
2 - body;
3 - liquid;
4 - to the pump;
5 - to the shock absorbing rack

Hydropneumatic elastic element is a special chamber, divided into two cavities with an elastic membrane or piston.
One of the cavities of the chamber is filled with compressed gas (usually nitrogen), and the other liquid (special oil). Elastic properties are provided with compressed gas, since the liquid is practically not compressed. The movement of the wheel causes the movement of the piston located in the cylinder filled with liquid. When the wheel, the piston displaces the liquid from the cylinder, which enters the chamber and acts on the separation membrane, which moves and compresses gas. To maintain the required pressure in the system uses a hydraulic pump and a hydroaccumulator. By changing the pressure of the fluid coming under the membrane of the elastic element, the gas pressure and the stiffness of the suspension can be changed. When fluctuations in the body, the liquid passes through the valve system and is experiencing resistance. Hydraulic friction provides precipitating properties of the suspension. Hydropneumatic suspensions provide high smoothness of the course, the ability to adjust the body position and efficient extinguishing of oscillations. The main disadvantages of such suspension include its complexity and high cost.