They were created so that printing equipment could be standardized. Now in the office sector the most popular format is A4. It is also the most common in publishing houses - books are most often printed on this paper. Other formats are used for different purposes, which will be discussed in more detail below. To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the table of sizes of common formats.
Paper sizes
IN international classification most often used marking A, defined by the ISO216 standard. They have a fixed aspect ratio of 1:√2, which is called the Lichtenberg ratio. The main format is A0, and each subsequent format is obtained by precisely cutting the previous sheet in half. So, if you cut an A0 sheet in half, you get an A1 format and so on. So, exact dimensions The paper sizes are:
- A0 - has an area of 1 square meter, and the sides are 841 × 1189 mm.
- A1 - sheet area is 0.5 square meters. m., and the sides are 594×841 mm.
- A2 - the area is 25 decimeters, and the sides are 420x594 mm.
- A3 - the sheet area is 12.5 decimeters, and the sides are 297x420 mm.
- A4 is the most popular format with sides 210x297 mm.
- A5 - has sides 210x148 mm.
- A6 is even two times smaller - 148x105 mm.
Where are different paper sizes used?
The most common format to which all printers are adapted is . It is used for printing:
- books;
- documents;
- contracts;
- invoices and much more.
Some office printers support printing in . This is exactly the size they have standard newspapers. A0 and A1 are used for printing:
- posters;
- posters;
- wall tables;
- diagrams
Small A5 and A6 formats are used for manufacturing:
- pocket books;
- notepads;
- notebooks.
What you should pay attention to when choosing
When choosing a paper size, it is necessary to take into account the standard standards for the products on which it is planned to be used. So, if a small-circulation brochure is being produced, which is planned to be reproduced on a printer or copier, then it is worth choosing the A5 and A6 formats. If you are buying paper for printing documents, then you should choose the standard A4 option, since absolutely all office printer models are adapted for it.
If you plan to print a poster, then you will definitely need a device for large-format printing. Large format can be taken after checking first specifications and the tolerances of your printer. Thus, the choice of sheet format must be made taking into account technical approvals existing printer, as well as taking into account which sheet of paper will print best for specific purposes.
In addition to the printer format, the following paper parameters are important:
- density (best - 80-90g/m2);
- opacity (especially important when performing double-sided printing);
- humidity (the best is 4.5%, but small deviations are acceptable);
- thickness (the thicker the sheet, the stiffer);
- smoothness (affects the final image quality);
- trimming (edges should remain smooth, without burrs);
- electrification (strong leads to paper sticking and feeding failures).
Why you shouldn't save on paper
Saving on paper quality results in rapid wear and printer breakdowns. And repairing them is already much more expensive than the prudent purchase of good paper that will save your equipment. So it is much more profitable to buy clean and high-quality sheets from optimal density. And of course, you need to choose the right format for your future image.
As the name suggests, the ACEA organization was created by large automobile manufacturing concerns to coordinate production and adopt uniform product quality standards. Car enthusiasts are primarily interested in the ACEA oil classification - as a rule, the corresponding alphanumeric codes are written on canisters and help the buyer choose the right product.
About the standard
Initially, a similar association was formed in the USA (API), but the difference in the design details of cars pushed the Europeans to found ACEA. In 1996, the first classification of ACEA motor oils was defined, in which separate sections were devoted to lubricants for cars running on gasoline and. Later, in 2008, they began to produce hydrocarbons suitable for both categories of engines, and the documentation was edited. Now the product is marked: ACEA A1/B1, ACEA A3/B3, etc. “A” characterizes the lubricant for gasoline engine, “B” - for diesel.
What do numbers and letters mean in ACEA classes?
Now let's talk about the meaning of alphanumeric codes in the ACEA engine oil classification.
Classes
Based on their composition and scope of application, these petroleum products are divided into three classes: A/B, C and E.
- The letters A/B on the canister indicate what's inside. lubricant, recommended for lightly loaded diesel engines.
- C – oils for diesel and gasoline injection engines, which have environmentally friendly properties and complement various filters to neutralize harmful substances when exhausting.
- E – category of oils intended for heavy vehicles with a diesel engine. IN latest edition added categories E6 and E7.
The numbers from 1 to 7, assigned to the letters, clarify the properties of the lubricant and its composition.
Documentation
In general, the ACEA documentation resembles the Russian GOST and consists of a classification of motor oils, requirements for them, a description of the tests carried out, as a result of which a particular product was released onto the market under the auspices of the community. The European Commission EELQMS monitors compliance with ACEA standards. Each manufacturer seeking to obtain motor oil approval from the Association of European Automotive Engineers is required to conduct research in laboratories recommended by the association and prove that its product meets all technical requirements.
Description of classes and categories
A1/B1 – all-season oils with moderate viscosity for gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines(in lightly loaded vehicles). Such a hydrocarbon can not be changed for two years. However, it is not suitable for all engines, and it is also not recommended to use it in hot climates where temperatures approach above +25.
A3/B3 – also applicable to both gasoline and diesel engines(in light transport) with the only difference that in in this case we are talking about engines with high power. This type The lubricant is all-season in temperate climates and does not require replacement for a long time.
Motor ACEA oil A3/B4 - almost the same type as A3/B3, but intended for newer cars with injection system fuel supply.
ACEA A5/B5 oil is a low-viscosity type for cars with a fuel injection system. Its lubricants cannot be called all-season - they are either in harsh climates, and are contraindicated for some engines.
C1 – category for gasoline and diesel injection internal combustion engines with a reduced content of phosphorus and sulfur salts. Aimed at fuel economy and decomposition to neutral substances during exhaust. Has low viscosity to suit powerful engines with small gaps between parts. Such an oil product cannot be used if the machine is quite outdated or previously worked on a more aggressive lubricant.
C2 is a hydrocarbon with a higher content of phosphates and sulfates compared to the previous category. Also, lubricants are intended for economical injection engines with a filtration system exhaust gases.
C3 - the same composition as C2, but a more viscous type of oil - for use in southern climates.
C4 - in turn, is similar in composition to C1, but has a higher viscosity.
E4 is an oil intended exclusively for diesel engines large trucks. Helps neutralize N2O, even if a special filter is not installed, and prevents the formation of soot deposits.
E6 is practically the same as E4, but for cars equipped with a filtration system.
Motor oil ACEA E7 is an improved version of E4 for cars without filters. Cleanses piston cylinders and turbochargers. Does not require lubrication.
You may also have come across oils marked on the canister A1/B1-04 or 96. These additional numbers are a reference to the ACEA edition. That is, find out the properties of this product possible in the ACEA species classification for 2004 or 1996.
To choose the right lubricant for your engine, the ACEA oil table is not enough: you need to carefully read the technical specifications of the machine, study related documentation (American Petroleum Institute approvals - API, SAE - viscosity classification, etc.).
Versatility, reliability, quality
All-season, ability to function in a wide temperature range and extreme conditions, for any driving style, combined with good cleaning properties, makes Castrol Magnatek 5W30 A3 B4 a favorite of many motorists around the world.
Description of oil
This oil from the Castrol Magnatec 5W30 family perhaps has the widest range of applications compared to its “brothers”. However, what they have in common is the technology underlying production. lubricant. Its name is Intelligent Molecules.
The essence of this technology lies in “smart” molecules. They literally stick to engine parts, creating a dense film that will not slide off under any conditions, protecting the engine as reliably as any other lubricant.
As a result, Castrol MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3 B4 protects the engine not only from wear and unexpected breakdowns, but also from corrosion, oxidation, soot and carbon deposits.
Application area
Castrol MAGNATEC 5W30 A3 B4 is recommended for use by most of the world's largest automakers. These include Renault, BMW, and a group of Volkswagen cars. Provide such wide scope Applications of Castrol Magnatek 5W30 A3 B4 technical characteristics of this oil. It is suitable for most variations of gasoline and diesel engines, both modern and earlier. The unique viscosity of this product makes its scope of application even wider. 
Specifications
Oil Castrol Magnatek 5W30 A3 B4 technical characteristics:
| Index | Test method (ASTM) | Meaning | Unit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Viscosity characteristics | |||
| - | Kinematic viscosity at 40°C | ASTM D445 | 70 | mm²/s |
| - | Kinematic viscosity at 100°C | ASTM D445 | 12.1 | mm²/s |
| - | Dynamic viscosity, CCS at -30°C (5W) | ASTM D5293 | 5900 | mPa*s (cP) |
| - | Viscosity index | ASTM D 2270 | 172 | |
| - | Sulfate ash content | ASTM D874 | 1.22 | % wt. |
| - | Density at 15ºC | ASTM D 4052 | 0.85 | g/ml |
| 2 | Temperature characteristics | |||
| - | Flash point (PMCC) | ASTM D93 | 206 | °C |
| - | Pour point | ASTM D97 | -45 | °C |
Tolerances and specifications
Castrol Magnatek 5W30 A3 B4 has the following approvals and specifications:
- ACEA A3/B3, A3/B4;
- API SL/CF;
- VW 502 00 / 505 00;
- Renault RN 0710 / RN 0700;
- MB-Approval 229.3;
- BMW Longlife-01.
Release form and articles
Castrol MAGNATEC 5W30 A3 B4 have the following release forms and part numbers:
- 156ED2 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 208l
- 14F508 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 208l
- 156ED3 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 60l
- 14F506 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 60l
- 156ED5 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 4l
- 151B17 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 4l
- 156ED4 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 1l
- 151B18 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 1l
- MA5W30A3B4-B2 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 1+1l
- MA5W30A3B4-B5 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 1+4l
- MA5W30A3B4-B3 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 1+1+1l
- MA5W30A3B4-B8 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 4+4l
- MA5W30A3B4-B9 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 4+4+1l
- MA5W30A3B4-B12 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 4+4+4l
- MA5W30A3B4-B13 CASTROL MAGNATEC 5W-30 A3/B4 4+4+4+1l
What does 5W30 stand for?
Markings marked with the letter W mean that the product is all-season, since the letter comes from the word winter. The numbers in front of it are an indicator winter temperatures. The numbers that follow are an indicator of summer temperatures.
In this case, the number 5 means that the oil retains its viscosity down to minus 35 degrees Celsius. And the number 30 – which is suitable up to plus 30. This makes the product universal for most climatic zones peace.
Advantages and disadvantages
Here's how positive qualities this oil from the family has Castrol Magnatec 5w-30:
- reliable protection from start-up to start-up and throughout the entire period of use;
- a dense film enveloping all parts;
- easy engine starting in cold weather and stability in hot weather;
- wide temperature Range applications;
- versatility of use in various types engines and various conditions;
- unique technology used in production;
- highest quality.
The disadvantages of the oil are its high price (however, like any other pure synthetics) and a large number of fakes, from which no one is protected.
Hello to all those who care about the life of the blog site and, of course, to the people who stopped by for information. I'm glad to see you all on this blog. Today I want to tell you everything I know about paper sizes What sizes are there and their standards. Agree, any person needs to know the paper size and format; I’m already silent about artists and designers.
Let's first figure out what they are paper sizes. The most common ISO 216 standard format in the world according to GOST 5773-90.
All paper sizes according to the ISO 216 standard they have the same aspect ratio. If you say in simple words, then the length of an A1 sheet is equal to half the width of an A0 sheet, and if it’s even simpler to explain, then look at the picture below and you will understand everything that I was trying to explain.
I propose to consider where and what paper formats are often used:
Sheet A0 and A1- drawings, posters and banners.
Sheet A3, B4 and A2- drawings, diagrams, newspapers
Sheet A4- office paper, documents, letters, forms, magazines, catalogues, in advertising materials, Consumables for printers and copiers.
Sheet A5- greeting cards, identification cards, notebooks, notepads, leaflets, forms, promotional materials.
SheetB5, A5, B6, A6- books, booklets, brochures, postcards.
Formats C4, C5, C6- envelopes for letters on a sheet of A4 paper: unfolded (C4), folded in half (C5), folded in three (C6).
C series formats- This size was designed for mailing envelopes to accommodate A-size paper.
Paper size and dimensions
| Paper sizes ISO 216 | |||||
| Formats paper A |
width x length, size(mm.) |
Format B |
width x length in (mm.) |
Format C |
size (mm.) |
| A0 | 841x1189 | B0 | 1000x1414 | C0 | 1297x917 |
| A1 | 594x841 | IN 1 | 707x1000 | C1 | 917x648 |
| A2 | 420x594 | AT 2 | 500x707 | C2 | 648x458 |
| A3 | 297x420 | AT 3 | 353x500 | C3 | 458x324 |
| A4 | 210x297 | AT 4 | 250x353 | C4 | 324x229 |
| A5 | 148x210 | AT 5 | 176x250 | C5 | 229x162 |
Standard Newspaper Size:
A4 - 210x297 mm.
Berliner format - 470 x 315 mm.
A3 - 297x420 mm.
A2 - 594x420 mm.
Standard Envelope Sizes:
C4 format envelope - 324x229 mm.
C5 format envelope - 229x162 mm.
C6 format envelope - 114x162 mm. - basic mail format
Standard business card size:
The standard of Russia and Ukraine is 90x50 mm.
Euro business card 85x55 mm.
Photo format and dimensions
I have everything on the topic of paper sizes. If I missed something, add it in the comments.
Best regards webmasterok2009
ACEA standard (Association European Manufacturers Automobiles), provides motor oil certification for application and performance, and takes into account the requirements of 15 automakers (BMW, DAF, Daimler-Crysler, Fiat, Ford, GM-Europe, Jaguar Land Rover, MAN, Porsche, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Renault, SAAB-Scania, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo).
In December 2008, ACEA introduced the updated and most recent classification of motor oils “ACEA 2008 European Oil Sequences for Service-Fill Oils”, in which new classes C4 and E9 appeared, as well as adjustments were made to the requirements for oils of antioxidant stability and elemental composition of oils in connection with energy saving and environmental policy.
The new classification divides oils into three classes according to engine type: A (petrol), B (light diesel) and E (heavy diesel engines).
Each class is divided into categories of different levels of performance properties:
- Four for gasoline and light diesel engines (A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B4, A5/B5);
- Four specifically for gasoline and light diesel engines equipped with catalytic aftertreatment systems (C1, C2, C3, C4);
- Four for heavily loaded diesel engines (E4, E6, E7, E9).
A more detailed view of the ACEA classification
A/B - motor oils for gasoline and diesel engines of passenger cars, vans, minibuses
A1/B1 - Resistant to temperature changes and difficult conditions oil application. At high temperatures and large shear gradients, they save fuel consumption and do not lose stable lubricating properties. Helps extend drain intervals for gasoline and diesel engines passenger engines, as well as for light trucks Vehicle. Designed for the use of oils with the lowest degree of fluidity.
A3/B3 - All-season oils with high operational properties. Designed for gasoline and diesel engines of passenger cars and light trucks with average replacement intervals.
A3/B4 - for use in high-performance gasoline engines and diesels with direct injection fuel. Can be used instead of A3/B3 class oils. High performance help reduce fuel consumption.
A5/B5 - Oils resistant to mechanical destruction, intended for use with extended oil change intervals in highly accelerated gasoline and diesel engines of light vehicles, in which it is possible to use low-viscosity oils that reduce friction, with dynamic viscosity at high temperature And high speed shear (HTHS) from 2.9 to 3.5 mPa s.
C - motor oils for gasoline and diesel engines with exhaust gas recovery catalysts
C1 - Oils resistant to mechanical destruction, compatible with exhaust gas neutralization units, intended for use in highly accelerated gasoline engines and diesel engines of light vehicles equipped with particulate filters and three-way catalysts. They are suitable for engines that can use friction-reducing oils that are viscous at high temperatures and high shear rates (2.9 mPa s). These oils have the lowest sulfate ash content and the lowest phosphorus and sulfur content and may not be suitable for lubricating some engines.
Oils resistant to mechanical destruction, compatible with exhaust gas neutralization units, intended for use in highly accelerated gasoline engines and diesel engines of light vehicles equipped with particulate filters and three-component catalysts. They are suitable for engines that can use friction-reducing oils that are viscous at high temperatures and high shear rates (2.9 mPa s). These oils increase service life particulate filters and catalysts and provide fuel savings.
Oils that are resistant to mechanical destruction, compatible with exhaust gas neutralization units, intended for use in highly accelerated gasoline engines and diesel engines of light vehicles equipped with particulate filters and three-component catalysts, increase the service life of the latter.
Motor oils for diesel and gasoline engines that meet the latest stringent exhaust gas environmental requirements Euro-4 (as amended in 2005). Oils resistant to mechanical destruction, compatible with exhaust gas neutralization units, intended for use in highly accelerated gasoline engines and diesel engines of light vehicles requiring SAPS (reduced content of sulfated ash, phosphorus, sulfur) and a minimum HTHS viscosity (3.5mPa.s), equipped soot DPF filters and three-component TWC catalysts, increase the service life of the latter.
E - motor oils for powerful diesel trucks
Motor oils that provide high piston cleanliness, wear protection, high resistance to soot contamination and stable properties throughout the entire period of operation. Recommended for modern diesel engines that meet the requirements of Euro-1, Euro-2, Euro-3, Euro-4 and Euro-5 standards and operate in very harsh conditions with significantly extended replacement intervals (subject to manufacturer's recommendations). Can only be used in engines without a particulate filter, and in some engines with exhaust gas recirculation and nitrogen oxide reduction systems.
Motor oils that provide high piston cleanliness, wear protection, high resistance to soot contamination and stable properties throughout the entire period of operation. Recommended for modern diesel engines that meet the requirements of Euro-1, Euro-2, Euro-3, Euro-4 and Euro-5 standards and operate in very difficult conditions with significantly extended replacement intervals (subject to manufacturer's recommendations). Can be used in engines with exhaust gas recirculation, with or without a particulate filter, and for engines with nitrogen oxide emission reduction systems. Oils of this class are strongly recommended for engines equipped with particulate filters and designed to operate on fuel with low content sulfur.
Motor oils that effectively keep pistons clean and protect against varnish deposits. They provide excellent wear protection, have high resistance to soot contamination and stable properties throughout the entire period of operation. Recommended for modern diesel engines that meet the requirements of Euro-1, Euro-2, Euro-3, Euro-4 and Euro-5 standards and operate in harsh conditions with extended replacement intervals (subject to manufacturer's recommendations). Recommended for use in engines without particulate filters and for most engines equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and nitrogen oxide reduction systems.
Motor oils that effectively keep pistons clean and protect against varnish deposits. They provide excellent wear protection, have high resistance to soot contamination and stable properties throughout the entire period of operation. Recommended for modern diesel engines that meet the requirements of Euro-1, Euro-2, Euro-3, Euro-4 and Euro-5 standards and operate in harsh conditions with extended replacement intervals (subject to manufacturer's recommendations). Can be used in engines with or without particulate filters and in most engines equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and nitrogen oxide reduction systems. Oils of this class are strongly recommended for engines equipped with particulate filters and designed to operate on low-sulfur fuel.
