To check the clutch for disengagement, it is necessary to squeeze it out at idle speed and after 2-3 seconds back up - if the engine turns on without noise, the clutch is normal. To check the slippage of the clutch, a special test is carried out. You must first drive a certain distance with a change in the clutch operating modes, then the car is released from the hand brake and hung out on special supports or jacks, the gearbox switches to the highest speed, after which, when the clutch is disengaged, the engine starts and accelerates strongly to 2000 rpm, at this speed the clutch engages. If the engine stalls at the same time, then the clutch is normal.

During a systematic inspection of the car, you should check the level of the brake fluid in the reservoir of the clutch hydraulic drive, carefully inspect the cover, in case of damage it must be replaced with a new one (Fig. 41 a). If the level of the brake fluid has decreased, it is restored to the lower edge of the filler neck, after which the lid is closed (Fig. 41 b).

Figure 41. Checking the brake fluid level in the clutch reservoir

In the course of diagnosing the good condition of the clutch system, check the tightness of the hydraulic drive.

Figure 42. The main components of the clutch system that require inspection: a - reservoir and union of the main cylinder, b - master cylinder, c - the place where the hose is connected to the slave cylinder

During the inspection, tighten all the fasteners, inspect the clamps, check the integrity of the hoses and pipelines. If, during the inspection of the clutch system, mechanical damage to the slave cylinder itself is found, the defective parts are replaced with new ones or the old ones are sent for repair.

The check of the hydraulic drive must be carried out in tandem with an assistant, since the tightness of the system should be determined under pressure, for which the clutch pedal is depressed several times, which is held down while the entire inspection is carried out (Fig. 42).

During the technical inspection, if necessary, replace the brake fluid, for which the old one is drained under pressure. If at the same time air has entered the system, the hydraulic drive is pumped (Fig. 43).

Figure 43. Bleeding the hydraulic drive

During the clutch diagnostics, all the main components of the system are checked:

Connection of hoses with a tank;

Master and working cylinders;

Pipeline.

Checking and adjusting the clutch drive

First, in the cabin, under the steering column, the clutch pedal free play is checked. It is measured using a conventional ruler.

Figure 44. Measurement of pedal free travel

Press the clutch pedal hard with a hand until it hits the floor, with the other hand next to the pedal at the level of the middle of its sole, set the ruler so that its side part is on the floor, then release the pedal and record the ruler reading in the uppermost position of the pedal. Then the pedal is pressed again, but not completely, but until slight resistance appears. Again read the ruler.

Normally, the distance from the upper position of the pedal to the stop of the pusher in the piston of the master cylinder should be within 0.2-4 mm.

The distance between the extreme upper position and the beginning of the resistance is the free travel of the pedal (fig. 44). In the event that the distance does not correspond to the norm, it is necessary to adjust the length of the stopper, setting the gap to the required height (Fig. 45). To do this, 1 - 2 turns loosen the nut fastening of the pedal travel stop, then, turning the stop in the required direction, set the required clearance value, and then tighten the lock nut again (Fig. 46).

Figure 45. The gap between the pusher and the piston of the main cylinder of the hydraulic drive

Figure 46. Adjusting the pedal free play

When checking the pusher, you must:

Thoroughly clean it from dirt with brushes and a soft cloth;

Inspect for mechanical damage;

Lubricate the threads with special grease (fig. 47).

Figure 47. Clutch release fork pusher

To check the free travel of the pusher, you need to disconnect the spring from the lever, which would otherwise create additional resistance when taking measurements (Fig. 48 a). Then, along the axis of the pusher, set a ruler, fix one end of it against the fixed element of the working cylinder. Then the initial position of the clutch fork is fixed, for this, it is lightly pressed in the direction of the car and a mark is made on the ruler (Fig. 48 b), then the fork is pushed back all the way and a second mark is made (Fig. 48 c). The distance between these two readings is the free travel of the pusher, normally it should correspond to 4-5 mm.

Figure 48. Checking the pusher free play

If the distance does not correspond to the norm, it is necessary to adjust the free travel of the pusher, for this, fix the adjusting nut of the pusher with one key so that it cannot turn, and with the second loosen the lock nut by 1-2 turns (Fig. 49 a). Then, with one key, it is necessary to fix the pusher itself in a fixed position, and with the second key, set the desired position of the adjusting nut until the free play becomes equal to the norm, then again, fixing the fixed position of the adjusting nut with a key, tighten the lock nut (Fig. 49 b).

Figure 49. Adjusting the pusher free play

After the adjustments made, the full free travel of the clutch pedal is checked from its uppermost position until the clutch is disengaged. Normally, it ranges from 25 to 35 cm.

Checking the operation of the clutch after adjusting it

After the free travel of the pedal and pusher is adjusted, it is necessary to re-check the clutch operation. To do this, the car is transferred to neutral gear, the engine is warmed up and started at minimum crankshaft speed, after which the pedal is pressed and reverse gear engaged. In the event that the reverse gear is engaged without extraneous noise and rattling, the adjustment is carried out correctly.

While the car is moving with a good clutch, the following is observed:

When shifting gears, there should be no grinding or extraneous noise;

During acceleration, the clutch should not slip;

An increase in the crankshaft speed must be accompanied by an increase in speed, and vice versa.

In the event that, after adjustment, there are no signs of good clutch operation, it is necessary to establish the reasons and contact experienced mechanics.

Typical malfunctions

Problem - clutch slippage

This malfunction is often the reason that the car cannot accelerate, the friction linings get very hot, and fuel consumption increases noticeably. Therefore, the following is necessary.

1. Check the friction disc of the system. Over time, the friction pads wear out, as a result of which the compression force of the clutch mechanism decreases, and it begins to slip. Frequent abrupt start of the machine, as well as errors in the installation of the clutch drive and the resulting heavy movement of the drive system for various reasons can lead to premature wear of the friction linings and, as a result, to the forced replacement of the driven disc.

2. Check the flywheel and pressure plate. The cause of slippage may be severe oiliness of the parts, as a result of which the frictional force of the friction linings is insufficient and the clutch slips. In this case, you need to rinse the parts with gasoline, and then wipe them thoroughly; if the driven disc is heavily oiled, it must be replaced. To eliminate the cause of oiling, it is necessary to check the engine oil seals and the transmission gaskets, eliminate the cause of the leak.

3. Check the friction linings of the driven disc. If they are badly burned, worn out, then this was the cause of the problem. In this case, it is necessary to replace the part and additionally check the clutch release system for the absence of friction between the bearings and levers.

4. Check the clutch drive system. Replace it with a new one if damaged or severely worn. Adjust the drive, check that the system is installed correctly, make sure that there is no jamming of the drive. Eliminate the identified malfunctions.

5. Check the diaphragm spring. Its ends may be badly worn out, or it itself may be broken.

In any of these cases, insufficient compression of the clutch pressure plate is the reason for its disconnection, as a result of which slipping occurs.

Too tight movement of the clutch release system, as well as a sharp constant start-up of the car from a place at a high gear stage leads to excessive heating of the friction disc, which, in turn, causes the friction linings to burn out and fail prematurely.

6. Check the release bearing. Sometimes, during the running-in process, its levers begin to wedge on the guide cams and no clutch occurs.

Problem - the clutch cannot fully disengage

If the clutch does not completely disengage, then when the gearbox is fully operational, gear shifting is difficult, and noise is heard when shifting to reverse.

1. Check the crankshaft for obstructions to the rotation of the bearings. Eliminate the problem.

2. Check the correct assembly of the clutch system. If any problems are found, fix them.

3. Check the clutch system drive. Eliminate the identified defects; if the clutch fork becomes unusable, replace it.

4. Check the clutch cable. If it sticks, find out the cause and fix the problem, add grease. If the cable is badly worn out, frayed, replace it with a new one.

5. Check the friction disc. If a curvature of the disc itself or friction linings is detected, replace the part with a new one. Normally, the lateral runout of the clutch pressure plate should not exceed 0.5 mm, otherwise the level of depressing of the pressure plate turns out to be too small, therefore, complete separation when the clutch is disengaged does not occur.

6. Check the flywheel. If it is worn out, replace it with a new one.

7. Check the splines of the hub. Often, due to lack of lubrication, the clutch disc begins to cling to the gearbox shaft, as a result of which the mode of contact of the friction linings with the flywheel is disrupted and the effect of the car jerking occurs. The same effect can occur if the hub is damaged initially, as a result of which it does not slide along the shaft, but starts to engage on it.

8. Check the clutch disc. Sometimes, when assembling the clutch system, the gearbox shaft, inadvertently, strongly knocks against the clutch disc hub, as a result of which the pressure plate is deformed, the degree of its release decreases and the clutch cannot be completely disengaged.

9. Check for breakage and damage. Sometimes the clutch disc springs can break under the influence of the release bearing lever, resulting in excessive lateral runout of the disc and the clutch cannot fully disengage.

10. Check the alignment of the clutch housing with respect to the crankshaft housing flange, as in case of its malfunction, the parts move relative to each other, which leads to sticking in the clutch system.

11. Check the support bearing. Its destruction leads to problems with the connector of the clutch system.

12. Check the operation of the secondary shaft of the transmission. If it does not work or works with too much clearance, it can cause the hub to jam, resulting in the normal travel of the clutch connector being interrupted.

13. Check the integrity of the torsion springs and the absence of debris in the friction linings. Sometimes torsion springs break due to overload in the clutch system, if you do not shift a high gear when driving quietly, and if the engine is running too unevenly or at low revs. If the springs break, debris can get into the friction linings and cause an incomplete release of the clutch.

14. Check the integrity of the friction linings, for the absence of cracks on their surface. If defects are found, find out if debris is stuck in the flywheel and in the pressure plate of the system.

Cracking of parts of the clutch system can occur when the linings become too hot, which occurs if you hold the clutch pedal depressed and do not change gear when changing from low speed to high speed, as well as if the gears are shifted incorrectly.

15. Check tangential leaf springs for deformation. This defect can occur when the gearbox is shifted incorrectly, as well as as a result of improper assembly of the clutch, due to which the level of depressing of the pressure plate is insufficient for complete separation.

16. Check the diaphragm spring when engaging the clutch, as in some cases, if the clutch disc is installed incorrectly, the diaphragm can touch the torsion springs of the disc, as a result of which the correct clutch connector is disrupted, and a characteristic noise is heard.

17. Check the integrity of the release bearing lever and the ends of the diaphragm spring. Sometimes, due to misalignment of the gearbox or deformation of the release bearing guide tube, the ends of the diaphragm spring start to constantly touch the release lever of the bearing, so the spring and bearing levers wear out and cause problems when the clutch is disengaged.

Problem - clutch jerky

To eliminate the cause of this clutch operation, you must first make sure that the engine bearings are in good condition, as well as the correct installation of the motor itself and the clutch disc, and then check the operation of the clutch release system, transmission and engine operation. If the cause is not established, you can proceed to detecting problems in the clutch system.

1. Check the friction linings. If they are oiled as a result of damage to the gearbox seals or excessive lubrication of the parts of the clutch shafts and gearbox, this can cause poor adhesion when it is engaged.

2. Check the profile of the clutch disc hub. Sometimes, due to careless connection of the gearbox with the clutch disc, the hub can be deformed, its rotation on the gearbox shaft is disturbed, as a result of which disconnections can occur when the clutch is engaged.

3. Check the motor support bearing for signs of deterioration. Carefully inspect the gearbox and propeller shafts to make sure the parts are in good condition, as over time, heavy wear can cause the clutch to jerk.

Problem - clutch engaging noise

1. Check the torsion springs. Keeping the engine speed low at high speeds causes the torsion springs to wear prematurely, causing overloads in the clutch system and causing noise.

Sometimes the reason for the appearance of noise when the clutch is turned on is a factory defect in the parts, as well as a violation of the rules for their installation, therefore, initially it is necessary to check the correct installation, the conformity of the parts, and additionally inspect the crankshaft bearing.

2. Check the integrity of the torsion spring covers. Due to the lack of centering of the clutch basket housing with the engine block flange, the parts gradually move relative to each other, they begin to sway when the car is running, as a result of which the loose parts of the system begin to touch, which leads to a noise effect and is often the reason for the clutch disengagement.

3. Check the inner ring of the clutch release lever. Sometimes the release bearing misalignment results in noise.

4. Check the profile of the hub. If it turns out to be worn off due to the displacement of parts during operation, the adhesion between the engine and the gearbox is broken, which leads to noise when the clutch is engaged.

5. Check the clutch disc. If breaks are observed at the joints with the lining springs, this indicates a lack of centering of the clutch basket relative to the flange of the engine block, which leads to both problems in the operation of the clutch itself and the appearance of noise.

6. Check the support bearing. Its absence not only affects the operation of the clutch, but is also the reason for the appearance of noise.

Transmission

Checking the general technical condition of the gearbox

Before you start checking the technical condition of this car system, you must first clean the gearbox parts from dirt and excess oil. A special brush or scraper is used to remove dirt and various deposits that have formed.

When blowing out the bearings, special care must be taken so that the air blast does not cause the rings to rotate rapidly.

If the parts are excessively oiled, they are washed with white spirit or gasoline, and then all parts of the system are blown through with a strong jet of hot air and finally wiped off.

After the preliminary cleaning is completely done, you can begin to inspect the gearbox parts. First of all, they pay attention to the degree of wear of the crankcase, check if cracks have appeared on it, then inspect the bearings for integrity and wear. If parts are excessively worn or damaged, they should be replaced with new ones.

After that, inspect the interface of the crankcase with the clutch, check the rear and lower gearbox covers - they should not be worn out, deformed or damaged. If small cracks are found, the surface is rubbed with a file.

If the parts are too worn out, it is best to replace them with new ones. Severe damage to the crankcase and cover can cause axle misalignment and oil leakage. When inspecting the front cover, it is necessary to check whether the rotating input shaft is touching it, which can be observed if the shaft is de-centered relative to the cover. If such a defect is found, the deformed parts are replaced with new ones.

It is necessary to check the drain hole, if any dirt or blockage is found, it must be cleaned. Then proceed to inspect the oil seals. First of all, they check whether noticeable damage, traces of severe wear and deformation have appeared on the working edges of the parts. In the event that the width of the wear exceeds 1 mm, the parts must be replaced with new ones.

When inspecting the shafts, check the working surfaces and splines of the secondary shaft for damage and traces of severe wear, then check the freedom of movement of the flange of the elastic coupling on the splines.

When inspecting the intermediate shaft, you should pay attention to the teeth. In case of severe wear, the part should be replaced with a new one; their chipping is also unacceptable. When inspecting the surface of the reverse gear axis, you should pay attention to the presence or absence of traces of jamming during the work of the part.

When checking the front shaft, the rolling surfaces of the needles are inspected, on which the appearance of any scoring or roughness is unacceptable.

During the inspection of the technical condition of the gearbox, measure the size of the mounting clearance formed by the axle and the bushing of the intermediate reverse gear, for which measure the diameters of the axle and the bushing of the gear. Normally, the gap should be between 0.056 and 0.09 mm. If the gap is greater than 0.15 mm, parts need to be replaced.

All small roughness on the surface of the shaft should be smoothed out with fine-grained emery paper. If the damage is more serious or the parts are deformed, the shaft should be replaced with a new one.

When inspecting gears, first of all, the teeth are inspected, which should not be deformed, damaged or excessively worn; in this case, you should especially carefully check the end part of the teeth on the rims of the synchronizers.

When inspecting the working surface of the gears, you should pay attention to the absence of damage, roughness, scoring and traces of excessive wear.

In working order, the gears should contact each other with all the working surfaces of the teeth, as evidenced by the contact spots on the teeth of the parts, which should be present along the entire length of the working surface.

After an external inspection of the teeth, the meshing clearance of adjacent gears is checked, which is normally 0.1 mm and should not exceed 0.2 mm. In the event that the clearance is greater, it is possible to ascertain excessive wear of the part and replace the gears with new ones. The gap formed by the sleeve and the gear wheel of the first gear is normally 0.05-0.10 mm; when the distance increases over 0.15 mm, the parts should be replaced with new ones. The same applies to the distance between the second and third gears and the output shaft.

Pay particular attention to the gearbox bearings. In normal condition, the radial clearance of these parts is less than 0.05 mm, their surfaces should not show signs of damage or wear - in this case, the bearings should be replaced with new ones.

To check the bearing, press both of its rings with your fingers and turn one of them first in one direction, and then in the other, while the vibration of the rings when turning should be smooth.

When inspecting the shift forks, check the parts for deformation or other damage. If the inspection reveals that the forks are worn or damaged, they should be replaced with new ones.

When checking the rods, attention should be paid to ensure that there is not a large gap between the parts and the holes in the crankcase.

When checking the technical condition of the gearbox, the springs and balls of the retainers are also inspected. If you find signs of excessive wear on the parts, they should be replaced with new ones.

When inspecting the hubs of the gearbox engagement clutches, it is necessary to pay attention to the freedom of sliding of the clutches, for which the working surface of the parts should be inspected for traces of jamming, and the end part of the clutch teeth should also be checked.

When inspecting the surface of the locking rings, check the degree of wear, the absence of deformations and damage that interfere with their free sliding. Small irregularities can be smoothed out with a velvet file; in case of severe wear or deformation, the parts should be replaced with new ones.

Typical malfunctions

Problem - noise is heard in the transmission

If the noise disappears or noticeably decreases when squeezing the clutch, then the following reasons for its occurrence are possible.

1. Low oil level in the crankcase. In this case, first of all, you should check for oil leaks, and then add it to the required level. If necessary, blow out the breather.

The presence of water in the oil can be easily identified by the characteristic whitish emulsion that can be found on the dipstick.

2. Water has entered the oil. This can happen if you inadvertently run over deep puddles and other bodies of water.

In this case, the oil should be completely replaced, and in the future, install the engine mudguard: a special tube is put on the gearbox breather, which is brought up, in a place inaccessible to splashing water.

3. Damage to bearings and gear teeth. In this case, worn or damaged parts are replaced with new ones, after which the noise should completely disappear.

Problem - Difficulty shifting gears in the absence of extraneous noise

1. A defect may arise as a result of deformation or damage to the drive rod of the gearshift mechanism, as well as the reaction rod. In this case, check and correct the rods. If the defect is too serious, replace the parts with new ones.

2. Check the fastening screws in the gear selector shaft, since a similar defect can occur when the fasteners of the hinge, clamp or lever are loosened. To remove it, just tighten the screws.

3. Check all plastic parts of the switching system, as in case of breakdown, individual plastic elements can get stuck in other parts of the system, which leads to difficult operation of the switching mechanisms. In this case, you should carefully inspect the entire gearbox, replace broken and damaged parts with new ones.

4. Check the drive, as incorrect adjustment can lead to difficulty in gear shifting. A correctly adjusted actuator will completely eliminate the fault.

5. Check the gear shift forks on the rod. Looseness of the forks on the rods leads to difficulties when shifting gears. In this case, tighten the clips.

6. Check the nuts of the gearbox shafts. Looseness of the fastening can lead to the appearance of difficult activation of the mechanism. Tightening the nuts will eliminate the defect.

7. Check the clutch. Incomplete shutdown of the mechanism is a common cause of such a defect. It is necessary to diagnose the clutch.

8. Check the gear selection mechanism. Often the reason for the difficult engagement of gears is a broken spring or deformation of parts of the mechanism. If faults are found, it is necessary to replace the broken springs, straighten the deformed parts if possible.

If the damage is too serious, then the parts must be replaced with new ones or a new mechanism must be installed.

Problem - crackling or grinding of gears when shifting into gear

1. Check the clutch. If the clutch is not fully disengaged, it is worthwhile to diagnose and identify the cause of the malfunction.

2. Check the presence of oil in the gearbox housing. When its level drops, establish the cause, for this, check for leaks, blow out the breather and restore the required oil level.

3. Check bearings and gear teeth. Often the cause of crackling and grinding is broken or severe wear of parts - in this case, they should be replaced with new ones.

4. Check the gear shifting synchronizer ring. This part may be severely worn or otherwise damaged. In this case, you need to replace the ring.

Problem - spontaneous disengagement of gears

1. Check the clutch, gear and synchroniser hub. Worn and deformed splines can lead to spontaneous disengagement of gears, in which case damaged or worn parts should be replaced with new ones.

2. Check the gear selection mechanism. In general, loose springs or excessively worn stems can cause this problem. All damaged parts must be replaced with new ones.

3. Check the nuts of the gearbox shafts. Looseness of the fastening can lead to spontaneous shutdown of the mechanism. The nuts must be tightened.

4. Check the mountings of the power unit. Perhaps the cause of the malfunction is the destruction of these parts. In case of loss of elasticity or damage to them, the supports should be replaced with new ones.

Problem - the noise in the gearbox appears only when the car is moving

1. Check bearings. Often, even minor bearing wear can lead to such a defect. Replace bearings with new ones.

2. Measure the backlash of the meshing of the final drive gears. As a result of heavy wear, the teeth of the gears grind down and the clearance increases, which leads to the characteristic noise in the gearbox. In this case, the damaged parts must be replaced.

Problem - transmission oil leak

1. Check the oil seals and the speedometer drive shaft seal. Often the cause of oil leakage is the wear of the cuffs, which must be replaced. Additionally, the breather should be purged.

Improper adjustment of the drive can cause spontaneous disengagement of gears. The actuator must be properly adjusted.

2. Check the shafts where they mate with the surfaces of the oil seals. Severe wear of the shaft surfaces is possible, as well as the appearance of potholes and other damage.

If the defects are minor, the surface is sanded with fine-grain sandpaper and then polished. If the wear is significant, the shafts should be replaced.

If, when checking the oil, its level has dropped noticeably, the cause of the leak should be found. As a rule, it occurs due to wear of seals, cuffs and other elements of the system.

3. Check the input shaft of the transmission. Often the cause of a malfunction is too much backlash in the mechanism due to loosening of the nuts, as well as wear on the bearings. All deformed and worn parts are replaced, the nuts are tightened.

4. Check the attachment point of the clutch housing with the gearbox cover. Probably, the fastening is loosened and the sealant layer is destroyed. The fastening is tightened, the old sealant is completely removed and a new one is applied.

5. Check the drain plug. Sometimes a loose plug will cause oil leakage. It is also worth checking the reverse sensor.

Cardan drive, front-wheel drive

Checking the general technical condition of the driveline

In order to identify the technical condition of the cardan transmission, it is necessary to put the car on an overpass or use a viewing hole, put stops under the wheels of the car so that it cannot move. Before carrying out work, the gearbox is transferred to the neutral position. For inspection you need keys No. 13 and 19 (Fig. 50).

Figure 50. General view of the cardan transmission: 1 - elastic coupling; 2 - safety bracket; 3 - front propeller shaft; 4 - intermediate support; 5 - rear propeller shaft

Before you start checking the technical condition of the cardan transmission of the car, you should thoroughly clean the transmission shafts from dirt, and then proceed to inspect the parts of the mechanism.

Checking fasteners

Using the keys, they check the tightness of the six fastening bolts of the elastic coupling, after which they determine the reliability of the fastening of the safety bracket to the car body. Then you should look to see if the bolts attaching the intermediate base to the cross member have loosened, then check the nuts connecting the cross member to the underbody of the car (Fig. 51).

Figure 51. Checking fasteners

At the next stage, they inspect and, if necessary, tighten the bolts fastening the propeller shaft fork to the flange of the gear drive gear. When inspecting, you should pay attention to the rubber parts of the intermediate support, which should not have cracks or other damage.

Now you can proceed to check the universal joints of the system.

Checking the hinges

In order to check the reliability of the hinges, with one hand, you need to press the front shaft so that it remains stationary, and with the other hand, slightly pull the rear propeller shaft by the front part in a direction transverse to the shaft itself (Fig. 52 a). Then do the same operation with the rear part, while there should be no play in the hinges (Fig. 52 b).

Figure 52. Checking cardan joints

After that, holding the front propeller shaft motionless, several times the rear propeller shaft is sharply turned around its axis, first in one direction, then in the other, while the flange of the drive gear of the reducer must remain motionless. When turning, pay attention to whether circumferential gaps have appeared.

Figure 53. Checking the circumferential clearances

First, the procedure is carried out with the front half of the rear propeller shaft (Fig. 53 a), then repeated with the rear. At the last stage, it is necessary to turn the front propeller shaft around its axis several times, first in one direction, then in the other (Fig. 53 b). Movements should be short and sharp enough, while holding the elastic sleeve with the other hand so that it remains stationary.

After diagnosing the health of the parts, they proceed to lubricate the spline connection.

Splined joint lubrication

To carry out this preventive measure, you need a wrench No. 10, a grease nipple and a special syringe - a solid injection pump (Fig. 54).

Figure 54. Grease nipple and solid blower

Before lubrication, the spline joint plug is thoroughly cleaned of dirt: large dirt is removed with a special metal brush, the remains are cleaned with a soft cloth.

After that, unscrew the plug of the spline connection with a key (Fig. 55 a) and put a grease fitting in its place, insert a syringe into it and fill the connection with grease until its excess appears from under the gland (Fig. 55 b). Finally, remove the grease nipple and replace the splined joint plug.

Figure 55. Lubricating the Splined Joint

When inspecting the spline connection, it is necessary to check the size of the circumferential clearance, which should not exceed 0.3 mm.

Removal and installation of cardan transmission

To carry out the operation to remove the cardan transmission from the car, an overpass or inspection pit is required. The rear of the machine is hung out so that the wheels can rotate freely. The front wheels must be secured to prevent the machine from moving. The gear lever is transferred to the neutral position, and the parking brake drive lever is lowered to the stop.

To remove and install the cardan gear, you will need:

Keys No. 13 and 19 (two at once);

Screwdriver;

Mounting blade;

Hammer;

Beard;

Tongs (with their help, remove and then install the retaining rings).

Unscrew the nuts securing the safety bracket, after which they first remove the washers, and then the bracket itself and put them aside. After that, unscrew the nuts from the bolts at the junction of the elastic coupling with the gearbox flange. The bolts themselves are removed, for which the propeller shaft is turned so that the bolt is in the upper position to the left of the coupling axis - only in this case it can be obtained. To make it easier to remove the bolts, you can use a beard.

At the next stage, the clutch is hooked up with a screwdriver and, having separated it from the flange, is lowered down. Then, holding it in a stationary position with a mounting blade, disconnect the flange of the shaft with the flange of the driving gear of the rear axle reducer and the parts are separated (Fig. 56 a).

Having disconnected the cross member of the intermediate support from the car body, proceed to the removal of the cardan transmission itself; for this, the part is led along the bottom of the car towards its front part so that the rear shaft passes over the parking brake cable (Fig. 56 b).

Figure 56. Removing the driveline

The removed part is thoroughly cleaned of dirt and inspected. First of all, you need to pay attention to the seal of the centering ring of the second gearbox shaft, which must be intact.

If there is damage to the seal of the centering ring of the second gearbox shaft, it must be replaced with a new one, for which:

With special pliers, remove the retaining ring and the centering ring seal;

The seal is replaced;

Using a hammer, the centering ring is pressed in until it stops;

The retaining ring is put in place;

Install a new cardan transmission.

All operations for installing a new mechanism repeat the disassembly process in reverse order.

Typical malfunctions

Problem - gimbal knocks

1. Check the fasteners of the flexible coupling and the universal joint flanges. Loosening of bolts and nuts in the fastening system is possible. Loose fasteners should be tightened, and in the future, timely check the quality of fasteners of transmission units and assemblies and prevent them from loosening.

2. Check the bearings of the propeller shafts and the spikes of the cross. Often, as a result of wear, the gap between the parts increases, which leads to noise in the driveline. It is necessary to disassemble it, replace worn parts with new ones, or put a new mechanism in assembly. If the crosspiece is changed at home, before disassembling the mechanism, it is necessary to accurately mark the location of all the parts so that they do not move relative to each other after replacing the damaged parts. Then the circlips are removed with special pliers, the bearings are pressed out with a hammer, the damaged or worn bearings are replaced with new ones and pressed into the fork holes.

3. Check the splined joint of the propeller shafts by measuring the gap. Remove the cardan box, take measurements, if wear is found, replace individual parts, reassemble the cardan gear and put it in place.

The cardan drive needs to be diagnosed if a characteristic knock occurs in it whenever:

The car starts to move;

The car starts to pick up speed sharply;

Switch gears.

An important point should be noted: when trying to sort out the cardan transmission without contacting specialists, very often car owners cannot in the future carry out the correct balancing of their car, which leads to the appearance of vibration and a constant unpleasant hum. Therefore, if serious defects are found, for example, if the shafts are to be replaced or a complete disassembly of the cardan transmission is required, it is extremely difficult to eliminate them yourself, so you should either buy a new cardan transmission assembly, or carry out repairs in a service station, whose employees have the necessary balancing stands car.

Problem - driveline noise and vibration

Possible causes of the problem are as follows.

1. Imbalance of the cardan transmission. It can appear as a result of deformation or a change in the position of one of the shafts. Also, it can be caused by a gap that has increased as a result of wear of parts, insufficiently tightened fasteners of the supports, or the ingress of stone from under the wheels into the propeller shaft.

The noise and vibration of the propeller shaft are most often noticeable when accelerating to 80-90 km / h, when the whole car begins to vibrate; at the same time, a small tremor of the body is accompanied by an incessant hum.

Often, an imbalance occurs as a result of improperly carried out repair work, when a new cardan drive is installed with an offset relative to the marks applied during disassembly; in this case, the only solution is a new disassembly and a more accurate assembly.

2. Increase of clearance in the bearing of the intermediate support. In this case, it is necessary to replace the bearing. If an imbalance occurs, it is worth contacting a service station, since special equipment is required to balance the car.

3. Loosen the fastening of the cross member. To eliminate the defect, it is enough to tighten the fastening nuts.

Problem - inherent noise from the front wheel

There are two possible reasons for the problem.

1. Worn, damaged or deformed parts of the hinges, which, after identifying defects, are replaced with new ones.

2. Deformation or damage to drive shafts. In this case, the replacement of the deformed parts is required.

Problem - Lubricant Leakage

The most common driveline malfunction is lubricant leakage. The main cause of this problem is damage or rupture of the protective boot on both the inner and outer hinges. To eliminate the defect, it is necessary to install a new cover and restore the lubricant level in the hinge.

Rear axle

Checking the technical condition of the rear axle begins with an external inspection of the tightness of the seals, for which the car is placed on an overpass or special lifts and inspection pits are used.

Inspection of the car is carried out from below, while it must be borne in mind that around the places of possible leakage of the drive gear oil seal and the gearbox flange connector, the appearance of oil stains is permissible - the so-called "sweating", but there should be no oil drops.

If, during the inspection, an oil leak is found from under the gearbox flange, to eliminate the defect, it is necessary to check the connection between the gearbox and the rear axle housing, since often loosening of the mounting bolts is the cause of oil leakage. If the leak persists after tightening the bolt, you can try installing a soft metal washer under the bolt head. Instead of a washer, you can also use a special thread bolt sealant.

When conducting an external inspection, first of all, the plugs of the drain and filling holes are checked. In the event that traces of oil leaking from under the plugs are visible, the latter must be additionally tightened. After that, you should inspect the drive gear oil seal and the gearbox flange (there should be no oil drops in these places), as well as the axle shaft oil seal.

On the right side, in the upper part of the crankcase, there is a breather, which needs to be given special attention, since this is where oil leaks often occur.

If fresh traces of oil are found, the breather is cleaned of dirt and oil traces, it is checked whether the cover of the part moves freely, after which the place is wiped dry from the oil traces and a test drive is carried out for 20-30 km. If traces of oil reappear, this indicates damage to the seals and the need to replace them at a workshop (Fig. 57).

Figure 57. Main units for inspection: a - stuffing box; b - breather

In order to check the oil level, you will need the necessary tools: a wrench No. 17 and a special syringe for filling oil.

Before checking the oil level, let the car cool for 10 minutes so that the oil has time to drain from the system mechanisms, and the rear axle parts can cool down a little.

First, the oil filler hole is thoroughly cleaned of dirt, while the largest one is removed with a special metal brush, and the remains are cleaned with a soft cloth, after which the plug is unscrewed and the oil level is checked, which should not fall below the edge of the oil filler hole. If the oil level is lowered, it must be restored, after which the plug is screwed up again.

In some cases, during the inspection, it is necessary to change the oil, which is best done after the vehicle has been driven, while the rear axle remains warm.

To change the oil, the machine is installed on an overpass or lifted onto supports and securely fastened.

The old oil is poured into a specially prepared container, for which, after unscrewing the oil filler plug, first loosen the drain plug, and then, substituting the prepared container to drain the oil, unscrew the plug and completely drain the oil. The plug is cleaned of accumulated dirt and tightened again; after that, fill in new oil, screw the oil filler plug and remove all oil drips on the surfaces of the parts (Fig. 58).

Figure 58. Removing oil from surfaces of parts

Typical malfunctions

Problem - loud noise from the rear wheels

Loud noise can occur for the following reasons.

1. Looseness of the wheel. The fastening bolts should be checked and tightened if necessary.

2. Wear and damage to the ball bearing of the semi-axle. To eliminate the malfunction, it is necessary to check the axle shaft and, if necessary, replace the worn bearing with a new one.

3. Deformation of the rear axle beam. It is necessary to inspect the beam, check its dimensions and, if necessary, straighten it.

4. Deformation of the semiaxes. If the damage to the axle shafts is minor, you need to straighten the parts. If this is not possible, then it is better to replace them with new ones.

5. Damage or wear of the splined connection with the gear wheels of the axle shafts. Replacing worn parts results in elimination of noise.

6. Wear of the gearbox bearings, damage to the gears. It is necessary to inspect the gearbox and replace the necessary parts.

7. Dropped oil level. Replenish the level and check for oil leaks.

Problem - the car makes a lot of noise when accelerating

The appearance of noise during acceleration can be associated with damage and failure of individual elements of the rear axle system.

1. Check the gearbox, as a malfunction may appear when the differential bearings are worn. Replace bearings.

2. Check the operation of the final drive gears. Sometimes, after repairing the gearbox, the meshing of the gear teeth is incorrectly adjusted, which becomes the cause of the noise.

3. Check the axle shaft bearings. If they are worn out, deformed or damaged, replace with new ones.

4. Check the oil level. If it is lowered, restore the rate and inspect the rear axle beam to make sure there is no leakage.

Problem - there is a lot of noise when the engine is accelerating and decelerating

If a characteristic noise is heard during acceleration and sudden braking, the reason for its appearance may be both bearings and wear of individual elements of the rear axle system.

1. Check pinion bearings. If damaged or worn out, replace with new ones.

2. Check the backlash between the teeth of the final drive gears. If it is broken, it should be adjusted.

Problem - the car makes noise when cornering

1. Check the pinion axles. Smoothen minor damages on the axle with fine-grain emery paper; in case of severe wear or deformation of the parts, replace them with new ones. Check the ease of rotation of the satellites on the axle.

2. Check the differential box. Sometimes the cause of the appearance of a defect is the seizure of the gears of the semi-axles, in this case it is necessary to inspect the gears and mating surfaces, clean up minor scratches and roughness with emery. If the damage is more serious, the part is replaced with a new one.

3. Check the clearance between the teeth of the differential gears. Adjust clearance.

4. Check the axle shaft bearings. If they are worn out or damaged, replace them with new ones.

Problem - the car starts with a knock

1. Check the flange and pinion of the final drive, as the cause of knocking may be too large gaps in the spline connection of parts.

2. Check the gears of the final drive, if necessary adjust the gap between the parts.

3. Inspect the differential box, paying attention to the hole for the pinion axle. Sometimes the reason for the appearance of noise is severe wear of the hole - in this case, replacement of the entire box is required.

4. Check the reliability of the rear suspension rods fastening. Loosening the bolts can cause noise. Tighten fasteners if necessary.

Problem - Oil Leak

The most common cause of oil leakage is the wear of individual parts in the rear axle system. In this case, you should inspect and replace all sealing strips, check the attachment points.

1. Check the drive pinion oil seal. Leakage can occur due to wear or damage. The part needs to be replaced.

2. Inspect the axle shaft oil seal. If drums, pads or brake shields are heavily oiled, replace the part. Inspect the axle shaft itself, replace it if it is deformed.

3. Check the sealing strips and the reliability of the rear axle reducer housing attachment. Leakage can be caused by loose fit or damaged seals. Replace parts with new ones if necessary.

Often, noise from sources such as tires, wheel bearings, engine, and exhaust system is mistaken for transmission noise. The noise level in the passenger compartment can vary widely, as it depends on the size of the vehicle and the type and amount of noise insulation materials used. The gearbox, like any gear mechanism, is not completely silent. Therefore, the operation of a properly functioning gearbox is always accompanied by a little noise. To check the noise level of the gearbox while the vehicle is running, proceed as follows:

1) Select a section of road with a smooth asphalt surface to reduce rolling noise and resonance noise in the vehicle.

2) Warm up all vehicle units to normal operating temperature by running the car.

3) Record the value of the vehicle speed and the number of the engaged gear, at which an increase in noise is observed.

4) Check for noise when the engine is idling and the vehicle is stationary.

5) Determine in which of the driving modes the increased noise is observed.

5a) Acceleration - smooth or sharp.

5b) Uniform movement - movement of the vehicle at a constant speed at a small opening angle of the throttle valve on a horizontal road.

5c) Engine braking - driving a car with a gear engaged and a partially or fully closed throttle valve.

5d) In all the modes listed above.

Bearing noise

Final drive bearing noise can easily be confused with wheel bearing noise. Since the bearings of the final drive are preloaded, their noise should not be noticeably reduced when the gearbox is operating and the suspended drive wheels rotate. It is characteristic of wheel bearing noise that it continues when the vehicle is coasting in neutral in the gearbox. Since the wheel bearings are not preloaded, their noise is noticeably reduced when the suspended wheels rotate.

Brinelling

Brinelling bearings are characterized by clicks or knocks at about half the speed of the wheel because the rollers move more slowly.

Brinelling is the result of large forces pressing the rolling elements (balls or rollers) into the bearing ring. In this case, grooves are formed on the track of the ring. Brinelling is observed when the bearing ring is pressed onto the shaft journal or into the crankcase seat, if the force is applied through the rolling element race and the second ring. Brinelling is also caused by vibration acting on the housing part in which the bearing or rotating shaft is mounted. An external sign of brinelling is the presence of small indentations on the surface of the treadmill, making it look like a washboard. The operation of a defective bearing is accompanied by a strong low-pitched noise.

Laping

Laping is caused by small abrasive particles such as scale, sand, corundum, etc. materials that are carried by oil. These particles cause the development of treadmills and bearing rolling elements. A defective bearing may have significant play but run smoothly. The reason for laping is the operation of the car with contaminated oil.

Jamming

Seizure of bearings occurs when large foreign particles enter the treadmill. These particles can jam the rolling elements and cause one of the bearing rings to turn. Excessive preloading of tapered bearings can also cause seizure.

Pitting

Pitting, or pitting of rolling surfaces, is a consequence of normal fatigue wear under prolonged cyclic contact stresses. Pitting can also be the result of improper bearing installation or develop after the introduction of solid foreign particles on the contacting surfaces.

Spalling

Spalling, or scaly chipping and cracking of the rolling surfaces, is the result of overloading or improper installation of the bearing (misalignment, misalignment of the rings or excessive preload).

Etc.).

What's more, gearbox repairs are also complex and costly. This is especially true when it comes to automatic gearboxes, high-quality bulkhead or overhaul of the automatic gearbox. For this reason, it is important not only, but also to record any signs that indicate possible transmission and gearbox problems.

Next, we will talk about why extraneous sounds occur and what do they indicate during the operation of the gearbox, for what reasons the gearbox buzzes, what to do if the gearbox of a mechanic or automatic, etc.

Read in this article

The box buzzed: the main reasons

During operation, one of the most common signs of a malfunction or breakdown is a hum in the gearbox. At the same time, gearbox noise or hum may differ in tone and strength, occur only in some or all gears, etc.

• So, let's start with the automatic transmission. In this case, it is important to understand that the automatic transmission (variator, robotic mechanics, hydromechanical automatic) works somewhat quieter than the manual transmission, and should also not emit obvious extraneous sounds.

If the automatic transmission is buzzing or noisy, first of all, you need to check, as well as its condition and quality. The box itself should also be inspected for possible transmission fluid leaks.

In a situation where the unit itself is dry, everything is in order with the oil, or it was replaced with a separately recommended ATF, in parallel, but the hum in the box does not go away, then diagnostics are mandatory.

As a rule, this means that the box will need to be removed and disassembled for troubleshooting, and such work is expensive if not carried out on its own, that is, at a specialized car service.

As for the common reasons for the hum of automatic transmissions, experts point out:

• For manual transmission or automatic transmission with mileage, abrasion / damage or wear of parts of the main pair is characteristic. As a result, backlash appears, which becomes a source of noise;
• Gear wear means that there is strong friction in the mating area, loads increase, noise increases, the gearbox buzzes;
• If the CVT variator hums, in some cases this is a sure sign of serious wear or malfunction, indicating that the box will soon finally fail.
• In some situations, it is not the box itself that may buzz, but. In other words, there is a backlash at the points of attachment of the axle shafts, as a result of which there is a strong hum of the gearbox.
• We also add that in automatic gearboxes, bearings often hum and noise, abrasion and damage to the teeth on the drive gear or on the shaft lead to backlash and hum (both in one gear and in several).

In other words, it is normal to operate a car with a humming automatic transmission in most cases. Moreover, depending on the type of gearbox, such operation may even be unsafe, since the clutch of the box may open - the robot, problems with acceleration while overtaking, changing lanes in the stream and other maneuvers.

• Now let's move on to the manual transmission. As in the case of the automatic transmission, the hum of the manual transmission and various noises in the mechanic's box arise for various reasons. At the same time, there can be quite a lot of such reasons, starting with a lack of transmission oil and ending with defects and damage to individual parts.

At the same time, it is a mistake to believe that a manual transmission is much more reliable than an automatic transmission, that is, such a transmission can be constantly exposed to loads, aggressively exploit a car, etc. In fact, this unit may well buzz or fail by 100-150 thousand km.

If we talk about repairing manual transmissions, repairing a manual transmission turns out to be much cheaper than an automatic transmission. At the same time, a high-quality repair still involves the replacement of a number of elements. Also, the performance will directly depend on the qualifications of the specialists who carry out the overhaul of the gearbox.

So, in the list of reasons for the hum in a manual transmission, one can single out:

• Insufficient lubrication. If there is not enough oil in the gearbox, symptoms often show up as the gearbox howls and hums in higher gears (for example, the hum of the gearbox in 5th, 6th gear).

In low gears, there may be no extraneous noise. As a rule, in this case, we can say that there is oil, but it is not enough. In this case, gears and other parts of the manual transmission are subject to increased wear.

• Another reason for the noise is wear or defective replacement of parts of the main pair. At the same time, the box can buzz for a long time, but then the unit will finally break down.

Also, worn drive bearings, which first emit a hum, and then simply collapse after a short time, lead to noise in the gearbox. As a result, serious consequences and a significant increase in the cost of repairs can be expected.

• Often the cause of the hum is the gears of the gears, and only one gear of the gearbox can hum. This indicates that problems only occur with individual gears of the gear that has begun to buzz;
• It is also possible that noise appears after repairing the box, which is due to assembly errors (inaccurate adjustment of the shaft and gears, etc.);
• Also, which speaks of malfunctions in the gear engagement mechanism (speeds are difficult to engage, there are problems with gear selection, gearboxes are worn out, malfunctions, etc.);

A hum appeared in the gearbox: what should the driver do

As you can see, extraneous sounds in the form of noise, gearbox hum or crunch can appear in both automatic and manual transmissions. Moreover, the gearbox can suddenly buzz if there is an emergency transmission oil leak.

This means that you need to inspect the unit for leaks. If leaks are visible, then the leaks will need to be repaired. It is also optimal to stop further operation of the vehicle, that is (especially in the case of an automatic transmission).

If this is not possible, then after adding oil, you should immediately go to the service by car, avoiding loads on the checkpoint. It is not recommended to use the stop-leak type without urgent need.

In cases where the box is dry, but there is a hum, such a malfunction tends to progress. In other words, the noise will only increase with the run. In the case of an automatic transmission, it is better not to delay and immediately go to the diagnosis.

As for the mechanics, a box with a hum in many cases is operated further, avoiding high loads. At the same time, it is important to understand that such operation in the future can lead to more serious consequences and an increase in repair costs. For example, if the main pair, gears, synchronizers, etc. are worn out, you can ride, but in this case, the loads on other parts of the box are also increased.

It turns out that the best solution is to conduct timely diagnostics in a specialized service for repairing gearboxes when any extraneous sounds appear (hum, noise, howling or crunching of a gearbox). Experienced specialists, if necessary, will disassemble the box, determine the cause of the malfunctions, carry out defect diagnostics and make a preliminary estimate, which will indicate the amount of repair.

We also add that when selecting spare parts, it is better to refuse cheap taxes, that is, to use only original spare parts or high-quality substitutes from third-party manufacturers. Only in this case, you can count on high-quality work and an acceptable gearbox resource after repair.

Read also

Gears engage tightly or do not engage speeds on a manual transmission: the main causes of the malfunction and possible malfunctions.

Why it can be difficult to engage gears or does not include first gear, second, reverse, etc. The main causes of gearbox malfunctions, recommendations.

Manual transmissions of cars often frighten drivers with various sounds that from time to time come from the depths of a device that is simple in essence. As a rule, motorists themselves are to blame for their occurrence. But there are also sounds that appear for reasons beyond their control. We understand why the box "sings" and whether it is worth being afraid of.

How the "mechanics" works

Before delving into the nature of sounds, let us turn to the design of the gearbox and explain its structure “on the fingers”.

As you know, an internal combustion engine is not capable of transmitting maximum torque and power to the wheels of a car from idle speed. To ensure maximum return, he needs to reach optimal rpm (as a rule, considerable). This can be done with the help of a gearbox, which changes the gear ratio, thereby making life easier for the motor and giving the car high speed.

MCP is a device that allows you to stepwise change the gear ratio. In fact, this is a metal box, inside which there are two or three parallel shafts with gears that set the speed of rotation of the secondary (driven) shaft and, accordingly, the wheels of the car - through the main gear and differential. The task of this whole structure is to transfer torque from the engine flywheel to the wheels. By combining gears in different combinations, we get a different gear ratio.

The pinions of the secondary shaft are movable and are connected to it by means of couplings, which act as locks. By closing and opening the clutch, the driver connects and disconnects a particular gear. In this case, one clutch is used for two gears. This is where one of the reasons for the appearance of unpleasant sounds lies.

Eerie screeching noise when moving to the next speed

When changing gears, drivers often forget to depress the clutch or do not fully depress the pedal. Then they hear a frightening metallic clang from the box - this noise comes from gears that cannot mesh with each other.

Why is this happening? When we disengage one of the clutches, the output shaft rotates at one speed, and the gear wheel of the next gear at another. To engage gear, you need to synchronize the speed of rotation of the shaft and gear. To do this, the engine is briefly disconnected from the transmission by squeezing the clutch. When the engine is disconnected from the transmission, the revolutions are leveled, and the clutch engages with the gear of the next gear. Special devices - synchronizers - provide additional assistance in equalizing the speeds.

They work as follows. When selecting gears, the shift fork moves the clutch towards the gear of the selected gear. The force is transmitted through the crackers to one of the locking rings, which, together with the clutch, moves towards the included gear. A frictional force arises on the mating surfaces, which rotates the locking ring until it stops in the crackers. The speeds of rotation of the gear and the synchronizer are equalized, the gear is rigidly connected to the shaft and the gear is engaged.

Thus, when the clutch is open, the torque from the wheels with the help of synchronizers accelerates the output shaft (when shifting down) or stops the input shaft of the box (when shifting up). It is difficult to achieve an exact match of rotational speeds without squeezing the clutch. That is why the programs either do not turn on or turn on with a loud unpleasant sound. In this case, the teeth do not mesh correctly and touch each other with the ridges. This places excessive stress on the gears and can cause damage to them.

There is such a sound sometimes even when the clutch pedal is depressed - in this case, it sounds like a sentence to the synchronizers: you can prepare a tidy sum to repair the box.

Crunch when reverse gear is engaged

Drivers who are in a hurry often try to engage reverse gear when the car has not stopped yet and continues to roll forward. In this case, the same metallic grinding is heard.

The secret of these sounds is simple: the reverse gear is realized with the help of the idler gear guide, which rotates in the opposite direction. When reverse gear is engaged, the splines simply cannot mesh with the reverse gears. That is why it is almost impossible to engage reverse gear on the go. And the sounds from the box unequivocally hint that you first need to stop completely, and only then turn on reverse.

Howl when reversing

And now we answer the question that sooner or later, perhaps, all motorists ask: why does the car howl strangely when reversing?

And again we turn to the gearbox device. It's all about using gears of a different type for reverse gear - simpler and cheaper to manufacture. If helical gears are used for forward gears, then in reverse gear they are spur gears.

The advantage of helical gears is the ability to transfer heavy loads. They engage with each other smoother and make less noise. Moreover, their conjugation spot is relatively large. But they also have a drawback: when the helical gears work, a moment occurs, directed along the axis. Therefore, they simply need thrust bearings. In addition, a large contact patch increases friction losses - some of the energy is spent on useless heating.

Spur gears of reverse gear withstand less loads and work noisy, but they perform their tasks properly. They are cheap and do without expensive synchronizers. Spur gears always have an almost imperceptible mating gap. During their operation, a continuous knocking occurs, which occurs when the gear wheels contact each other. This generates a howling sound.

Thus, you should not pay attention to the strange howling sounds from the gearbox that occur when driving in reverse. The box is in good working order, it does not need repairs.

When operating a vehicle, it is necessary to monitor the functions of each unit and vehicle systems. Experienced drivers, by the nature of the sounds emitted by each mechanism, can understand the state of the transmission of a running car. Listening to the car is carried out both on the move and when the car is stopped. A serviceable automatic transmission almost does not emit extraneous taps, noises, squeaks, etc.

Determination of the nature of the malfunction by sound

In addition to skills in qualified repair work, the duties of auto mechanics of service centers also include the ability to diagnose vehicle units. Experienced craftsmen must accurately determine the area of ​​occurrence of breakdowns in automatic transmissions and the degree of their neglect. From a wide variety of sounds, it is necessary to distinguish suspicious non-standard noises emanating from a faulty vehicle transmission.

To eliminate noise that is not related to the stable operation of the automatic transmission, the auto mechanic, first of all, checks the following devices:

• serviceability of elements of the cooling system;
• water pump drive belts;
• steering wheel mechanism and column.

When identifying the causes of unusual noise in the automatic transmission both during movement and during stopping with the engine running, an experienced master pays attention to:

• periodicity;
• the pitch of the sound;
• volume;
• tonality, etc.

The reason for the noise when the automatic transmission is turned on in reverse is also checked. The results obtained during the diagnostic process provide grounds for an accurate assessment of the structure and degree of damage to the automatic transmission.

Separation of noises of a working automatic gearbox by type

Depending on the nature of the automatic transmission sound, noises of an unusual type are divided into the following categories:

• howling;
• buzzing;
• rattling (constantly or intermittently);
• grinding;
• buzzing;
• metal, mechanical, etc.

Features of noise from automatic transmission, determination of the nature of breakdowns, methods of their elimination

When the vehicle stops, you can often hear a sound similar to the shrill howl of a siren. This type of noise occurs when the torque converter is operating. This signal should not cause great concern to the driver if it is of a short duration. The appearance of an incessant howl, changing the tone, depending on the engine speed, indicates the appearance of serious defects in the automatic transmission:

1. Worn gears in the oil pump.
2. Leaks, burnout of transmission oil.
3. Abrasion of gaskets, O-rings, etc.
4. Air penetration into the oil pump housing.
5. Incorrect position of the gears in the oil pump housing (errors in the manufacture and assembly of the unit).
6. Loose gearing in the pump.

What is causing the buzzing sound? It is noticed that the intensity of this type of noise depends on the rotational speed of the output shaft of the power unit. They are caused by increased vibration and oscillations of the oil line pressure valve (regulator valve). To eliminate unpleasant noise, it is necessary to replace thinned oil seals, cuffs and other damaged sealing elements.

Continuous rattling occurs when the engine is running at low speeds. In this case, it is necessary to check:

1. The performance of the elements of the torque converter (donut).
2. Integrity of hydraulic pump blades;
3. Serviceability of the turbine wheel.
4. How damping springs work Intermittent vibrations, rattles when the vehicle is moving, also occur due to damage to the flywheel of the engine to which the torque converter is attached. Vibrating noises often disappear for a short period when the lever is moved to park or neutral (P, N).

What do the metallic clanging noises mean when idling? Worn clutch friction plate gaskets are typical reasons here. To eliminate this defect, replace the clutch packs, you will have to dismantle the automatic transmission using special lifting equipment in a service station.

The hum and rattle in the area where the differential mechanism is located is the result of problems in this device:

• wear of gear teeth of both driven and driving shafts;
• bearings;
• jamming of the working elements of the differential, due to the increased backlash of the elements of the satellite.

What is the evidence of the noise in the automatic transmission when the transmission is switched on, the transition from one mode to the next? The main reason is the malfunction of the elements of the operating gears in the corresponding rows of the planetary gear. When the noises change in volume and pitch when the next gear is turned on or the automatic transmission selector is shifted to reverse, most likely the thrust bearings (liners) have become unusable.

Conclusion

The most common non-standard sounding noises in an automatic transmission are described here. A serviceable box should not make noise during operation, it emits a monotonous uniform sound. If, against this background, unusual noises of unknown origin stand out, then there have been malfunctions and breakdowns of units and parts in the automatic transmission.

Car owners need to listen more often to extraneous sounds coming from the transmission. If alarming symptoms appear, it is recommended to contact a specialized service company for a thorough diagnosis and restoration of the vehicle's performance. Experienced auto mechanics will eliminate the resulting noise and prevent potential serious problems.

Tip: Determining the nature of the breakdown by ear refers to the diagnosis of a mild type. It often happens that in order to eliminate unpleasant noises and sounds, it is enough to clean the pressure regulators, temperature regulators, etc. from the old oil. In this case, it is also recommended to add a fresh portion to the system or completely replace the transmission fluid in an automatic transmission.