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Today we look back at some truly rare engine configurations, both in terms of the number of cylinders and their arrangement. And let's go ascending...
One cylinder engine
Nowadays, single-cylinder engines are found only on mopeds, small motorcycles, auto-rickshaws and other equipment with the prefix “moto”. Meanwhile, in the 50s and 60s of the last century, the lion’s share of post-war microcars was equipped with similar simple engines. Take, for example, the British Bond Minicar with a Villiers engine: yes, even though it is three-wheeled and cramped, it has a hood, a roof, a full-fledged steering wheel - minimum set amenities are present.
Bifurcated two-piston engine
Such a motor is a mechanism in which two pistons operate in parallel in two cylinders. But there is one catch - these cylinders have one combustion chamber, a common one. This results in more efficient combustion air-fuel mixture compared to conventional single-cylinder engines, improves fuel efficiency, power increases. This type of engine was used in Western Europe in the pre-war period, but after World War II it became much less in demand. One of the few cars with a dual engine was the Iso Isetta, whose 236 cc engine developed 9 horsepower.
V-shaped 2-cylinder engine
The pride of Harley-Davidson, unlike in-line or opposed 2-cylinder engines, has not taken root in passenger cars - the vibrations from them are too great. V-engines with two “pots” are found only on a variety of exotics, such as three-wheeled “Morgans” of the 30s, as well as some kei cars of the early post-war period. One example is the Mazda R360 with a miniature V2 air cooling. Later on its basis appeared commercial vehicles B360/B600 – also with V-shaped “twos”.
V-shaped 4-cylinder engine
Three-cylinder V-shaped engines are not found on cars (only on motorcycles, and even then rarely), but V-shaped “fours” are quite common. True, in terms of popularity they are inferior to both in-line and boxer engines with the same number of cylinders. You can meet this outlandish power plant these days, for example, on Zaporozhets, LuAZ, some early versions Ford Transit, as well as sports cars like the Saab Sonnet or, for a second, the Le Mans triumphant Porsche 919 hybrid.
V-shaped five-cylinder engine
Now in-line five-cylinder engines are experiencing their rebirth: today they can be found not only in the middle-aged Audi 200/Quattro of the 80s, but also in more than modern Audi TT-RS. But the engineers have not yet gotten around to reviving the V-shaped “five”. In the 90s, engineers from Volkswagen came up with this unusual scheme by sawing off one cylinder from a VR6 engine - formally, the Volkswagen V5 is exactly a VR5, since the engine with a slight camber of these same cylinders has only one cylinder head. The sweet-voiced V5 was installed on many models Volkswagen concern late 90s: VW Golf, Bora, Passat, and Seat Toledo.
V-shaped in-line six-cylinder engine(VR6)
By the way, VR6 is also a rare configuration. And it is also found only on Volkswagen cars. The VR6 was a very low-angle V6 (10.5 or 15 degrees) that had only one cylinder head and the cylinders were arranged in a zigzag pattern. Now the motor has a controversial reputation: being installed in the most powerful Volkswagen 90s (Golf VR6, Corrado VR6 and even Volkswagen T4), it stands out with its high torque and velvety roar, but in the event of a malfunction it begins to devour gasoline - there have been cases when consumption increased to more than 70 liters per 100 kilometers.
Inline 8-cylinder engine
Before World War II, inline eights were the favorite engines of American premium brands (Packard, Duesenberg, Buick), but at that time they were no less popular in Europe: with this engine, the Bugatti Type 35 won more than a thousand races around the world , it is with an in-line 8-cylinder engine that the original Alfa Romeo The 8C shined at the Mille Miglia and the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The swan song of the long engine was 1955, when Juan Manuel Fangio became the champion for the second time driving a Mercedes W196. However, in the same year, the famous tragedy occurred at Le Mans, when Pierre Levegh's Mercedes 300 SLR (also with an in-line eight) claimed the lives of more than 80 spectators. After this incident, Mercedes retired from motorsports for more than 30 years.
Boxer 8-cylinder engine
Although such engines are more often found in aviation, at one time Porsche experimented with them - the Porsche 907 and 908 racing cars built in the 60s were equipped with opposed 8-cylinder engines, providing high power and low center of gravity. Not to say that the idea was unsuccessful, but the company quickly abandoned such engines, preferring opposed sixes, but with a supercharging system. At the end of its life, the 908 - like the one in which Jost and Ickx finished second in the 1980 24 Hours of Le Mans - was already a six-cylinder.
W-8 cylinder engine
The W8 engine, which was installed only on Volkswagen Passat The B5+ can be thought of as two V4 motors mounted side by side at a 72 degree angle to each other. Thus, four rows of cylinders are obtained, for which the engine received the name W8. Before appearance of Volkswagen Phaeton model Passat W8 was flagship sedan company, developing 275 horsepower and accelerating to “hundreds” in a sports car’s 6 seconds.
Boxer 10-cylinder engine
Alas, this idea turned out to be too cool to become a reality, although GM worked on a similar engine in the 60s, using the 6-cylinder boxer Corvair model as a basis. It was assumed that the new 10-cylinder engine would take its place in full-size sedans and light-duty pickups General Motors, but the project was quickly canceled for currently unknown reasons. There were no in-line 10-cylinder engines on the cars either - unless you count heavy sea container ships as cars.
Inline 12-cylinder engine
In his book The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Cars, David Bergs Wise argues that the only production car with 12-cylinder in-line engine there was the Corona, which was produced in France in 1908. However, this does not mean that the idea did not attract other companies - for example, it is reliably known that Packard experimented with a similar type of engine. A running example was built in 1929, and Warren Packard personally tested it for six months... until he died in a plane crash. After his death, the luxurious convertible was dismantled, and the 150-horsepower unique engine was destroyed.
V-shaped 16-cylinder engine
With the advent Bugatti Veyron/Chiron 16-cylinder engines are mostly represented only as W-shaped, but this was not always the case - throughout the last century, 16 cylinders were almost always lined up in two rows. Auto Union Type A, Cadillac V16, Cizeta V16T are just a few examples of V16 cars. But such a motor could well appear on modern cars Rolls-Royce - running prototype Rolls-Royce Phantom The Coupe with a 9-liter V16 was introduced in the film Johnny English Reboot.
Boxer 16-cylinder engine
Obviously, such an engine could only be created with an eye to motorsport. However, the irony is that 16-cylinder boxer engines were never raced: the Porsche 917 prototype with 16 cylinders was consigned to the shelf of history almost immediately, having opted for 12 “pots”, and new motor The Coventry Climax FWMW, which was supposed to equip formula Lotus and Brabham in the 60s, turned out to be so unreliable that it was preferred to a more conservative V8.
H-shaped 16-cylinder engine
The H-shaped engine is a “sandwich” of two boxer engines, which has a positive effect on the compactness of the power plant, but a negative effect on its center of gravity. In the 60s, the BRM formula team took the risk of building such an engine... and the results were mixed - the engine was powerful, but not particularly reliable and difficult to repair. However, Jim Clark's Lotus 43, equipped with this engine, was the first to cross the finish line at the 1966 United States Grand Prix. This was the first and last triumph of the H16.
V-shaped 18-cylinder engine
When it seems that there is nowhere else to go, mining dump trucks take the stage and prove the opposite. V18 car? And there are some - such as, for example, the BelAZ 75600, equipped with a 78-liter diesel engine Cummins QSK78. This “heart” produces 3,500 horsepower at 1,500 rpm, and its torque reaches 13,770 Newton meters. Well, how else to move a loaded colossus weighing 560 tons?
W-shaped 18-cylinder engine
Nowadays, probably, few people will remember that initially the Bugatti Veyron was supposed to be an 18-cylinder engine - the original concept car had just such a power plant. However, Bugatti couldn't get the engine to work properly (there were problems with gear changes), so the Veyron ended up being a 16-cylinder. At one time, Ferrari motor mechanic Franco Rocci thought about the W18 engine, but he did not advance further than the plan.
V-engine
Similar power plants are used on heavy ships or as industrial diesel generators, but sometimes they fail and mining dump trucks. One of these 20-cylinder monsters is the Caterpillar 797F, powered by a Cat C175-20 engine with a power of 4000 horsepower. This is what 106 liters of working volume looks like. There are also more complex multi-cylinder engines, but these are mainly homemade installations, created by connecting several 8- or 12-cylinder engines.
X-shaped 32-cylinder engine
If in motors with a W-shaped design the V-shaped blocks converge at an acute angle, then in the X-shaped engines they are located at an angle of 180 degrees. Thus, four rows of pistons and cylinders are formed, forming the letter X. Honda once intended to build such a 32-cylinder engine for Formula 1, but changes in regulations and disappointing bench test results forced the Japanese to abandon the bold experiment. But see (and hear) X engine Muscovites and guests of the capital will very soon be able to visit the main square of the country - after all, TSUE “Armata” uses a 12-cylinder ChTZ A-85-3A engine with an X-shaped design.
We invite you to look at a bold example of the desire to raise automotive art to new level. Craftsman and inventor José Manuel, after retiring after a long career as a maintenance mechanic marine engines, began collecting miniature copies of engines. It is noteworthy that all the motors that the master creates are made in the smallest detail, reproducing exact copy.
Watch a video clip that demonstrates the operation of a mini engine with 32 cylinders. The engine has 850 parts, 632 screws and bolts. In order to produce this masterpiece, the master spent 2520 hours of work.
This is not his first job. Jose Manuel has been fascinated by tiny engines for a long time. His collection contains many various models, starting from the new generation modern engines and ending with old power units.
The most difficult thing, according to the master, was to create copies, which, due to the size of the miniature, must be very small.
All motors are powered by compressed air.
Let us recall that the inventor’s previous work was shown in 2012 and impressed everyone who is partial to automotive world. Then the master presented the world's smallest V12 engine.
The most amazing thing is that all the unique masterpieces are made so well that there is practically no vibration when the engines are running. To demonstrate this, the master places coins on top of the unit during the engine’s operating cycle, which really show that all the parts of the mini-engine are selected and designed perfectly.
The Nissan QD32 4-cylinder diesel engine, with a volume of 3153 cm 3, has been produced since the mid-90s. last century one of largest manufacturers in the world – by the Japanese automobile corporation Nissan Motor Co.,Ltd. A more technically advanced unit replaced the TD series motors.
However, already in the early 2000s. it was replaced by ZD engines, in particular the ZD-30. In the marking, the first two letters indicate the series, the numbers 32 indicate the volume in deciliters. The uniqueness of the unit is that throughout the history of the brand, a similar volume of fuel combustion chambers was available only to several series (ED, UD, FD) of internal combustion engines (ICE).
ATTENTION! A completely simple way to reduce fuel consumption has been found! Don't believe me? An auto mechanic with 15 years of experience also didn’t believe it until he tried it. And now he saves 35,000 rubles a year on gasoline!
The QD32 diesel engine was planned to equip mainly commercial minibuses, heavy SUVs, trucks and special equipment. IN different modifications and equipped with it such models as Nissan Homy, Nissan Caravan, Datsun Truck, Nissan Atlas (Atlas), Nissan Terrano(Terrano) and Nissan Elgrand (Elgrand).
Peculiarities
The key feature of the QD32 diesel unit is that it does not have a fuel injection system Common Rail. At the time the motor was developed, this system was very common. However, the company's engineers deliberately did not introduce it into the engine. The reason is that the simpler design of the motor allows field conditions carry out repairs with improvised means, in the absence of a car service, with your own hands.
Coupled with a timing gear drive, which eliminates the problem of interaction between the valve and the piston, and a cast iron cylinder head, this leads to high reliability and long-term resource of the unit as a whole. Thanks to this, the engine received the status of “indestructible” among car owners. In addition, QD32 enjoys good reputation among engine tuners for replacing the original car engine with a more unpretentious, cheaper and durable one.
Specifications
Basic specifications basic version power unit QD32 are presented in the table:
| Manufacturer | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. |
|---|---|
| Motor brand | QD32 |
| Years of manufacture | 1996 – 2007 |
| Volume | 3153 cm 3 or 3.2 liters |
| Power | 73.5 kW (100 hp) |
| Torque | 221 Nm (at 4200 rpm) |
| Weight | 258 kg |
| Compression ratio | 22.0 |
| Nutrition | injection pump with electronically controlled(electronic injection) |
| Motor type | in-line diesel |
| Ignition | switching, contactless |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Location of the first cylinder | TVE |
| Number of valves per cylinder | 2 |
| Cylinder head material | cast iron |
| Intake manifold material | duralumin |
| Exhaust manifold material | cast iron |
| Camshaft | original cam profile |
| Cylinder block material | cast iron |
| Cylinder diameter | 99.2 mm |
| Type and material of pistons | cast aluminum with low skirt |
| Crankshaft | cast, 5 supports, 8 counterweights |
| Piston stroke | 102 mm |
| Environmental standards | Euro-1/2 |
| Fuel consumption | On the highway - 10 liters per 100 km Combined cycle - 12 l per 100 km In the city - 15 liters per 100 km |
| Oil consumption | Maximum 0.6 l per 1000 km |
| Engine oil viscosity indicators | 5W30, 5W40, 0W30, 0W40 |
| Engine oil manufacturers | Liqui Moly, LukOil, Rosneft |
| Oil for QD32 by qualitative composition | synthetic in winter, semi-synthetic in summer |
| Engine oil volume | 6.9 l |
| Temperature is normal | 95° |
| ICE resource | Declared - 250 thousand km Real (in practice) – 450 thousand km |
| Adjustment of valves | washers |
| Glow plugs QD32 | HKT Y-955RSON137, EIKO GN340 11065-0W801 |
| Cooling system | forced, antifreeze |
| Coolant volume | 10 l |
| water pump | Aisin WPT-063 |
| Spark plug gap | 1.1 mm |
| Timing drive | gear |
| Cylinder operating order | 1-3-4-2 |
| Air filter | Micro AV3760, VIC A-2005V |
| Flywheel | 6 holes for fastening and 1 centering hole |
| Oil filter | Filtron OP567/3, Fiaam FT4905, Alco SP-901, Bosch 0986AF1067, Campion COF102105S |
| Flywheel mounting bolts | M12x1.25 mm, length 26 mm |
| Valve stem seals | manufacturer Goetze, light intake |
| graduation dark | |
| Speed XX | 650 – 750 min-1 |
| Compression | from 13 bar (the difference between adjacent cylinders is no more than 1 bar) |
| Tightening force threaded connections | spark plug – 32 – 38 Nm flywheel – 72 – 80 Nm clutch bolt – 42 – 51 Nm bearing cap – 167 – 177 Nm (main) and 78 – 83 Nm (connecting rod) cylinder head – three stages 39 – 44 Nm, 54 – 59 Nm + 90° |
Addition
Depending on whether the injection pump is equipped with one or another type of drive, the motor power can vary significantly:
- With a mechanical drive (mechanical injection pump) – 135 l. s with a torque of 330 Nm.
- With electronic drive – 150 l. With. and a torque of 350 Nm.
The first type, as a rule, was equipped trucks, and the second – minivans. At the same time, in practice it was noted that the mechanics more reliable than electronics, but less comfortable to operate.
QD32 engine modifications
Over the 11-year period of power production diesel unit released in 6 modifications to equip different models auto.
| Modification, years | Technical data | Car model, gearbox |
|---|---|---|
| QD321, 1996 – 2001 | Torque 221 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 100 hp. With. | Nissan Homy and Nissan Caravan, automatic |
| QD322, 1996-2001 | Torque 209 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 100 hp. With | Nissan Homy and Nissan Caravan, manual (manual) |
| QD323, 1997-2002 | Torque 221 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 110 hp. With | Datsun Truck, manual/automatic (automatic) |
| QD324, 1997-2004 | Torque 221 Nm at 2000 rpm, 105 hp. With. | Nissan Atlas, automatic |
| QD325, 2004-2007 | Torque 216 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 98 hp. With. | Nissan Atlas (European model), automatic |
| QD32ETi, 1997-1999 | Torque 333 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 150 hp. With. | Nissan Terrano (Rpm System), Nissan Elgrand, automatic |
The modification of the QD32ETi unit is significantly different from others. It differs from the standard version primarily in the intercooler and a different design of the manifolds with a constant volume.
Advantages and disadvantages
Among the obvious advantages of the QD32 unit are:
- OHV gas distribution circuit that eliminates chain or belt breakage/jumping.
- Robust, compact and reliable motor design.
- Large working resource and low price.
- High maintainability, including with your own hands.
- Collision of pistons and cylinders due to the use of gear transmission is completely eliminated.
The engine also has disadvantages:
- Limited power.
- Noisy.
- Inertia.
- No 4-valve cylinders.
- Inability to use more modern intake/exhaust channels.
Car models on which the QD32 engine was installed
The naturally aspirated QD32 was installed mainly on cars Nissan brand and one model of the Datsun Truck line (1997-2002):
- Homy/Caravan minivan during production years from 1996 to 2002.
- Atlas commercial transport truck between 1997 and 2007.
The turbocharged modification of the QD32ETi unit was installed on the following machines:
- Minivan with rear-wheel drive layout Elgrand.
- SUV with all-wheel drive Regulus.
- SUV with all- and rear-wheel drive layout Terrano.
Maintainability
The QD32 diesel engine as a whole, according to reviews, is seen as quite reliable and “indestructible” even at the most harsh conditions operation and unpretentiousness to the quality of diesel fuel and oil. However, sooner or later the unit may fail. Therefore, every driver should know what symptoms of malfunctions correspond to the causes of engine failure.
QD32 fault table
How to do motor self-diagnosis (guide)
To carry out self-diagnosis of the QD32 motor, you first need to find the so-called diagnostic connector. As a rule, it is located under the steering column (7 holes in two rows). Before starting diagnostics, you need to move the starter to the “ON” position without starting the engine.
Next, using a paper clip, you need to close contacts No. 8 and No. 9 in the connector (when viewed from left to right, these are the first two holes located in the bottom row). The contacts bridge for just a couple of seconds. The paperclip is pulled out, the CHECK light should blink.
You need to accurately count the number of long and short blinks. In this case, long blinks mean tens, and short blinks mean units in the self-diagnosis code cipher. For example, 5 long blinks and 5 short blinks make code 55. This means that there is no malfunction in the engine. To restart self-diagnosis, you need to perform the sequence of steps described again.
As an example, here is a table of self-diagnosis codes for the QD32ETi engine.
Breakdown Prevention - Maintenance Schedule
Not only careful operation, but also timely implementation of measures will help to prolong the operation of the QD32 diesel engine and avoid its breakdown Maintenance. Manufacturer Nissan I have established the following maintenance periods for my brainchild:
- Replacement fuel filter every 40 thousand kilometers.
- Adjustment of valve thermal clearances after every 30 thousand km.
- Replacement motor oil, and oil filter after passing 7.5 thousand km of the route.
- Clean the crankcase ventilation system once every 2 years.
- Replacement air filter every 20 thousand km of track.
- Antifreeze update every 40 thousand km.
- Replacement exhaust manifold after 60 thousand kilometers.
- Spark plugs require replacement after traveling 20 thousand km.
Tuning QD32
The original purpose of the QD32 engine, as designed by its manufacturer, is to be smooth, reliable and safe movement. Such stability is needed, for example, for commercial minibuses. However, those who have to force off-road or who simply want to squeeze maximum power out of the unit should carry out minimal necessary tuning motor. 
To increase the torque and power of the QD32 engine, the following measures must be taken:
- Replace injectors with higher performance ones.
- Install a contract turbine with a pressurization system of 1.2 atmospheres.
- Perform an upgrade electronic drive Injection pump into mechanical.
- Configure the injection pump and injectors on the bench.
- Reflash the ECU software control.
Modernizing power unit, we must not forget that at the same time the load on chassis car and its security system. Special attention need to be given brake system, engine mounts and brake pads/discs. The QD32 motor is often re-equipped domestic models(UAZ, Gazelle).
M-32- Soviet aviation V-shaped 16-cylinder water-cooled engine, designed at the Institute of Aviation Engine Engineering () under the leadership of V.M. Yakovleva.
| M-32 | |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | |
| Years of production | 1932-1934 |
| Specifications | |
| Volume | 21.7 l |
| Power | 600/750 hp |
| Compression ratio | 6,0 |
| Cylinder diameter | 120 mm |
| Piston stroke | 120 mm |
| Number of cylinders | 16 |
| Fuel system | carburetor |
| Cooling system | water cooling |
| Dimensions | |
The engine for fighters of this design has been developed since 1929 at Plant No. 24, and since February 1931 at the IAM under the leadership of V.M. Yakovleva. In October 1934, the engine was launched on a stand. In 1934, an order was received to modify the engine under the name M-32RN. The engine was manufactured and placed on the stand. In 1935, the engine was being fine-tuned. By this time, the M-32 was already outdated, so work on it was stopped. A total of 5 copies of the M-32 were produced.
Design
The M-32 engine was a 16-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke water-cooled piston engine. The camber angle of the cylinder blocks is 45°. The first version lacked a gearbox and a supercharger. The test revealed cracking of the heads and chipping of the bearings. On the following engines reinforced blocks were used. When modifying the engine, a gearbox and a single-speed monitoring station were installed.
