New technologies in car manufacturing. Computer technology in modern "digital" cars Suspension "Magnetic Ride Control"

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Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

on the topic "New technologies in the automotive industry"

Saratov 2013

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

In order to intensify competition in the global market, car companies are engaged in scientific developments that ensure the necessary application of innovative technologies. Since the creation of the first cars and their introduction to the market until today, automotive technology has developed at a rapid pace. Let's take a look at new technologies in cars that you might find interesting. The technology used in cars has undergone tremendous changes over time. Automotive technology is constantly being updated to improve the comfort and safety of car owners. There is no doubt that the cost of cars with the most sophisticated technology is high. But, if cars are more stylish, comfortable, and energy efficient, then people are willing to invest more in them. Following are some of the new technologies in automobiles.

1. Engineers built interactive car windows

motorization interactive bus engine

The screens in the seatbacks seem too modest to some experts. Watch a movie or play computer games- Isn't it too poor a set? What else the car can take passengers, researchers from Israel came up with.

General Motors Concern invited teachers and students of the Bezalel Academy of Arts to develop new ways to entertain passengers rear seats vehicles, especially children, long road. The project was called "Windows of Opportunity" (Windows of Opportunity - WOO), and the rear side windows were to become the main element of the system.

Such glass screens can be implemented based on transparent LCD technology, or projectors and cameras can be used here to track gestures. GM's own this case I was more interested in software than possible hardware. This is how several applications were born.

The first of them was named Otto. This is an animated character, as if running outside the window through a real landscape. He knows how to respond to changes in the speed of the car, the landscape or the weather.

The second program - Foofu - imitates misted or frosty glass, on which little passengers love to draw with their fingers.

The Spindow application is already designed for the presence of the WOO system in many vehicles around the world.

It is assumed that a person can select any point on the planet on the interactive globe and replace the real landscape outside his window with the view from the window of someone else's car, broadcast via the Network in real time.

The latest app, Pond, is also designed for car-to-car communication, but this time it's between cars traveling on the same highway.

"Pond" allows you to write messages on the window and make them visible to downstream neighbors. In addition, the person who launched the program can choose their favorite tracks using a set of menus and even exchange musical compositions with neighbors.

Experimenters from Jerusalem tested all these possibilities in the prototype WOO, created from a real rear door of a passenger car, a passenger seat, a set of projectors and an EyeClick gesture tracking system that turns any display into a multi-contact screen. And how all this should work in the final version can be seen in the video presented by GM.

Entertainment theme rear passengers worries not only the American giant concern. For example, last fall, the Australians launched a project to create a holographic system for the rear of a car. And again, first of all, the innovation is designed for children.

And also in 2011 Toyota Motor Europe and the Copenhagen Institute for Interaction Design (CIID) presented a very similar to WOO conceptual system "Window to the World".

Window of the World also actively exploits the principle of augmented reality, so here again we can see a program for drawing with a finger on the side window of a car.

But according to Toyota's idea, the drawings made on the glass are tied to the landscape and shift as the car moves.

The second interesting possibility is zooming (approaching) distant objects. It is enough for the passenger to take a piece of the landscape into a frame and drag its edges with his fingers, just as the owners of iPhones zoom in on the pictures on the screen.

“Window to the World” also measures the distances to various objects in the field of view, displaying the values on the glass.

The fourth program is designed for trips to other countries and offers to immerse yourself in a foreign language environment, and therefore it signs objects in the language of the area through which the path passes.

The fifth conceptual application within the framework of this project was "virtual constellations". The idea is for the car's panoramic roof to display the outlines of the constellations and display information about them, aligning the virtual lines with the real starry sky above.

The video showing the car ride with Window to the World actually shows a simulation filmed in static. Because of this, they say, the girl is not wearing a seat belt, the company apologizes (photo by Toyota Motor Europe).

Engineers and designers from Toyota Europe have built working prototypes of the system, but it's far from the sort of hardware that could fit into a car. The same, however, can be said about the Australian and US-Israeli projects.

Creating augmented reality in all these cases still requires a lot of work. How to shoot external objects under right angle and how to determine at what angle the viewer looks at the virtual lines? What type of screen should be used to turn the side windows into an interactive surface? There are many questions. Nevertheless, a start has been made.

2. Innovative tire technology

Looking at the most common tire for a car, it is hard to imagine that thousands of teams of scientists are working on its creation, and millions, and often billions of dollars, are invested in the development of the design of one model. But, nevertheless, it is so. And this approach to the manufacture of tires invariably bears fruit. Moreover, they have not only monetary value, but fall into the pockets of the owners of tire concerns. It has a positive impact on our safety, allows us to save money by reducing fuel consumption, opens the widest possibilities for the pleasure of driving. What is hidden behind the black rubber tires? Where do manufacturers spend huge sums? What advantages do new materials and methods open up for us? Read about this and much more in the series of articles “Technologies for the production of tires”.

Recently, fighting for the trust and wallet of consumers, "tire monsters" have staged a real "arms race", surprising the automotive community in turn with new products and innovative developments being introduced into production. Many of the innovations are like two peas in a pod. Except the names are different. What is it - industrial espionage or a sensitive reaction to the needs of the market? It's not for us to decide. But, given this, to list all the technological and design innovations of all more or less well-known manufacturers just pointless. Especially within a few short articles. Therefore, we decided to dwell on the description of innovative solutions of one of the most famous concerns among Russian consumers - the NOKIAN company.

So, how can Finnish engineers surprise us? There are many examples of a responsible approach to the design and production of tires. In today's water article, we will look at just a few of them:

A development designed to exclude the lateral skid of the car, even during sharp maneuvers. It is called anti-skid cutouts, which are found on the tread of many NOKIAN tire models. They represent grooves in the shoulder area of the tire and have sharp corners that ensure reliable grip of the tire with the roadway.

Next Extraordinary constructive solution, embodied in mass production- lamellas shaped like the letter "C". The main goal of the development is to increase the degree of tire stability without compromising grip properties. Goal achieved! Indeed, auto tires with such a tread pattern work out their price by 100%.

And once again about the protector. Finnish developers proposed fundamentally new design lamellae, providing them with so-called pathogens. They look like small cracks and are located on the edge of the checkers. Activated only when certain weather conditions, namely on a slippery road.

Given that the tread is the main part of the tire design, the attention paid to it by engineers is not in vain. Therefore, we continue this topic. Three-dimensional sipes - a solution that allows you to give stability to the behavior of the tire in the longitudinal and transverse load vectors. This is especially true for wet roads. Lamella of this type, equipped with sealing ring The Double Mud Stopper also acts as a tread protector against mud, rocks and slush that gets between the disc and tire.

Concluding the review of "tread" novelties, I would like to draw attention to the seamless structure of the bead ring. The Single Wire Bead technology is specially designed to ensure the reliability of the tire even in extremely adverse conditions operation.

Agree, the list of achievements of engineers is impressive. But this is only a small part of all the innovative developments of the Finnish concern. Read about other progressive technologies in the following articles!

3. FSI Technology - Direct Fuel Injection

A feature of the FSI engine is direct fuel injection into the cylinders. Any development of a new automotive assembly always experiences certain difficulties with its implementation. Direct fuel injection, as a new technology, is no exception to this rule. The test was carried out on Audi vehicle models. The Mercedes concern also did not stand aside, and released several engines with direct fuel mixture injection. The engine is new. The pioneer among manufacturers of the 1st FSI engine, in which fuel injection was carried out by a direct method, was Volkswagen. To carry out the introduction of new technologies, a model of an aluminum four-cylinder engine with a volume of 1588 cubic cm was used, the power was 100 fifteen Horse power, while reaching maximum torque at 4 thousand revolutions per minute. The compression ratio was higher than using conventional units of gasoline. In the FSI engine, external exhaust gas recirculation is used by the method of operation of 2 modes: a uniform charge enters the processing in in electronic format and stratified charge, the first reduces consumption, the 2nd achieves more power. Feature mentioned technical progress is an achievement of modernity, with the use of which less fuel consumption is obtained. Today these innovative engines are considered a new generation product, making a significant leap forward, taking into account operational efficiency. The very principle of operation of the FSI engine provides new opportunities for a unit that has spark ignition. This technological step is comparable in its innovation to the introduced GDI technologies for diesel engine, in which direct injection of fuel into the ignition chamber is carried out by means of air masses, storing with the presence of more high pressure. The technology of FSI engines, which produce layer-by-layer injection of the fuel mixture into the unit, has received official recognition as innovative and innovative. One of the first to master this GDI technology Japanese manufacturers machines, since the essence and application of it, first of all, is closest and clearest to automobile companies. Engines where the FSI system is used have a number of some differences. Direct fuel injection (FSI engine) is carried out directly into the combustion chamber. This process is called internal mixture formation, since the formation of combustible fuel-air mixtures occurs directly, only in the combustion chamber. The main achievement in the operation of the FSI engine is the unconditional achievement of good luck in combining high power and effective reduction fuel consumption to a previously unattainable level. The improvement of the fuel system contributes to a significant reduction in the emission of harmful gases. The main torque range difference is to obtain more power engine. This feature of the engine characteristics appeared due to the horizontal arrangement of the nozzles, and the fuel torch reaches the spark plugs without touching the piston. FSI engines, their advantages. Thanks to the innovative system with direct fuel injection, high power output is achieved and high level the effectiveness of the use of fuel mixtures. This better economy achieves a good environmental compliance score. Having such an engine under the hood of your car, you get incomparable pleasure from owning your “ iron horse". The actual economy of the fuel mixture, when operating the FSI engine, reaches fifteen percent compared to similar types of vehicles, being in equal operating conditions. applied innovative technology allows you to work without using throttle valve. The main factor contributing to obtaining such indicators was the stratified principle of charge, at the moment of reaching partial load and during homogeneous operation, giving the engine a full load. When under load, the FSI engine delivers an increase in compression increase as well as engine efficiency and performance. Providing the described mode of operation of the engine, a supply is required fuel-air mixture direct ignition method, directly, on spark plugs. The remaining part of the combustion chamber is subject to compact filling with a mixture, obtaining an excess enrichment of the air mass. By providing such a result, the operation of the engine is ensured without the presence of the incoming stream of the already mentioned mixture. The air layer and direct injection of the engine creates a complete insulating field around the combustible mixture, eliminating possible heat losses. This principle of operation of the engine has significant advantages. Unfortunately, the use of this engine model has been mastered not so long ago. The operation of this engine gave impetus to the design engineers of automobile manufacturers, to the new development of a large number of new units and assemblies. Fuel system injection is controlled by a single high pressure piston pump, which has been specially designed and installed for this purpose. Sufficient pressure is maintained by supplying required amount fuel mixture. They improve the FSI engine by installing a sensor and catalytic converter. Everyday operation increases the potential of the engine to save the fuel mixture. Previously, we only mentioned positive traits, versatility and practicality of the FSI engine, but there is also a negative side - it is tough and noisy work engine of a similar modification. But, despite this fly in the ointment, the popularity of the FSI engine continues to grow.

Conclusion

We live in an age high technology, and the boom in the intellectualization of everything that a person uses has reached the car. Today Automotive industry develops not only best parts and comfortable design, but also systems that allow cars to communicate, independently plan a route and protect the environment.

Every year, the automotive industry pleases motorists with the release of new and promising models. Designers and mechanical engineers strive to bring their models to perfection, developing and implementing new assemblies and parts.

The automotive industry does not stand still and confidently moves forward to new achievements for the benefit of all mankind.

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Superplastics.

When it became possible to weave carbon threads into various materials, it became possible creation heavy duty plastics. Such materials are capable of withstanding high impact forces while being significantly lighter than conventional impact parts. in collisions and contribute to weight savings.

Some Western companies are working on the development of a hybrid material - plastic with a steel cable woven. This inexpensive material will be used in the creation of body elements, interior decoration, bumpers. Such heavy-duty reinforced superplastics do have high strength, but so far they do not look very beautiful. This shortcoming will most likely be corrected soon.

Charging from a rolling car.

Hybrid cars are still not as popular as they deserve to be. And all because there are such harmful snobs in the world who constantly piss off that the battery charge is not enough for a full trip. Plugging such skeptics into the belt should be developing infrastructure and an increasing volume of batteries. A number of leaders in the automotive industry, such as Audi, BMW and Mazda, are working on an interesting development - a generator to generate electricity for a battery that is driven by the rolling of a car while driving.

Electric motors in hubs.

In the “shaggy” years, Ferdinand Porsche already thought that the electric engine of the car should be located in the hubs, which would greatly expand the space in the car for passengers and the battery. Until now, this idea is in the air, but manufacturers are afraid to position the motors this way, because an increase in unsprung weight can affect handling and smoothness when driving on dusty and gravel roads. However, Protean Electric and Lotus Engineering are conducting research in which two identical Lotus car are checked by company employees for maneuverability and controllability.

One of them is equipped with hub motors. According to the test results, it turns out that for the average driver the difference is imperceptible. Small flaws in the management are eliminated by small suspension adjustments. the average driver will not notice the performance degradation associated with the extra unsprung weight, and proper additional tuning will help to overcome most of the side effects associated with handling.

Nickel-zinc batteries.

Modern urban heavy traffic requires fuel economy. A common thing today is to turn off the engine in a traffic jam or at a traffic light so as not to “smoke the sky”. The trouble is that the lead-acid battery under the hood is not able to withstand several aggressive stop-start cycles - it quickly discharges if you don’t have time to ride, but start several times in a row. This problem was solved back in 1901, when Thomas Edison came up with nickel-zinc.

Such a battery does not lose discharge so quickly if you are forced to turn off and start the engine several times in a row. In addition, these batteries have a longer service life. The modern company Power Genix claims that nickel-zinc batteries weigh half as much for twice the operating time. In addition, they are more environmentally friendly in terms of disposal.

The automotive industry is one of the key areas of the global economy. Annual allocations for research and innovation in the automotive industry exceed hundreds of billions of dollars. The number of jobs in the industry is over 14 million, and total assets are over $2 trillion.

Despite such impressive performance, the industry is constantly experiencing difficulties and is forced to optimize. Constant changes and additions regarding environmental protection require an upgrade existing models still at the design stage. A modern car should be based on fundamentally new developments that meet all the requirements of technical progress. The continuous development of technologies in all spheres of life and the computerization of many processes are orienting manufacturers towards the creation of highly intelligent machines.

Among the challenges facing the automotive industry today is compliance with environmental regulations. Russian and foreign manufacturers aim to cut emissions and fuel consumption in half. To do this, it is necessary to improve the technical characteristics of cars several times compared to past indicators: half measures are indispensable here. The gradual improvement of existing models is more labor- and time-consuming and much less effective than creating new models from scratch.

One of the innovative approaches in mechanical engineering is the use of composite and aluminum materials in the creation of the body, allowing suppliers to reduce the weight of the car by 25%.

Popularity in the automotive industry is gaining development smart cars. Every year, cars look more like personal computers on wheels. It's not just about self-driving cars. Automakers are sure that the ideal modern car must be able to do everything and be as easy to operate as possible. Most of the innovations are predominantly for concept cars, but by analyzing the technologies implemented in these devices, one can understand the direction of future developments in the automotive industry.

A big innovative breakthrough is observed in the development of geolocation systems and computer analysis methods: clear improvements are noticeable automotive systems navigation and security. The world's leading car manufacturers are investing huge financial resources in creating a user interface, with which the driver can control the flow of information without being distracted from driving.

The era of programming is leading to complete autonomy of vehicles, which requires the creation of complex codes. Of great interest are safety issues in the automotive industry. Tested and implemented systems that monitor the level of stress, as well as the degree of driver fatigue. It is expected that over time the car will acquire even greater functionality, for example, auto-steer, which will turn on if the system senses a threat to the safety of the driver or traffic.

We summarize: the main global trends in innovative transformations of cars are to change the design of the car, create an unmanned and electric transport, development of mobile service, high-tech production.

Here are some examples of innovative changes in the automotive industry:

Evolution of manufacturability of materials;
Engine upgrade;
Safety;
Compliance with environmental standards;
Increasing comfort;
Automation of management processes;
Autopilot systems.

What it takes to create innovative cars from scratch

Symbiosis of CAD system (computer-aided design) and calculations of the engineering department

The integrated use of 2D and 3D technologies at the stage of prototype modeling reduces development time. The combination of models and virtualization helps to identify the characteristics of future prototypes at the initial stage of the automotive industry, reduce the cost and time of work.

Modeling

Integration of software application control systems allows:

Reduce the complexity
Reduce financial loss
Increase the efficiency of the software installed in the car.

Systematization at all stages allows you to control the progress of development from the creation of the project to the end of the operational process, and provides full monitoring of shortcomings.

Process Integration

Global projects require special attention when it becomes necessary to make some adjustments and structural changes to an innovative project. For example, at the stage assembly line when installing rear-view mirrors, many options for details are offered.

They may have different configurations:

with electric drive,
manual control,
electric heating,
View of blind spots, etc.

The step-by-step execution of autoassembly for each option will be different. The combination of development and regulation processes provides control over production and access to functionality from a single menu. This reduces the product readiness time and guarantees the correctness of the developed technology in the automotive industry. The integrated use of these processes will make it possible to evaluate the manufacturability of components and assemblies, as well as to identify errors or errors at an early stage (marriage or non-compliance of body parts). Thanks to this option, changes can be made at the assembly stage of cars, which greatly simplifies production.

Russian and foreign experience of innovation

The leading innovative trend both in the Russian Federation and abroad is the production of unmanned models vehicles. Such models have already carried out test trips, as well as cargo and passenger transportation.

Uber, in collaboration with Otto, has long had options for implementing such transportation. The fruitful cooperation between the two companies resulted in the emergence of an unmanned truck model and the implementation of self-guided cargo and passenger transportation.

A line of driverless buses has been launched in some European cities and in Hong Kong. They have a relatively low speed of movement - 20 km / h (for safety reasons), which is compensated by absolute safety for the natural environment.

Domestic developments associated with the Russian brand KamAZ and Volgabus, which presented designs for Russian cargo drones and buses. The Kamaz project may enter the series in 2022 and will carry out cargo transportation without drivers. Model of the new unmanned bus from Volgabus should analyze the traffic situation online, carry out an intelligent control process through special software. Another invention from the specified company - car platform unmanned control type MatrЁshka, which will be produced in several modifications: open chassis, minibuses, trucks. According to some reports, prototypes are being successfully tested at the Skolkovo innovation center and will soon begin to run in Moscow parks and Sochi.

Despite the success of foreign and domestic manufacturers in the automotive industry, the era of unmanned vehicles has not yet arrived. Problems with safety and reliability have not yet been 100% resolved, and recent examples of unsuccessful experiments (up to death) slow down the process of introducing new technologies in the Russian Federation and in the world.

The latest case of the Tesla electric car (elon musk's ambitious project) - bright to that the confirmation. Model S, which is under the control of the autopilot system, was hit by a truck on the highway, as a result of which the driver died. According to the results of the investigation, it was found that neither the driver nor the autopilot noticed the approaching car. This incident was the first accident in fatal when the car was controlled by a computer. The company acknowledged the flaws in the autopilot system, although stressed that the future belongs to this innovative control system. vehicle.

Modern automotive industry has reached an unprecedented level. Latest developments amaze with the courage of fantasy and the skill of embodiment, they seem fantastic. It will soon become clear what innovations will enrich the automotive industry of the future.

The novelties presented at CES-2016 once again prove that the world of cars and the world of technology closely merge, and as a result, new concepts and control systems. Looking at these achievements, you can see the car of the future.

The Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas is primarily a technology show, but this year, car manufacturers have combined this event with the presentation of a wide variety of cutting-edge concept cars.
New products from Volkswagen, BMW, Aston Martin and new manufacturer Faraday Future made their debuts, while many others presented their latest technologies and innovations at the exhibition. The most popular theme among the newest cars of this year is the connection of cars to the network. Most manufacturers have shown how their cars will be able to connect to other smart devices in the future.

The big companies also showed how they are raising the level of automotive technology to meet the needs of today's tech-savvy buyers.

Take a look at 17 key automotive technology news from the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show.

1 Aston Martin Rapide S

Aston Martin's Connected Car concept car features an infotainment system developed by Chinese tech giant Letv. Aston Martin also intends to build an electric supercar for Letv.

2. Audi interior concept

Like the concept e-tron quattro, in the cabin new Audi a new generation infotainment system was installed.

3. BMW i8 Mirrorless Concept

BMW wants to demonstrate the benefits of replacing exterior mirrors with cameras that can cover a wider field of view and warn drivers of danger.

4. Bosch tactile touch screen

Bosch plans to help keep the driver's eyes on the road with a new haptic feedback infotainment system.

5.Electric Chevrolet Bolt

The new, all-electric hatchback from General Motors offers a claimed range of 320 kilometers.

6. Crazy Faraday Future Concept

The FFZERO1 is the first concept car from a new Chinese startup that turned out to be good enough to make CES attendees break their necks. The car announces the styling of a new company.

7. Autonomous future of Ford

The Blue Oval is tripling the size of its autonomous test transport fleet. Real world testing continues in several US states.

8. Harman eye tracking system

Harman's new technology uses driver eye-tracking software and a camera to monitor driver status and alertness.

9 Jaguar F-Pace Connected Car

Jaguar is partnering with Intel to showcase connected cars. This F-Pace will prompt the driver if he leaves personal items in the house.

10 Audi Virtual Reality

This year, Audi will start using virtual reality headphones in its dealer network. This will allow customers to visualize their car in real time.

11. Kia Drive Wise

All future Kia autonomous driving technologies will be branded Drive Wise. The brand is getting ready to be tested on the roads common use in the state of Nevada.

12. Rinspeed Etos

Rinspeed's latest concept car is based on the BMW i8 and features a drone that can be sent to pick up a package or stream the ride online. The car is also fully autonomous and has a customizable interior.

13. Mapping from Toyota

This is a new technology for building the surrounding world from individual parts of the image, using data from GPS devices and on-board cameras.

14. Vision of the future from BMW i

Even small cars like the VW Golf are equipped with new technologies.

New German next-generation infotainment system with gesture control and advanced voice recognition.

17. Control Volvo with smart watch.

Owners of the Microsoft Band 2 smartwatch will soon be able to control the controls of their cars.

Thanks to the latest technology, the automotive industry will produce in the coming years.

Modern "digital" cars contain dozens of controllers united in a special local area network. In a car, many control functions can be divided into two groups:

the first group ensures the reliable functioning of the main components of the car, for example, electronic engine control and security: ABS, airbags and others.

the second group includes various electronic control systems that provide service, comfort and entertainment to passengers.

For instance, budget car Peugeot 206 contains 27 company controllersNEC.

A modern car, like any computer system from the point of view of the control object, can be represented as consisting of many analog and digital sensors, a set of executive devices and mechanisms. On pic. the main components of the car are presented, for the control of which car computers are used.

Rice. The main components of the car, controlled by computers

For example, the BMV745 model uses a microprocessor such as the Pentium4.

Rice. Bit depth of embedded microcontrollers

Examples of used OS in embedded controllers. The most popular choice is an off-the-shelf commercial operating system. In a survey of commercial operating systems in recent years, MSEmbedded had the largest market share, as can be seen from the figure.

Rice. Embedded microcontroller operating systems

On the next fig. shows the common programming languages for developing embedded systems and, as you can see, the C family of languages is used in most development. As can be seen from the diagram finds also the use of assembly language for some developments.

Rice. Programming languages for embedded microcontrollers

A Brief History of the Development of Microprocessor Systems

1970 - Intel4004 - the first 4-bit MP;

1972 - Intel8008 - 8-bit;

1973 - Intel 8080 K580 (USSR) - analogue of I8080;

Intel8085 - in addition to the CPU, there were timers, an interrupt controller, etc .;

1976 - Intel 8048 - the first controller;

1978 - Intel 8051 - MCS 51 (Micro Computer System)

Mid-90s - families: Intel151 and Intel251 - 8 bit, but addressable memory: 2 20 and 2 24.

1976 - I8086 / I8088 (PCXT - IBM), K1816 (USSR) - analogue of I8086.

EC1840-CCCP-PCXT

1995 - (embedded) - single-chip MK of the X86 architecture was developed: 16- and 32-bit.

Basic requirements for controllers

Low cost;

High reliability;

High degree of miniaturization;

Low power consumption;

Operability in various temperature ranges depending on the application:

Commercial: 0 ... + 70 0 С;
Extended: -40 … +85 0 С;
Military: -55 ... +155 0 С;

Sufficient performance to fulfill feature sets

Architectural features of controllers

Harvard architecture (separate memory for data storage (RAM) - volatile and programs (ROM) - non-volatile, now popular flash;

Integration in one crystal of all modules required for the control computer;

By capacity, controllers are:

Four-bit - the simplest and cheapest;

Eight-bit - the most numerous family (optimum price-performance ratio) MCS51

Sixteen-bit iMCS96, i80186(88) and others, more productive and expensive.

32-bit - these are usually modifications of universal MPs, such as i386, 486 and others

64-bit (video processing)

8-bit MK are very widely used in various process control systems for the following reasons:

The main field of application of 8-bit MK is intelligent control devices for industrial automation and household equipment. These applications do not require high-level arithmetic processing, a large percentage of logical transformations, and do not require high performance in harsh real-time conditions. Thus, 8-bit microcontrollers have their own niche and industrial controllers are now widely used, called PLC.

Many new applications where MP has not been used before, but MC is not as noticeable to a wide range of product consumers as PC, since they do not directly encounter it

MKs are also characterized by two types of architecture: closed and open. A closed architecture is characterized by the absence of data highway lines and an address on the external pins of the MK case, i.e. an external increase in program memory, data and ports is not expected.

The operating modes of the peripheral modules of the controller are configured by software using the registers of special functions of these modules (timers, CP, ADC, parallel and serial adapters, etc.).

Operating modes peripheral modules of modern controllers, their configuration is configured by software by loading configuration codes into special control registers ( SFR – specialfunctionregister).

Improving the performance of MC within the required need is carried out in such areas as:

MCU CPU architecture development, such as RISC architecture

Clock boost

Specialization of commands and peripheral modules MK

Improving Reliability

Transition to lower voltage levels and new technologies, etc.

Well-known MK manufacturers are Motorola, Microchip, Philips, Atmel, Siemens and Intel, etc. And what is very important - all this is now available to Russian system developers, an example is the presence in our university of some of the world's leading companies (Motorola, Philips and etc.) Naturally, because of this, there are problems: what to choose?

MCS51 is a popular family and a number of companies produce clones: