Driving a car in adverse weather and climatic conditions - features of driving a car in winter, autumn, rain, snow, ice and strong wind. Driving in difficult weather conditions

Many of the novice motorists, and even experienced motorists, do not always know how to properly and safely drive a car in difficult road conditions, the main of which are driving on ice, heavy rain, fog (conditions of limited visibility), as well as snowfall, or on a winter road.

The cornerstone safe management a car in all road conditions, and especially in difficult conditions is good technical condition the car, the correct operation of the wipers and lighting devices, as well as the conformity of the type of tires to the season and climatic features of the region.

Fog

Driving in fog, or in conditions of limited visibility, in mandatory it is necessary to reduce the speed of movement to a level that allows emergency braking of the car in front of a possible unexpected obstacle.

In addition, you need to enable additional lighting devices, or fog lights, and as an additional source of attracting attention, include alarm, which will attract the attention of other road users and create an additional safety zone.

It is strongly not recommended when driving in conditions of limited visibility, the use of high beam headlights as a source of additional lighting, because in this case, the high beam, not only impairs visibility, but also leads to increased eye fatigue of the driver of the car.

Rain

Heavy rain, makes its own adjustments to any movement, so, when driving in rainy weather, it is necessary to reduce the speed and increase the distance to the vehicle in front.

Avoid sudden changes, acceleration, and braking, trying to drive the car as straightforwardly as possible, and in the event of an aquaplaning effect caused by a sharp deterioration in contact car tires with the road surface, it is necessary to smoothly and gradually release the gas pedal, thus carrying out soft braking, and the resumption of contact of the tires with the surface.

A good solution would be to turn on additional light sources, and in case of very heavy rain and alarm.

Ice

When driving a car in icy conditions, and in heavy snow conditions, the increased braking distance should be taken into account, therefore, the distance to the vehicle in front should be as large as possible.

Sharp acceleration, braking and lane changes are strictly prohibited, all these maneuvers performed in ice and snow, even on a flat road, inevitably lead to a loss of grip with the surface, and the subsequent breakdown of the car into a skid.

The high-speed mode of movement must be selected not only based on the overall speed of the traffic flow, but also taking into account the individual properties of the car, as well as the type of installed car tires.

It is necessary to carefully monitor the operation of the engine and the mode of movement, while it is advisable to keep the engine speed at a level close to the beginning of the maximum thrust level of the engine, because in this case, in case of an unexpected skid, hard pressing on the gas pedal, you can increase the engine thrust to maximum, and instantly get out of the beginning skid.

TO Category:

Car maintenance

Features of operation vehicles in difficult climatic conditions

On the vast territory of our country, the operation of cars is carried out in various climatic and road conditions. Such conditions, significantly different from those of the middle zone of our country, are desert-sandy terrain, mountainous terrain and areas with a very cold and cold climate.

The efficient use of the vehicle in various climatic conditions is highly dependent on special training them to these conditions.

Desert-sandy area. The features of operating a car in a desert-sandy area include: a small percentage of roads with improved coverage, lack of water over large areas, heat air, its increased dryness, solar radiation, high concentration of dust in the air, remoteness of settlements.

As a result of the increased dust content in the ambient air, abrasive wear of all mechanisms, assemblies and systems of the car significantly increases.

With an increase in the ambient air temperature to 40-45 ° C, the engine power decreases by 10-15% due to a decrease in the cylinder filling factor as a result of a decrease in the density of the air charge.

The efficiency of the cooling system decreases, and the temperature of the coolant can reach 110 = ~ 120 ° C, which leads to intense carbon formation in the combustion chamber and on the valves,

Intensive boiling off of the coolant and frequent topping up of water lead to rapid formation of scale, which impairs heat dissipation and leads to overheating of the engine,

The high air temperature in the engine compartment causes the destruction of electrical insulating materials, increased evaporation of the electrolyte in the battery, and intensive oxidation of oils.

The viscosity of transmission oils decreases significantly with increasing temperature, which contributes to their leakage through the seals.

The elasticity of tires, oil seals, brake diaphragms, cuffs, drive belts, upholstery materials, plastic parts is deteriorating; paint fading, etc.

When preparing a car for operation in a desert-sandy area, it is necessary to complete the list of works provided for in the Operating Instructions for this area.

Mountain landscape. Road and climatic conditions of mountainous terrain significantly affect the performance of vehicles, their units and mechanisms. So, the engine power when lifting the car for every 1000 m above sea level decreases by 10-13% due to a drop in the cylinder filling ratio as a result of air rarefaction.For the same reason, the operation of the engine cooling system sharply deteriorates due to a decrease in the boiling point of the coolant (by an average of 5% for every 1500 m of altitude), reducing the fan power and heat transfer from the radiator to the environment. Overheating of the cooling system requires frequent topping up of coolant, which leads to the formation of scale with all the negative consequences,

The efficiency of the brakes is reduced by 1.5-2 times due to a decrease in compressor performance, an increase in air consumption for braking during long descents, a decrease in the coefficient of friction brake linings due to temperature rise brake drums up to 280-300 АС and brake linings up to 350-400 ЕС on long descents,

The tortuosity of the road in plan leads to intensive wear of the steering parts, clutch mechanism, gearboxes and tires,

Tire wear also increases significantly due to the transmission of large torques to the drive wheels on hills, frequent braking on descents, a large number of turns with small radii, increased temperature regime tire work.

When preparing vehicles for operation in mountainous areas, it is necessary to complete the list of works provided for the area by the Operating Instructions,

Areas with very cold and cold climates. Operation of vehicles when low temperatures ah is the most difficult and difficult. Areas with cold and very cold climates cover a large part of the country's territory (about 56%). The minimum air temperature here reaches - 60-65 ° С. The duration of the winter period is 200-300 days a year. The wind speed reaches 30 m / s. This climate is characterized by frequent heavy snowfalls and blizzards. The depth of the snow cover exceeds 50 cm. The road network is poorly developed.

Low ambient temperatures make it difficult to start carburetor engines due to an increase in the viscosity of the oil for the engine, depletion of the working mixture due to an increase in the viscosity of the fuel and air density, and deterioration of spark formation. Diesel engines have worse pumpability diesel fuel through pipelines and through filters, the energy consumption of batteries decreases,

The performance of the vehicle's transmission units is also significantly reduced, which significantly depends on the viscosity of the oils used in them, Often, the oil viscosity increases so much that the engine power becomes insufficient to turn the shafts and gears in the transmission units,

At low temperatures, the tightness deteriorates brake system, the stiffness of the brake diaphragms increases, the accumulation of condensate in the moisture-oil separator filter, pipelines and air cylinders increases. Freezing, condensate forms ice plugs, which causes brake failure.

As a result of an increase in the viscosity of the oil in the hydraulic booster, which leads to a decrease in its pumpability through calibrated holes, filter elements and pipelines and worsens the operating conditions of the spool mechanism and valves, the efficiency of the steering is reduced.

At low temperatures, the reliability of the operation of tires and other rubber products is significantly reduced due to their loss of elasticity and the formation of cracks on their surface. Frost-resistant rubber becomes brittle at a temperature of -50 ° C.

Plastic products lose their plasticity, their fragility and fragility increases.

V winter period operation, the driving conditions of the car are significantly deteriorated as a result of the action of strong winds and snowfalls, visibility is sharply reduced, driving is difficult, especially on slippery and bumpy roads. As a result, the speed and productivity of the rolling stock of road transport are reduced.

To ensure the reliability of vehicles in low temperatures, they must be carefully prepared in accordance with the recommendations of the Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock. Maintenance cars, including a set of works on insulating the hood of the cab-floor, ceiling, doors - using felt or foam rubber, installing second glasses (windscreens, doors and rear glass),

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Department of education and science of Primorsky Territory

Regional state budgetary educational institution

secondary vocational education

"Nakhodka State Humanitarian and Polytechnic College"

TEST

By discipline: Safety rules road traffic

On the topic: "Requirements of road safety when operating in difficult road and weather conditions»

Student Simonov Ruslan Vyacheslavovich

Group 132 s / b specialty TORAT

Nakhodka 2016

Introduction

About 1/3 of all road accidents occur on wet, icy or snowy roads... Such roads have poorer adhesion conditions. This means that there is an increased likelihood of wheel slippage on the road surface, as well as wheel slip. Under these conditions, the car often becomes uncontrollable.

The slipperiness of the road is characterized by the coefficient of adhesion. The normal coefficient of adhesion of asphalt concrete pavements ranges from 0.6 to 0.8. Under the influence of meteorological conditions, road surfaces lose their quality, the coefficient of adhesion decreases to dangerous limits. The adhesion coefficient of 0.4 is adopted as the minimum admissible for traffic safety conditions.

Depending on the condition of the road surface, the stopping distance may vary 3-4 times. So, the stopping distance at a speed of 60 km / h on a dry asphalt concrete surface will be about 37 m, on a wet - 60, on an icy road - 152 m.Moreover, even with a dry asphalt surface, depending on the degree of its wear (polished with tires ) the coefficient of adhesion can differ by 2 times or more.

Travel speed also has an effect on tire grip, as aerodynamic lift begins to appear at high speeds, which reduces the force of the vehicle against the road. Magazine "I am a driver", 2012 No. 3

The objective of this work is to consider some difficult road conditions, based on the relevant literature - to study the necessary safety measures to prevent accidents in difficult road and weather conditions.

1. Slippery road

Slippery roads are not limited to winter. This phenomenon is observed when the surface asphalt concrete pavement on hot days, an astringent appears, or moisture precipitates from the air or frost in cold weather in the morning. When it starts raining, a mixture of water, tire and pavement wear material, and petroleum products forms on the roadway. The result is excellent lubrication. Therefore, with drizzling light rain, the road turns out to be more slippery than a heavy downpour.

Slippery can be a cobblestone road, especially in a wet state, a road during leaf fall, or an ordinary dry road polished by thousands of cars moving along it.

It is important for the driver to learn to identify (feel) such a dangerous road for driving and to change the mode and tactics of movement in a timely manner. An analysis of accidents with passenger taxi vehicles carried out by NIIAT revealed that 49.6% of them occurred on a wet, muddy or slippery road. The main mistake of the drivers was not taking into account the slipperiness of the road and incorrect choice speed.

It is clear that slippery sections of the road should be avoided whenever possible, trying to go around them, or use special driving techniques. Let's consider in more detail what dangerous areas you should try to avoid.

Avoid areas with oil spills. The road is very slippery if it is oily or covered with fresh binding materials (eg fresh asphalt that has just been laid). Look for every opportunity to bypass such a section. In hot weather, the oil slick on the road is clearly visible, go around it.

It is necessary to bypass sections of the road hidden under water. There can be various dangers underwater. In addition, after driving through a deep puddle, they can get wet. brake pads and the brakes fail, the engine may stall, etc.

You need to move along the track. If you can clearly distinguish a track made by other vehicles, follow it. In a rut, the tire grip is better.

When the road is covered with melting ice, avoid driving in heavy traffic lanes. On lanes with more intensive traffic, the ice melts faster, and therefore traffic in such lanes is safer than where there are few cars, therefore, the ice crust on the road surface lasts longer. You also need to be wary of areas with non-melted ice found in the shade of trees or buildings. Keep in mind that ice in such areas protected from the sun melts more slowly, and in the evening it freezes again faster, even if it thawed a little during the day.

Be especially careful when approaching bridges or overpasses. There, the ice crust on the road appears earlier than elsewhere, and disappears later. In these areas of increased danger, avoid sudden movements of the steering wheel, gas, brake.

Don't overtake unless absolutely necessary. Better stay in your lane. Even a simple lane change on a slippery road threatens trouble, and overtaking even more so. This maneuver is dangerous in good road conditions, and in case of poor grip it becomes extremely risky.

Avoid sand, snow, drifts, mud, or damp leaves. Damp leaves make the road surface as slippery as ice. If, say, you try to brake on a road covered with wet leaves, you will almost certainly lose control of your car.

If you need to stop, look for a place on the road that is free of the above hazards: ice, snow, leaves, sand. If there are no such areas, say, when driving in winter on a country road, it would be preferable to stop on dry, packed snow. If you have stayed there often and before you, the snow can be polished to ice. Beware of this. And stopping and further moving away from this place will be very difficult.

Don't stop on the climbs. It is better to stop before or behind the ascent. Remember that hill start with poor traction is difficult and dangerous.

When there is no end to ups and downs, it is better to stop on the descent. It will be easier for you to get under way.

If driving on a slippery road cannot be avoided, then try to determine the degree of its slipperiness. To do this, you can use several methods: visually, by braking, changing the fuel supply, depressing the accelerator pedal. A person with normal vision will almost always see a slippery surface, but will not always be able to assess how dangerous it is. If the road is clear, you can try to assess the slipperiness by sharply pressing the brake pedal. In other conditions, check the wheel grip by firmly pressing the throttle pedal. If the driving wheels slip into a slip, then the road is rather slippery, and the following recommendations should be followed when driving on it.

Drive at a reduced speed, increasing the safety margin on all sides of your vehicle. A large margin of safety is necessary due to the fact that on such a road you need much more space to have time to stop. Earlier we talked about the need to maintain a 2-second distance in relation to the leader. But this applies to normal road conditions, dry surfaces. What if it rains? Add 2 s to be safe. In the snow - another 2 seconds, so now it's 6 seconds. On an icy road where the longest braking distances, add another 2 s - you get 8 seconds.

Try to keep the speed constant, use the pedal very carefully, smoothly, gently. No unnecessary movements. Reduce speed ahead of turns and intersections in advance. Crossroads, when the road is slippery, are especially dangerous for two reasons: there is a threat of collision with other vehicles, the drivers of which, moving in the crossed direction, did not calculate the speed and lost control; pavement near an intersection can be particularly slippery due to constant braking of vehicles.

Keep the speed constant while climbing. It is necessary to select the appropriate gear and speed in advance so as not to change them on the very rise. The calculation must be very accurate so as not to add throttle during ascent.

On icy slopes, brake the engine by engaging second gear at the top. If you press the brake, then the car will get a sled with former value several thousand rubles. The same can happen with a sharp turn of the steering wheel: the car was going straight, so it will go.

Have front-wheel drive cars although it is rare, it happens that the front wheels begin to slip on a slippery slope; try to reverse the lift, it often helps. On a slippery hill, it is dangerous to change gears and must be done before going up. With gas, you also need to be careful, otherwise slipping and even sliding back will begin. If the road is clear and no one sees the "shame", it is better, carefully slowing down, go back down and try to take the ascent again, taking into account the mistakes of the first time. In other cases, carefully back to the side of the curb, brake, placing an emphasis under any wheel, and think about how to live on. Most likely, try to make a rut of sand and dry cement, a bag of which you have thriftedly put in the trunk since autumn.

What to do if you need to urgently brake on ice? Beginners usually press the brake pedal all the way: on ice, the wheels are instantly locked to the skid, and ... the car successfully glides on the ice on frozen wheels, like on skates, and even does not obey the steering wheel. Therefore, it is impossible to slow down on the skid.

For an emergency stop on a slippery road, you can use three methods of braking: gas brake, intermittent and step braking.

You noticed an obstacle late, you need to brake, and there is ice under the wheels. Driving experience is minimal. Try to smoothly but firmly press the brake and gas at the same time. Then the torque supplied by the engine to the wheels will prevent them from locking and skidding, and braking will be more effective than when braking on skid. But remember: if the engine starts to stall from such violence against it, you need to weaken the effort of your foot on the brake.

Whoever has stronger nerves and more experience, in the same situation, gently but firmly press the brake. As soon as you feel that the wheels began to skid, with an effort of will force yourself to release the pedal for a moment. The wheels will "catch" the road again. Press again (but more weakly) on the brake and release when the wheels lock. And so on to a complete stop, each time weakening the pressure. With this trick, you will prevent the wheels from sliding constantly, so the braking distance of the car will be much shorter. With this method of braking necessary actions the steering wheel should be performed at the “released” stage, when the brake pedal is not pressed and the wheels rotate freely. Thus, the driver has full control of the car, makes the necessary maneuvers and at the same time carries out braking.

If you brake abruptly, with the wheels completely locked, you immediately lose control of the car, because the wheels do not rotate, the car does not obey the steering wheel and rushes forward by inertia, sliding like a sled on the slippery road surface.

So, brake without bringing the wheels to full blocking, use intermittent braking and at the moment when you release the brake pedal, perform the necessary actions with the steering wheel. Remember: brake - steering wheel - brake - steering wheel is an effective means of stopping on a slippery surface, combined with a simultaneous avoidance of danger in critical situation... In this case, the stopping distance on a slippery surface, as you remember, increases significantly. Therefore, when braking, you should always choose a section of the road on which there is a lot of free space in front.

For the trained, the best way is stepwise. It differs from intermittent only in that when releasing the brake, the pedal is not fully released, but partially. The foot is on the pedals all the time, ready to relieve the pressure a little if there is a blockage, in order to then apply the brakes again. This is a very delicate job. But it will become available to you after training in safe areas. So, let's compare the braking distances on ice with different methods of braking (vehicle speed 60 km / h).

When cornering, a lateral force begins to act on the car, tending to move the car away from the corner. The higher the speed and the steeper the turn, the higher it is. Therefore, before a slippery turn, you need to reduce the speed a little more. It is dangerous to brake when cornering!

If the car skids, follow following rules behavior:

1. Never brake. This will not help, but will only aggravate the skid. It is very difficult not to do this: an unknown force uncontrollably pulls your foot to the brake, but you have to resist, otherwise you will lose your last chance ...

2. Do not squeeze out the clutch. Squeezing the clutch is as useless as, say, pushing the cigarette lighter button while skidding.

3. Do not drop the accelerator pedal. To drop the accelerator pedal will aggravate the skid. But if you smoothly reduce the gas by rear wheel drive car, and on front-wheel drive, slightly increase, this can reduce skid.

4. Turn the steering wheel towards a skid. Rear part the car went to the left, the steering wheel also follows, and vice versa. This needs to be brought to automaticity, performed without jerks, but quickly. Hands rotate the wheel on the side sector.

Note that the front wheels always point in the direction of travel. It is important. An extra turn of the steering wheel in a panic may not "calm down", but "blab" more bigger car... Therefore, the steering wheel must be turned in the direction of the skid quickly, but in moderation.

So, summarizing our recommendations, we remind you that any movement that you do on a slippery road should be smoother, more accurate, controlled than on a dry road. Avoid sharp turns of the steering wheel, hard braking, sharp gear changes. Smooth, soft, measured driving will give it greater stability, reduce the likelihood of skidding, which always exists on slippery surfaces.

You can improve your position on slippery roads by increasing the tire grip. To do this, you can use special tires ("snowflakes", with spikes or snow chains) and additionally load the drive wheels.

Snowflake tires, as their name implies, are good for driving on loose snow. When it comes to driving on ice or packed snow, they are almost no better. conventional tires... Good "snowflakes" and when driving in mud. It should be noted that if you ride "snowflakes", this does not mean that you are in complete safety... You must follow all the rules for driving on a slippery road: do not make sudden movements, think about speed. And not only to think, but also not to exceed its reasonable limit, etc.

Spiked tires make it easier to start and stop on ice or packed snow. However, they should not be too trusted, especially when cornering, especially if they are only used on the rear wheels.

The best grip is provided by snow chains. With chains, the stopping distance of a car on ice is significantly reduced. However, the chains require special care: you should always make sure that the chains are put on and fit correctly. They should be checked periodically for braking; if there are chains, move slowly; When driving on a road without ice or snow, the chains must be removed. On dry surfaces, they are not only useless, but also harmful - they can damage tires and road surfaces.

To improve traction properties on a slippery road, you can increase the load on the drive wheels. This is done like this: additional cargo, such as sand and a shovel (which you should have in case of eliminating wheel slip), is located in the trunk above rear wheels(for a car with rear drive wheels).

In general, you should not overload the car when driving on slippery roads - this will only worsen grip. And our first advice relates not so much to increasing the load as to the correct positioning of the load in the car. All this is really very important. It is important on any road, and especially on slippery ones. Unsecured cargo is especially dangerous.

What not to do on a slippery road:

1. Do not overload the vehicle. This will not contribute to better tire grip.

2. Do not reduce tire pressure to improve traction on slippery surfaces. Some drivers think that lowering pressure supposedly improves traction. This is not true. Your tires will simply wear out quickly.

3. Spiked tires, snowflake tires, snow chains help improve traction, but they do not provide the same driving conditions as on dry surfaces. Therefore, do not lose the advantages obtained due to such tires, developing high speed. Kuperman A.I., Mironov Yu.V. Road safety. - M .: Academy, 2013. Page 95

2. Movement on water

If water floods the road to a depth greater than the depth of the tread pattern of the car's tires, then at high speed tires can begin to slide on the surface of the water without touching the road surface. This "swimming" of the car on the water is called "aquaplaning". When this phenomenon occurs, the car becomes uncontrollable, not obeying the steering wheel.

Aquaplaning is an unpleasant, undesirable and very dangerous phenomenon. It can occur when there is a layer of water only 1 cm thick on top of the road surface. If the reflection of surrounding objects is clearly visible in the puddles, in the wet road surface, then there is a danger of aquaplaning. Another sign of the danger of this phenomenon is that the car moving in front does not leave traces behind it. These signs should prompt you to take action, namely an immediate reduction in speed. Generally speaking, the occurrence of the aquaplaning phenomenon depends on a number of conditions:

1. On the speed of your vehicle. At speeds below 80 km / h, most often this phenomenon is unlikely to occur. In any case, full aquaplaning is unlikely, and partial aquaplaning, under certain conditions, can occur even at speeds below 40 km / h.

2. From the thickness of the water layer on the road. The deeper the water, the more likely the wheels will come off the road surface.

3. From the type of tire tread, its depth, tire pressure, wheel alignment.

The best way to avoid aquaplaning is to slow down on time, slow down. When you see a road in the water, try not to get into it at all, if possible, bypass this section. If not possible, immediately reduce speed and drive slowly through the area of water.

Last but not least, watch your tires. Avoid excessive wear, constantly check the pressure - do not deviate from the established rate.

3. Driving on a bad road

Those who are going to buy a car often dream of how they will go to the dacha, fishing, hunting, and picking mushrooms. The sonorous silence of the forest, the bend of the river, not a soul, just a car in the shade of trees ... Isn't it an idyll? Then all these dreams for many are shattered by the harsh reality: there is no exit from the road, and if there is, then you cannot go down without a parachute or there is such a hole, clay, snow, sand, swamp, etc., etc. drive through.

Pay attention to technical capabilities the car, namely the cross-country ability. Cars (from domestic) "Zaporozhets", "Zhiguli", "Moskvich", "Volga", in principle, are intended for movement on good roads... And only LuAZ, UAZ and Niva can move off-road. Remember the mysterious 4x4 formula? It means that both axles are leading. This is the main thing in increasing cross-country ability. Let's see fig. 63. It shows that ordinary cars ruins low ground clearance, a long base and large overhangs, especially for sedan-type bodies. They easily hit obstacles. Hence the first principle of off-road driving: measure seven times.

We know that in order to overcome an obstacle, you need to apply great force. On a car, this is the traction force, it is the greater, the lower the gear. Hence the second principle: through obstacles - in the lowest gear.

On dirt and sticky roads, in a rut you need to hold the steering wheel firmly so that it does not get knocked out. So the third principle is to hold the steering wheel with both hands, thumbs out.

Dirt roads. Try to change gears less often, as starting off on such roads is often a problem. To do this, the driver must evaluate the road more carefully in order to smoothly regulate traffic. Sometimes you even have to put a pillow under the seat to improve visibility. On slippery clay, the car may not obey the steering wheel and go straight. Don't be alarmed. Firstly, the car brakes on such soil perfectly, and secondly, after 10-15 m, it still reluctantly, but will begin to turn. Therefore, if such a phenomenon is observed, it is necessary to start turning earlier, with a margin for sliding.

On the track. It all depends on the depth of the track. Difficulties often arise when trying to get out of a rut - the car throws it back. It is necessary to apply a pendulum motion with the steering wheel with a sharp turn towards the exit and press the gas. It is better to cross the track obliquely at an angle of 45-60 °. If the track goes into a puddle, mud, then, oddly enough, it is better to go into mud, because the bottom of the track is compacted. However, options are possible here. You need to check the depth and ground with a stick. Then carefully drive into the puddle with only the front wheels. If a full dive has begun, quickly reverse and look for a detour. The recommendation is valid for rear- and four-wheel drive vehicles.

When driving in a rut, strong lateral shocks occur, so the speed must be low, otherwise the car may tip over. Passengers are better off grabbing the elastic handles above the doors.

There are stones on the road. Bigger ones are better to go around. If it is impossible, "try on" the bumper, driving close to the obstacle. Remember that a stone can damage not only tires, tie rods, drive, brake hoses, but also pierce the engine sump. And there is oil in it. Therefore, it is better not to be lazy and remove the stone from the road. Remember, the lazy one does a double job.

On mud, it is better with acceleration, but most importantly - without stopping, since the second time you don't have to move - the wheels will skid. And to prevent this from happening, do not give too much high speed... If, nevertheless, this happened, you should not skid until smoke from under the wheels. The wheels are buried even deeper, and then you certainly cannot get out on your own. Better to try to get back in your own footsteps. If you fail, you will have to dig out the wheels, making an artificial rut for them, and put brushwood, boards, a foot mat. -Some put covers from the seats, clothes. Sometimes it helps to get passengers on the back seat or on the hood (if the car is front-wheel drive). If this does not help, it remains to take the towing rope.

Drivers, in complete frustration, often cling the cable to the bumper instead of special hooks. This is extremely frivolous. The bumper will surely be wrinkled, and the wings will be grabbed. Steering rods, stabilizer, suspension arms, rear axle it is also better not to touch it. Only the rear spring (this is for the Volga and Moskvich) is still suitable for bringing the cable, and most correctly - the standard attachment points.

Before pulling off in tow, both drivers need to agree on signals. For example, one long beep - slow, two short - stop. Take special care when cornering so that the cable does not overwhelm and damage the lining.

Downhill driving is not fun. It seems that the car will overturn now. But for cars, this is unlikely, rather, the car will slide. If the slope is wet, it is better not to drive, the car will slide.

You can move across a small river with soft and not steep banks. But first of all, you need to measure the depth and determine if the bottom is viscous. For the usual passenger car permissible depth - no more than half the wheel height. Look closely at the opposite bank to see if the car will take it. For front wheel drive vehicles this task is easier. We will carefully descend to the water and smoothly, with increased gas (to avoid water getting into the muffler) we will overcome the ford. Some people try to do it with overclocking. As a result, a high wave rises, which muffles the engine. Putting it back in the water, as a rule, is a waste of time.

V deep snow as in the sand, the car gets stuck, the wheels slip easily. It is good if there is a track, and moving like this - without chains on wheels and even on ordinary tires (not "snowflakes") - is a hopeless and dangerous business. Thorns do not have much effect here. Speaking of tires. Experienced drivers increase their vehicles' off-road capability by reducing their tire pressure by half (or more). They flatten and, like skis, do not allow the car to drown in snow and sand. So you can try this old way too.

4. Long road

Driving on a country road is different from driving in a city. Here the speed is higher, there are fewer cars, and pedestrians are rare. This often relaxes the driver. Not all drivers know that a long straight road, tens of kilometers stretching along a monotonous landscape, is very dangerous. It puts the driver to sleep very much. Eyes are open, and thoughts are far, far away ... Salvation is listening to cheerful music or singing yourself, talking with fellow travelers. It is imperative to make a stop for 3-5 minutes every 2-3 hours of movement: get out of the car, warm up, walk around the car 4 times, at the same time inspecting the tires, etc., wash cold water etc.

Be aware of possible hidden road defects. Longitudinal furrows with a length of 30-80 m or transverse (“comb”) undulations can throw off the road a driver who is thinking about an outsider. Salvation is to reduce speed in advance. A narrow trench, invisible from afar, may suddenly cross the road. The mistake of many drivers is that, noticing an obstacle late, they desperately brake. In this case, the wheel with the front suspension spring compressed to the limit (body kick when braking) without shock absorption hits the lever limiters so that characteristic dips appear on the wings (Fig. 64). And the levers really bend exactly. An experienced driver also slows down, but just before an obstacle gives strong gas... The machine "squats" on rear wheels, the front springs and shock are stretched out, ready to spring and take the hit. In this case, the damage to the suspension will be less. However, do not forget: before you brake sharply, look in the mirror. Otherwise, there may be a collision with another car from behind.

A similar mistake is made by drivers, suddenly falling into a smooth failure of the road. It seems as if the car is flying into the abyss, the foot reflexively presses on the brake, the front springs are compressed, and ... then you already know. In order not to "take off" on the rise, as from a springboard, slow down at the top.

The road goes downhill, at the bottom there is a bridge with a high curb, in front of a long ascent ... To accelerate more so that it is easier to take the ascent is a typical mistake. After all, a bridge is not only a bridge, but also a narrowing of the road, although from a glance it seems to be the same. It turns out that high curbs, parapets, spans, as it were, narrow the road by 1.5, even 2 m. In addition, a bridge in a lowland often has a broken canvas (mud, puddles, ice, etc.). This is another reason for not too strong acceleration on the descent. It does not hurt to look more often in the rear-view mirrors on the descent. You may need to shift to the right to let the unlucky driver pass, who has not learned this lesson and is rushing down towards adventure with increasing speed. He didn’t want to pay attention to your warning flashes of stoplights.

Before a long journey, they usually figure out the route, staring intently at the Atlas highways". Which road should you take? Along this bold red line on the map - a motorway or a thin web of local roads, which in total are 200 km less than the mainline? .. Yes, the problem ... Let's try to outline ways to solve it. Usually, the purpose of the trip is the same for everyone - to get there safely, quickly and comfortably. Food for thought:

1. Safe. More than 34% of all accidents occur on the roads of republican, regional and regional significance, on highways - up to 10, the same amount on regional and rural and 5% - on local roads.

2. Fast. Highways often allow you to move at speeds of up to 110 km / h (although for those who have been driving for more than 2 years). Therefore, in some cases it is faster to drive 100 km on the motorway than 50 km on local roads.

3. Comfortable. National roads usually have better coverage than others. Gas stations, car service stations, car washes, cafes, etc. are more common here. When should I leave? It is better to exclude Wednesday and Friday: these two days are unsuccessful according to the statistics of road accidents. Monday is a hard day. This is not a joke: many drivers have a very violent weekend. On Saturday, all the roads are clogged with summer residents. Remains Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday. On Sunday until 4 pm - 5 pm the road is the most pleasant: there are almost no trucks, summer residents are still in their gardens. Although many people like Thursday: shops are open, the weekend is ahead ... In general, decide for yourself what time to leave. This is individual. But there is a proverb: whoever gets up early, God gives to him. The mountain road is distinguished by a large number of ups and downs, as well as turns. Steep closed turns are especially dangerous. There is only one way out - to reduce the speed to 5-10 km / h. They refrain from rolling in the mountains: the brakes may fail. They are mainly braked by the engine. Before a long ascent, they include second gear so as not to take risks and do not switch on the rise. In the mountains, descents are more dangerous than ascents, more accidents happen on them. In the event of a brake failure, signal with a light and horn, warning other drivers. If the descent is dangerous and there may be interference, it is better, while the speed is not high, to sacrifice the right side of the car, gently rubbing it against the rock. Passengers on the right must first be asked to move to the left (just in case).

There were times when in such unpleasant situation the drivers following, seeing the driver's desperate hand gestures from the window, understood that the brakes of the leader car had failed. They overtook a car in distress and, slightly slowing down, substituted their rear bumper... This is not a fictional story. If you are traveling in cold weather; try to ensure that fuel tank did not remain half-empty for a long time. Filling the tank prevents condensation from forming, which in very cold weather can freeze, freeze and block fuel lines. So, leaving a car in the cold with a half-empty tank, you risk not moving at all or have additional troubles; remove moisture from all windows inside the car. Turn on the heater or open the windows slightly to dry out the fogged glass from the inside. Do not wipe the glass with your hand. You will not clean with your hand and, most importantly, do not dry the glass, but will only disperse the dirt and impair visibility. Do not start driving until the condensation is completely removed from the glass; avoid using the parking brake. When you park the car, it is better not to use the parking brake, but engage the first gear. The fact is that when the car is put on parking brake, then in case of severe frost, the brake pads can freeze to the drums; check periodically how the brakes work by lightly pressing the brake pedal. For what? To determine if the brake pads are wet. If yes, then you will feel it - the car will "drive". You can dry the pads by quickly and lightly pressing the brake pedal. This must be done, for example, after overcoming a water hazard. Strong winds make it difficult for you to maintain the desired direction of travel of your vehicle. If you feel this unwanted interference, you need to deal with it by reducing the speed, as well as corrective actions with the steering wheel. Strong crosswinds are the hardest to deal with. We need to keep the steering wheel tighter. And corrective actions by the steering wheel must be verified and accurate, this requires considerable skill and dexterity. Traffic Laws. - M .: Academy, 2012. Page 23

Conclusion

road slippery safety

In this work, we considered the most basic requirements for road safety in difficult road conditions. And in conclusion, I would like to give a few useful tips for long trips and not only:

1. Remember about the working period. According to statistics, in the first two hours of movement, almost 50% of accidents occur. Double discretion in the first hours of the movement!

2. After 7 hours of continuous movement, drivers fall asleep while driving 2 times more often. Avoid driving for more than 7 hours a day!

3. After 2-3 hours of movement, it is necessary to arrange 5-10 minute pauses, using them to inspect the chassis and exercise. Before leaving and on the way, refuse heavy food: the reaction dulls and drowsiness occurs. Take your time for short stops - it will pay off!

4. Depressed mood is the most dangerous companion in long journey... Studies in the United States have shown that family fights were responsible for the deaths of 60% of drivers on long-haul flights. Quarrel only on your return!

5. Involuntary tilting to the steering wheel or, conversely, leaning back on the seat, loosening of the hands on the steering wheel, sliding them into the lower part of the steering wheel, distracting thoughts from the road are sure signs of fatigue. You can fight fatigue in the car, but by reducing the speed to zero!

6. The road was long. The last kilometers remain. Home soon ... rest ... Stop! Do not relax! It is in the last kilometers that major troubles often occur. You can only relax by removing the ignition key from the lock!

List of used literature

1. Magazine "I am a driver", 2012 No. 3

2. Balmakov A.I., Zvonov V.F. Driving without accidents. - Minsk .: Belarus, 2011 .-- 159 p.

3. Kuperman A.I., Mironov Yu.V. Road safety. - M .: Academy, 2013.

4. Lukyanov V.V. Road safety. - M.: Transport, 2013 .-- 245 p.

5. Traffic rules. - M .: Academy, 2012.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Driving in heavy snow

When it is snowing heavily, the same feeling is created as in heavy rain - there is a white wall ahead, especially if the snow has already covered the ground and does not melt. What can you see around? Shadows, outlines, lights. Everything is as if in a fog. When the snow is heavy, the only thing you are able to see is the right side of the road, the center line may be visible, parking lights front cars, which, by the way, will periodically get lost in a blanket of snow. Again, visibility is poor.

What can be done to improve visibility by choosing movement tactics? Again - slow down! Move so that it was possible to stop within your line of sight in case of danger. Increase the distance... Remember that in low visibility conditions you need more time and space to make any maneuver and stop.

If visibility is so limited that you are not able to correctly determine the location of other road users on the roadway, it is best not to risk it - not to endanger yourself and others. It is better to leave the road, finding a convenient place for this, and wait there for the improvement of visibility conditions. No urgent business is worth the risk. And when you stop, don't forget to turn on the alarm.

In the next article, we'll look at the features.

Navigating through a series of articles

In order to ensure traffic safety, the driver must apply the following measures while driving.

Driving off the car

Before starting to move, the driver must make sure that the road ahead is clear, and that there are no vehicles on the side and behind that he can obstruct traffic. Before moving off, turn on the direction indicator. At the beginning of the movement, you need to drive straight ahead for a certain distance, next to the sidewalk or shoulder, and then smoothly, without interfering with other vehicles, enter the lane and turn off the direction indicator.

Travel speed and distance. The speed allowed for the given road conditions depends on a number of factors, which include:

road visibility and about negligence;
the width of the carriageway and the condition of the pavement;
the intensity of traffic of vehicles and pedestrians on this section of the road;
arrangement of the road with traffic lights, road signs, markup;
distance from a moving vehicle to vehicles in front, etc.

In cities and towns, the speed of movement should not exceed 60 km / h. Outside cities and towns, the speed should not exceed 70 km / h.

Depending on the speed of movement, the driver must choose a distance that guarantees the impossibility of a collision in the event of braking the vehicle in front.

Overtaking requires skillful calculation and strict adherence to the rules for performing this maneuver from the driver. Overtaking is allowed on the left side of the vehicle in front if there is good visibility of the road. WITH right side it is allowed to overtake a vehicle, the driver of which has given a left turn signal and proceeded to its implementation.

Before overtaking, the driver must turn on the direction indicator and warn the overtaken vehicle with a sound signal (outside the village), and at night by switching the headlights.

The driver must imagine whether he will be able, if necessary, to part with oncoming traffic, which happened to be in the overtaking zone. The speed of the overtaking vehicle must not exceed acceptable rules traffic or road conditions. Before changing lanes in your lane at the end of overtaking, you must turn on the right turn signal and take a place in your lane so that the overtaken vehicle does not slow down and does not change its direction of movement. Overtaking is not allowed at intersections (except for regulated ones), at the end of an ascent and on sections of roads with limited visibility with an exit into the oncoming lane, on level crossings, as well as vehicles that overtake or detour.

Braking

Distinguish between service and emergency vehicle braking. The emergency braking process is divided into three phases:

1) path, passable by car during the driver's reaction time (without braking);

2) the path traveled by the car during the time of the brake drive;

3) complete braking of the vehicle.

Thus, the stopping distance during emergency braking is the distance that the car travels from the moment the driver detects a danger to its complete stop.

The part of the stopping distance from the moment the driver applies force to the brake pedal until the vehicle comes to a stop is called the braking distance. The main influence on the braking distance is the vehicle speed. In addition, the size of the braking distance is influenced by the condition of the road surface, the value of the slope of the road, the condition of the tires of the car, etc.

The condition of the road surface is assessed by the coefficient of friction, which characterizes the frictional force between the tire and the road. The value of the adhesion coefficient depends on the quality of the road surface, as well as on other factors (moisture, icing, etc.). The friction force between the tire and the road on wet asphalt concrete is reduced by half, and on icy - about 10 times compared to the friction force on a dry surface.

The degree of wear of the tire tread pattern, the difference in air pressure in the tires of one axle, and the unequal load on the tires also have a significant effect on the friction force between the tire and the road. One of the reasons for the deterioration of the braking performance of a car is a decrease in the braking torque due to heating of the friction linings and brake drums with frequent use of the brakes or their incorrect adjustment.

Wheel blocking (skidding) when braking, especially when driving on wet and icy roads, leads to tire wear, an increase in braking distance, and loss of control.

In order to ensure road safety when working on the line, the driver must take into account the above factors affecting the braking distance of the vehicle.

In the event of a deliberate stop or a decrease in speed, the vehicle should be braked in several steps by smoothly pressing the brake pedal. This reduces heating in the brakes and reduces the likelihood of wheel locking. On slippery road sections, working braking of a car with a manual transmission must be carried out with the help of the engine, without disengaging the clutch.

Reversing requires increased attention and caution from the driver. Before driving, the driver must make sure that the path behind is clear and that the road conditions allow the vehicle to be driven in reverse without hindrance. In conditions of limited visibility, as well as when reversing, you should use the help of an escort or other person.

When driving on slopes and curves with a small radius, the driver must drive the vehicle at a speed that provides an immediate stop if necessary and give way to vehicles moving uphill. On long slopes, it is not allowed to drive with the gear or clutch disengaged, and on mountain roads - also towing with a flexible hitch.

Driving in difficult weather conditions

Driving in difficult weather conditions (rain, snowfall, fog) becomes much more difficult due to the limited visibility of the road situation from the driver's workplace and a decrease in the friction force between the wheels and the road. To ensure driving safety in inclement weather, the driver should take the following measures while driving.

When driving in rainy weather, assess the slipperiness of the road and select a safe speed accordingly. To do this, making sure that there are no cars going behind, make a sharp braking at low speed and evaluate the slipperiness of the road surface by slowing down the car.

For visibility through windshield In the case of drizzling rain, switch on the windscreen wipers periodically after wetting the glass with water from the windscreen washer. In the event of a heavy downpour or snowfall, when the windshield wipers do not have time to clean the front window of the cab, drive at low speed to the nearest rest area, exit onto a side road or side broadening and wait out the bad weather.

In case of heavy rain or snowstorm, do not stop at the edge of the steep slopes of the road or in the lowlands.

Dry the brakes after driving through deep puddles. To do this, moving in 1st gear, make several brakes before the start of an increase in resistance to movement.

When driving in fog in case a sharp decline visibility of the traffic situation, as well as loss of orientation, move off the road and wait until the fog clears. In case of an urgent need, continue driving at a speed that ensures an immediate stop.

Use the center line of the road or longitudinal marking lines as a guide when driving in fog. When driving in rain, fog, snow, the driver must turn on the outside lighting- side lights and dipped headlights.

Driving at night

Features of human visual perception at night. At night, with poor illumination, the main functions of the eye are violated: visual acuity, color and depth vision; visibility deteriorates due to a violation of the contrast of perception. During the transition from bright illumination to darkness, a person at first does not see anything and only after a while begins to distinguish objects in the dark. The opposite phenomenon, that is, the adaptation of the eye to light after being in the dark, is also associated with a temporary loss of visual perception. The greatest danger to the driver is the temporary blinding of the headlights of an oncoming vehicle. A blinded driver may not have time to reduce speed when passing, which leads to an emergency situation.

Use of external lighting devices

With the onset of dusk, in the conditions insufficient visibility during the day, when driving in tunnels, the driver must turn on the side lights. In cities and towns on illuminated road sections, the use of dipped headlights is allowed, and on unlit roads also high beam headlights in the absence of oncoming traffic.

When using the main beam headlights, the driver must switch the main beam to the dipped beam at least 150 m from oncoming vehicles. Switching the high beam to the low beam is also mandatory in those cases when it can blind other road users in the same direction.

In the event of blinding, the driver must slow down and stop in the lane in which he is moving.

With continuous oncoming traffic at night, in order to reduce the glare of the headlights, you should, without changing the position of your head, slightly turn your eyes to the right and orient yourself when driving to the side of the road.

At stops or parking lots in the absence of road lighting at night or during the day in conditions of insufficient visibility, the driver must turn on the parking or parking lights. In the event of a malfunction of these lights, the driver is obliged to install an emergency stop sign (triangle) or a red light with a flashing light behind the vehicle at a distance of 25-30 m.

Overcoming climbs

Steep climbs must be overcome in low gear. transfer case... It is necessary to determine in advance the steepness of the rise and engage the gear in the gearbox that provides the necessary tractive effort on the wheels so as not to change gears on the rise. Decrease the air pressure in the tires beforehand, depending on the condition of the soil. It is advisable to overcome inclines in a straight line, since overcoming obliquely, with a roll, causes slipping of the unloaded wheels and a turn of the car. It is permissible to make turns only on gentle slopes. If it is not possible to overcome an incline on its own, a winch should be used.

In good road conditions, short climbs can be overcome from acceleration in the second gear of the transfer case and on top gears gearboxes.

Overcoming descents

When switching to a long slope (more than 50 m long), the driver must assess its steepness and include those gears of the gearbox and transfer case, on which he would begin to overcome an uphill of such a steepness; at the same time, it is strictly forbidden to turn off the engine, as this can lead to the use of the supply of air for the brake drive and turn off the steering amplifier, which reduces the safety of the vehicle. Always use engine braking when going downhill. Descending with the brakes with the transmission or transfer case disengaged or with the clutch disengaged is not permitted.

If the speed rises on the descent crankshaft, it is necessary to periodically slow down the car, reducing its speed.

Overcoming ditches, roadside ditches and ditches

These obstacles should be overcome whenever possible when driving at low speed. In this case, the dimensions of the vehicle should be taken into account. It is necessary to overcome ditches, especially on wet ground, at right angles, otherwise the car may slip, tilt along the ditch or ditch, and then a one-sided redistribution of the load on the wheels will cause the unloaded wheels to slip, which will lead to the need to use a tug or winch.

Driving on muddy country roads and profiled roads on clay and black earth soils

When driving on clay and black earth soils after heavy rain, the vehicle may slip sideways, so the driver should be very careful when choosing a direction. When driving, it is necessary to choose relatively horizontal sections of the path, it is necessary to skillfully use the already laid track, which prevents the car from skidding.

The driver is particularly challenged on excessively wet roads with steep profiles and deep roadside ditches. On such roads, drive carefully along the ridge at a low speed.

When operating a car during a thaw period, instead of a plug with a cotter pin screwed into the clutch housing, it is necessary to wrap a sealed plug from the spare parts kit.

Decrease in tire pressure

When overcoming difficult sections of a path with soft ground, you can reduce the air pressure in the tires depending on the nature of the ground. The pressure reduction should not be abused by setting it much lower than it is necessary for the traffic conditions. It should also be remembered that the mileage at reduced pressure is limited, therefore, the pressure should be reduced only in cases of emergency.

Do not reduce pressure when driving on paved roads to increase ride comfort.

When leaving a difficult-to-pass section on a road with a hard surface, it is necessary to stop the car and raise the air pressure in diagonal tires to 0.15 MPa (1.5 kgf / cm 2), in radial tires - up to 0.2 MPa (2 kgf / cm 2 ). A further increase in pressure to normal is allowed to be carried out on the move at a speed of no more than 40 km / h.

If the reduced pressure mileage exceeds the specified mileage, the overall tire life will be reduced.

When driving with a load of 5000 kg, it is prohibited to reduce the pressure in the tires.

When the vehicle is driven for a long time at a high speed, the temperature of the air in the tires rises, which causes an increase in pressure; however, the pressure in the tires need not be reduced.

When driving, tire cranes on wheels must be kept open, regardless of the condition of the road. This allows you to constantly monitor the pressure in the tires on the pressure gauge, as well as timely detect damage to the system and tire punctures.

At a working system regulation of tire pressure is allowed to continue driving after a puncture of the tire under conditions of constant maintenance of normal tire pressure. As soon as possible, replace the punctured wheel with a spare wheel or have the inner tube repaired.

Overcoming wetlands, sandy areas and virgin snow

Wetlands should be passed in the first gear of the transfer case at a speed of no more than 15 km / h, reducing the preliminary air pressure in the tires.

It is necessary to move along a swampy meadow without stopping, avoiding wheel slip; you should start moving smoothly, without jerking. If the wheels begin to slip, you must immediately disengage the clutch and, by engaging the gear reverse, go back. You need to move in a straight line without making sharp turns. If necessary, turn should be smooth, along a curve with a large radius. Such a turn almost does not increase the resistance to the movement of the car, which eliminates the possibility of sod tearing and wheel slipping, which are inevitable on sharp turns... Avoid following the trail of the vehicle in front.

Sandy areas must also be driven with reduced tire pressure, depending on the density of the sand and the driving conditions. Slipping must not be allowed in particularly difficult areas. If slipping begins, you need to drive back to accelerate and acquire more speed... When driving in a column, you need to follow the trail of the vehicle in front.

Snow up to 500 mm deep can be easily overcome by the car without reducing the air pressure in the tires. Turns on virgin snow should be carried out in the same way as when driving on a swampy meadow. If the snow cover is thick enough to obstruct the movement of the vehicle, the pressure should be reduced depending on the density of the snow. When driving on deep loose snow, follow the same driving rules as when driving on sand.

Fog

Rain

Ice

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