It is known that cars with steam engines were the first to be invented, and only a hundred years later they were replaced by cars with engines. internal combustion. At the end of the nineteenth century, such a car was produced in Russia.
The first cars with steam engines
Appearing in the nineteenth century, steam-powered cars became very widespread. The first such machine was invented back in 1769 by the French inventor Cugno and was called the "Small Cugno Cart". She could reach speeds of up to four and a half kilometers per hour on the road, but there was only enough water and steam in her for only twelve minutes of movement.In 1802, the English inventor Watt presented his version of the car, which developed speeds on a straight road up to fifteen kilometers per hour. In 1790, the American Nathan Reed introduced his model steam car. Another American, Oliver Evans, created an amphibious vehicle fourteen years later.
In the nineteenth century, having become widespread, machines with steam engine used to transport people. The person who controlled it was called the driver, the one who kindled the steam boiler was called the driver. It should be noted that cars have been improved many times, but remained very inconvenient for operation. by the most famous cars the second half of the nineteenth century were "Curts" and "Mansel". Their speed did not exceed thirty-five kilometers. These cars are called the forerunners of the first real cars.
Even after the advent of internal combustion engines, enthusiasts and admirers of cars with steam engines continued to use them, making a number of improvements. It was possible to reduce the engine start time to sixty seconds. It is known that until the forties of the twentieth century, Europe and the United States continued to produce buses and trucks with steam engines, which were distinguished by low noise and smoothness.
What were the first cars with an internal combustion engine
The inventor of the internal combustion engine is E. Lenoir, who in 1860 was the first to create an engine in which fuel was burned inside the engine cylinder. This invention played essential role in the automotive industry. The first car with such an engine appeared in 1886. Its creator is G. Daimler. A few months later, the world met with tricycle K. Benz. Gradually, new cars began to replace more bulky cars with steam engines. Thus, the year 1886 is officially recognized as the year of birth of the car. 
Nine years after the invention and registration of a patent for the first car with an internal combustion engine, G. Daimler managed to launch the Daimler functional car into mass production. Karl Benz also did not lag behind and began the industrial production of his "brainchild". This is how it started mass production cars. In 1892, a car built by G. Ford appeared, but only eleven years later he began its mass production.
Since 1894, car races began to be held, which in turn also influenced the development of the automotive industry. So, at the first races arranged, the maximum speed of a car reached twenty-four kilometers, five years later it reached seventy kilometers, and after another five years - one hundred kilometers per hour. Already in 1900, special racing cars began to be produced.
The first car in Russia
The first Russian car appeared in St. Petersburg in 1896. The carriage itself was built by Frese and Co. and resembled a foreign design with some improvements, namely, it was distinguished by the presence of rubber tires and a durable elegant finish. The engine for the car was built at the St. Petersburg Kerosene and gas engines E. Yakovleva. They tried to make the cost of the car such that the Russian car could compete in price with similar representatives of Europe. 
For the first time this two-seater crew with a gasoline engine (the car of Yakovlev and Frese) was presented at an exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. It is known that on a flat bridge a car could reach speeds of up to twenty miles per hour, while refueling was enough for ten hours of movement.
The idea of creating the first Russian car originated back in 1893 at the World Columbian Exposition, where Yakovlev engines and Frese crews were presented. The embodiment of the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a car was presented only three years later at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition.
The very first car in the world
Nicola Joseph Cugno is considered the man who created the world's first automobile. This happened in 1769 in France. To ensure the movement of the car, it was necessary to fill the boiler with water and light a fire under it, since it did not have its own firebox. The engineer carried out the order of the French military, namely the Minister of War Etienne Francois. It was planned to use Cugno's invention to transport artillery guns. 
The car looked like a cart, but its movement was carried out not by horses, but by a steam engine. With a maximum speed of no more than five kilometers per hour, it had a carrying capacity of up to five tons.
During the tests, there were several accidents, and the project was closed. Cons of the car - inefficient brake system, the need for frequent stops for ignition of the furnace, rapid pressure drop in the boiler.
BUT modern cars hit speed records. For example, some sports cars can accelerate from zero to hundreds in just 2.78 seconds. .
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In the summer of 1896 at the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod the first model of a domestic car was presented, a joint project of the Petr Frese carriage factory and the Evgeny Yakovlev machine-building plant.
The first 20 years for our automotive industry turned out to be much more turbulent and fruitful than subsequent eras.
Yakovlev-Frese (1896)
The engineers of the first self-propelled carriage planned to put it into mass production, but the death of one of them, Yevgeny Yakovlev, put an end to the idea. His companions considered the production of cars to be unpromising and ceased cooperation with the Frese factory. He was forced to buy engines abroad, and then sold the company to the Russo-Baltic Plant, which began to produce the first mass-produced cars. The idea to assemble and produce a car in Russia came to Frese and Yakovlev back in 1893 at an exhibition in Chicago. There they saw the car of Karl Benz, which impressed them with its simple and efficient design. Russian industrialists spent three years to get around patent barriers and reinvent the wheelchair on their own. The weight finished model amounted to 300 kg. The gasoline engine contained two horsepower, allowed to drive without refueling for 10 hours and could accelerate to a speed of 21 km per hour. There were only two gears: forward and mode idle move.
Romanov (1899)
3 years after the appearance of the first gasoline engine, the first electric motor appeared. And the first electric car. It was created by Ippolit Romanov, a nobleman from Odessa. Romanov's car was much faster, but also heavier than Yakovlev-Frese's car. He accelerated to 37 km per hour with a weight of 750 kg. It is noteworthy that almost half the mass of the car was the battery. It was disposable, it was not subject to recharging and worked only 65 km: on average, it was enough for two to three hours of driving. Except cars, enthusiast Romanov developed a model of an omnibus designed for 17 people, which could accelerate to 19 km per hour. Alas, Romanov's electric vehicles were not put into serial production: the engineer could not find financial support, although he received a state order for 80 models.
Dux (1902)
Russian cars ran not only on gasoline and electricity, but also on steam. Yes, they didn’t just drive, but in all respects they left behind both electric and gasoline counterparts. They seemed elegant to contemporaries, were relatively silent and faster. The first steam car (or, as it was also called, a locomobile) was assembled at the Duks enterprise. The engines of locomobiles had from 6 to 40 Horse power. The company produced not only passenger models, but also motorcycles, omnibuses, railcars, snowmobiles. racing model"Duksa" could reach speeds of up to 140 km per hour! All this was not enough for the inventor and entrepreneur Julius Meller, who owned the Dux company, and since 1910 he began to produce aircraft and airships. Gradually, with the development of aircraft construction, the automotive component of the enterprise fades into the background. And in 1918, "Dux" was nationalized and turned into the "State Aviation Plant No. 1".
Leitner, motorcycle "Russia" (1902)
In the same 1902, the first motorcycle appeared in Russia, which was called "Russia". It was assembled by the Riga industrialist Alexander Leitner. The first motorcycle was an improved bicycle equipped with a motor. The engine had a volume of 62 cubic centimeters, consumed 3.5 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers and developed top speed at 40 km per hour - at 1.75 horsepower. The first motorcycle cost three times more than a bicycle: 450 rubles against, for example, 135 for a Duxa bicycle. However, this price was 10 times lower than the price passenger car: inexpensive "Renault" cost 5 thousand rubles, Russian models- even more expensive.
Cheapness in comparison with cars is relative, because 450 rubles is almost a six-month income of a Russian with an average income. therefore, the trade in the first motorcycles was sluggish, at ten units a year, and by 1908 had ceased altogether.
Lessner (1904)
What is an omnibus or a motorcycle - in 1904, the first one appeared in Russia fire engine. It was made at the Lessner company by order of the Alexander Nevsky fire department of St. Petersburg. Its designer was already at that time well-known in Russia and abroad Boris Lutsky. Back in April 1901, two of his five-ton trucks and one passenger car arranged a test drive along Nevsky Prospekt and were shown to the emperor. However, it is the two-ton fire engine "Lassner" that is considered the first car completely assembled according to Lutsky's drawings in Russia. The model was designed for 14 people of the fire brigade and developed a speed of up to 25 kilometers per hour.
Another "Lessner", a dark green limousine of 1907, became one of the inhabitants of the densely populated garage of Nicholas II, who passionately loved cars. Due to the similarity in design and appearance, this car was called the "Russian Mercedes".
Russo-Balt (1909)
The most popular car brand in Tsarist Russia was Russo-Balt, first released in 1909. There were two main engines: C and K. The first was larger, more powerful, with an estimated engine power of 24 horsepower. The second is smaller, with twelve horses under the hood.
Due to production costs, the price of the Puzyrev-28-35 car amounted to eight thousand rubles, which even exceeded the price of the expensive Russo-Balts. The car was reliable, but bulky. All this did not add to her popularity. And in the press, the patriotic car was disliked: they called it handicraft and compared it with the worst foreign models.
Bad luck added to the failures in the market. In January 1914, a fire broke out at the Puzyrev plant, destroying eight assembled machines and fifteen sets of parts ready for assembly. And in September, the patriotic engineer died.
In July 1896, at the Nizhny Novgorod industrial and art exhibition, Yakovlev E.A. and Frese P.A. for the first time presented their car with an internal combustion engine, manufactured in our country. The car was naturally named after them - Frese and Yakovlev (another name for Yakovlev-Frese), it was the first car of the Russian Empire. It was made in parts, the engine and transmission were manufactured by the Yakovlev plant, and the body, chassis and wheels by the Frese factory.
Of course, the first Russian car was not the subject of a brilliant idea of their creators and certainly was not unique, for example, 3 years before the appearance of the Yakovlev and Frese car, in 1893, the Benz-Victoria car was shown at the World Exhibition in Chicago. In addition, this car appeared at a time when all over the world there were prerequisites for the birth of the automotive industry.
Despite the fact that the world has already rapidly developed Automotive industry The "Journal of Recent Discoveries and Inventions" in 1896 noted a number of significant improvements in the design of the chassis, transmission and car body compared to cars from other companies.
In 1898, E. A. Yakovlev died, and his companions showed no interest in internal combustion engines and reoriented the plant. Frese had to buy engines abroad and eventually sold his factory to the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works in 1910.
On the this moment Frese and Yakovlev's drawings of the car were not preserved, and the parameters of the car were restored according to the available photographs and descriptions.
In addition to passenger cars, in 1902-1903, 10-seat buses were produced with a 1-cylinder 4-stroke engine with a volume of 864 cm 3 and a power of 8 horsepower at 2000 rpm.
Design and construction
Outwardly, the car looked like a light horse carriage. The wheel rim was made of wood, rubber tires, solid. The rotation of the wheel was not ball bearings, but on bronze bushings. Suspension - spring, with a large number of sheets with significant friction between them (a kind of friction damper), this made it possible to do without shock absorbers, and the spring suspension was both rear and front. The front springs turned with the wheels.
The body consisted of wooden bent bars. By the standards of today's passenger cars, the wheel diameter of Frese and Yakovlev's car was simply huge and amounted to 1.2-1.5 meters. This was done in order to reduce road shocks, which solid rubber tires did not do well.
Engine the car was a four-stroke with one horizontal cylinder and was located in the back of the body. Now it is impossible to establish how many cars were manufactured. However, one thing is for sure, the Yakovlev-Frese design was created precisely as a serial commercial vehicle.
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When did the first cars appear in Russia? Before answering this question, you need to understand the very concept of what a car is.
What is a car
The word "car" has two parts. "Auto" - is of Greek origin and means "self", and "mobile" in Latin means "movement".
It turns out that a car is a device that can move independently. That is, this design must have its own propulsion mechanism - steam, gas, electric, gasoline, diesel - no matter what, as long as the wheels spin with it. This means that it appeared in Russia precisely when the design invented by some craftsman was able to move without the help of horse traction or human muscular efforts.
But still, the founders of the domestic automotive industry should be considered those Russian "left-handers" who were able to make their structures move without the participation of horses, and it would be unfair not to mention them.
The origin of the domestic automotive industry
The history of the first car in Russia began on November 1, 1752 in St. Petersburg. There, for the first time, a four-wheeled carriage was shown, which was able to move without the help of horses and other draft animals. It was a steel mechanism, set in motion with the help of a gate of a special design and the muscular efforts of one person. The stroller could carry, in addition to the driver, two more passengers, and at the same time moved at speeds up to 15 km / h. The designer of the car was an ordinary self-taught serf who lived in the Nizhny Novgorod province - Shamshurenkov Leonty Lukyanovich. The mechanism he created, of course, cannot be considered a car, but it was no longer a cart.
Much closer to our usual vision of the car was the Russian designer Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.
The crew of Kulibin
The design, invented by Kulibin, consisted of a three-wheeled chassis, on which a double passenger seat was installed. The driver himself, standing behind this seat, had to press alternately on two pedals associated with the wheel rotation mechanism. Kulibin's crew is especially noteworthy in that it contained almost all the main structural elements of the cars of the future, and it was he who first used gear changes, a braking device, bearings and a steering wheel in his sidecar.
The appearance of the first car in Russia
In 1830, K. Yankevich, who was a recognized master of fire monitors, together with his assistants assembled the "Bystrokat" - a self-propelled wheeled vehicle with a steam engine. The engine had a device based on the designs of steam power units I. I. Polzunova, M. E. Cherepanov and P. K. Frolova. As a fuel, according to the inventor, pine charcoal was to be used.
The design was a covered wheeled wagon, which provided, in addition to a seat for the driver, also a seat for passengers.
However, the mechanism turned out to be very bulky and difficult to operate. Therefore, the design of the machine was not viable. However, it was the first domestic car in Russia, which could indeed be considered a real self-propelled machine with a steam engine.
The advent of an engine capable of running on gasoline gave impetus to further development automotive technology, since it was he who, thanks to his relatively compact size, could become a source driving force future cars.
The first cars in Russia with internal combustion engines
According to some historians-researchers, the ICE was designed in 1882 in a small town on the Volga. The authors of the machine were engineers Putilov and Khlobov. However official documents, reliably confirming this fact, has not been found. Therefore, it is believed that in Russia, equipped with liquid fuel engines, were imported from abroad.
In 1891, Vasily Navorotsky, who worked as the editor of one of the Odessa newspapers, was imported into Russia french car Panhard-Levassor. It turns out that for the first time in our country petrol car saw the inhabitants of Odessa.
To the capital of the Russian Empire, progress in the form petrol cars came only after 4 years. On August 9, 1895, St. Petersburg saw the first gasoline self-propelled car. A little later, several more such cars were brought to the capital.
Apparently, the appearance of imported samples on the world market prompted domestic design engineers to take action.
The first Russian car with an internal combustion engine
In 1896, at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition, a car was presented to the public in full domestic assembly equipped with a gasoline engine. The car was named: "Car Frese and Yakovlev", in honor of its designers - E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Frese. The Yakovlev plant manufactured the transmission and engine for the car. The undercarriage, wheels and the body itself were produced at the Frese factory. However, it cannot be said that the appearance of the Russian car was solely the merit of Russian engineers.
Western model for a Russian car
Most likely, Frese and Yakovlev used the experience of the German designer Benz in the manufacture of their car, and his Benz-Victoria car, which they saw when they visited an exhibition in Chicago in 1893, was taken as a standard, where it was exhibited, as constructively and in its own way appearance the domestic car was very reminiscent of the German model.
True, it is worth paying tribute to Russian engineers, the car was not a 100% copy of its foreign counterpart. Chassis, body and transmission domestic car were significantly improved, which was emphasized in the press of that time, closely following the latest in the field of discoveries and inventions.
The documented parameters of the domestic machine, as well as the drawings, have not been preserved. All judgments about the car are based on the descriptions and photographs that have survived from that time. Actually, it is not even known for certain how many cars of this series were produced at all. But in any case, these were the first cars in Russia, from which mass production of Russian cars began.
The finish line for the first petrol car
The history of the machine assembled by Frese and his companion ended quickly. In 1898, the engineer and industrialist Yakovlev died, which, in fact, was the beginning of the end for the first-born of the domestic automotive industry. The death of a companion forced Frese to buy engines for cars abroad, which, of course, was extremely unprofitable for him. In 1910, he sold all the established production to the Russian-Baltic Plant.
However, the fact that the first cars in Russia domestic production appeared thanks to Frese and Yakovlev, forever inscribed in the history of the domestic automotive industry, and RBVZ became the next step in the development of Russian car production.
Russian-Baltic Carriage Works (RBVZ)
Cars of this brand have established themselves as durable and very reliable, which was confirmed by the success of cars participating in long-distance runs, car competitions and even international rallies. There is a documented fact that one of the machines, released in 1910 under the index "S-24", for 4 years of operation covered 80 thousand km without serious damage and repair. Even the imperial garage in 1913 made an order for two models of cars "K-12" and "S-24".
60% car park Russian army consisted of Russo-Balt vehicles. Moreover, not only cars were purchased from the plant, but also chassis for use on armored cars.
An important fact is that almost all parts, assemblies and mechanisms were manufactured by the plant on their own. Only tires, ball bearings, and oil pressure gauges were purchased abroad.
RBVZ produced cars in large series, and within each of them there was almost complete interchangeability in terms of components and parts.
In 1918, the enterprise was nationalized and continued its history as an armored plant.
Exactly 120 years ago, on July 14, 1896, the first mass-produced Russian car was presented at the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. The first domestically produced car with an internal combustion engine was ready and passed a series of tests in May 1896. In July, at an exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, he made demonstration trips. It was Frese and Yakovlev's car.
In the wake of the rapid industrial boom that was observed in Russian Empire from the second half of XIX century, appearance domestic automotive industry seems to be quite organic. The pioneers of this industry in our country were the retired lieutenant of the imperial fleet Evgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev and the mining engineer Petr Alexandrovich Frese, who designed the car presented to the general public in July 1896. It was they who launched the serial production of cars in Russia. The St. Petersburg Frese factory became a pioneer in the field serial production cars and trucks. Only from 1901 to 1904 more than 100 cars were assembled here, including those equipped with an electric drive. Also, a trolleybus and a road train with electric transmission were tested here.
Creators of the first Russian car
Petr Alexandrovich Frese was born in St. Petersburg in 1844. In his native city, he graduated from the Mining Institute, after which he ended up at the famous K. Nellis carriage factory. He almost immediately managed to prove himself with better side, quickly gaining the full confidence of the owner of the enterprise. The business of this company in those years went uphill, and Nellis made a talented young engineer his companion. At the same time, in 1873, Peter Frese created his own carriage workshop, which in 1876 merged with the Nellis factory, forming new company"Nellis and Frese". Five years later, he becomes the sole owner of the company, which was renamed the Frese & Co. Crew Factory.
It is worth noting that in those years the products of Russian carriage factories were highly valued all over the world, which is clearly evidenced by the fact that they received quite a lot of awards for international exhibitions. The fact that at the beginning of the 20th century Russian bodies equipped with cars of today's legendary German car brand"Mercedes".
Evgeny Aleksandrovich Yakovlev was born in 1857 in the St. Petersburg province. Until 1867 he studied at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, and from 1867 at the Nikolaev Naval Junker Classes. In 1875, after graduation, he was transferred to the fleet as a cadet. The pinnacle of his naval career was the rank of lieutenant, which he received on January 1, 1883. In the same year, he was dismissed on indefinite leave, and a year later he completely left the service "due to domestic circumstances." After leaving the naval service, Yakovlev began to actively develop engines, acquiring patents for their manufacture. The liquid fuel engine he created even earned the approval of the famous Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev. Yakovlev's projects turned out to be quite profitable, over time he got regular customers, so in 1891 he opened the First Russian Plant of Gas and Kerosene Engines.
Fate, with its invisible hand, brought these people together, their love for automotive technology. Their personal acquaintance took place at an exhibition in Chicago, it predetermined the future fate of their joint offspring. It is worth noting that the engines designed by Yakovlev in those years had a large number of advanced constructive solutions(removable cylinder head, electric ignition, pressure lubrication, etc.). In 1893, at the World's Fair in Chicago, they were awarded a prize. At the same exhibition, one of the world's first cars was also presented for the first time. serial production- German "Benz" model "Velo". This machine attracted the attention of Evgeny Yakovlev, as well as Peter Frese. It was then that they decided to create similar car but already in Russia.
Car debut
The debut of the first Russian car and its first public display took place in July 1896. The car was demonstrated at the XVI All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition, which was held in the Nizhny Novgorod region of Kunavino. In the pre-revolutionary era, it was the largest exhibition site in the country, which demonstrated the best domestic achievements in the field of industry. The emperor personally financed the exhibition. Among the many wonderful and interesting exhibits at the exhibition, the joint development Frese and Yakovlev.
Personally examining the novelties presented at the exhibition, the Russian Emperor Nicholas II visited the carriage department, where the Russian “gasoline engine” was located, which was named so by the local newspaper “Nizhny Novgorod Listok”. And although there was no special reaction from the representative of the royal house to the car, he personally examined the car in action, and the authors of the first production car continued to advertise their joint brainchild in every possible way in the future.
Description of the Frese-Yakovlev car
Outwardly, the car presented at the exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, like many foreign analogues of that period, was quite similar to a light horse-drawn carriage. In its features it was possible, if desired, to consider a span. The prototype of the car was the German "Benz Velo", which inspired the creators. The weight of the model they developed was approximately 300 kg.
The heart of the car was a single-cylinder four stroke engine, which was located in the rear of the body and developed power up to 2 hp. Such a small motor allowed the car to reach speeds of up to 20 km / h. Especially for cooling the engine on a car, an evaporative system was implemented in which water was used, and the role of heat exchangers was performed by brass tanks placed along the sides in the rear of the hull. Together, these tanks can hold up to 30 liters of liquid. During the movement, the water periodically boiled, and the steam, heading to the condenser, returned back to the liquid state.
The car used electric ignition, which was made in the form of a battery and an induction coil. For cooking fuel mixture answered the simplest evaporative carburetor. Which was a container filled with gasoline, while the engine was running, gasoline was heated by exhaust gases and evaporated, combining with air. With the help of a special mixer, it was easy to change the composition of the mixture. But its quantitative adjustment was not provided.
The gearbox of the car was similar to that used on the Benz car, but the leather belts on the Russian car were replaced with more reliable ones made of multi-layered rubberized fabric. The belt transmission provided two gears: forward and idle. The gearshift process was controlled using levers located on the side of the steering wheel. The car had two brakes. The main one was foot and acted directly on the drive shaft of the gearbox. The second brake was manual, he pressed the rubber bars against solid tires. rear wheels car.
The simple design of the car was complemented by a double wooden chaise-type body with a folding leather top. The body of the car was articulated with a spring suspension, which worked on the principle of friction damping. The springs consisted of a sufficiently large number of sheets, which, interacting with each other, damped sharp vibrations and shocks while the car was moving. The use of this design did not require the installation of shock absorbers, but forced the springs to rotate in time with the wheels, the rotation of which was provided by special metal bushings. The wheels of the car were quite bulky (the front wheels are smaller than the rear ones) and, like their spokes, were made of wood. The wheels were covered with solid rubber tires. The production of inflated tires in Russia at that time was still absent.
It is worth noting that Frese and Yakovlev were quite talented in bringing to life many ideas that were used in the global automotive industry at the end of the 19th century. In this regard, their development was not some kind of unique or exclusive. At the same time, the idea to turn the presented copy into a mass commercial stock car looked very interesting at the time. There is still no information about what exactly happened to the sample presented at the exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. Perhaps it was simply destroyed by the inventors themselves. From preserved photographs this vehicle, for its centenary, which was celebrated in 1996, its exact copy- replicator. The car was recreated in the scientific and technical center Russian newspaper"Autoreview" with the direct assistance of the editor-in-chief of the publication M. I. Podorozhansky.
After the untimely death of Yevgeny Yakovlev in 1898, his partners decided to re-profile the plant, abandoning the production of internal combustion engines. This forced Peter Frese to look for ways to produce his own motors. As a result, he was forced to conclude an agreement with French firm"De DionButton", with which he worked closely until 1910. This year, he sold his factory to the Russian-Baltic Plant, after which he gradually retired. Frese died in 1918 in his native St. Petersburg.
One year after the first demonstration at an exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, sales of the presented car started in the Russian Empire, but exactly how many copies of the Frese-Yakovlev car were produced and sold is unknown. According to some reports, the price tag for a Frese-Yakovlev car began at 1,500 rubles. It was half the cost of a Benz car and about 30 times more expensive than the cost ordinary horse.
Characteristics of Frese and Yakovlev's car:
Body type - phaeton (double).
Wheel formula - 4x2 (rear-wheel drive).
Overall dimensions: length - 2450 mm, width - 1590 mm, height - 1500 mm (with folded awning).
Rear track - 1250 mm.
Front track - 1200 mm.
Weight - 300 kg.
Power plant - single cylinder Gas engine 2 hp
Maximum speed - up to 20 km / h.
Sources of information:
http://rufact.org/wiki/Car%20Frese%20i%20Yakovleva
http://visualhistory.livejournal.com/441450.html
http://www.calend.ru/event/2373
Based on materials from open sources
