A little about determining the comfort of the car. Best Cars for Comfort. What are direct comfort systems

Indirect evidence of its insufficient reliability in some cases are operational observations. According to the results of a survey of 4 drivers of this car on the influence of the internal environment factors, the temperature regime in the cabin (hot in summer, cold in winter) is negatively estimated; 75% of drivers; The presence of toxic substances (air pollution by exhaust gases) is 75%; The effect of vibrations is 75%, noise - 75%.

Abnormal climatic conditions in the car's cockpit are harmful to the driver's health and are one of the reasons that contributes to the emergence of an accident. Under the influence of increased or reduced temperature in the car's cabin at the driver, attention is dulled, the acuity of vision is reduced, the reaction time increases, the fatigue is rapidly, errors and miscalculations appear, which can lead to an accident.

Also, a survey was conducted on the state of noise in the car and 100% of respondents state the presence of mid-frequency noise from the poor quality of the interior plastic, which causes increased irritation during the trip at least they do not exceed 2 noise class according to GOST R 51616 - 2000.

Based on above, I conclude a significantly low condition of the driver's comfort in the car, which leads to a decrease in the active safety of the car.

3. Car passive security systems

Passive safety includes many elements, and one of the main - safety belt. The second largest element of passive security is the car body. Its front or rear must, let's drink, scattered the released energy of the strike as much as possible, and the central part of the body should provide as much space to survive car passengers. Materials of the salon should be not only pleasant to the touch and please the eye if necessary, they must easily soften the blow. At the same time, they should not crack, so that their fragments do not apply additional damage to passengers.

After hitting the carbuzzle of the car should not ignore and not crack to eliminate the spill of fuel on the road. Large importance is attached to the doorways and castles. As the accident statistics show, the most severe injuries, often not compatible with life, receive passengers scattered into the operating doors of the car. At the same time, after an accident, locks and doors should be easily discovering without the use of additional equipment to ensure a quick and timely evacuation of people in the cabin.

Folded from a number of factors, often contradictory, passive security is the achievement of one main task - in the event of an accident, regardless of its gravity, do everything as possible to preserve the lives of people in the car.

Based on the study of the safety of the car ZAZ 1102 by the conducted by the magazine, the company No. 3 2004. "Hood as a murder tool"

(A crash test of this car was conducted. The nature and severity of damage received by Tavria, did not leave doubts in the outcome of the collision for this car.

The front of the Tavria was crumbling thoroughly - by 62 cm on the left side. At the same time, the entire front part was noticeably shifted to the left, two solid folds appeared on the roof - the body went with a screw. From the blow, the windshield broke and flew out, the driver's door jammed in the opening.

The base of the front rack of the body shifted back by 33 cm in what a spare wheel contributed to the salon - it advanced part of the engine shield, and the panel of instruments from solid plastic shifted back and cracked a little left of the center, forming sharp traumatic edges. Miracles have occurred with the steering column and the driver's seat. The column went to the right so that the steering wheel turned out to be almost in the middle and at the same time shifted inside by 14 cm. The left chair shifted forward by 13 cm, and in addition it was strongly twisted to the left. This happened due to the fact that the power structure of the floor body in the area of \u200b\u200bfastening the front chairs was too harlot - the floor went by waves, the seats salad bent, and they opened, without holding the chair. Together with the deformation of the floor, it reduced the space for the feet and legs, and in addition after the rebound of the mannequin, his head was missed by the head restraint, which is fraught with damage to the cervical vertebrae.

It is unpleasant that the lock fixators of the rear seat back from the blow revealed and allowed her to work out. The deciphered data from the mannequin sensors showed that the total level of overloads acting within 20 ms on the head of the mannequin was higher than the permissible.)

What was our surprise when, when watching frames of high-speed filming, we saw a strange and terrible picture: the firm item, which hit the driver's head turned out to be ... hood! In the first inspection of the body, we noticed that I did not work the emergency lock of the hood on the left side. Right hook performed his work, and the left at shock just broke off "with meat"! In general, it is not surprising - the hook is welded to the motor shield console, and in a collision all the locations of the point welding (their four) worked for a gap. The hook broke out after 30 milliseconds, and for the next 60 ms, the sharp edge of the hood broke through the windshield, which led to his sweeping from the opening and shifted to the salon to meet the mannequin. On the frames of high-speed filming, it is clearly visible as a mannequin hit the face about the sharp edge of the hood. And this is despite the fact that the belts were stretched as much as it is hardly possible with normal ride.

An analysis of the residual deformation of the car body showed that the Tavria has a weaker power structure of the body, the seat and the steering column.

Troyment is a state that has arisen under the influence of the work done and affecting the performance level.

Fatigue is a complex and diverse phenomenon. Often it does not directly affect the performance of work activities, but manifests itself in other things. For example, labor operations that were previously performed easily, without any voltage, automatically, after a few hours of operation require additional efforts, special attention. The rate of development of fatigue depends on the set of factors: dynamic and static adaptation, visual comfort, working medium, etc.

Tiredness has a decisive effect on the driver's ability to correctly, quickly and safely navigate in the road atmosphere. Reducing performance due to fatigue is not a purely physiological phenomenon. As numerous studies have shown, an important role in the processes of fatigue belongs to psychological factors, the voltage of the human nervous system.

In the practice of the driver's driver's work (tractor) distinguish:

Natural fatigue whose consequences disappear for another day;

Excessive fatigue arising from the improper organization of labor;

Harmful fatigue, the consequences of which do not disappear on the second day, and imperceptibly accumulate and remain unconscious for a long time, while they will not appear suddenly.

The main factors causing driver fatigue and other deviations during operation following:

The duration of the continuous driving of the car (tractor);

The psycho-physiological state of the driver before leaving the flight or shift to shift;

Driving a car (tractor) at night;

Monotony and monotony driving;

Working conditions at the workplace of the driver.

The most objective proof of the driver's fatigue during the control of the car is the number of traffic accidents depending on the duration of movement and other conditions accompanying fatigue. The explicit dependence of the number of accidents and accidents from the duration of work has been established.

No less influence on the driver's fatigue is provided by the psycho-physiological state before departure. It worsens the driver's lack and load before starting work (mental stress, conflict irritable atmosphere, mental injury).

Strengthening the driver's fatigue occurs when driving a car at night.

With monotonous and monotonous movement, a particularly dangerous type of fatigue occurs, which causes the inhibited state of the highest nervous activity of the driver and can lead to weakness, drowsiness and falling asleep. This state arises as a result of a long repetition of the same action.

No less important factors that accelerate fatigue are working conditions at the driver's workplace (position when working, rhythm and pace of work, breaks in operation), microclimate at the driver's workplace (temperature, pressure, air humidity, gas and lighting, radiation) and Level of noise and vibrations.

Fishing rod or long key - the hijack method, when attackers use the wave system developed for special services. The retransmission of the key signal allows you to open a car, even if the owner is at a considerable distance. Ways to deal with such a type of hijacking.

During operation, scratches from janitors, scrapers and other small abrasives appear on the windows of the car. Scratches and scratching can significantly reduce visibility to the driver while driving, especially in the evening. In order not to change the glass, you can try to polish yourself.

Noise insulation of the doors of the car allows you to significantly reduce the level of foreign sounds in the cabin. The Shumkov installation procedure is not as complicated, so it is possible to produce it correctly even with your own hands. What materials are customary to use for noise insulation, which positive and negative sides have the installation of Shumkov for doors.

An independent noise insulation of the car produces 50% of car owners, the other half orders this service in specialized workshops. It's so difficult to make a shine in the car with your own hands, what materials it is worth using. How much material needs and what kinds is better to use.

The rating of the most hijacked cars in Russia is useful to explore all owners of cars, as well as those who are only going to acquire a vehicle. The article contains statistics of car headings since 2014. Fresh data for 2018, by the number of hijacking in general and by specific weight.

Double glazing of the car will help to avoid constant fines for the tint set. After spending one sum of money, you can forget about the problem forever. But it is desirable to approach responsibly to choosing the performer to further avoid problems with double glazing.

Since the vehicle is a source of increased danger, there is a list of faults, when the driver does not have the right to use the vehicle at all. There is also a list of faults with which the machine can independently continue the movement to the breakdown location.

Spent in the car the smell of gasoline? It is necessary to calculate the leakage place, since it is not necessary to joke with gasoline. The reasons for the appearance of the smell may be several. First you need to figure out which time it appears, and then start searching. It is possible to smell starts at the time of starting the engine, and after the smell disappears. We are trying to figure out what is the reason for the appearance of the smell of gasoline in the car.

Due to the fact that one day a law was adopted about the permissible level of tinting of the car, the drivers had such a problem as a removal of tinting. You can make it in several ways - independently, or contacting the workshop. It is not so difficult to remove the tint on your own, it is enough to know how to do it right.

Many have ever heard such an expression as an engine preheater. Its main feature becomes clear from the name - relief of the winter launch of the car. There are many different heaters from different manufacturers. According to the type of implementation, they can be divided into two: autonomous and electric. Each of them can be found from this article.

One of the necessary and important improvements in the car, no doubt is such a device as an autonomous salon heater. Thanks to this device in the cabin, the required temperature can be maintained, without the need to start the engine. Such an aggregate is in the greatest demand among truckers drivers, since it allows you to rest on the road with much more comfortable conditions.

Such a device as an antison, allows the driver to avoid an emergency, if he is tired and begins to fall asleep behind the wheel. A sharp, shrill signal that gives the device only the head bended forward, will wake anyone. Although by and large, it is best not to experience fate and not hope for the device, but just stop and relax.

Toning, whatever it, reduces visibility and increase the possibility of emergency. Therefore, permissible norms of light refinery were introduced, and on drivers who violate these requirements, a fine is imposed. One option to avoid punishment is electric tinting. What it is and how to read in this publication.

One of the additional options designed to enhance the comfort of the driver and passengers is heated seats. The option is purely seasonal, but very popular. In the luxury settings, heated seats is present by default, others can install it yourself, with their own hands.

The rain sensor refers to the optional elements and is designed to ease the life of the driver and increase the level of comfort. There is no need to independently turn on and off the wipers, the sensor includes them independently, as soon as water falls into the zone of its action.

The safety of the driver and passengers of the car is a very important question, and when it comes to children, may not compromise. For the greatest security of children, the driver is obliged to use special children's chairs, the fastening of which occurs with the help of the existing belts, or the ISOFIX system, if available. What it is and in which machines are available in the article.

Many car enthusiasts, entering decent speed in turn, experienced a feeling that there is still a little bit and the car will turn over. This is due to the impact on the centrifugal and other forces. In the fight against the possibility of caring the car, manufacturers are equipped with their various systems preventing tipping.

The transportation of a bicycle on a car often causes complexity, especially when the car does not differ in large sizes. What to say about how to carry several bikes at once. To do this, there are various mounts on the car hitch, both factory-made (FlexFix from Opel) and many other solutions.

In this article, we will talk about a special type of glass tinting, which is provided by the manufacturer of Skoda cars. It is called Sunset and can be applied directly at the factory. Whether a similar option is needed, whether it is worth overpaying his blood for it and what use from it - we will try to figure it out.

Heating glazing, another name - athermal, protects the interior of the car from overheating. This is achieved with various additives in the manufacture of glass. Athermal glasses use Skoda car manufacturers and a number of others. Also recently, the popularity of tinting athermal films is gaining popularity.

Holders of car brand Skoda are probably familiar with such a concept as Varioflex system. This is a very convenient implementation of the interior of the cabin, due to which the seats of the rear row can be folded in various variations, and if necessary, it is completely removed. The VarioFlex system allows you to make a practically a full-fledged truck from a passenger car.

Modern car is already difficult to submit without such an option as air conditioning. Their great sets are invented, and each is good in its own way. This article will discuss the principle of operation of all such systems, and the semi-automatic air conditioner, which is called Climatic.

For the maximum comfort of the driver and passengers, there are a great many different systems. One of these is the seat ventilation system. On expensive cars, in the maximum configuration, this option is becoming more and more often. But this does not mean that a person with an average opportunity cannot afford the ventilation of the seats. A variant of its independent installation is possible.

Cars equipped with invincible access systems, significantly simplify the driver's life. There is no need to install or remove the machine with security - the Smart Key system is perfectly coping with all this. It is enough that the electronic key lay in his pocket, and then the driver will be identified as the legal owner of the vehicle.

Power windows are a dream of any owner of the domestic vehicle. If now modern models of VAZ are completed with this option from the factory, then on the classics, for example, the same 2107, you will have to install the window lifter. The article contains information on all possible types of windows and their device.

What is the on-board computer in the car, for what purposes it is installed and why it is so popular among car owners. The answer is simple - this device allows you to control many of the car operation parameters, notify the owner of the faults, and generally facilitate the owner of the vehicle.

For which you need a projection display (Head Up) and to what extent it is able to facilitate the control of the car, as well as maximally secure all the participants in the movement. Modern electronic means, one of which and is a display capable of projecting devices to the windshield, perfectly copble with the task of improving safety and comfort.

Surely many of us, at least once, have had to fall under such a torrential rain that even wiper wipers did not cope with the flow of water pouring from the sky. And what could be worse than the petty frozen, which makes the wipers work continuously, and the review still leaves much to be desired. Modern technologies allow you to handle the windows of the car to the Anti-Date to the actions of which water simply simply rolls off the glass.

The system of course stability, or dynamic car stabilization is necessary in order to prevent uncontrollable skid at the moment of sharp braking, or loss of adhesion with an expensive one of the wheels. Based on the indications of the set of sensors, the system ensures that the driver does not fall into an emergency due to road conditions or its inexperience.

Noise isolation exciting the minds of many car owners, which is not surprising. After all, who do not want to ride the car, do not hear the noise of the wheels, enjoy the silence, or say music in the cabin, which is not jammed by the rust of gravel under the wheels and the roar of cars passing by cars. Yesterday, the noise insulation procedure was long and expensive, and today, due to the appearance of liquid rubber, everyone is available.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of such a system as a resort and lifting assistance. It is especially necessary, and even necessary for novice drivers who experience the problems exactly when you need to touch the slide. Having many titles, depending on the manufacturer, the principle of operation in this system remains unchanged.

In the struggle for road safety, humanity is increasingly improving the filling of the car to achieve comfort and safety. For a long time, the path invariably affects the driver's state, and sometimes the driver's fatigue leads to fatal consequences.

What is the voice control of the car guess it is not difficult from the name of this option. The article will tell you exactly how to implement the work of a similar system, also contains information on how the voice governance system has evolved over time, and the very first different from the latest developments in this area.

What a miracle is such an active headrest and there is at least some benefit for the driver. Let's try to figure it out. Numerous tests proved that the active head restraint significantly reduces the risk of damage to the driver's cervical vertebrae at rear shock. While this security system is not often found, but we think everything will change over time, and the car's equipment with active head restraints will become the norm.

The circular survey system in the car is another step towards the safety of the road. This system allows real-time, control the road atmosphere around the car. This is achieved due to the camcorder and approximation sensors installed in the circle. Each manufacturer calls its systems in its own way, but they have the basic principle of work.

What is an expedition trunk represent everything, in any case most car owners. How important and you need to have this type of trunk to those traveling by car - the question is controversial. The article describes its main advantages, as well as information about how can you independently make a trunk from the remedies.

There are a lot of road signs, and the driver's eyes have only two, so it's hard to keep track of everyone. To facilitate the traffic control, such a device is invented as a road sign recognition system. She will warn the driver that in this section of the road it is necessary to comply with the high-speed mode, or that overtaking here is prohibited. The system is very useful, but as practice shows, it does not always work as it is necessary.

A person has always sought to automate those or other processes as much as possible, and the car is not an exception. This article will be discussed about such a system as Park Assist. The system of automatic parking is able to find the car independently, without any person's participation. Regardless of whether there is a driver in the car or not, the vehicle will find a free space and paroles the car.

Many sooner or later face the problem when the heating of the rear window ceases fully. It happens most often because of the cliff of incandescent threads, which ensure this heating. Let's consider the simplest ways to restore glass heating, which are under power to any motorist with straight hands.

We have already found out what immobilizer is and for what purposes it is necessary in the car. In this article, let's discuss when and how such a device is required as an immobilizer commander. It is clear that from the loss of the key, the program failure or equipment breakdowns this system of protection against theft may turn against you. Here it is useful to know how to turn off the immobilizer.

Immobilizer is an anti-theft for a car operating on the principle of blocking certain capabilities of the machine, individual nodes or units, which in turn leads to immobilization of the vehicle. And since the hijackers are rarely used in the hijacking towers and other loading techniques, the chances of the fact that the car equipped with immobilizer will remain quite large with the owner.

What is parking sensors and is there any need to install it. Now quite a few species of parking sensors, with cameras and without, with monitors built into the rear-view mirrors and without such, but the essence of the device remains unchanged - it is designed to facilitate the driver's life, especially the beginning. This is a kind of third eye. How it works and how to install it in this article.

The center in the car thing is irreplaceable, and even meets, in our time, on the overwhelming majority of cars. What role is the central castle play, according to which principle, his work can be found in this article.

Do you touch while riding a car? More and more people in our time, realizing that the courage can get sideways, began to take care primarily about themselves and fasten the seat belt. And it is very correct. Why began the procession of seat belts, which were the first of them, and what the evolution of security was led today - about this and friend in this article.

The study of the working conditions of drivers indicates a significant meaning of the internal environment parameters in the car. These parameters are only with a greater or less likely to comply with the established standards, which makes it possible to extend the concept of reliability and on the system, ensuring the living conditions of people in the car. Indirect evidence of its insufficient reliability in some cases are operational observations. According to the results of a survey of a large number of professional drivers about the influence of the internal environment factors, the temperature regime in the cabin (hot in summer, cold in winter) is negatively estimated, 49% of drivers; the presence of toxic substances (air pollution by exhaust gases) is 60%; Influence of vibrations - 45%, noise -

56% of the surveyed drivers.

1.13.1. Climatic comfort

One of the requirements of safety and hygiene of labor is to eliminate the possibility of penetrating the driver of the worker

gases that contain a number of toxic components, including carbon oxide. Depending on the share of carbon oxide in the air and duration

the driver's work in such an atmosphere is different.

The most characteristic features with insignificant poisoning are drowsiness, feeling of fatigue, intellectual passivity, violation

spatial coordination of movements, errors in determining the distance and an increase in the latent period during sensorotor reactions. Studies have shown that only insignificant

the amounts of carbon oxide to cause some people a sense of fad, foaming, headache, drowsiness and loss of orientation, i.e. Such deviations that can lead to a congress from the road, an unexpected turn of the steering wheel, falling asleep.

Carbon oxide is suused into the salon along with the exhaust gases during the technical fault of the car. Deprived of all odor and color, carbon oxide for a long time remains completely

invisible. At the same time, a working person is poisoned three times faster compared to a person in a state of rest.

It must be borne in mind that carbon oxide falls on the driver's workplace also together with the spent gases emitted by the engines of other cars. This is especially dangerous for cars of passenger cars - taxis, city buses and trucks systematically operating in the conditions of intensive and tight movement of vehicles in cities whose highways are filled with exhaust gases.

Aircraft research in drivers and passenger buses showed that in some cases the carbon oxide content reaches 125 mg / m3, which is several times higher than the maximum permissible concentration for the driver's working area. Therefore, the long-term driving of a car exceeding 8 hours, in the conditions of the city is extremely dangerous due to the possibility of water poisoning by carbon oxide.

The conditions in which a person does not experience overheating or supercooling, a sharp movement of air and other unpleasant sensations, can be considered in thermal terms comfortable. Comfortable conditions in the winter period are somewhat different from the same conditions in the summer, which is associated with the use of a person of different clothes. The main factors that determine the thermal state of the person are the temperature, humidity and speed of air, the temperature and properties of the surrounding human surfaces. With different combinations of these factors, you can create equally comfortable conditions in summer and winter periods. Due to the manifold features of the heat exchange between the human body and the external environment, the choice of a single criterion characterizing the comfortable conditions and is a function of the parameters of the medium, represents a difficult task. Therefore, comfortable conditions are usually expressed by a set of indicators that limit individual parameters: temperature, humidity, air velocity, maximum air temperature difference in the body and outside it, the temperature of the surrounding surfaces (floor, walls, ceiling), radiation level, air supply to limited room (body , Cabin) per person per unit time or multiplicity of air exchange.

Comfortable values \u200b\u200bof temperature and humidity of air recommended by various researchers are somewhat different. So, Institute of Hygiene

performing easy operation, air temperature in winter

20 ... 22 ° C, in summer +23 ... 25 ° C with relative humidity of 40 ... 60%.

The temperature is permissible + 28 ° C with the same humidity and insignificant speed (about 0.1 m / s).

According to the results of French researchers, the air temperature is recommended for lightweight winter work +18 ... 20 ° С with its humidity 50 ... 85%, and

for summer +24 ... 28 ° C with air humidity 35 ... 65%.

According to other foreign data, car drivers must operate at lower temperatures (+15 ... 17 ° С in winter period of operation and

18 ... 20 ° C in summer) with relative humidity of 30 ... 60% and

the speed of its movement is 0.1 m / s. In addition, the difference in the temperature of the outer air and inside the body in the summer should not exceed 10 ° C. The temperature difference inside the limited volume of the body to avoid colds of a person should not exceed 2 ... 3 ° C.

Depending on the conditions of work to ensure comfortable conditions, the temperature in the winter period can be taken equal to + 21 ° С at mild

work, + 18.5 ° С with moderate, + 16 ° С with severe.

Currently, in Russia, microclumatic conditions on cars are regulated.

So, for cars, the air temperature in the cockpit (body) in the summer should not be higher than +28 C, in winter (with an outer temperature -20 ° C) - at least + 14 ° C. In the summer, when moving a car at a speed of 30

km / h Delta between the inner and outdoor air temperature at the driver's head level should not be more than 3 ° C at an outdoor temperature + 28 ° C and more than 5 ° C with an outdoor temperature + 40 ° C. In winter in the zone

the location of the legs, the belt and the head of the driver should provide a temperature not lower than + 15 ° C with an outer temperature -25 ° C and not lower than + 10 ° C with an outer temperature -40 ° C.

Air humidity in the cockpit should be 30 ... 70%. The addition of fresh air to the cabin should be at least 30 m3 / h per person, the speed of air movement in the cockpit and the car's 0.5 ... 1.5 m / s. The maximum concentration of dust in the cabin (cabin) should not exceed 5 mg / m3.

The ventilation system devices must create an overpressure in a closed cabin at least 10 Pa.

The maximum concentration of dust in the cabin (cabin) should not exceed 5 mg / m3.

The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the operating zones of the cabin and car cabin are regulated by GOST R 51206 - 98 for cars, in particular: carbon monoxide (CO) - 20 mg / m3; Nitrogen oxides in terms of NO2 - 5 mg / m3; Total hydrocarbons (CN Hm) - 300 mg / m3; Acrolein (C2H3CNO) - 0.2 mg / m3.

The concentration of gasoline vapor in the cabin and the cab cabin should not be more than 100 mg / m3.

Temperature regime in the cabin (body) can be approximately

calculated on the heat balance equation, according to which the air temperature in the cabin (body) remains permanent:

Receipt of heat into the cabin from various sources. IN

for most cases, the heat balance of the cabin (cabin) is determined by a number of factors, the main of which are: the number of people in the cabin (salon) and

quantity of heat

QH coming from them; quantity of heat,

incoming transparent fences

(mainly from

solar radiation) and opaque fences

(quantity of heat,

coming from the engine

QDV, Transmission

Qt, hydraulic equipment

electrical equipment fan.

In this way,

QEO) and along with the outside

QN, served

Σqi  qch  qc  qp   qnp.   qdv  qt  q  qEO    0

It should be noted that the components of the thermal balance included in the equation should be considered algebraically, i.e. With a positive sign when highlighting heat into the cabin and with a negative when it is discharged from the cab. It is obvious that the thermal balance condition is performed if the amount of heat entering the cabin is equal to the amount of heat that is retracted from it.

Temperature conditions and air mobility in car cabins are provided by heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.

Currently, there are various ventilation systems and heating of cabins and car salons that are distinguished by the layout and design of individual nodes. Most economical and widely used on

modern cars is a heating system that uses the heat of the engine fluid cooling. Combining heating systems and secrecy ventilation of the cabin allows you to increase the efficiency of the entire complex of microclimate devices in the cockpit during the year.

The heating and ventilation systems differ mainly by the air intake on the outer surface of the car, the type of fan used and its location relative to the radiator

heater (at the entrance or outlet of the radiator), the type of radiator used (tubular-plate, tubular-belt, with an intensified surface, matrix, etc.), control method

the work of the heater, the presence or absence of the bypass air canal,

recycling channel, etc.

Air fence Outside the cabin into the heater is produced at the place of minimum dusting of air and maximum dynamic pressure,

arising when moving the car. In trucks, the air intake is located on the roof of the cab. In the air intake, water separation partitions, blinds and lids are installed,

cable cabin.

To ensure air supply to the cab and overcoming the aerodynamic resistance of the radiator and the air ducts, the axial fan is used,

radial, diametral, diagonal or other type. Currently, the greatest distribution received a double-circular radial fan, as it has a relatively small sizes with a large

performance.

DC electric motors are used to drive fan. The frequency of rotation of the electric motor and, accordingly, the fan's impeller is adjusted by a two-or three-step variable resistor included in the power supply circuit.

From the constructive and technological performance of the heat transfer surface of the radiator depend on the productivity of the heat of the heater and its

aerodynamic resistance. To increase the efficiency of heat transfer from the radiator complicate the shape of its channels, according to which the air moves, various turbulizers are used.

A crucial role in an effective uniform distribution of temperatures and air velocities in the cockpit is played by air distributor. Air distributor nozzles perform various shapes: rectangular,

round, oval, etc. They are placed in front of the glass windows near the door glass, in the center of the instrument panel, at the feet of the driver and in other places defined by the requirements for the distribution of air-free air

flows in the cabin.

In nozzles, various dampers are installed, swivel blinds,

control plates, etc. The drive to the flaps and turning blinds is most often positioned directly in the air distributor housing.

Air ducts to the air distributor are made of thin-sheet steel, rubber hoses, corrugated plastic pipes, etc. IN

some cars as the air duct use the parts of the cabin, the cavity of the instrument panel. However, such performing air ducts is irrational, as it does not ensure tightness and increase air flow. Safety of the movement of the car is largely

it depends on the reliable and efficient protection of windshield from fogging and frost, which is achieved by uniformly blowing it with warm air and heated to the temperature above the dew point.

Such protection of glass is structurally simple, does not impair its optical properties, but requires an increase in the performance of the ventilation system and the high heat capacity of the glass. Effectiveness of glass inkjet protection from

the fogs are determined by the temperature and speed of air at the outlet of the nozzle located in front of the edge of the glass. The higher the air speed at the outlet of the nozzle, the less the temperature in the glass zone is different from

outlet temperatures from nozzles.

The layout of the ventilation and heating system depends on the design of the car, cabins, individual components and their placement.

Currently, air conditioners are distributed - devices for

artificial cooling of air entering the cabin (body). On the principle of operation, air conditioners are divided into compression, with an air refrigeration machine, thermoelectric and evaporative. Automatic control of the mode of the heater of some cars is made by changing fluid or air flow through the heater radiator. With automatic adjustment due to change

air flow parallel to the radiator is performed by the bypass air channel in which the controlled valve is installed.

As noted, an important place in the cabin ventilation system (body)

the car occupies the purification of ventilation air from dust.

The most common way is to clean the ventilation air using cardboard filters, synthetic fibrous materials,

modified polyurethane foam, etc. However, to efficiently use such filters that differ in a small digestibility, with a smaller number of maintenance must be reduced

the concentration of dust at the inlet to the filter. For pre-cleaning of air at the inlet in the filter, an inertial type dust separators with continuous removal of short dust are installed.

The basic principles of dusting air ventilation air are based on the use of one or more mechanisms for precipitation of dust particles: an inertial effect of separation and engagement effects and

deposition.

Inertial deposition is carried out with the curvilinear movement of dusty air under the action of centrifugal and coriolis forces. On the

the surface of the deposition is discarded by such particles that have a mass or speed are significant and they cannot follow with air through the flow line enveloping an obstacle. Inertial deposition manifests itself

then when the obstacles are the elements of filling filters from fibrous materials, ends of flat sheets of inertial louvre lattices, etc.

When driving a dusty air through a porous particle partition,

weighted in the air, delayed on it, and the air completely passes through it. Studies of the filtering process are aimed at establishing the dependence of the efficiency of dusting and aerodynamic resistance from the structural characteristics of porous partitions, dust properties and air flow mode.

The process of air purification in fibrous filters occurs in two stages.

At the first stage, the particles are deposited in a pure filter without structural changes in the porous partition. At the same time, changes in the dust layer in thickness and composition are not significant and they can be neglected. In the second stage, continuous structural changes in the dust layer and further precipitation of particles in a significant amount occur. At the same time, the effectiveness of filter dusting and its aerodynamic resistance is changed, which complicates the calculation of the filtering process. The second stage is complex and little studied, under operating conditions it is it determines the effectiveness of the filter operation, since the first stage is very short-lived. Of the variety of filter materials used in the filters of the system of dedusting ventilation air of cabins, three groups can be distinguished: woven from natural, synthetic and mineral fibers; nonwoven - felt, paper, cardboard, needle-free materials, etc.; Cellic - polyurethane foam, spongy rubber, etc.

For the manufacture of filters, materials of organic origin and artificial are used. Cotton, wool relate to organic materials. They have low heat resistance, high moisture content. The general disadvantage of all filtering materials of organic origin is their exposure to rotten processes and the negative effects of moisture. Synthetic and mineral materials include: nitron, having high resistance to temperatures, acids and alkalis; chlorine having low heat resistance, but high chemical resistance; Capron, characterized by high resistance to abrasion; Oxalon having a high heat resistance; Fiberglass and asbestos, distinguished by high heat resistance, etc. High rates of dust collecting, strength and regenerative parameters have a filter material from Lavsana.

Widespread use in filters with a pulsed air purge when filter regeneration received non-woven needle-free lavsan

filtering materials. These materials are obtained by sealing fibers with subsequent firmware or needle.

The disadvantage of such filter materials is the passage of more

small dust particles through holes formed by needles.

An essential disadvantage of filters from any filtering material is the need to replace them or maintenance with a view to

regeneration (restoration) of the filter material. Partial filter regeneration can be carried out directly in the ventilation system in reverse blowing of the filter material with purified air from the car cabin or inkjet local blowing air

from the compressor with pre-cleaning compressed air from water vapor and oil.

Design of filters from woven or nonwoven filter materials

for ventilation systems, cabins should have a maximum filtering surface with minimal sizes and aerodynamic resistance. Installing the filter in the cockpit and its shift must be convenient and secure reliable tightness around the filter perimeter.

1.13.2. Vibration comfort

From the point of view of the reaction to mechanical excitation, a person is some mechanical system. In this case, various internal organs and individual parts of the human body can be considered as masses interconnected by elastic connections with the inclusion of parallel resistance.

Relative movements of human body parts lead to stresses in bundles between these parts and mutual collision and pressure.

Such a viscoelastic mechanical system has its own frequencies and rather pronounced resonant properties. Resonant

the frequencies of individual parts of the human body are the following: head - 12 ... 27 Hz,

the throat is 6 ... 27 Hz, chest - 2 ... 12 Hz, legs and hands - 2 ... 8Hz, lumbar portion of the spine - 4 ... 14 Hz, belly - 4 ... 12 Hz. The degree of harmful effects of oscillations on the human body depends on the frequency, duration and direction of the action of vibration, individual characteristics of a person.

Prolonged human fluctuations with a frequency of 3 ... 5 Hz harmfully reflected on the vestibular apparatus, the cardiovascular system and cause a pecification syndrome. Oscillations with a frequency of 1.5 ... 11 Hz cause disorders due to resonant oscillations of the head, stomach, intestines and ultimately the entire body. When hesitations with a frequency of 11 ... 45 Hz worsen vision, nausea arises, vomiting, the normal activity of other organs is disturbed. Over 45 Hz oscillations cause damage to the brain vessels, blood circulation disorder and higher nervous activity with the subsequent development of vibration disease occurs. Since vibration at constant exposure has an adverse effect on the human body, it is normalized.

The general approach to the rationing of vibration is to limit the vibration or vibration, measured at the workplace of the driver, in

depending on the direction of vibration, its frequency and duration.

Note that the smoothness of the machine is characterized by a common vibration,

transmitted through the supporting surfaces on the body of a sitting person. The local vibration is passed through the hands of a person from the controls of the machine, and its effect is less substantial.

The dependence of the average quadratic value of the vertical

vibrating the AZ of the Sitting person from the frequency of oscillations at its constant vibration drive is shown in Fig. 1.13.1 ("equal thickening curves"), from which it can be seen that in the frequency range F \u003d 2 ... 8 Hz sensitivity of the human body to vibration rises.

The reason for this is precisely the resonant oscillations of various parts of the human body and its internal organs. Most curves

"Equal thickening" was obtained when exposed to the human body of harmonic vibration. With random vibration, the "equal thickening" curves in various frequency ranges are common, but

quantitatively different from harmonic vibration.

The hygienic assessment of vibration is carried out by one of three methods: separately

frequency (spectral) analysis; integrated frequency assessment and

"Dose of vibration."

With a separate-frequency analysis, the normalized parameters are the average quadratic values \u200b\u200bof vibrating therapiness V and their logarithmic levels of LV or Vibrating the AZ for local vibration in octave frequency bands, and for general vibration - in octave or third-gravity frequency bands. When the vibration is normalized, the curves of "equal thickening" were first taken into account in the ISO Standard 2631-78. The standard establishes the permissible average quadratic vibration values \u200b\u200bin the Third Strands

frequencies in the range of medium meterometric frequencies 1 ... 80 Hz with different duration of vibration action. Standard ISO 2631-78 provides for an assessment of both harmonious and random vibration. At the same time, the direction of total vibration is made to evaluate along the axes of the orthogonal coordinate system (x - longitudinal, y - transverse, Z is vertical).

Fig. 1.13.1. Curves of "equal thickening" with harmonic vibration:

1 - threshold of sensations; 2 - the beginning of unpleasant sensations

A similar approach to the rationing of vibration is used in GOST

12.1.012-90, the provisions of which are the basis for determining the criteria and the smoothness indicators of the stroke of cars.

As the smooth criterion, the concept of "safety" is introduced, not

advanced driver health.

The smoothness indicators are usually prescribed by the output value, which is the vertical vibration of AZ or vertical VIZ verticality, determined on the driver's seat. Here it should be noted that when evaluating the vibration load on a person, the preferred output value is vibration. For sanitary rationing and control, the vibration intensity is estimated with an average quadratic

aZ.

vertical vibration, as well as its logarithmic

Threshold average quadratic value of vertical

vibration.

The average quadratic value AZ

called "controlled

parameter ", and the smoothness of the machine is determined at constant vibration in the frequency range of 0.7 ... 22.4 Hz.

In the integral assessment, the value of the controlled parameter is adjusted by frequency, with which the ambiguity of perception of vibration with various spectrum is taken into account

frequency. Corrected frequency value of the controlled AZ parameter

and its logarithmic level

determine from expressions:

~ Σ (k zi a zi);

 10 lg σ100,1 (Lazi  LKZJ),

- The average quadratic value of the controlled parameter

and its logarithmic level in the i-and octave or third-row strip;

- weight coefficient for medium quadratic value

controlled parameter and its logarithmic level in i -i strip

kzi I; n is the number of bands in the normalized frequency range.

The values \u200b\u200bof weight coefficients are shown in Table 1.13.1.

Table 1.13.1

The average value of the frequency is third-stage and

Thread-solid frequency band

Octave frequency band

octave stripes

According to sanitary standards, during the duration of the change of 8 hours and the total vibration, the regulatory average quadratic value of the vertical vibration resistance is 0.56 m / s2, and its logarithmic level 115 dB.

When determining the vibratory load on a person using a vibration spectrum by the normalized indicators are the average quadratic value of the vibrating therapy or its logarithmic level in the third-solvent and octave frequency bands.

The permissible values \u200b\u200bof the spectral indicators of the vibratory load per person are shown in Table. 1.13.2.

Table 1.13.2.

Sanitary norms of spectral indicators of vibratory load for vertical vibration

geometric

Regulatory average

quadratic value

Regulatory

logarithmic

the frequency value is third-solpted

vibration signs

and octave

Third battal

frequency band

Octavna

frequency band

Third battal

p. frequency band

In the case of the use of integral and separate-frequency methods for estimating the vibration load per person, you can come to various results. As a priority, it is recommended to use the method of separately frequency (spectral) estimate of the vibration load.

Currently identified and used in practice regulatory indicators of smoothness of machines, such as vibrations and

vibrating therapy in vertical and horizontal planes, installed differential for different oscillation frequencies.

The latter are grouped into seven octave bands with an average geometric frequency from 1 to 63 Hz (Table 1.13.3.).

Table 1.13.3

Regulatory indicators of smoothness of transport vehicles

Parameter

Vibration

The average geometric frequency of oscillations, Hz

1 2 4 8 16 31,5 6

vertical horizontal vibration, m / s2: vertical horizontal

On a number of special wheeled and tracked machines operated in heavy road conditions, where microprophily amplitudes are significant, it is difficult to ensure the values \u200b\u200bof the smoothness indicators regulated for transport equipment. Therefore, for such machines, regulatory changes in the lower level of the progress (Table.

Table 1.13.4.

Regulatory deficiency rates for machines working in heavy road conditions

Acceleration in the workplace

driver - (operator)

Vertical:

medium quadratic maximum from episodic

skypowers

maximum from rotary shocks

Horizontal medium quadratic

Transport Tract

The rate of smoothness for trucks, buses, passenger cars, trailers and semi-trailers are defined for the three types of vehicles of the auto-alignment us:

I is a cement dynamometric road with a mean square value of the heights of irregularities 0.006 m;

II - a cobblestically crooked road without selecting with rms

values \u200b\u200bof irregularities 0.011 m;

III - a cobblestone with potholes with rms values \u200b\u200bof irregularities 0.029 m.

The smoothness of the stroke of cars, installed OST 37.001.291-84,

led in Table. 1.13.5, 1.13.6, 1.13.7.

To improve the smoothness of the stroke of cars use the following activities:

Selection of a fitting circuit of a car that ensures the independence of oscillations on the front and rear suspension machines of the machine;

The choice of the optimal characteristic of the elasticity of the suspension;

Ensuring the optimal ratio of the rigidity of the front and rear suspension of the car;

Reducing the mass of unsophisticated parts;

Supporting the cabin and driver of the driver of a truck and road train.

Table 1.13.5.

Limit technical rates of smoothness of trucks

Corrected values \u200b\u200bof vibrating the seats, M / C2, no more

horizontal

Medium quadratic values \u200b\u200bof vertical

vibratingores B.

roads Vita

olnya products

characteristic points of the undercorns, m / s2, not more

Table 1.13.6

Limit technical standards of smoothness of passenger cars

Corrected values \u200b\u200bof vibrating the driver's seats and

Type of expensive

passengers, m / s2, no more

vertical horizontal

Table 1.13.7

Limit technical norms of smoothness of buses

Corrected values \u200b\u200bof vibrating the seats of buses, M / C2, no more

urban remaining types

driver of passengers of the driver and passengers

1.13.3. Acoustic comfortableness

In the car's cabin there are various noise that adversely affect the driver's performance. First of all, the hearing function suffers, but noise phenomena, having cumulative properties (i.e. the properties of accumulating in the body), inhibit the nervous system, and psycho-physiological functions change, the speed and accuracy of movements are significantly reduced. The noise causes negative emotions, under his influence, the driver appears absentness, apathy, memory violation. The effect of noise per person can be divided depending on the intensity and spectrum of noise into the following groups:

Very strong noise with levels of 120 ... 140 dB and above - regardless of the spectrum is able to cause mechanical damage to the hearing organs and be the cause of severe lesions of the body;

Strong noise with levels of 100 ... 120 dB at low frequencies, above 90DB for medium and above 75 ... 85 dB at high frequencies - causes irreversible changes in hearing organs, and with long-term exposure

the cause of a number of diseases and primarily the nervous system;

The noise of lower levels of 60 ... 75 dB on medium and high frequencies has a harmful effect on the human nervous system employed by work requiring focused attention to which the work belongs

driver car.

Sanitary standards divide noise into three classes and set for them a permissible level:

1 class - low-frequency noises (the largest components in the spectrum are located below the frequency of 350 Hz, above which the levels are reduced) with a permissible level of 90 ... 100 dB;

Grade 2 - mid-frequency noises (the largest levels in the spectrum

located below the frequency of 800 Hz, above which the levels are reduced) with a permissible level of 85 ... 90 dB;

Grade 3 - high-frequency noises (the largest levels in the spectrum are located above the frequency of 800 Hz) with a permissible level of 75 ... 85 dB.

Thus, the noise is called low-frequency at frequency of oscillations

more than 400 Hz, mid-frequency - 400 ... 1000 Hz, high-frequency - more

1000 Hz. At the same time, the noise of the spectrum is classified into a broadband, which includes almost all sound pressure frequencies (level is measured in dBA), and narrowband (level is measured in dB).

Although the frequency of acoustic sound oscillations is within 20 ... 20 000

Hz, its rationing in dB is carried out in octave bands with a frequency of 63 ...

8000 Hz permanent noise. The characteristic of non-permanent and broadband noise is equivalent in energy and perception.

human ear level sound in dba.

Permissible levels of internal noise for motor vehicles

GOST R 51616 - 2000 is given in Table. 1.13.8.

It should be noted that the permissible levels of inner noise in the cabin or the cabin are installed without reference to whether there is one source here.

noise or several of them. Obviously, if the sound power emitted by one source satisfies the maximum permissible level of sound pressure in the workplace, then when installing several such sources

the specified maximum permissible level will be exceeded due to the addition of their impact. As a result, the overall noise level is determined by the law of energy summation.

Table 1.13.8.

Permissible levels of internal noise of motor vehicles

Permissible

Motor vehicle

Cars and buses for transportation of passengers

sound level, dB

M 1, except for carriage models or

half-door layout body

M 1 - models with car or 80

semi-cupboard body layout.

M 3, except for models with

the location of the engine is ahead or near the place

driver: 78 In the workplace of the driver 80 in the passenger premises of buses of classes II 82

in the passenger premises of class I buses

Models with location 80

the engine is ahead or near the driver's place:

at the workplace of the driver and passenger 80

room

Cargo transportation cars

N1 full weight up to 2 tons 80

N1 full mass from 2 to 3.5 tons 82

N3, except models,

intended for international and 80

long-distance transport

Models for international and 80

long-distance transport

Trailers intended for the transport of passengers 80

The total level of noise, dBA, from several identical sources

Lς  L1  10 LG⋅ N,

L1 - noise level of one source, dBA;

n is the number of noise sources.

With a simultaneous action of two sources with different sound pressure levels total noise

Lς  La ΔL,

- the largest of two summable noise levels;

ΔL - additive, depending on the difference in noise levels of two sources

Values \u200b\u200bΔL.

depending on the difference in noise levels of two sources

\u003e LB) are shown below:

LA - LB, DBA ... ..0 1
ΔL, dBA ... ... 3 2.5

Obviously, if the noise level of one source is higher than the level of another on

8 ... 10 dBA, then the noise of a more intense source will prevail, since

in this case, the additive ΔL

very small.

The overall noise level of various sources intensity is determined by expression.

-0,1Δl1, N 

Σ  1  10 lg 1  10

 ...  10 ,

L1 is the highest noise level of one of the sources;

Δl1, 2 - L1 - L2;

ΔL1.3  L1 - L3; ΔL1, N  L1 - LN ⋅ L2, L3, ...., ln 

Noise levels

accordingly, the 2nd, 3rd, ..., n-th sources). Calculation of noise level, dB a,

with a change in distance to the source is performed by the formula

LR LU - 201GR - 8,

- noise level of the source; R is the distance from the noise source to

the object of his perception, m.

The overall noise of the moving car is made up of noise generated by the engine, aggregates, car body and its components, noise of auxiliary equipment and rolling tires, as well as noise from air flow.

The noise in a particular source is generated by certain physical phenomena, among which in the car are most characteristic:

shock interaction of bodies; friction surfaces; Forced oscillations of solid bodies; Vibration of parts and knots; Pressure pulsation in pneumatic and hydraulic systems.

In general, the sources of noise of the car can be divided into the following:

Mechanical - internal combustion engine, case parts,

transmission, suspension, panels, tires, caterpillars, release system;

Hydromechanical - hydrotransformers, hydromeflues, hydraulic pumps,

hydraulic machines;

Electromagnetic - generators, electric motors;

Aerodynamic - inlet and output system of internal combustion engine, fans.

Noise has a complex structure and consists of separate sources from the noise. The most intense sources of noise are:

structural engine noise (mechanical and noise of the combustion process), the noise of inlet and its system, the noise of release and its system, the noise of the cooling system, the noise of transmission, the noise of rolling tires (tire noise), body noise. Perennial studies found that the main sources of noise formation in the car should include an internal combustion engine, transmission elements, tires, aerodynamic noise. The secondary source of noise is the body panels. Additional sources include the noise of engine hinged units, some elements of transmission, electric motors, heaters, glass blowing, doors flaming, etc.

Listed sources generate mechanical and acoustic oscillations, different frequency and intensity. Character of frequency spectrum

perturbations are very complex for analysis due to imposition and interconnectedness in frequencies of workflows and perturbations from transmission elements, chassis, aerodynamic processes, etc.,

and also in view of the fact that many sources are simultaneously pathogens of mechanical and acoustic oscillations. In the spectra of vibration, the main aggregates of transmission and noise are manifested mainly

harmonic components from major excitation sources

(engine and transmission).

The dynamic interaction of parts of the car units generates oscillatory energy, which, spreading from the sources of oscillations,

creates a sound field of a car, tractor, i.e. Noise car.

In accordance with this, to reduce the intensity of noise, you can outline the following paths:

Reducing the vibration of aggregates, i.e. reduction of the level of oscillatory energy generated in the source;

Taking measures to reduce the intensity of oscillations on their way

distribution;

Impact on the process of radiation and transmission of vibrations by attached details, i.e. Reducing their vibroacoustic activity.

Reducing the vibroactivity of the source is achieved by improving the kinematic properties of the car systems and the choice of parameters of mechanical systems in such a way that their resonant frequencies are

maximum removed from the frequency range containing operating frequencies of aggregates, as well as a decrease in the levels of oscillations at support points and minimizing the amplitudes of forced oscillations. Noise reduction can be achieved by creating a low noise process.

combustion, improvement of the vibroacoustic characteristics of cabinet parts, aggregates, introducing into their design damping, improvement of the design and quality of mobile making

parts, an increase in the acoustic efficiency of inlet and release noise silencers, etc.

Fighting noise and vibrations when distributing them in the process

radiation and transmission of oscillatory energy attached details and

units can be made by "detuning" system of carrier elements from resonant states by vibration insulation, vibration-patching and vibration.

Vibration isolation - the choice of such parameters of mechanical systems that provide localization of vibrations in a certain zone of the car without

further distribution.

VibrationMapfing - the use of systems by which the active dispersion of the oscillations of vibrating surfaces is carried out, as well as the use of materials with a large decrement

attense.

Vibration - Application in aggregates, tuned to a certain frequency and form of oscillations, systems operating in antiphase.

Noise suppression The very source of its occurrence is an active method of noiselessness and the most radical means of combating noise. However, in many cases, this method for one reason or another is not

it is possible to apply. Then you have to resort to passive noise protection methods - this vibration-absorption of surfaces, sound absorption, sound insulation.

Soundproofing means a decrease in sound (noise) entering the receiver, due to reflection from the obstacles to transmission. The soundproofing effect always occurs when sounding sound

waves across the border of the section of two different environments. The greater the energy of the reflected waves, the less the energy of the past and, therefore, the greater the soundproofing ability of the interface partition. The more sound energy absorbed by the obstacle, the higher its sound absorbing

ability.

The noise caused by medium and high-frequency oscillations is transmitted to the salon mainly by air. To reduce this transfer, a special

attention to pay sealing of the cabin, identifying and eliminating acoustic holes (acoustic holes). Acoustic holes can be end-to-end and non-serrated slots, technological holes, sections with

low sound insulation, significantly worsening the overall sound insulation of the structure.

From the point of view of the features of the transmission of sound energy distinguish

large and small acoustic holes. A large acoustic hole is characterized by large in comparison with a unit of the ratio of linear dimensions of the opening to the length of the sound wave falling on the hole. It is practically possible that the sound waves pass through a large acoustic hole according to the laws of geometric acoustics and the sound energy passed through the hole is proportional to its area. For each category of holes, there is one or more effective methods to eliminate them.

To determine the effective ways to reduce noise, it is necessary to know the most intensive sources of noise, to carry out their separation, and

determine the need to reduce the levels of each of them.

Having the results of the separation of sources and their levels, you can define the order of adjusting the car for noise.

Control questions

1. What is the purpose of the safety of the design of vehicles?

2. Name the main properties that determine the safety of the design of vehicles

3. What criteria is determined by the impact of the active safety of vehicles for road safety?

4. What is the relationship between the weighing of the vehicle and the risk

obtaining bodily damage in an accident for its passengers?

5. From what depends on the width of the dynamic corridor during curvilinear movement?

6. What dimensional classes are divided into cars sold in Europe?

c GOST R 52051-2003?

8. What are the forces on the car, accelerating on the rise?

9. What changes in the technical condition of the car affect its traction dynamism and how?

10. What is the dynamic factor of the car?

11. What is called the transverse resistance of the car?

12. What is called longitudinal car stability?

13. What is the cocoa stability of the car?

14. What are the main technical requirements (test methods)

put the brake properties of vehicles?

15. What regulations are the stability and controllability of vehicles as the properties of active security?

16. What are the types of tests for stability?

17. What indicators are evaluated when testing "stabilization"?

18. What types of car turning exist?

19. For what technical reasons are the loss of car manageability possible?

20. What is the brake path of the car?

21. How is the test type 0 brake vehicles?

22. What indicators determine the requirements for tires and wheels?

23. Specify the main characteristics of the coupling devices.

24. What devices are used for transport information?

25. What technical requirements are subject to lighting and light alarm devices?

With the growth of progress and material well-being, the statement "car is not a luxury, but a means of movement" slowly, but confidently loses its relevance. Today, when buying a car, the future owner increasingly draws attention to this component as comfort. This characteristic includes many parameters, at first glance, having nothing in common:

Design and type of suspension, as well as a model mounted on a car tire;
Noise insulation of the cabin and motor compartment;
Availability of air conditioning system;
Ergonomics of seats and the spaciousness of the cabin;
The quality of the material of the interior decoration;
Toning of glass or the presence of curtains;
The presence of active and passive security systems.

The last component is the basis for passengers and the driver to feel protected, because the feeling of comfort begins with this.

To take into account all the specified parameters when buying a new car means to stop your choice on elite models, the cost of which can be too heavy for the budget. The search for the optimal option, which would correspond not only to the desire, but also the possibilities, can become a long and tedious quest, able to pretty streaming the nerves by the future car owner. We decided to take place participation in search and we present to your attention the overview of the most comfortable cars that you can purchase in Russia's car dealerships. For greater convenience, the selection of models in the rating was made in three fundamentally different categories of cars.

The most comfortable crossovers

This type of vehicles involves a large and spacious salon, high fit and large wheel diameter. All this is an integral part of more comfortable movement conditions. This rating group will present the most comfortable models of crossovers.

4 Renault Kaptur.

Best price
Country: France (produced in Russia)
The average price: 884,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4

All-wheel drive French SUV entered the top of our rating because this model completely changes our ideas about Renault cars. Bright, slightly futuristic design, with the possibility of individualization of the appearance of a car with the help of the elements of Atelier Renault, immediately attracts attention to others. A comfortable and elegant salon has excellent noise insulation, and the three-circuit door seals almost completely absorb sound waves from the outside, as soon as you close the door.

Ergonomic seats create "their" pleasant atmosphere. The use of a car for long-distance trips will never be boring - the standard interior can be changed according to the owner's preferences - it is enough to choose one of the ready-made design solutions. The presence of cruise control, climate system, actively safety services with elements of intellectual support for the driver is also Renault Kaptur.

3 Kia Sorento Prime

Spacious salon. Anatomical heated and ventilation chairs
Country: South Korea
The average price: 2,495,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

As a result of the technical updates implemented this year, the third generation KIA Sorento received, among other things, upgraded and more spacious salon. The internal space of the car is emphasized by the energy elements of the interior decoration made of high-quality materials. Anatomical seats having a built-in heating and ventilation system are literally created for long-distance travel. Even the rear passengers can adjust the slope of the back of their seat.

The premium-class multimedia system with a subwoofer, a wireless console for charging your phone - everything is created exclusively for comfortable movement in space. Elements of active and passive protection, highly appreciated by EURO NCAP, make the control of cars as convenient and secure.

2 Porsche Macan.

The most comfortable salon
Country: Germany
Average price: 3 512 000 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.9

The first thing that rushes into the eye when opening the doors of this car - the seat. They provide the most comfortable landing for passengers and the driver, while tune in preference in 8 positions by simply pressing certain buttons. Adjusting the lumbar backdrop for long-distance travel is an indispensable function, providing the body maximum comfort. In the basic version, heated all seats was installed, and heated steering wheel is possible as an additional option. Also, the standard version of the crossover is equipped with a three-zone climatic system, which allows you to create an individual microclimate for both sitting in front and rear passengers.

Choosing a car with a pneumatic suspension, the new owner will receive an SUV, which completely isolates the driver and its satellites from the surrounding reality. The car will simply "swim" above the road, all the irregularities of which will not be able to disturb you anything. Noise insulation of the cabin with the use of modern materials will allow you to talk without increasing the voices, even at high speed. As an additional option, multi-layered tinted thermal beam can be installed, which will increase the already high level of comfort. There is a more conservative, but an effective alternative - mechanical curtains.

1 Audi Q5.

The most comfortable suspension. Popular model in the domestic market
Country: Germany
Average price: 3 325 000 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.9

The Germans are very attentive to detail, so their cars are most comfortable, and occupy a special niche in the market. The Audi Q5 crossover, which turned out to be at the first position of our top rating, will affect you the smallest thoughtfulness of parts and high-quality interior trim. Ergonomic chairs and management system, which has individual settings, allows you to achieve maximum comfort on the trip. In addition, Audi is considered the most "advanced" car and can boast the presence on board many high-tech systems that make a trip not only comfortable, but also safe.

One of these systems is Audi Drive Select, which adapts the operation of the vehicle nodes in accordance with the priorities of the owner. A simple selection of the mode - and the car becomes an SUV with a high road lumen or turns into a sports car, with low ground clearance and hard suspension. COMFORT is activated by the standard dynamics of the engine and gearbox operation, and the pneumatic suspension begins to work more mildly, which is immediately reflected in the comfort of ride. This option is especially relevant for long-distance travel.

Most comfortable sedans

As a rule, these are a premium class cars that differ not only for maximum comfort, but also a high level of safety, as well as the presence of integrated modern and high-tech systems that make daily operation of pleasant and unscrewing. The model below are the best and comfortable cars that are sold today in Russia.

4 Nissan Sentra.

The most attractive price. Spacious salon
Country: Japan (going to Russia)
The average price: 916 000 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.2

Already with an external inspection of the car, it seems the impression of the spaciousness of his salon - the length of the car is just over 4.6 meters. The strict and concise elegance of the external appearance of the machine accompanies the passenger and inside - aluminum inserts in the interior of the cabin give him a more expensive, respectable appearance. Convenient management of on-board systems, availability of services (depending on the selected configuration), providing more comfortable and safe movement.

For long journeys, the convenience of seats is of particular importance. In Nissan Sentra, a rather high landing, almost like in crossovers - there is no feeling that "failing". Side support, convenient adjustment and a large space for the feet of the rear passengers will make any trip as comfortable as possible.

3 Genesis G70.

Innovative driver support systems. Luxury Salon
Country: South Korea
Average price: 1 999 000 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.4

This unusual, luxury car is the first representative of the premium segment of the South Korean Hyundai Motor Company. The elegant and modern design of the model anticipates the elite comfortability of the cabin and innovative solutions implemented in Genesis G70. At your service projection of the instrument testimony on the windshield, the intellectual function of the circular view, the system of passive and active safety, a luxurious acoustic system consisting of 15 surround speakers, and many other modern "chips" of the highest discharge.

The interior of the salon is distinguished by the luxuriousness and high quality of the materials used for finishing. The most comfortable and "smart" driver's seat has deep lateral support and electronic adjustment in 8 positions (only lumbar support has 4 adjustment points). Ergonomic seats of the rear passengers provide a comfortable landing that for long journeys is a key factor.

2 Lexus Ls.

Image model. High level of comfort
Country: Japan
The average price: 5,540,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The fifth generation of the most sought-after model LS, with a bright and dynamic design, is a component of the rapidness and success attribute. Only cropped on the gorgeous, enveloping seats, you can completely feel all the luxury and comfort of the salon of this car. In addition to ventilation and two-zone heating systems, rear passengers are available 7 species of point massage, which remove fatigue and relax that it is very relevant for long-distance trips.

The high quality of the acoustic system, comparable to the sound with a home cinema, a huge space for the legs of the rear passengers (a little more than a meter) and the adaptive suspension will allow you to completely remove from the surrounding world as soon as the door of this luxurious car closes. The three-year manufacturer's warranty is a confirmation of high quality and reliability, which is an integral component of comfort.

1 Mercedes S 350 D 4Matic

Popular premium sedan. Comfortable suspension
Country: Germany
The average price: 6,720,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

German "Mercedes" at all times of its existence symbolized the success, well-being and a subtle sense of style of its owner. This is a good reason for it to enter the top best models of our rating. Confident behavior on the road provides four-wheel drive and auxiliary control systems. Inside, the owner will find a refined salon, separated by high-quality materials, with excellent noise insulation, ergonomic control, a whole set of ultra-modern intelligent driver support services and comfortable chairs. Thanks to this component, the driver (the passenger moreover) does not say so much from trips, how much resting and relaxes, using the time behind the wheel to restore forces.

The special mode of operation of the CURVE suspension, in which the inertial forces damage occurs when turning, makes the trip amazingly comfortable. Adds pleasant emotions to Passengers Futuristic soft neon backlight, emphasizing the interior lines of the salon finish. A modern and very convenient projection screen displays not only the necessary information about the operation of the car right on the windshield, but also a navigation map (depends on the type of configuration). His feature is that the driver sees information not on the windshield - the illusory picture "PARIT" above the hood of this luxury car.

Most comfortable Chinese cars

The ever-growing quality of Chinese models has become a good reason for the reason for the top of our rating, the most comfortable cars from the Middle Kingdom are included.

2 Lifan X70

Best Soundproofing Salon. Big popularity in Russia
Country: China
The average price: 799,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.3

When designing this crossover, Chinese specialists have provided 14 special niches in the body design to install additional noise insulation. In total there are 28 noise absorbing zones that guarantee the best acoustic protection of passengers and the driver. Repeating body contours, the anatomical seats provide maximum comfort for long journeys.

Support for the ESP, Hill Start Assist (stabilization system when starting on slopes) and many other systems that provide the convenience of the vehicle will be tangible for the driver. It is also worth noting the strict design style of interior decoration - concise, with smooth lines of transitions, it is designed to strengthen the harmony and comfort of this car.

1 Geely Emgrand GT

The most luxurious. Comfortable chairs for rear passengers with adjustment
Country: China
The average price: 1 209 000 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.4

The secret of this car is that the basis of it was the proven and reliable platform Volvo S 80 (the Chinese now belongs to this brand). Large and comfortable, Emgrand GT is equipped with the latest technology and makes a serious competition more expensive and famous brands whose cost is more at times.

When finishing a spacious salon, a high-quality polymer was used, so there is no traditional for many cars from China the smell of phenolic compounds. Dual-zone climate system, comfortable seats with electrically regulating (including rear), premium multimedia complex, an intelligent driver support system and many other features say that we have an expensive and prestigious top-class car.