Increased car comfort
In some cases, the electronic system improves not only any properties of the car, for example, its active safety, but also increases its comfort. An example of such a device is a modern wiper control system. Given this circumstance, this paragraph addresses only those devices, the main purpose of which is the creation of comfortable conditions for the driver. Information about the devices that, first of all serve to improve other technical and forpening properties of the vehicle, although they increase comfort, are given in other paragraphs.
The inverse situation is possible when electronic devices created as a comfortable system, and other properties of the car are simply improved. So, the system of maintaining constant speeds made it possible to obtain noticeable savings of fuel and so on.
Comfort devices contribute to creating the best psycho-physiological condition of the driver, thereby increasing the safety of motion. Therefore, it is impossible to relate to electronic systems that improve the comfort of the vehicle's comfort. Consider this in the following examples.
In zones with a hot climate in the highest class cars, such as the American company "Cadillac" ("Cadillac"), Seville, Eldorado are widely used air conditioners, which provide full air exchange in the cabin for 15-20 s with drying and heated. At the outdoor air temperature of 54 ° C in the car's cabin, a temperature of 25 ° C is set for 10 minutes. The cost of air conditioners reaches 10% of the car cost.
The modern air conditioning system in the cabin is equipped with a Cedric Gloria Concern "Nissan". The system is designed to automatically stabilize the specified air temperature value in the cabin as a result of temperature adjustment and air flow. The air temperature is used as the source data outside and inside the cabin.
The system consists of two nodes. The node installed in the front of the car is designed to adjust the position of the air supply diffusion in the cabin. The node located in the back of the car's cabin automatically adjusts the flow of cooled air. The passenger, which is in the back of the day, can change the frequency of rotation of the fan located in the rear of the cabin and adjust the degree of cooling the air.
The development of electronic air conditioning control systems was accompanied by a solution of a number of difficult tasks. For example, in the concern "General Motor" in the first stages, the system reacted to electromagnetic interference and often heated air if it was necessary to cool.
A significant difficulty was also a choice of the best location of the temperature sensor inside the cabin due to the effect of the radiation of the vehicle walls.
It is not by chance that there are two air temperature sensors inside the cabin in the system of the Nissan concern.
The operation of the air conditioner requires high energy costs, so at a low rotational speed of the crankshaft, the shaft, usually on the holo. There are several ways to solve this problem. The simplest lies in the automatic shutdown of the compressor clutch at a low rotation frequency of the crankshaft engine. In more complex systems, an automatic electronic device is installed, which allows you to increase the engine torque when an additional load is turned on as a result of adjusting the ignition advance angle.
And here is another device. Many drivers due to lack of time are neglecting the right setting of the seat position. The degree of inconsistency of the characteristics of the seat features of the driver's constitution is reflected not only on human well-being, but also at the rate of increase in fatigue, i.e., ultimately, the safety of movement. BOSH and KEIPER AUTOMOBILTECHNIK) developed "a system that allows the driver to quickly and without having to restore the selected one's best seat position after changing the adjustment.
The principle of operation of the system is simple. On the seat frame there are four electric motors, changing the position of the back and the height of the seat, the tilt of the pillow and the seat distance to the front panel. The driver, pressing the corresponding buttons, controls the electric motors and finds for itself the most convenient position. At the end of the selection, press a specific button. At the same time, with four potentiometers connected to electric motors, the data transformed into the storage device corresponding to this seat position is introduced into the storage device.
A storage device can fix two or three seat positions. Thus, on one car, two (three) driver can enter the most convenient positions of the seat for themselves, or one driver fix a few positions corresponding to different modes of movement.
After changing the seat adjustment, the driver restores the previously selected position by pressing the button at the same time, the relay is triggered, supplying power to electric motors that change the seat position until it reaches the specified installation parameters stored in the storage device.
The disadvantage of the described system is that the position of the position positions is stored only until the stress from the car battery is supplied to the storage device. After turning off the battery, it is necessary to re-organize input to the memory of the data on the desired positions.
This disadvantage is deprived of a similar system installed on a lagra car. The system has a 'six buttons to control the position of the seat: adjustable height, distance to the instrument panel and the tilt of the seat back. The two buttons are used to memorize the two best positions that remain in memory after disconnecting the power supply.
In some cases, for example, when moving along the road with a small intensity of movement, the driver tries to maintain the speed of constant. This task successfully can be solved using a constant speed (UPP) movement device.
The device developed by the company "Bosch" can be attributed to modern devices of this type and installed on the Volkswagen Concern's audi-5000 cars. The driver by pressing the button on the rotation signal lever gives the machine to move with a constant acceleration equal to 1 m / s2. Upon reaching the desired speed, it releases the button and the electronic device itself supports the speed value constant. If the car moves with the necessary speed and the further acceleration is not needed, you can press and immediately release the button.
UPPP allows you to press the throttle control pedal to increase the speed at the desired moment, for example, when overtaking. After the maneuver is completed, the automatic return to the previously predetermined mode is provided. To turn off the UPPS, it is enough to click on the brake pedal. Error stabilization of speed_a does not exceed 2 km / h for the entire range of engine output.
To reduce the probability of involuntary inclusion, the device responds to pressing the button only at a speed, larger 30 km / h. UPPS has overload protection. It automatically turns off when a certain temperature is exceeded.
In the device described, the value of the desired speed is recorded in the memory of the computing unit after the button is released. With the difference between the specified and valid speed value, an electric motor changes the position of the throttle. In places with powerful engines, instead of an electric drive for rotation of the throttle, vacuum devices are commonly used.
TO Manager: - Automotive Electronics
The study of the working conditions of drivers indicates a significant meaning of the internal environment parameters in the car. These parameters are only with a greater or less likely to comply with the established standards, which makes it possible to extend the concept of reliability and on the system, ensuring the living conditions of people in the car. Indirect evidence of its insufficient reliability in some cases are operational observations. According to the results of a survey of a large number of professional drivers about the influence of the internal environment factors, the temperature regime in the cabin (hot in summer, cold in winter) is negatively estimated, 49% of drivers; the presence of toxic substances (air pollution by exhaust gases) is 60%; Influence of vibrations - 45%, noise -
56% of the surveyed drivers.
1.13.1. Climatic comfort
Abnormal climatic conditions in the car's cockpit are harmful to the driver's health and are one of the reasons that contributes to the emergence of an accident. Under the influence of increased or reduced temperature in the car's cabin at the driver, attention is dulled, the acuity of vision is reduced, the reaction time increases, the fatigue is rapidly, errors and miscalculations appear, which can lead to an accident.
One of the requirements of safety and hygiene of labor is to eliminate the possibility of penetrating the driver of the worker
gases that contain a number of toxic components, including carbon oxide. Depending on the share of carbon oxide in the air and duration
the driver's work in such an atmosphere is different.
The most characteristic features with insignificant poisoning are drowsiness, feeling of fatigue, intellectual passivity, violation
spatial coordination of movements, errors in determining the distance and an increase in the latent period during sensorotor reactions. Studies have shown that only insignificant
the amounts of carbon oxide to cause some people a sense of fad, foaming, headache, drowsiness and loss of orientation, i.e. Such deviations that can lead to a congress from the road, an unexpected turn of the steering wheel, falling asleep.
Carbon oxide is suused into the salon along with the exhaust gases during the technical fault of the car. Deprived of all odor and color, carbon oxide for a long time remains completely
invisible. At the same time, a working person is poisoned three times faster compared to a person in a state of rest.
It must be borne in mind that carbon oxide falls on the driver's workplace also together with the spent gases emitted by the engines of other cars. This is especially dangerous for cars of passenger cars - taxis, city buses and trucks systematically operating in the conditions of intensive and tight movement of vehicles in cities whose highways are filled with exhaust gases.
Aircraft research in drivers and passenger buses showed that in some cases the carbon oxide content reaches 125 mg / m3, which is several times higher than the maximum permissible concentration for the driver's working area. Therefore, the long-term driving of a car exceeding 8 hours, in the conditions of the city is extremely dangerous due to the possibility of water poisoning by carbon oxide.
The conditions in which a person does not experience overheating or supercooling, a sharp movement of air and other unpleasant sensations, can be considered in thermal terms comfortable. Comfortable conditions in the winter period are somewhat different from the same conditions in the summer, which is associated with the use of a person of different clothes. The main factors that determine the thermal state of the person are the temperature, humidity and speed of air, the temperature and properties of the surrounding human surfaces. With different combinations of these factors, you can create equally comfortable conditions in summer and winter periods. Due to the manifold features of the heat exchange between the human body and the external environment, the choice of a single criterion characterizing the comfortable conditions and is a function of the parameters of the medium, represents a difficult task. Therefore, comfortable conditions are usually expressed by a set of indicators that limit individual parameters: temperature, humidity, air velocity, maximum air temperature difference in the body and outside it, the temperature of the surrounding surfaces (floor, walls, ceiling), radiation level, air supply to limited room (body , Cabin) per person per unit time or multiplicity of air exchange.
Comfortable values \u200b\u200bof temperature and humidity of air recommended by various researchers are somewhat different. So, Institute of Hygiene
performing easy operation, air temperature in winter
20 ... 22 ° C, in summer +23 ... 25 ° C with relative humidity of 40 ... 60%.
The temperature is permissible + 28 ° C with the same humidity and insignificant speed (about 0.1 m / s).
According to the results of French researchers, the air temperature is recommended for lightweight winter work +18 ... 20 ° С with its humidity 50 ... 85%, and
for summer +24 ... 28 ° C with air humidity 35 ... 65%.
According to other foreign data, car drivers must operate at lower temperatures (+15 ... 17 ° С in winter period of operation and
18 ... 20 ° C in summer) with relative humidity of 30 ... 60% and
the speed of its movement is 0.1 m / s. In addition, the difference in the temperature of the outer air and inside the body in the summer should not exceed 10 ° C. The temperature difference inside the limited volume of the body to avoid colds of a person should not exceed 2 ... 3 ° C.
Depending on the conditions of work to ensure comfortable conditions, the temperature in the winter period can be taken equal to + 21 ° С at mild
work, + 18.5 ° С with moderate, + 16 ° С with severe.
Currently, in Russia, microclumatic conditions on cars are regulated.
So, for cars, the air temperature in the cockpit (body) in the summer should not be higher than +28 C, in winter (with an outer temperature -20 ° C) - at least + 14 ° C. In the summer, when moving a car at a speed of 30
km / h Delta between the inner and outdoor air temperature at the driver's head level should not be more than 3 ° C at an outdoor temperature + 28 ° C and more than 5 ° C with an outdoor temperature + 40 ° C. In winter in the zone
the location of the legs, the belt and the head of the driver should provide a temperature not lower than + 15 ° C with an outer temperature -25 ° C and not lower than + 10 ° C with an outer temperature -40 ° C.
Air humidity in the cockpit should be 30 ... 70%. The addition of fresh air to the cabin should be at least 30 m3 / h per person, the speed of air movement in the cockpit and the car's 0.5 ... 1.5 m / s. The maximum concentration of dust in the cabin (cabin) should not exceed 5 mg / m3.
The ventilation system devices must create an overpressure in a closed cabin at least 10 Pa.
The maximum concentration of dust in the cabin (cabin) should not exceed 5 mg / m3.
The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the operating zones of the cabin and car cabin are regulated by GOST R 51206 - 98 for cars, in particular: carbon monoxide (CO) - 20 mg / m3; Nitrogen oxides in terms of NO2 - 5 mg / m3; Total hydrocarbons (CN Hm) - 300 mg / m3; Acrolein (C2H3CNO) - 0.2 mg / m3.
The concentration of gasoline vapor in the cabin and the cab cabin should not be more than 100 mg / m3.
Temperature regime in the cabin (body) can be approximately
calculated on the heat balance equation, according to which the air temperature in the cabin (body) remains permanent:
Receipt of heat into the cabin from various sources. IN
for most cases, the heat balance of the cabin (cabin) is determined by a number of factors, the main of which are: the number of people in the cabin (salon) and
quantity of heat
QH coming from them; quantity of heat,
incoming transparent fences
(mainly from
solar radiation) and opaque fences
(quantity of heat,
coming from the engine
QDV, Transmission
Qt, hydraulic equipment
electrical equipment fan.
In this way,
QEO) and along with the outside
QN, served
Σqi qch qc qp qnp. qdv qt q qEO 0
It should be noted that the components of the thermal balance included in the equation should be considered algebraically, i.e. With a positive sign when highlighting heat into the cabin and with a negative when it is discharged from the cab. It is obvious that the thermal balance condition is performed if the amount of heat entering the cabin is equal to the amount of heat that is retracted from it.
Temperature conditions and air mobility in car cabins are provided by heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
Currently, there are various ventilation systems and heating of cabins and car salons that are distinguished by the layout and design of individual nodes. Most economical and widely used on
modern cars is a heating system that uses the heat of the engine fluid cooling. Combining heating systems and secrecy ventilation of the cabin allows you to increase the efficiency of the entire complex of microclimate devices in the cockpit during the year.
The heating and ventilation systems differ mainly by the air intake on the outer surface of the car, the type of fan used and its location relative to the radiator
heater (at the entrance or outlet of the radiator), the type of radiator used (tubular-plate, tubular-belt, with an intensified surface, matrix, etc.), control method
the work of the heater, the presence or absence of the bypass air canal,
recycling channel, etc.
Air fence Outside the cabin into the heater is produced at the place of minimum dusting of air and maximum dynamic pressure,
arising when moving the car. In trucks, the air intake is located on the roof of the cab. In the air intake, water separation partitions, blinds and lids are installed,
cable cabin.
To ensure air supply to the cab and overcoming the aerodynamic resistance of the radiator and the air ducts, the axial fan is used,
radial, diametral, diagonal or other type. Currently, the greatest distribution received a double-circular radial fan, as it has a relatively small sizes with a large
performance.
DC electric motors are used to drive fan. The frequency of rotation of the electric motor and, accordingly, the fan's impeller is adjusted by a two-or three-step variable resistor included in the power supply circuit.
From the constructive and technological performance of the heat transfer surface of the radiator depend on the productivity of the heat of the heater and its
aerodynamic resistance. To increase the efficiency of heat transfer from the radiator complicate the shape of its channels, according to which the air moves, various turbulizers are used.
A crucial role in an effective uniform distribution of temperatures and air velocities in the cockpit is played by air distributor. Air distributor nozzles perform various shapes: rectangular,
round, oval, etc. They are placed in front of the glass windows near the door glass, in the center of the instrument panel, at the feet of the driver and in other places defined by the requirements for the distribution of air-free air
flows in the cabin.
In nozzles, various dampers are installed, swivel blinds,
control plates, etc. The drive to the flaps and turning blinds is most often positioned directly in the air distributor housing.
Air ducts to the air distributor are made of thin-sheet steel, rubber hoses, corrugated plastic pipes, etc. IN
some cars as the air duct use the parts of the cabin, the cavity of the instrument panel. However, such performing air ducts is irrational, as it does not ensure tightness and increase air flow. Safety of the movement of the car is largely
it depends on the reliable and efficient protection of windshield from fogging and frost, which is achieved by uniformly blowing it with warm air and heated to the temperature above the dew point.
Such protection of glass is structurally simple, does not impair its optical properties, but requires an increase in the performance of the ventilation system and the high heat capacity of the glass. Effectiveness of glass inkjet protection from
the fogs are determined by the temperature and speed of air at the outlet of the nozzle located in front of the edge of the glass. The higher the air speed at the outlet of the nozzle, the less the temperature in the glass zone is different from
outlet temperatures from nozzles.
The layout of the ventilation and heating system depends on the design of the car, cabins, individual components and their placement.
Currently, air conditioners are distributed - devices for
artificial cooling of air entering the cabin (body). On the principle of operation, air conditioners are divided into compression, with an air refrigeration machine, thermoelectric and evaporative. Automatic control of the mode of the heater of some cars is made by changing fluid or air flow through the heater radiator. With automatic adjustment due to change
air flow parallel to the radiator is performed by the bypass air channel in which the controlled valve is installed.
As noted, an important place in the cabin ventilation system (body)
the car occupies the purification of ventilation air from dust.
The most common way is to clean the ventilation air using cardboard filters, synthetic fibrous materials,
modified polyurethane foam, etc. However, to efficiently use such filters that differ in a small digestibility, with a smaller number of maintenance must be reduced
the concentration of dust at the inlet to the filter. For pre-cleaning of air at the inlet in the filter, an inertial type dust separators with continuous removal of short dust are installed.
The basic principles of dusting air ventilation air are based on the use of one or more mechanisms for precipitation of dust particles: an inertial effect of separation and engagement effects and
deposition.
Inertial deposition is carried out with the curvilinear movement of dusty air under the action of centrifugal and coriolis forces. On the
the surface of the deposition is discarded by such particles that have a mass or speed are significant and they cannot follow with air through the flow line enveloping an obstacle. Inertial deposition manifests itself
then when the obstacles are the elements of filling filters from fibrous materials, ends of flat sheets of inertial louvre lattices, etc.
When driving a dusty air through a porous particle partition,
weighted in the air, delayed on it, and the air completely passes through it. Studies of the filtering process are aimed at establishing the dependence of the efficiency of dusting and aerodynamic resistance from the structural characteristics of porous partitions, dust properties and air flow mode.
The process of air purification in fibrous filters occurs in two stages.
At the first stage, the particles are deposited in a pure filter without structural changes in the porous partition. At the same time, changes in the dust layer in thickness and composition are not significant and they can be neglected. In the second stage, continuous structural changes in the dust layer and further precipitation of particles in a significant amount occur. At the same time, the effectiveness of filter dusting and its aerodynamic resistance is changed, which complicates the calculation of the filtering process. The second stage is complex and little studied, under operating conditions it is it determines the effectiveness of the filter operation, since the first stage is very short-lived. Of the variety of filter materials used in the filters of the system of dedusting ventilation air of cabins, three groups can be distinguished: woven from natural, synthetic and mineral fibers; nonwoven - felt, paper, cardboard, needle-free materials, etc.; Cellic - polyurethane foam, spongy rubber, etc.
For the manufacture of filters, materials of organic origin and artificial are used. Cotton, wool relate to organic materials. They have low heat resistance, high moisture content. The general disadvantage of all filtering materials of organic origin is their exposure to rotten processes and the negative effects of moisture. Synthetic and mineral materials include: nitron, having high resistance to temperatures, acids and alkalis; chlorine having low heat resistance, but high chemical resistance; Capron, characterized by high resistance to abrasion; Oxalon having a high heat resistance; Fiberglass and asbestos, distinguished by high heat resistance, etc. High rates of dust collecting, strength and regenerative parameters have a filter material from Lavsana.
Widespread use in filters with a pulsed air purge when filter regeneration received non-woven needle-free lavsan
filtering materials. These materials are obtained by sealing fibers with subsequent firmware or needle.
The disadvantage of such filter materials is the passage of more
small dust particles through holes formed by needles.
An essential disadvantage of filters from any filtering material is the need to replace them or maintenance with a view to
regeneration (restoration) of the filter material. Partial filter regeneration can be carried out directly in the ventilation system in reverse blowing of the filter material with purified air from the car cabin or inkjet local blowing air
from the compressor with pre-cleaning compressed air from water vapor and oil.
Design of filters from woven or nonwoven filter materials
for ventilation systems, cabins should have a maximum filtering surface with minimal sizes and aerodynamic resistance. Installing the filter in the cockpit and its shift must be convenient and secure reliable tightness around the filter perimeter.
1.13.2. Vibration comfort
From the point of view of the reaction to mechanical excitation, a person is some mechanical system. In this case, various internal organs and individual parts of the human body can be considered as masses interconnected by elastic connections with the inclusion of parallel resistance.
Relative movements of human body parts lead to stresses in bundles between these parts and mutual collision and pressure.
Such a viscoelastic mechanical system has its own frequencies and rather pronounced resonant properties. Resonant
the frequencies of individual parts of the human body are the following: head - 12 ... 27 Hz,
the throat is 6 ... 27 Hz, chest - 2 ... 12 Hz, legs and hands - 2 ... 8Hz, lumbar portion of the spine - 4 ... 14 Hz, belly - 4 ... 12 Hz. The degree of harmful effects of oscillations on the human body depends on the frequency, duration and direction of the action of vibration, individual characteristics of a person.
Prolonged human fluctuations with a frequency of 3 ... 5 Hz harmfully reflected on the vestibular apparatus, the cardiovascular system and cause a pecification syndrome. Oscillations with a frequency of 1.5 ... 11 Hz cause disorders due to resonant oscillations of the head, stomach, intestines and ultimately the entire body. When hesitations with a frequency of 11 ... 45 Hz worsen vision, nausea arises, vomiting, the normal activity of other organs is disturbed. Over 45 Hz oscillations cause damage to the brain vessels, blood circulation disorder and higher nervous activity with the subsequent development of vibration disease occurs. Since vibration at constant exposure has an adverse effect on the human body, it is normalized.
The general approach to the rationing of vibration is to limit the vibration or vibration, measured at the workplace of the driver, in
depending on the direction of vibration, its frequency and duration.
Note that the smoothness of the machine is characterized by a common vibration,
transmitted through the supporting surfaces on the body of a sitting person. The local vibration is passed through the hands of a person from the controls of the machine, and its effect is less substantial.
The dependence of the average quadratic value of the vertical
vibrating the AZ of the Sitting person from the frequency of oscillations at its constant vibration drive is shown in Fig. 1.13.1 ("equal thickening curves"), from which it can be seen that in the frequency range F \u003d 2 ... 8 Hz sensitivity of the human body to vibration rises.
The reason for this is precisely the resonant oscillations of various parts of the human body and its internal organs. Most curves
"Equal thickening" was obtained when exposed to the human body of harmonic vibration. With random vibration, the "equal thickening" curves in various frequency ranges are common, but
quantitatively different from harmonic vibration.
The hygienic assessment of vibration is carried out by one of three methods: separately
frequency (spectral) analysis; integrated frequency assessment and
"Dose of vibration."
With a separate-frequency analysis, the normalized parameters are the average quadratic values \u200b\u200bof vibrating therapiness V and their logarithmic levels of LV or Vibrating the AZ for local vibration in octave frequency bands, and for general vibration - in octave or third-gravity frequency bands. When the vibration is normalized, the curves of "equal thickening" were first taken into account in the ISO Standard 2631-78. The standard establishes the permissible average quadratic vibration values \u200b\u200bin the Third Strands
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frequencies in the range of medium meterometric frequencies 1 ... 80 Hz with different duration of vibration action. Standard ISO 2631-78 provides for an assessment of both harmonious and random vibration. At the same time, the direction of total vibration is made to evaluate along the axes of the orthogonal coordinate system (x - longitudinal, y - transverse, Z is vertical).
Fig. 1.13.1. Curves of "equal thickening" with harmonic vibration:
1 - threshold of sensations; 2 - the beginning of unpleasant sensations
A similar approach to the rationing of vibration is used in GOST
12.1.012-90, the provisions of which are the basis for determining the criteria and the smoothness indicators of the stroke of cars.
As the smooth criterion, the concept of "safety" is introduced, not
advanced driver health.
The smoothness indicators are usually prescribed by the output value, which is the vertical vibration of AZ or vertical VIZ verticality, determined on the driver's seat. Here it should be noted that when evaluating the vibration load on a person, the preferred output value is vibration. For sanitary rationing and control, the vibration intensity is estimated with an average quadratic
aZ.
vertical vibration, as well as its logarithmic
Threshold average quadratic value of vertical
vibration.
The average quadratic value AZ
called "controlled
parameter ", and the smoothness of the machine is determined at constant vibration in the frequency range of 0.7 ... 22.4 Hz.
In the integral assessment, the value of the controlled parameter is adjusted by frequency, with which the ambiguity of perception of vibration with various spectrum is taken into account
frequency. Corrected frequency value of the controlled AZ parameter
and its logarithmic level
determine from expressions:
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~ Σ (k zi a zi);
10 lg σ100,1 (Lazi LKZJ),
- The average quadratic value of the controlled parameter
and its logarithmic level in the i-and octave or third-row strip;
- weight coefficient for medium quadratic value
controlled parameter and its logarithmic level in i -i strip
kzi I; n is the number of bands in the normalized frequency range.
The values \u200b\u200bof weight coefficients are shown in Table 1.13.1.
Table 1.13.1
The average value of the frequency is third-stage and
Thread-solid frequency band
Octave frequency band
octave stripes
According to sanitary standards, during the duration of the change of 8 hours and the total vibration, the regulatory average quadratic value of the vertical vibration resistance is 0.56 m / s2, and its logarithmic level 115 dB.
When determining the vibratory load on a person using a vibration spectrum by the normalized indicators are the average quadratic value of the vibrating therapy or its logarithmic level in the third-solvent and octave frequency bands.
The permissible values \u200b\u200bof the spectral indicators of the vibratory load per person are shown in Table. 1.13.2.
Table 1.13.2.
Sanitary norms of spectral indicators of vibratory load for vertical vibration
geometric
Regulatory average
quadratic value
Regulatory
logarithmic
the frequency value is third-solpted
vibration signs
vibration signs
and octave
Third battal
frequency band
Octavna
frequency band
Third battal
p. frequency band
In the case of the use of integral and separate-frequency methods for estimating the vibration load per person, you can come to various results. As a priority, it is recommended to use the method of separately frequency (spectral) estimate of the vibration load.
Currently identified and used in practice regulatory indicators of smoothness of machines, such as vibrations and
vibrating therapy in vertical and horizontal planes, installed differential for different oscillation frequencies.
The latter are grouped into seven octave bands with an average geometric frequency from 1 to 63 Hz (Table 1.13.3.).
Table 1.13.3
Regulatory indicators of smoothness of transport vehicles
Parameter
Vibration
The average geometric frequency of oscillations, Hz
1 2 4 8 16 31,5 6
vertical horizontal vibration, m / s2: vertical horizontal
On a number of special wheeled and tracked machines operated in heavy road conditions, where microprophily amplitudes are significant, it is difficult to ensure the values \u200b\u200bof the smoothness indicators regulated for transport equipment. Therefore, for such machines, regulatory changes in the lower level of the progress (Table.
Table 1.13.4.
Regulatory deficiency rates for machines working in heavy road conditions
Acceleration in the workplace
driver - (operator)
Vertical:
medium quadratic maximum from episodic
skypowers
maximum from rotary shocks
Horizontal medium quadratic
Transport Tract
The rate of smoothness for trucks, buses, passenger cars, trailers and semi-trailers are defined for the three types of vehicles of the auto-alignment us:
I is a cement dynamometric road with a mean square value of the heights of irregularities 0.006 m;
II - a cobblestically crooked road without selecting with rms
values \u200b\u200bof irregularities 0.011 m;
III - a cobblestone with potholes with rms values \u200b\u200bof irregularities 0.029 m.
The smoothness of the stroke of cars, installed OST 37.001.291-84,
led in Table. 1.13.5, 1.13.6, 1.13.7.
To improve the smoothness of the stroke of cars use the following activities:
Selection of a fitting circuit of a car that ensures the independence of oscillations on the front and rear suspension machines of the machine;
The choice of the optimal characteristic of the elasticity of the suspension;
Ensuring the optimal ratio of the rigidity of the front and rear suspension of the car;
Reducing the mass of unsophisticated parts;
Supporting the cabin and driver of the driver of a truck and road train.
Table 1.13.5.
Limit technical rates of smoothness of trucks
Corrected values \u200b\u200bof vibrating the seats, M / C2, no more
horizontal
Medium quadratic values \u200b\u200bof vertical
vibratingores B.
roads Vita
olnya products
characteristic points of the undercorns, m / s2, not more
Table 1.13.6
Limit technical standards of smoothness of passenger cars
Corrected values \u200b\u200bof vibrating the driver's seats and
Type of expensive
passengers, m / s2, no more
vertical horizontal
Table 1.13.7
Limit technical norms of smoothness of buses
Corrected values \u200b\u200bof vibrating the seats of buses, M / C2, no more
urban remaining types
driver of passengers of the driver and passengers
1.13.3. Acoustic comfortableness
In the car's cabin there are various noise that adversely affect the driver's performance. First of all, the hearing function suffers, but noise phenomena, having cumulative properties (i.e. the properties of accumulating in the body), inhibit the nervous system, and psycho-physiological functions change, the speed and accuracy of movements are significantly reduced. The noise causes negative emotions, under his influence, the driver appears absentness, apathy, memory violation. The effect of noise per person can be divided depending on the intensity and spectrum of noise into the following groups:
Very strong noise with levels of 120 ... 140 dB and above - regardless of the spectrum is able to cause mechanical damage to the hearing organs and be the cause of severe lesions of the body;
Strong noise with levels of 100 ... 120 dB at low frequencies, above 90DB for medium and above 75 ... 85 dB at high frequencies - causes irreversible changes in hearing organs, and with long-term exposure
the cause of a number of diseases and primarily the nervous system;
The noise of lower levels of 60 ... 75 dB on medium and high frequencies has a harmful effect on the human nervous system employed by work requiring focused attention to which the work belongs
driver car.
Sanitary standards divide noise into three classes and set for them a permissible level:
1 class - low-frequency noises (the largest components in the spectrum are located below the frequency of 350 Hz, above which the levels are reduced) with a permissible level of 90 ... 100 dB;
Grade 2 - mid-frequency noises (the largest levels in the spectrum
located below the frequency of 800 Hz, above which the levels are reduced) with a permissible level of 85 ... 90 dB;
Grade 3 - high-frequency noises (the largest levels in the spectrum are located above the frequency of 800 Hz) with a permissible level of 75 ... 85 dB.
Thus, the noise is called low-frequency at frequency of oscillations
more than 400 Hz, mid-frequency - 400 ... 1000 Hz, high-frequency - more
1000 Hz. At the same time, the noise of the spectrum is classified into a broadband, which includes almost all sound pressure frequencies (level is measured in dBA), and narrowband (level is measured in dB).
Although the frequency of acoustic sound oscillations is within 20 ... 20 000
Hz, its rationing in dB is carried out in octave bands with a frequency of 63 ...
8000 Hz permanent noise. The characteristic of non-permanent and broadband noise is equivalent in energy and perception.
human ear level sound in dba.
Permissible levels of internal noise for motor vehicles
GOST R 51616 - 2000 is given in Table. 1.13.8.
It should be noted that the permissible levels of inner noise in the cabin or the cabin are installed without reference to whether there is one source here.
noise or several of them. Obviously, if the sound power emitted by one source satisfies the maximum permissible level of sound pressure in the workplace, then when installing several such sources
the specified maximum permissible level will be exceeded due to the addition of their impact. As a result, the overall noise level is determined by the law of energy summation.
Table 1.13.8.
Permissible levels of internal noise of motor vehicles
Permissible
Motor vehicle
Cars and buses for transportation of passengers
sound level, dB
M 1, except for carriage models or
half-door layout body
M 1 - models with car or 80
semi-cupboard body layout.
M 3, except for models with
the location of the engine is ahead or near the place
driver: 78 In the workplace of the driver 80 in the passenger premises of buses of classes II 82
in the passenger premises of class I buses
Models with location 80
the engine is ahead or near the driver's place:
at the workplace of the driver and passenger 80
room
Cargo transportation cars
N1 full weight up to 2 tons 80
N1 full mass from 2 to 3.5 tons 82
N3, except models,
intended for international and 80
long-distance transport
Models for international and 80
long-distance transport
Trailers intended for the transport of passengers 80
The total level of noise, dBA, from several identical sources
Lς L1 10 LG⋅ N,
L1 - noise level of one source, dBA;
n is the number of noise sources.
With a simultaneous action of two sources with different sound pressure levels total noise
Lς La ΔL,
- the largest of two summable noise levels;
ΔL - additive, depending on the difference in noise levels of two sources
Values \u200b\u200bΔL.
depending on the difference in noise levels of two sources
\u003e LB) are shown below:
|
LA - LB, DBA ... ..0 1 |
|||
|
ΔL, dBA ... ... 3 2.5 |
Obviously, if the noise level of one source is higher than the level of another on
8 ... 10 dBA, then the noise of a more intense source will prevail, since
in this case, the additive ΔL
very small.
The overall noise level of various sources intensity is determined by expression.
-0,1Δl1, N
Σ 1 10 lg 1 10
... 10 ,
L1 is the highest noise level of one of the sources;
Δl1, 2 - L1 - L2;
ΔL1.3 L1 - L3; ΔL1, N L1 - LN ⋅ L2, L3, ...., ln
Noise levels
accordingly, the 2nd, 3rd, ..., n-th sources). Calculation of noise level, dB a,
with a change in distance to the source is performed by the formula
LR LU - 201GR - 8,
- noise level of the source; R is the distance from the noise source to
the object of his perception, m.
The overall noise of the moving car is made up of noise generated by the engine, aggregates, car body and its components, noise of auxiliary equipment and rolling tires, as well as noise from air flow.
The noise in a particular source is generated by certain physical phenomena, among which in the car are most characteristic:
shock interaction of bodies; friction surfaces; Forced oscillations of solid bodies; Vibration of parts and knots; Pressure pulsation in pneumatic and hydraulic systems.
In general, the sources of noise of the car can be divided into the following:
Mechanical - internal combustion engine, case parts,
transmission, suspension, panels, tires, caterpillars, release system;
Hydromechanical - hydrotransformers, hydromeflues, hydraulic pumps,
hydraulic machines;
Electromagnetic - generators, electric motors;
Aerodynamic - inlet and output system of internal combustion engine, fans.
Noise has a complex structure and consists of separate sources from the noise. The most intense sources of noise are:
structural engine noise (mechanical and noise of the combustion process), the noise of inlet and its system, the noise of release and its system, the noise of the cooling system, the noise of transmission, the noise of rolling tires (tire noise), body noise. Perennial studies found that the main sources of noise formation in the car should include an internal combustion engine, transmission elements, tires, aerodynamic noise. The secondary source of noise is the body panels. Additional sources include the noise of engine hinged units, some elements of transmission, electric motors, heaters, glass blowing, doors flaming, etc.
Listed sources generate mechanical and acoustic oscillations, different frequency and intensity. Character of frequency spectrum
perturbations are very complex for analysis due to imposition and interconnectedness in frequencies of workflows and perturbations from transmission elements, chassis, aerodynamic processes, etc.,
and also in view of the fact that many sources are simultaneously pathogens of mechanical and acoustic oscillations. In the spectra of vibration, the main aggregates of transmission and noise are manifested mainly
harmonic components from major excitation sources
(engine and transmission).
The dynamic interaction of parts of the car units generates oscillatory energy, which, spreading from the sources of oscillations,
creates a sound field of a car, tractor, i.e. Noise car.
In accordance with this, to reduce the intensity of noise, you can outline the following paths:
Reducing the vibration of aggregates, i.e. reduction of the level of oscillatory energy generated in the source;
Taking measures to reduce the intensity of oscillations on their way
distribution;
Impact on the process of radiation and transmission of vibrations by attached details, i.e. Reducing their vibroacoustic activity.
Reducing the vibroactivity of the source is achieved by improving the kinematic properties of the car systems and the choice of parameters of mechanical systems in such a way that their resonant frequencies are
maximum removed from the frequency range containing operating frequencies of aggregates, as well as a decrease in the levels of oscillations at support points and minimizing the amplitudes of forced oscillations. Noise reduction can be achieved by creating a low noise process.
combustion, improvement of the vibroacoustic characteristics of cabinet parts, aggregates, introducing into their design damping, improvement of the design and quality of mobile making
parts, an increase in the acoustic efficiency of inlet and release noise silencers, etc.
Fighting noise and vibrations when distributing them in the process
radiation and transmission of oscillatory energy attached details and
units can be made by "detuning" system of carrier elements from resonant states by vibration insulation, vibration-patching and vibration.
Vibration isolation - the choice of such parameters of mechanical systems that provide localization of vibrations in a certain zone of the car without
further distribution.
VibrationMapfing - the use of systems by which the active dispersion of the oscillations of vibrating surfaces is carried out, as well as the use of materials with a large decrement
attense.
Vibration - Application in aggregates, tuned to a certain frequency and form of oscillations, systems operating in antiphase.
Noise suppression The very source of its occurrence is an active method of noiselessness and the most radical means of combating noise. However, in many cases, this method for one reason or another is not
it is possible to apply. Then you have to resort to passive noise protection methods - this vibration-absorption of surfaces, sound absorption, sound insulation.
Soundproofing means a decrease in sound (noise) entering the receiver, due to reflection from the obstacles to transmission. The soundproofing effect always occurs when sounding sound
waves across the border of the section of two different environments. The greater the energy of the reflected waves, the less the energy of the past and, therefore, the greater the soundproofing ability of the interface partition. The more sound energy absorbed by the obstacle, the higher its sound absorbing
ability.
The noise caused by medium and high-frequency oscillations is transmitted to the salon mainly by air. To reduce this transfer, a special
attention to pay sealing of the cabin, identifying and eliminating acoustic holes (acoustic holes). Acoustic holes can be end-to-end and non-serrated slots, technological holes, sections with
low sound insulation, significantly worsening the overall sound insulation of the structure.
From the point of view of the features of the transmission of sound energy distinguish
large and small acoustic holes. A large acoustic hole is characterized by large in comparison with a unit of the ratio of linear dimensions of the opening to the length of the sound wave falling on the hole. It is practically possible that the sound waves pass through a large acoustic hole according to the laws of geometric acoustics and the sound energy passed through the hole is proportional to its area. For each category of holes, there is one or more effective methods to eliminate them.
To determine the effective ways to reduce noise, it is necessary to know the most intensive sources of noise, to carry out their separation, and
determine the need to reduce the levels of each of them.
Having the results of the separation of sources and their levels, you can define the order of adjusting the car for noise.
Control questions
1. What is the purpose of the safety of the design of vehicles?
2. Name the main properties that determine the safety of the design of vehicles
3. What criteria is determined by the impact of the active safety of vehicles for road safety?
4. What is the relationship between the weighing of the vehicle and the risk
obtaining bodily damage in an accident for its passengers?
5. From what depends on the width of the dynamic corridor during curvilinear movement?
6. What dimensional classes are divided into cars sold in Europe?
c GOST R 52051-2003?
8. What are the forces on the car, accelerating on the rise?
9. What changes in the technical condition of the car affect its traction dynamism and how?
10. What is the dynamic factor of the car?
11. What is called the transverse resistance of the car?
12. What is called longitudinal car stability?
13. What is the cocoa stability of the car?
14. What are the main technical requirements (test methods)
put the brake properties of vehicles?
15. What regulations are the stability and controllability of vehicles as the properties of active security?
16. What are the types of tests for stability?
17. What indicators are evaluated when testing "stabilization"?
18. What types of car turning exist?
19. For what technical reasons are the loss of car manageability possible?
20. What is the brake path of the car?
21. How is the test type 0 brake vehicles?
22. What indicators determine the requirements for tires and wheels?
23. Specify the main characteristics of the coupling devices.
24. What devices are used for transport information?
25. What technical requirements are subject to lighting and light alarm devices?
Comfortableness
The comfort of the car determines the time during which the driver is able to drive a car without fatigue. An increase in comfort contributes to the use of ACCP, speed regulators (cruise control), etc. Currently produced cars equipped with adaptive cruise control. It not only automatically supports the speed on the specified level.
no, but, if necessary, reduces it down until the car stops.
3 Passive car safety
BODY
It provides acceptable load on the human body from a sharp slowdown in an accident and retains the space of a passenger compartment after the body deformation.
With a heavy crash, there is a danger that the engine and other units can penetrate into the driver's cab. Therefore, the cabin is surrounded by a special "safety grid", which is absolute protection in such cases. The same ribs and bars of stiffness can be found in the doors of the car (in case of lateral collisions). This also includes the scope of energy.
With a heavy accident, there is a sharp and unexpected deceleration until the car stops. This process causes huge overloads on the bats of the passengers who can be fatal. From this it follows that it is necessary to find the way to "slow down" slowdown in order to reduce the load on the human body. One way to solve this problem is the design of the destroyers of the collision energy, in the front and rear body. The destruction of the car will be more severe, but the passengers will remain entirely (and this is compared to the old "thick" machines, when the car was burst with "light fright", but the passengers received severe injuries). Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.
The construction of the body provides that when a collision part of the body is deformed as if separately. Plus, high-stranded metal sheets are used in the design. It makes the car more rigid, and on the other hand allows it to be not so hard
SEAT BELTS
At first, the cars were put on the vehicles with a two-point fastening, which "kept" the catches for the belly or chest. Half a century did not pass, as engineers cut down that the multipoint design is much better, because when an accident makes it possible to distribute the pressure of the belt to the surface of the body more evenly and significantly reduce the risk of injury to the spine and internal organs. In motor racing, for example, four-, five- and even six-point seat belts are applied - they hold a person in the chair "tightly". But on the "Citizer" because of its simplicity and convenience, three-point.
To the belt normally worked out his destination, it should fit tightly to the body. Previously, the belts had to regulate, customized on the figure. With the advent of inertial belts, the need to "manual adjustment" disappeared - in a normal state the coil is freely spinning, and the belt can bite the passenger of any kind, it does not shine actions and every time the passenger wants to change the body position, the strap always adjacent to the body. But at that moment, when the "Force Major" comes - the inertial coil immediately fixes the belt. In addition, pyricultons are used on modern machines in belts. Small charges of explosives are detonated, tweaked the belt, and he presses the passenger to the back of the chair, not letting it hide.
Safety belts are one of the most effective protection remedies for the accident.
Therefore, passenger cars should be equipped with seat belts if attachments are provided for this. The protective properties of the belts are largely dependent on their technical condition. For faults belts, in which the car is not allowed, there are naked eye-visible eyes and pulp tape tape, unworthy lap tongue fixation in the lock or the lack of automatic emission of the language by unlocking the castle. In the safety belts of the inertial type, the straps should be freely drawn into the coil and blocked with a sharp movement of the car at a speed of 15 - 20 km / h. Replacements are subject to belts that have experienced critical loads during an accident, in which the car body gained serious damage.
Airbags
One of the common and efficient security systems in modern cars (after seat belts) is airbags. They began to be widely used already in the late 70s, but only a decade later, they really occupied a decent place in the safety systems of most manufacturers.
They are placed not only before the driver, but also in front of the front passenger, as well as from the sides (in the door, body racks, etc.). Some car models have their forced shutdown due to the fact that people with heart sick and children may not withstand their false response.
Today, inflatable airbags - the usual thing is not only on expensive cars, but also on small (and relatively inexpensive) news skills. Why do you need airbags? And what do they imagine?
Safety airbags are developed for both drivers and passengers in the front seat. For the driver, the pillow is usually installed on the steering control, for the passenger - on the dashboard (depending on the design).
Front airbags are triggered when an alarm receives from the control unit. Depending on the design, the degree of filling the airbag can vary. The purpose of the front pillows is the protection of the driver and the passenger from injury to solid objects (engine body, etc.) and fragments of the glass at front clashes.
Side pillows are designed to reduce damage to people in the car with a side shock. They are installed on the doors, or in the backrests of the seats. With a side collision, external sensors send signals to the central security pillow control unit. This makes it possible to trigger both some and all side pillows.
Here is the scheme of operation of the airbag system:
Studies of the influence of inflatable airbags on the probability of the driver's death during front collisions showed that this decreases by 20-25%.
If the airbags worked, or were damaged in any way, they cannot be repaired. The entire airbag system is replaced.
The driver's airbag has a volume of 60 to 80 liters, and the front passenger is up to 130 liters. It is easy to imagine that when the system is triggered, the volume of the cabin decreases by 200-250 liters for 0.04 seconds (see Figure), which gives a considerable burden on the drumpipes. In addition, the pillow departing at a speed of more than 300 km / h, pays a lot of danger to people if they are not fastened by the safety belt and nothing delays the inertial movement of the body towards the pillow.
Everyone has it driver There is a special opinion about the comfort of the car. For one comfort, this is a unique hydraulic suspension, for another air conditioning, third is pleased with powerful audio and video systems. More than one of the innovations tuning cars - this is . Fans of unusual tuning You can see recommendations how to make your own hands on the site Autonovator lED backlightwhich gives not only aesthetic pleasure, but is practical. 
Also, someone, creating a comfort in the cabin, covers it with thermal insulation materials so that in winter inside the summer temperature is always preserved inside. Many drivers Rate comfortable car on noise insulation and vibration car. Loud music lovers always annoyed when noise Motor or road noise dries musical sounds.
But, as not surprising And not paradoxically, it is a comfortable car that becomes potentially dangerous. Automakers in their desires make a beautiful toy from the car, with a mass of additional accessories, there are thereby bear service by car owners. Statistics and data of experts confirm this idea and warn about increasing the number of accidents in a number of comfortable machines. Swedish researchers, analyzing this problem, came to be convinced that drivers Will experience great difficulties with the control of the machine. According to scientists, equipped with a system of noise insulation are in demand for young drivers With low driving experience. Young men in this case treated Road shummalike a distracting factor that prevented them to listen to music in the cabin car. However, the opinion of driver professional noise On the road completely different. They believe that in isolated from noise Machine is difficult to have an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat is happening around, and it is impossible to fully appreciate the situation on the road. Professionals believe that all the sounds coming from outside to the cabin signals danger and therefore useful in the process of movement. According to the coming sounds, you can determine the quality of the engine, on what road, with which coating is going carWhich machine is approaching overtaking.
Therefore, Swedish scientists spoke with a call to automakers not to create for drivers Vacuum conditions. Noise Plays, as it turned out, not only a negative role. Road noise reminds driverthat he rides on the road to carAnd does not lie at home on the sofa and listening to music. Among other scientists from Sweden supported people from public organizations of visually impaired and blind, for which cars with a weak sound of the engine are dangerous.
Of course, as they say, I will not allow you to live beautifully. Go with comfort when funny music plays, outside the frost window, and in the cabin tropical climate, always pleasant and easy. And it does not think at all about what is happening on the road, and what awaits you for the next turn ...
Fishing rod or long key - the hijack method, when attackers use the wave system developed for special services. The retransmission of the key signal allows you to open a car, even if the owner is at a considerable distance. Ways to deal with such a type of hijacking.
During operation, scratches from janitors, scrapers and other small abrasives appear on the windows of the car. Scratches and scratching can significantly reduce visibility to the driver while driving, especially in the evening. In order not to change the glass, you can try to polish yourself.
Noise insulation of the doors of the car allows you to significantly reduce the level of foreign sounds in the cabin. The Shumkov installation procedure is not as complicated, so it is possible to produce it correctly even with your own hands. What materials are customary to use for noise insulation, which positive and negative sides have the installation of Shumkov for doors.
An independent noise insulation of the car produces 50% of car owners, the other half orders this service in specialized workshops. It's so difficult to make a shine in the car with your own hands, what materials it is worth using. How much material needs and what kinds is better to use.
The rating of the most hijacked cars in Russia is useful to explore all owners of cars, as well as those who are only going to acquire a vehicle. The article contains statistics of car headings since 2014. Fresh data for 2018, by the number of hijacking in general and by specific weight.
Double glazing of the car will help to avoid constant fines for the tint set. After spending one sum of money, you can forget about the problem forever. But it is desirable to approach responsibly to choosing the performer to further avoid problems with double glazing.
Since the vehicle is a source of increased danger, there is a list of faults, when the driver does not have the right to use the vehicle at all. There is also a list of faults with which the machine can independently continue the movement to the breakdown location.
Spent in the car the smell of gasoline? It is necessary to calculate the leakage place, since it is not necessary to joke with gasoline. The reasons for the appearance of the smell may be several. First you need to figure out which time it appears, and then start searching. It is possible to smell starts at the time of starting the engine, and after the smell disappears. We are trying to figure out what is the reason for the appearance of the smell of gasoline in the car.
Due to the fact that one day a law was adopted about the permissible level of tinting of the car, the drivers had such a problem as a removal of tinting. You can make it in several ways - independently, or contacting the workshop. It is not so difficult to remove the tint on your own, it is enough to know how to do it right.
Many have ever heard such an expression as an engine preheater. Its main feature becomes clear from the name - relief of the winter launch of the car. There are many different heaters from different manufacturers. According to the type of implementation, they can be divided into two: autonomous and electric. Each of them can be found from this article.
One of the necessary and important improvements in the car, no doubt is such a device as an autonomous salon heater. Thanks to this device in the cabin, the required temperature can be maintained, without the need to start the engine. Such an aggregate is in the greatest demand among truckers drivers, since it allows you to rest on the road with much more comfortable conditions.
Such a device as an antison, allows the driver to avoid an emergency, if he is tired and begins to fall asleep behind the wheel. A sharp, shrill signal that gives the device only the head bended forward, will wake anyone. Although by and large, it is best not to experience fate and not hope for the device, but just stop and relax.
Toning, whatever it, reduces visibility and increase the possibility of emergency. Therefore, permissible norms of light refinery were introduced, and on drivers who violate these requirements, a fine is imposed. One option to avoid punishment is electric tinting. What it is and how to read in this publication.
One of the additional options designed to enhance the comfort of the driver and passengers is heated seats. The option is purely seasonal, but very popular. In the luxury settings, heated seats is present by default, others can install it yourself, with their own hands.
The rain sensor refers to the optional elements and is designed to ease the life of the driver and increase the level of comfort. There is no need to independently turn on and off the wipers, the sensor includes them independently, as soon as water falls into the zone of its action.
The safety of the driver and passengers of the car is a very important question, and when it comes to children, may not compromise. For the greatest security of children, the driver is obliged to use special children's chairs, the fastening of which occurs with the help of the existing belts, or the ISOFIX system, if available. What it is and in which machines are available in the article.
Many car enthusiasts, entering decent speed in turn, experienced a feeling that there is still a little bit and the car will turn over. This is due to the impact on the centrifugal and other forces. In the fight against the possibility of caring the car, manufacturers are equipped with their various systems preventing tipping.
The transportation of a bicycle on a car often causes complexity, especially when the car does not differ in large sizes. What to say about how to carry several bikes at once. To do this, there are various mounts on the car hitch, both factory-made (FlexFix from Opel) and many other solutions.
In this article, we will talk about a special type of glass tinting, which is provided by the manufacturer of Skoda cars. It is called Sunset and can be applied directly at the factory. Whether a similar option is needed, whether it is worth overpaying his blood for it and what use from it - we will try to figure it out.
Heating glazing, another name - athermal, protects the interior of the car from overheating. This is achieved with various additives in the manufacture of glass. Athermal glasses use Skoda car manufacturers and a number of others. Also recently, the popularity of tinting athermal films is gaining popularity.
Holders of car brand Skoda are probably familiar with such a concept as Varioflex system. This is a very convenient implementation of the interior of the cabin, due to which the seats of the rear row can be folded in various variations, and if necessary, it is completely removed. The VarioFlex system allows you to make a practically a full-fledged truck from a passenger car.
Modern car is already difficult to submit without such an option as air conditioning. Their great sets are invented, and each is good in its own way. This article will discuss the principle of operation of all such systems, and the semi-automatic air conditioner, which is called Climatic.
For the maximum comfort of the driver and passengers, there are a great many different systems. One of these is the seat ventilation system. On expensive cars, in the maximum configuration, this option is becoming more and more often. But this does not mean that a person with an average opportunity cannot afford the ventilation of the seats. A variant of its independent installation is possible.
Cars equipped with invincible access systems, significantly simplify the driver's life. There is no need to install or remove the machine with security - the Smart Key system is perfectly coping with all this. It is enough that the electronic key lay in his pocket, and then the driver will be identified as the legal owner of the vehicle.
Power windows are a dream of any owner of the domestic vehicle. If now modern models of VAZ are completed with this option from the factory, then on the classics, for example, the same 2107, you will have to install the window lifter. The article contains information on all possible types of windows and their device.
What is the on-board computer in the car, for what purposes it is installed and why it is so popular among car owners. The answer is simple - this device allows you to control many of the car operation parameters, notify the owner of the faults, and generally facilitate the owner of the vehicle.
For which you need a projection display (Head Up) and to what extent it is able to facilitate the control of the car, as well as maximally secure all the participants in the movement. Modern electronic means, one of which and is a display capable of projecting devices to the windshield, perfectly copble with the task of improving safety and comfort.
Surely many of us, at least once, have had to fall under such a torrential rain that even wiper wipers did not cope with the flow of water pouring from the sky. And what could be worse than the petty frozen, which makes the wipers work continuously, and the review still leaves much to be desired. Modern technologies allow you to handle the windows of the car to the Anti-Date to the actions of which water simply simply rolls off the glass.
The system of course stability, or dynamic car stabilization is necessary in order to prevent uncontrollable skid at the moment of sharp braking, or loss of adhesion with an expensive one of the wheels. Based on the indications of the set of sensors, the system ensures that the driver does not fall into an emergency due to road conditions or its inexperience.
Noise isolation exciting the minds of many car owners, which is not surprising. After all, who do not want to ride the car, do not hear the noise of the wheels, enjoy the silence, or say music in the cabin, which is not jammed by the rust of gravel under the wheels and the roar of cars passing by cars. Yesterday, the noise insulation procedure was long and expensive, and today, due to the appearance of liquid rubber, everyone is available.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of such a system as a resort and lifting assistance. It is especially necessary, and even necessary for novice drivers who experience the problems exactly when you need to touch the slide. Having many titles, depending on the manufacturer, the principle of operation in this system remains unchanged.
In the struggle for road safety, humanity is increasingly improving the filling of the car to achieve comfort and safety. For a long time, the path invariably affects the driver's state, and sometimes the driver's fatigue leads to fatal consequences.
What is the voice control of the car guess it is not difficult from the name of this option. The article will tell you exactly how to implement the work of a similar system, also contains information on how the voice governance system has evolved over time, and the very first different from the latest developments in this area.
What a miracle is such an active headrest and there is at least some benefit for the driver. Let's try to figure it out. Numerous tests proved that the active head restraint significantly reduces the risk of damage to the driver's cervical vertebrae at rear shock. While this security system is not often found, but we think everything will change over time, and the car's equipment with active head restraints will become the norm.
The circular survey system in the car is another step towards the safety of the road. This system allows real-time, control the road atmosphere around the car. This is achieved due to the camcorder and approximation sensors installed in the circle. Each manufacturer calls its systems in its own way, but they have the basic principle of work.
What is an expedition trunk represent everything, in any case most car owners. How important and you need to have this type of trunk to those traveling by car - the question is controversial. The article describes its main advantages, as well as information about how can you independently make a trunk from the remedies.
There are a lot of road signs, and the driver's eyes have only two, so it's hard to keep track of everyone. To facilitate the traffic control, such a device is invented as a road sign recognition system. She will warn the driver that in this section of the road it is necessary to comply with the high-speed mode, or that overtaking here is prohibited. The system is very useful, but as practice shows, it does not always work as it is necessary.
A person has always sought to automate those or other processes as much as possible, and the car is not an exception. This article will be discussed about such a system as Park Assist. The system of automatic parking is able to find the car independently, without any person's participation. Regardless of whether there is a driver in the car or not, the vehicle will find a free space and paroles the car.
Many sooner or later face the problem when the heating of the rear window ceases fully. It happens most often because of the cliff of incandescent threads, which ensure this heating. Let's consider the simplest ways to restore glass heating, which are under power to any motorist with straight hands.
We have already found out what immobilizer is and for what purposes it is necessary in the car. In this article, let's discuss when and how such a device is required as an immobilizer commander. It is clear that from the loss of the key, the program failure or equipment breakdowns this system of protection against theft may turn against you. Here it is useful to know how to turn off the immobilizer.
Immobilizer is an anti-theft for a car operating on the principle of blocking certain capabilities of the machine, individual nodes or units, which in turn leads to immobilization of the vehicle. And since the hijackers are rarely used in the hijacking towers and other loading techniques, the chances of the fact that the car equipped with immobilizer will remain quite large with the owner.
What is parking sensors and is there any need to install it. Now quite a few species of parking sensors, with cameras and without, with monitors built into the rear-view mirrors and without such, but the essence of the device remains unchanged - it is designed to facilitate the driver's life, especially the beginning. This is a kind of third eye. How it works and how to install it in this article.
The center in the car thing is irreplaceable, and even meets, in our time, on the overwhelming majority of cars. What role is the central castle play, according to which principle, his work can be found in this article.
Do you touch while riding a car? More and more people in our time, realizing that the courage can get sideways, began to take care primarily about themselves and fasten the seat belt. And it is very correct. Why began the procession of seat belts, which were the first of them, and what the evolution of security was led today - about this and friend in this article.
