Initially, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200borganizing the principle of "electric gearbox", that is, replacing a manual gearbox with electric wires, was embodied in railway transport and heavy-duty dump trucks. The reason for the use of such a scheme is due to the enormous complexity mechanical transmission controlled torque to the wheels of a powerful vehicle. This is due to the fact that the internal combustion engine has a certain load characteristic (the dependence of the output power on the shaft speed), which has optimal performance only in a narrow interval, usually shifted to the side high speed. This disadvantage is partially compensated by the use of a gearbox, but it worsens the overall efficiency due to its own losses. In addition, the internal combustion engine cannot change the direction of rotation in order to provide reverse. The electric motor is free from these shortcomings, provides instant start and stop, and does not need idling, which makes it possible to exclude coupling from the design. The electric motor does not require any transmission, and can be placed directly in the wheel (motor-wheel).

The essence of the new principle is that an engine running on conventional fuel drives an electric generator, and through the control system right amount electricity is transferred to electric motors, setting in motion vehicle. It is like a power station on an electric car, generating power for its own propulsion. The essence of the scheme of operation of a hybrid car is similar, but significantly modified, primarily by adding battery, only in contrast to an electric car having a lower capacity, and therefore weight.

A hybrid vehicle combines the advantages of an electric vehicle and an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. This is a higher ratio useful action electric vehicles (80-90% for an electric vehicle versus 35-50% for an internal combustion engine) and a large range on one gas station of a car with an internal combustion engine.

Typical schemes

• According to the method of connecting the motor and drive to the drive:
  • Parallel. The engine and drive are connected by a differential, which is connected to the wheel drive. Used in vehicles with Integrated Motor Assist (Honda). It is characterized by simplicity (it is possible to use it together with a manual gearbox) and low cost.
  • Sequential. The main current source (the most common solution + electric generator) is connected only to the drive, which in turn is connected to the traction motor. AT cars while rarely used (Yo-mobile). A similar principle is used in electric transmission, which is used in cases where it is necessary to transfer a large moment from the internal combustion engine to the wheels, for example, in railway transport or mining trucks.
  • Series-parallel. The system can operate both in series and in parallel, depending on the mode of operation. Implemented in vehicles with Hybrid Synergy Drive (Toyota), such as the Toyota Prius.

• By storage type:
  • Electrical:
    • Based on electrochemical batteries
    • Based on inertial accumulators
  • Mechanical:
    • Based on pneumatic accumulators, hydraulic accumulators with pneumatic storage.
    • Based on inertial accumulators.

The most used scheme for the implementation of a sequential hybrid "internal combustion engine - electric power storage (not necessarily large capacity) - electric motor". In the case of a high-capacity drive, it can be powered by both fuel and the charge of an electric battery (implementation example - Chevrolet Volt) It should be noted that other secondary current sources, such as capacitors and supercapacitors, can be used as a drive. The main advantage of a hybrid car is reduced fuel consumption and harmful emissions. This is achieved by complete automatic control mode of operation of the engine system using on-board computer, starting from the timely shutdown of the engine during a stop in the traffic stream, with the possibility of continuing to move without starting it, solely on the energy of the battery, and ending with a more complex recovery mechanism - using the electric motor as an electric current generator to recharge the batteries. In addition, in the case of using a bunch of ICE-generator as a primary current source, the mode ICE operation is chosen as optimal for one or another criterion. In some cases, a microturbine can be used (due to the ratio of weight and power dimensions) Gas turbine locomotive, also used on some types passenger transport-because of better environmental friendliness and low noise level ECObus

Reasons for starting development

The main reason for the start of the production of light hybrids was the market demand for similar cars, caused by high oil prices and the ever-increasing demands on the environmental friendliness of cars. At the same time, improvements in technology and tax incentives for hybrid manufacturers make these cars, in some cases, even cheaper than conventional ones. In some countries, owners of hybrids are exempted from paying road tax and do not pay for municipal parking. The use of electric vehicles, despite many advantages, and even their well-established production, has a number of disadvantages:

• the need for long-term battery charging;
• a large mass of batteries;
• insufficient driving range;
• unavailability of gas stations;

It was necessary to look for compromises and eliminate shortcomings. And such a compromise was the development of a hybrid car.

Development history

Lohner-Porsche is believed to be the first car with a hybrid drive. The car was designed by designer Ferdinand Porsche in 1901.

IN THE USA hybrid cars began to develop Victor Vouk in the 60s - 70s.

IN THE USSR

In the Soviet Union, work was also underway to develop hybrid cars. So, the work of the Soviet scientist Nurbey Gulia led to the creation of a hybrid car prototype based on the UAZ-450 truck, where the flywheel was the energy storage device, the transmission - special variator. It was one of the first "hybrids". In 1966, fuel savings of up to 50% were achieved.

In Kursk, in 1972-73, N.V. Gulia tested city buses with flywheels. hybrid units and variators. In addition, hybrid power units for buses based on hydraulic drive. In the latter, cylinders with compressed nitrogen and oil played the role of energy storage. In spite of various principles The effects of these "hybrids" turned out to be close to each other - fuel consumption was reduced by about half, and exhaust toxicity - several times. But these technologies are Soviet Automotive industry did not start using.

Advantages

Economical operation

The main advantage is economical operation. To achieve it, it was necessary to seek balance, that is, to balance everything technical indicators cars, but at the same time retain all the useful parameters of a conventional car: its power, speed, ability to accelerate quickly, and many others, very important characteristics embedded in modern cars. Moreover, the ability to accumulate energy, including not to waste the kinetic energy of movement during braking, but to charge batteries, in addition to the main clear benefits, brought motorists some side "small joys", for example, less brake pad wear.

How the savings were achieved:

• a decrease in the volume and power of the engine;
• engine operation in an optimal and uniform mode, much less dependent on driving conditions;
• complete stop of the engine when necessary;
• the possibility of movement only on electric motors;
• regenerative braking with battery charging.

This whole system is so complex that it became possible in full measure only in modern conditions, using fairly complex algorithms for the operation of the on-board computer. Even correct and effective (from a safety point of view) braking is controlled by the on-board computer.

Ecological cleanliness

disadvantages

High difficulty

Hybrid vehicles are relatively heavier, more complex and more expensive. traditional cars with engines internal combustion. Batteries have a small operating temperature range and are subject to self-discharge. In addition, they are more expensive to repair. Experience in the US suggests that auto mechanics are reluctant to repair hybrid vehicles. The US is trying to solve the problem of high prices with tax breaks.

Porsche has given up on trying to produce a hybrid car on its own. Mitsubishi did not initially try to create a hybrid car, but concentrated all its efforts on the development of electric vehicles. The most successful serial development to date (2008) is the Hybrid Synergy Drive (pronounced [ hybrid cineji drive]) of Toyota.

Lack of transmissions

The most promising, mechanical, hybrids cannot compete with electric hybrids at this stage. The main problem is the inability to create adaptive transmissions able to work in wide range gear ratios (more than 20).

Battery disposal

Although to a lesser extent than electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles are subject to the problem of battery recycling. The impact of discarded batteries on the environment, apparently, no one has investigated. Batteries are not provided in some hybrid vehicles (for example, in yo-mobile).

Cabin heating

The high efficiency determines the low side generation of waste heat. AT ordinary cars in winter time this heat is used to heat the cabin. In hybrid ICE vehicles does not stall until the interior is heated to the required temperature, which, of course, increases fuel consumption. AT American models Toyota Prius also uses electric heaters, which are powered by a high-voltage battery. They not only provide heat without excessive operation of the internal combustion engine, but also allow you to heat the interior immediately after a cold start of the car.

Danger for pedestrians

American Institute for Highway Damage Assessment Highway Loss Data Institute) published a study stating that hybrids are more dangerous to pedestrians than internal combustion engine vehicles. Cause heightened danger hybrids for pedestrians is their quietness in the mode of operation from the electric motor. According to published accident statistics, hybrid vehicle collisions with pedestrians occur 20% more often, and the degree of damage is higher. To solve this problem, it is proposed to equip hybrid cars with a generator sound signal, which at low speeds (up to 30 km / h) will imitate the sound of a running internal combustion engine. A similar generator has been installed since 2010 on Toyota Prius. Now the requirements for the presence of a sound generator for hybrid and electrical machines legalized only in Japan. In late 2011, US President Barack Obama instructed the National Security Administration traffic solve this problem in the US within the next three years.

The cost of the car, the appearance and arrangement of the interior

A hybrid car looks no different from its "gasoline" counterparts. Issued different kinds ranging from ordinary city cars to off-road jeeps and sports models. A peculiar filling only adds a special pride to the owner. At the same time, the price remains almost at the same level. The display, which displays the operation of the system and the direction of energy flows, has already been dubbed by some owners as the term “tamagotchi for big boys”. But still, manufacturers do not recommend using off-road jeeps in difficult geoclimatic conditions.

Plug-in hybrids

Such a car, also called English. plug-in hybrid electric vehicle or PHEV, it is not necessary to plug into the outlet - but the owner has such an opportunity. As a result, the driver gets all the advantages of an electric car without its biggest drawback - the limit on mileage per charge. The car can be used as an electric car most of the way, and as soon as the charge drops below a certain level, a small gasoline or diesel engine and your car keeps going serial hybrid activating the TEDs and charging the accumulators, after they are charged, the engine turns off and the cycle repeats. Charging will take place mainly at night, during hours when electricity is cheaper.

An example of a PHEV is, for example, the Chevrolet Volt, manufactured by the concern General Motors since 2010.

I would never want to be behind a bus when it's stuck in traffic. Horrible, bad smell, smoke and exhausts are simply unbearable. And while some designers are making green concept cars, others are working to create an environmentally friendly bus.

After all, without public transport in general, we will not be able to live - cities are developing, the trip from one end to the other sometimes takes long hours, and the metro does not always suit us. Can we exist without buses? No. But without pollution - simply must! After all, cities are full of buses and other types of public transport, and significantly worsen our ecology.

Volvo, which designed the first green hybrid Volvo bus 7700, proposes to fight this. The designers promise that this bus will reduce fuel consumption by 30%. And this is an excellent solution in connection with the constant increase in gasoline prices. Well, compared to other buses, the emission harmful substances into the air is reduced by as much as 40-50%. Why is the bus called hybrid? Because it can be used with electric motor equipped braking system, and it is possible with diesel fuel, which can be used separately or simultaneously.

In Gothenburg, specialists from the well-known automotive Volvo tested the first branded hybrid bus. The result exceeded even their wildest expectations - fuel consumption decreased by 80%, and energy - by 60%. This was said in a statement.

“The test results were better than we expected. The hybrid bus consumes less than 11 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers. This is 81% less than a conventional diesel bus”, says test leader Johan Helsing. In addition, the data on overall energy savings turned out to be higher than planned. The plug-in hybrid bus consumes 61% less energy than required environmental regulations Euro 5 for diesel buses.

The principle of operation of a hybrid bus is very simple. Moving along the established city route, the bus periodically recharges its battery at stops using the connection to the charging tires.

Charging rods placed on the roof are somewhat reminiscent of current collectors of trolleybuses or trams. To charge, they automatically rise and come into contact with the electrodes. charger while passengers are getting on or off the bus.

The battery-recharging scheme allowed hybrid buses to travel most of the route on electric traction. Representatives of the company also note that this technique causes less damage. environment, provides passengers and the driver with more comfort by reducing emissions and noise.

Drivers who operated the buses during the tests noted a quiet and comfortable ride without vibration. The diesel engine was turned on very rarely, despite the fact that the routes are full of climbs. The total duration of work on electricity was about 85% of the total time spent by buses on routes.

Testing of hybrid buses is still ongoing. Their program includes 10,000 hours of operation and will continue for most of next year. Another similar project will start in Stockholm, where 8 hybrid buses will go on routes.

However, as noted in the company's announcement, a number of European countries have already expressed interest in introducing hybrids into the scheme passenger traffic. Contracts for the supply of hybrid buses in 2014 and 2015 were signed by the authorities of Hamburg and Luxembourg. In 2015, Volvo plans to launch a commercial mass production similar machines.

The Volvo hybrid bus is powered by a small diesel engine and an electric motor powered by a lithium battery. Purely on electricity without noise and emissions, the bus can travel about 7 kilometers. Recharging the batteries takes 5-6 minutes.

On September 9, 2008, within the framework of the International Motor Transport Forum 2008 "Russian Buses" (the bus division of the GAZ Group), he presented a low-floor city bus LIAZ 5292 with a hybrid drive - the original development of Likinsky bus factory. This is the first Russian bus with a hybrid drive, which has no analogues in any other domestic manufacturer.

The bus LIAZ 5292 with a hybrid drive is designed to work in cities - megacities. Certification tests new modification will be held this year. The first pilot batch will appear on the market in 2009.

The bus is unified with the existing LIAZ low-floor buses in terms of bodywork and unit types, which will complement the GAZ Group product line, which runs on alternative fuels (diesel-gas-electricity).

At the same time, this will allow large passenger carriers to form the most efficient urban route network, by combining different types of public transport on one base, and thereby reduce operating costs.

The LIAZ 5292 bus is equipped with a four-row Cummins diesel engine environmental standard Euro - 4 and a set of traction equipment, consisting of a traction asynchronous motor-generator TAG 225-280, a traction asynchronous reversible motor TAD 225-380, a system of neutralizers and supercapacitors. The use of a hybrid power drive on a city bus allows you to:
- reduce several times the level of harmful emissions when driving in the urban cycle;
- reduce fuel consumption by 25-30%;
- use an internal combustion engine with a power of 25-30% lower while maintaining the torque on the drive wheels;
- increase the comfort of the bus (reduction of noise, vibration, etc.);

According to Nikolai Borisovich Odintsov, Director of the Buses Division of the GAZ Group, “the concept of a bus with a hybrid drive forms the best offer for urban programs for our customers. Hybrid drives are ideal for city buses that often have to brake and accelerate on busy routes, such as at stops and traffic lights. And the use of this technology will reduce CO2 emissions into the environment.”

In addition, a new modification of the KAVZ 4239 bus, the mass production of which was launched in July 2008, is presented at the exhibition. platform. After testing the prototype KAVZ 4239 in the rally "Russia - Russian Buses", a number of improvements were made to the design of the bus. The bus went into serial production with improved ergonomics of the driver's seat, new panel devices, a solid partition of the driver's seat.

At the exhibition, the company also presented joint development"GAZ Group" and "Marcopolo" - a small city bus "Real". The basic modification of the bus has undergone some changes: the side pillar of the body has been strengthened, the rear-view mirrors, the driver's window, and the driver's door have been changed.

REAL
The bus is designed to work on urban routes. This small class model on a Hyundai chassis is designed for 22 seats(total capacity - 29) and is designed to work on urban and suburban routes. Bus dimensions - 7890/2040/2680 mm.
The interior of the bus is equipped with safety handrails, anti-vandal seats, luggage racks driver, central lighting, individual lighting for the workplace of the driver and front passenger. The layout of the cabin allows passengers to stand up. The cabin provides a place to store the driver's tools. The side windows are inserted into rubber profiles, which reduced their cost, the window vents on the windows move apart in different directions.

KAVZ 4239
This bus is designed to work on urban routes. Large windows in the driver's cab provide good visibility. roomy and beautiful salon, stylish and bright design.
Bus dimensions - 10290/2550/3080 mm. The bus is equipped with a Deutz Euro 3 engine and an EATON FAW gearbox. The total passenger capacity is 89 passengers, including 23 seats.

LiAZ 5292 with hybrid drive
city ​​bus big class With low level gender. The engine is located longitudinally in rear overhang. The bus allows you to transport people from handicapped. In the cabin, along with a special ramp, there are places for attaching wheelchairs.

During operation, the diesel engine transfers part of the energy directly to the wheels, and the rest goes to the electric generator. Part of the current from the generator goes to recharge lithium-ion batteries, which are located on the roof of the bus, and part is returned to four electric motors in the wheel hub, which rotate the wheels. When the bus approaches, stops and drives away from a stop, it can run entirely on electricity, which not only reduces the amount of harmful emissions, but also ensures a quiet ride.

The total passenger capacity of LiAZ-5292 is 100 people, including 22 seats. Bus dimensions -11990/2500/2880 mm.