The days of big cars with big engines that burn huge amounts of fuel are over. Nowadays, compact and economical modes of transport are in vogue, some of which can generally be carried with you in a backpack. And today we will tell you about 7 most memorable miniature vehicles.

The Impossible is the ideal personal vehicle for city dwellers. This electric scooter allows you to combine different types of private and public transport in one day. Unlike bicycles or other mopeds, Impossible can be carried on the subway, bus or tram without fear of being repulsed by controllers and reproaches from passengers.

The fact is that the Impossible electric scooter fits easily into a regular backpack. It can be folded and unfolded in a matter of seconds. And this vehicle weighs only 5 kilograms. Despite its small size, the Impossible can carry people weighing up to 85 kg.

The Impossible has a lithium-ion battery that allows you to travel approximately 25 km on one full battery charge. In this case, the scooter can be accelerated to a speed of 20 kilometers per hour.

Is another compact electric scooter for trips within a big city, when a person needs to repeatedly change from one type of public transport to another during the day, as well as walk.

The Trikelet eliminates long-distance hiking, it can easily take the owner to the nearest metro station or bus stop, after which the owner of this scooter can quickly fold his personal vehicle and take it with him to the salon.

Indeed, when folded, the Trikelet is so compact that it can fit on the luggage rack in the train carriage or in the owner's backpack. True, this electric scooter weighs noticeably more than the aforementioned Impossible - twelve kilograms.

Chinese farmer He Liangcai, who is engaged in engineering as a hobby, has created a compact one, which does not even need a backpack to carry, because this vehicle is itself a suitcase.

This electric scooter is an integrated part of the travel bag. It can be used both for moving around the city and for traveling inside large premises - shopping centers, terminals of large airports and other spacious buildings. But at the same time, the suitcase can still be used for its intended purpose - it has enough space for storing and transporting clothes and other personal items.

A scooter suitcase without things inside weighs 7 kilograms. He can travel up to 50 km, while developing a maximum speed of 20 kilometers per hour. This is an excellent vehicle for people who travel a lot and therefore are tired of endlessly moving around on foot with a suitcase in hand or over their shoulders.

- this is perhaps the most famous example of the integration of a bag and a vehicle in the world, but we will never get tired of talking about it. This is a regular travel backpack that has a built-in scooter.

This is where the Gig Pack is valuable. After all, this vehicle significantly accelerates the average speed of movement of a tourist, but at the same time it does not depend at all on the level of battery charge - a person can drive as much as he has enough physical strength.

The Gig Pack scooter backpack can carry a person weighing up to 90 kilograms. It has a secure laptop compartment, and the wheels in this vehicle are made of durable rubber, which significantly increases its off-road capability.

Onewheel is an extraordinary electric vehicle that gives a person the feeling of real flight. Unlike other skateboards, it has not two or four wheels, but only one.

But the electric motor and intelligent balancing system Onewheel allows a person to literally float in space without taking their feet off the board. He does not need to push off when riding with his foot from the asphalt - the board itself carries him forward, it is enough to choose the direction of travel, and doing this on the Onewheel is as intuitively simple as on the popular Segway electric scooter.

Onewheel can travel at a speed of 20 kilometers per hour, traveling up to 10 kilometers on one full battery charge. Battery charging speed ranges from 20 minutes (80 percent capacity) to two hours (full charge).

The Solowheel is another one-wheeled electric vehicle. But, unlike the aforementioned Onewheel, we are not talking about an analogue of a skyboard, but about a scooter. True, from the moped, the Solowheel only has a wheel, and even then, one.

But this Solowheel has everything a person needs to get around the city built into it. This includes two foot platforms, an electric motor, a battery, and an intelligent control system. Balance is as easy on the Solowheel as it is on the Segway. But this scooter is much smaller in scale and cost.

The Solowheel unicycle electric moped is 43 centimeters in diameter and 13 centimeters wide. It weighs only 9 kilograms, and for ease of carrying from place to place, this vehicle has a convenient handle built into the top.

The Solowheel can travel up to 19 kilometers on a single battery charge. Its batteries can be fully charged in just forty-five minutes. The cost of this vehicle starts at $ 1,495.
Boosted Boards is a skateboard that looks like a real skateboard. But unlike its original predecessor, this vehicle does not have to be propelled by human legs, because Boosted Boards has a built-in electric motor.

Due to the electric motor, the Boosted Boards board can ride independently, not only on horizontal surfaces, but even under a slight upward slope. This is an excellent means of transportation not only for lazy skateboarders, but also for those whose professional activity is associated with constant travels around the city, for example, couriers, postmen or pizza carriers.

Boosted Boards can be accelerated by the power of an electric motor to a speed of 30 kilometers per hour and travel on a single battery charge up to 10 kilometers. But even after the batteries are completely discharged, the Boosted Boards can continue to be set in motion in the old fashioned way due to the strength of the person's legs on it.

The older a person is, the higher the likelihood of developing chronic diseases and unwanted age-related changes. Damage and weakening of the musculoskeletal system, vegetative-vascular dystonia, dizziness, pressure drops and just weakness in the extremities - all this causes discomfort and self-doubt. Because of this, there is a reluctance to get up once again without outside help, as a result, it decreases, which leads to a complete loss of the ability to move independently in the house or on the street.

To help in such cases, it is recommended to use a special device - a walker for They are much more effective than crutches or canes and require a wide support base, which adds confidence, helps to overcome the fear of falling and makes it possible for people with limited motor functions to move.

Appointment

Walkers will be useful after a severe stroke, when the patient has been bedridden for a long time, has lost muscle tone and is afraid to walk without assistance.

Fractures in the elderly are a big problem, the rehabilitation period is long, and the need to transfer the patient to an upright position after bed rest is obvious.

With the help of a walker, the recovery process can be greatly accelerated. They are convenient in everyday life, indispensable in the centers of institutions, nursing homes. The main thing is that the walkers perform their function 100%, be safe, as convenient as possible, and have an optimal price for individual purchase.

Story

Presumably, walkers were first invented for toddlers whose parents tried to relieve their arms and spine from overload.

The history of the development of devices for adults dates back to the forties of the last century, when a Lithuanian émigré, Andreus Mewisa, proposed a four-legged frame that reached the patient's waist as a support to support the weight when walking.

A little later, in the late sixties, the Swedish inventor Bernt Linder proposed to additionally use wheels with legs, which significantly improved the walker for the elderly. Feedback from grateful customers gave impetus to the development and implementation of constructive innovations in production.

Modern models, equipped with wheels with a braking mechanism, make it possible to move comfortably in the house and on the street. You can relax on the seat while walking, and the basket is convenient for transporting everything you need.

Classification

Walkers are classified by:

1. appointment;
2. place of use;
3. technical features.

Depending on whether they will be used for a rehabilitation course or selected for everyday use, the models can differ significantly.

Indoor walkers can be awkward outdoors and vice versa.

Technical characteristics for different models have significant differences: frame material, weight, handle configuration, presence of wheels and braking mechanism, seat, additional compartments for things.

Depending on the design features, walkers for the elderly can be integral and folding, they are divided into types:

• stationary;
• walking;
• two-level;
• wheeled (rollers);
• with additional support (elbow or axillary);
• universal.

Stationary models

Stationary models with a monolithic frame made of lightweight materials are the simplest design. At the initial stage, experts advise choosing just such a walker for the elderly.

User reviews indicate that at first, when it is not clear which is better - a crutch, a cane or a more reliable device, it is simple models with a light aluminum frame that are suitable for most cases.

They are inexpensive, practical and durable. They are a simple structure of four legs with handrails for ease of movement. The movement takes place inside the structure.

Two-tier walker

Such models are intended for weakened patients, when even getting up from a chair or bed is difficult. The handrails in such structures are located on two levels: some are intended for support at the time of lifting the body weight and subsequent lowering, others for support while standing and moving around the house.

Experience has shown that a two-level walker for elderly patients is more convenient than a conventional design, since it is during the process of getting up that a person should exert the greatest effort, and it is precisely the handrails at the right level that provide additional support and create conditions for such a push.

Walker with step effect

This version of the support device is a modification of a simple stationary structure, characterized by a hinged connection of the front headroom to the right and left halves.

Such a fastening enables a person to move not the entire structure at once, but separately each side of it in time with a step. The model is more suitable during the period of active rehabilitation to develop coordination of movement.

Due to the fixation of the articulated joints, walkers for the elderly are quickly transformed into a rigid stationary structure, which is very convenient at different stages of the rehabilitation period.

Wheeled models

A simple version of the mobile walker assumes the presence of small diameter wheels on the front supports on both sides - for easier movement. This design is convenient for patients with weakened hands and, after short training sessions, makes it possible to move rather quickly.

A wheelchair for elderly patients is recommended for walking and for additional leg workout. Such structures (rollers, rollators) are equipped with four wheels of a larger diameter, which allows you to move as quickly as possible while maintaining stability. Usually equipped with a brake according to the principle of a manual bicycle mechanism.

Models with additional support

It also happens that a person has a desire to get up and move, but conventional structures with an emphasis at the level of the pelvis do not provide such an opportunity, since they cannot create sufficient support. In such cases, additional elements of body weight support should be added at a higher level.

Support walkers for elderly patients with an elbow support make it possible to transfer body weight when walking on the forearm. The higher stop provides good stability even for heavily weakened people.

The emphasis on the axillary region makes it possible to completely relieve the spine and maximize the safety of the movement process. Such models are recommended for people with impaired coordination.

Universal walkers and their modifications

Currently, the market offers both stationary and foldable compact models that are convenient for storage and transportation. The frame folding mechanism can be present in simple stationary structures, and in walking versions of walkers, and in more "advanced" rollators. All of them are easily transformed into working position and can be quickly prepared for use.

Often, for heavy patients, a conventional aluminum structure is not enough. In such cases, you should select the option of a more durable frame with increased technical characteristics. Models are available for loads up to 225 kg.

A comfortable walker for the elderly is currently on sale. A photo of such a model is presented above. There are designs with a folding or stationary seat, the front lintel in this case serves as a backrest. Additionally, there may be a table, compartments for storing luggage and transporting a cane.

In order for the patient to feel the benefits of the walker, they must be selected specifically for him. The right choice will help to make the attending physician, who is familiar with the physiological state and physical health of the patient. Also, assistance can be provided by a qualified specialist of the retail network, where it is planned to purchase the walker.

For weak patients, it is better to choose designs with wheels on the front legs. If they are removable, it will be even better.

For walks, you should choose rollators with large wheels and a sitting seat. The three-wheel version is less cumbersome and more mobile, and works well for both indoor and outdoor use.

For people with impaired coordination, it is better to choose a support walker under the elbow or axillary region.

Specificity of choice

The design should be as light as possible, accurately fit the patient's height or have the ability to do so. Any walker for the elderly (the photo makes it possible to understand the principle of determining the height) should be comfortably fixed in freely lowered hands.

The grips should be comfortable. Most often they are plastic or rubberized, but for people with excessive sweating of the palms, you need to take care of models with handrails made of porous materials in advance. For patients with arthritis, there are options with thicker handles.

Bigger rollers will handle rough roads better. The presence of cushioning in road models will soften the impact on the hands. Small wheels will suffice for movement in indoor conditions. Their blocking must have and ensure reliable fixation.

The technological load on the frame can correspond to the patient's weight with a slight margin of safety.

9.1. The number of lanes for roadless vehicles is determined by markings and (or) signs 5.15.1, 5.15.2, 5.15.7, 5.15.8, and if there are none, then by the drivers themselves, taking into account the width of the carriageway, dimensions of vehicles and the required intervals between them. In this case, the side intended for oncoming traffic on roads with two-way traffic without a dividing strip is considered to be half the width of the carriageway located on the left, excluding local widening of the carriageway (transitional high-speed lanes, additional lanes on the rise, access pockets of stops of route vehicles ).

9.1 1 ... On any two-way roads, traffic on the lane intended for oncoming traffic is prohibited if it is separated by tram tracks, a dividing strip, markings 1.1, 1.3 or markings 1.11, the broken line of which is located on the left.

9.2. On two-way roads with four or more lanes, it is prohibited to drive to overtake or detour into the lane intended for oncoming traffic. On such roads, left turns or U-turns may be performed at intersections and in other places where this is not prohibited by the Rules, signs and (or) markings.

9.3. On two-way roads with three lanes marked with markings (except for markings 1.9), of which the middle one is used for traffic in both directions, it is allowed to enter this lane only for overtaking, bypassing, turning left or making a U-turn. It is prohibited to drive into the leftmost lane intended for oncoming traffic.

9.4. Outside settlements, as well as in settlements on roads marked with signs 5.1 or 5.3 or where traffic at a speed of more than 80 km / h is allowed, drivers of vehicles should drive them as close as possible to the right edge of the carriageway. It is forbidden to occupy the left lanes with free right ones.

In settlements, taking into account the requirements of this paragraph and paragraphs 9.5, 16.1 and 24.2 of the Rules, vehicle drivers can use the most convenient lane for them. In heavy traffic, when all lanes are occupied, it is allowed to change the lane only for turning left or right, making a U-turn, stopping or avoiding an obstacle.

However, on any roads that have three or more lanes for movement in this direction, it is allowed to occupy the leftmost lane only during heavy traffic, when other lanes are occupied, as well as for turning left or making a U-turn, and for trucks with a permissible maximum mass of more than 2.5 t - only for turning left or making a U-turn. Exit to the left lane of one-way roads for stopping and parking is carried out in accordance with paragraph 12.1 of the Rules.

9.5. Vehicles, the speed of which must not exceed 40 km / h or which, for technical reasons, cannot reach such a speed, must move in the extreme right lane, except in cases of bypassing, overtaking or changing lanes before turning left, making a U-turn or stopping in permitted cases on the left side roads.

9.6 It is allowed to move on tram tracks in the same direction, located on the left on the same level with the carriageway, when all lanes of this direction are occupied, as well as when bypassing, turning left or making a U-turn, taking into account paragraph 8.5 of the Rules. This should not interfere with the tram. It is prohibited to enter the tramway tracks of the opposite direction. If road signs 5.15.1 or 5.15.2 are installed in front of the intersection, traffic on tram tracks through the intersection is prohibited.

9.7. If the carriageway is divided into lanes by marking lines, the movement of vehicles must be carried out strictly along the designated lanes. Driving over the broken lane markings is allowed only when changing lanes.

9.8. When turning onto a road with reverse traffic, the driver must drive the vehicle in such a way that when leaving the intersection of carriageways, the vehicle occupies the extreme right lane. Changing lanes is allowed only after the driver is convinced that movement in this direction is allowed in other lanes.

9.9. It is prohibited for vehicles to move along dividing lanes and shoulders, sidewalks and footpaths (except for the cases provided for in clauses 12.1, 24.2 - 24.4, 24.7, 25.2 of the Rules), as well as the movement of motor vehicles (except mopeds) along lanes for cyclists. The movement of motor vehicles on cycle paths and cycle paths is prohibited. The movement of vehicles of road maintenance and communal services is allowed, as well as access along the shortest path of vehicles transporting goods to trade and other enterprises and facilities located directly at the roadsides, sidewalks or pedestrian paths, in the absence of other access possibilities. In this case, traffic safety must be ensured.

9.10. The driver must maintain a distance from the vehicle in front that would avoid a collision, as well as the necessary lateral spacing to ensure road safety.

9.11. Outside settlements, on two-way roads with two lanes, the driver of a vehicle for which a speed limit has been established, as well as a driver of a vehicle (combination of vehicles) with a length of more than 7 m must maintain such a distance between his own vehicle and the vehicle moving in front of the vehicles overtaking it could change without hindrance to the lane previously occupied by them. This requirement does not apply when driving on road sections on which overtaking is prohibited, as well as during heavy traffic and movement in an organized convoy.

9.12. On two-way roads, in the absence of a dividing strip, safety islands, bollards and elements of road structures (supports of bridges, overpasses, etc.) located in the middle of the carriageway, the driver must go around on the right, unless signs and markings prescribe otherwise.

Over the past decades, the market for various vehicles has expanded significantly. If before there were cars, motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, rollers and several other vehicles, now the names of modern technological modes of transportation can make your head spin. Monobikes, segways, longboards, jumpers are just a small part of modern devices that allow you to move around the city and enjoy it. Some of them will be discussed in this article.

Modern means of transportation around the city. TOP-8

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1

JollyJumper

JollyJumpers translated from English sounds like "boots-runners". This creative invention allows you to run at speeds over 30 km / h. In such unique "walking boots" you can jump more than 2.5 meters in height.

JollyJumper (or simply Jumpers) have a unique spring mechanism - the design is tightly attached to the legs and serves as their "continuation". "Walking boots" - exciting entertainment and a great way to quickly pump up ankles, abs, hips and "butt", they also allow you to quickly move from one point of the city to another.

It is very easy to learn to stand in jumpers, since its skeleton itself is very stable and strong. Therefore, they are suitable not only for young people, but also for adults.

The price for such "walking boots" starts from 4 thousand rubles

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2

Segway

Segway- the most popular modern form of urban transport, which has long been recognized in the West. Its design is simple: a comfortable platform and two wheels. As for the benefits, they are undeniable. In particular, on a segway, you can comfortably ride around the pedestrian zone, forgetting about traffic jams forever.

In terms of technical characteristics, the segway is a kind of electric self-balancing scooter. Its platform balances automatically when changing the position of the body: tilting forward serves as an impulse for movement. To release the speed, it is enough to tilt the body in the opposite direction. Stopping and reversing also occurs when the body is tilted towards you. Segway speed up to 50 km / h, and its weight can reach up to 45 kg. With a full battery charge, you can drive about 40 km. This makes the Segway a great alternative to the car when driving short distances in good weather.

Recently, mini-segways are gaining popularity, which are ultra-lightweight and compact. For example, the Robin-M1 model develops a speed of up to 15 km / h. Its charging lasts for 3 hours. The weight of this model is 18 kg, which is lighter than some models of baby strollers and is comparable to the weight of a bicycle. This type of vehicle is also attractive because it can be transported in the trunk of a car. Some models have built-in GPS and remote shutdown systems.

This modern two-wheeled vehicle can be purchased from 100 thousand rubles.

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3

Electric bike (bike hybrid)

The bicycle hybrid can be described briefly: comfortable, fast, quiet. The bicycle hybrid differs from a regular bicycle in 3 design features: it has an electric motor, a battery and a controller. Although externally, a bicycle hybrid is practically no different from a bicycle.

You can also set the electric bike in motion using conventional pedals. The advantages include the ability to independently regulate the degree of physical. load and overcome obstacles without much difficulty. You can charge the bike hybrid battery from the outlet, the energy supply is enough for 20-40 km. If the battery runs out on the way, we start pedaling - everything is simple.

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4

Motorcycle skate

The fashion for motorcycle skates came to us from the countries of Southeast Asia, but in Russia this type of transport is still considered exotic. The main feature of its design is that speed and braking control is carried out by means of a manual joystick. Motor skates are usually equipped with simple two-stroke engines, with a volume of 50 cubic centimeters. This allows you to easily overcome difficult obstacles in the form of mud, sand or steep climbs.

Riding a motorcycle skateboard is convenient, comfortable and easy, it overcomes any obstacles: sand, snow, mud. Everyone can learn how to operate a motorcycle skateboard and ride it is many times easier than a skateboard or snowboard. The maximum speed can reach 45 km / h. The weight of the device is about 30 kg.

The price of motorcycle skates starts at 20 thousand rubles.

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5

Electric scooter

Electric scooter- universal city transport, which is convenient for both adults and children to ride. Maximum load up to 120 kg.
Within 5 seconds, the electric scooter can reach a speed of up to 15 km / h. You can charge the electric scooter from any network. Battery life depends on the model you select and the type of battery.

The main advantage of this type of city vehicle is that it is safe and environmentally friendly and can be stored in an apartment. Some models even have a folding frame.

You can find this and other types of modern electric transport in the online store www.moyo.ua/gadgets/elektro_transport/

The price for a children's model of an electric scooter starts at 4.5 thousand rubles.

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6

Fatbike

Fat bike Is another type of transport that is rapidly gaining popularity. This is a bike that differs from the usual one in the presence of thick tires. Thanks to this design feature and the reduced tire pressure, the fat bike can safely ride on sand, ice and snow. By the way, you can see this bike more often in winter. Due to the thickened wheels and a reinforced frame, the weight of the fat bike ranges from 14 to 25 kg.

In addition, the fat bike can be made more technologically advanced by adding an electric motor to it. This makes the fat bike a hybrid bike that can be used all year round.

The price of models for adults starts at 14 thousand rubles

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7

Hoverboard

Hoverboard- this is the same segway, only without a rudder. The absence of a steering box makes this type of transport lighter, more mobile and at a price several times cheaper than the classic model. The device weighs less than 12 kg. The maximum speed that can be reached is 15 km / h. A gyro scooter is ideal for training the vestibular apparatus and lumbar spine. The only difficulty is that it is quite difficult to learn how to operate it. In the first weeks of training, it is recommended to wear equipment: knee pads, elbow pads and a helmet, because falls from this device at the first stage are almost inevitable.

The price of a gyro scooter starts at 8 thousand rubles

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8

Unicycle

Unicycle(or unicycle) - the same hoverboard, with only one wheel. The balance of the monowheel is controlled by tilt sensors and gyroscopes located in the wheel itself. The main condition observed during its management is the ability to keep balance. The maximum speed is up to 15 km / h. Weight does not exceed 10 kg. This is the only vehicle on display that, when folded, can be carried in a bag. The monowheel helps to train body coordination. That is why it is better to ride a beginner monobiker wearing a helmet and knee pads. And this modern means of transportation is popular only among teenagers.

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Conclusion

Scientific progress does not stand still. The emergence of new composite materials, as well as ultra-light and durable alloys, together with the development and popularization of mobile electric transport, every year gives us technological innovations in vehicles. Modern means of transportation in the city, Thank you for your attention!

The methods of movement of scouts in settlements and in premises depend on the tasks assigned to the scouts, the nature of the terrain, the weather, the time of day of the enemy's actions, etc. finally, from the presence of all kinds of engineering fortifications and barriers. However, there are a number of general and specific methods of action that an intelligence officer must know.
In large settlements, the observation range is limited, since houses in cities have different heights; therefore, in order to advance to a favorable observation post, the scout often has to move among the ruins of buildings, inside knowledge, on the roofs of buildings, attics, etc.
The difficulty of movement in settlements increases due to the large amount of broken bricks, scrap iron, wire, boulders of collapsed buildings, mined barriers and wire-braided obstacles Skillful overcoming of all kinds of obstacles and impeccable conduct of close combat are the most important requirements for a scout when operating in settlements.
Before moving to a separate building, building, yard or group of houses, you should start covert surveillance of the outskirts of the settlement, for detached buildings, and then sequentially for the main local objects. After that, under the cover of folds of the terrain and local objects, move crouching, on all fours or crawling.
For the purpose of covert movement, move along roadsides, ditches, along fences, bushes and trees.

Moving around in ruins

When moving in places where there are piles of broken bricks, destroyed structures, tumbled down walls, rubble, funnels, try to bypass them, listen carefully and look for shelters, corners, holes. If you need to walk over them or through them silently, then put your foot on top and, having found a solid point of support, transfer the weight of the body to it, and then take the next step (Fig. 47).
When climbing over an obstacle, it is possible to pass over it lower and not to jump off it, but to go down. In all cases, beware of objects that make noise (cans, wires, sleeves, wooden objects, etc.)
If the scouts have a long crawl over the area with hard and uneven ground, then it is desirable that they have primitive knee pads, sewn from rags and lined with tow or cotton wool: these knee pads are sewn to trousers in places corresponding to the knee joint.
On sunny din and moonlit nights for movement it is recommended to choose the shadow sides and disguise themselves behind the objects themselves.
When an enemy transport is encountered, the scout is obliged (in the event that he does not have special instructions), without revealing himself, to observe: if there are hidden areas of the terrain, then the scout must, having looked and noticed what he needs, use the noise of the engine for free movement by throw in a given direction. For the same purpose, you need to use the wind. It is more convenient to approach the enemy silently when the wind blows from him towards the scout.
In all cases of movement in settlements and villages, as well as indoors, beware of dogs. When a dog appears, go around this place or structure and continue moving.

Moving inside buildings

In most cases, scouts, before entering a building, study the regime and behavior of the enemy; evaluate the conditions of penetration into the building and the time and moment favorable for this. To successfully enter a building, it is sometimes advisable to use distractions - to set fire to a neighboring house or make noise nearby. During reconnaissance inside a building, scouts often have to act swiftly, firing a grenade, point-blank bullet and edged weapons; in these cases, you need to move quickly, in some places silently and always act carefully, but decisively.
When moving in secret and silently indoors, along corridors and stairs, wear soft shoes, wrap rags around the boots or take off your shoes.
Walk along the corridors and rooms along the walls in small steps, on tiptoes. Climb the stairs through 2-3 steps, go down one by one, move closer to the railing. Constantly watch out for squeaking floors or stairs. In the room, it is recommended to disguise yourself behind doors, cupboards, in wall niches, closets, under stairs, etc. From around a corner, at bends in corridors, go out quickly; to enter rooms also quickly. Always keep the weapon on the readiness shelf; beware of mined items.

Instructions for teaching movement in settlements and within a building

Scouts should be trained on the outskirts of settlements (when approaching them) among buildings and inside an educational building, a shed or a dugout, both in special classes and in physical training classes, and when following to other classes.
The training should be carried out in the form of bilateral actions in the following forms: one unit secretly and silently approach a group of houses; while another unit takes refuge among the buildings and watches; one group of scouts disguises itself among buildings, in a shed, in a training hanging, while the other seeks to detect the enemy and engage in hand-to-hand combat with rifles or knives with a soft tip; two, three different groups from different sides to approach the building, enter it and take a prisoner, etc.
Train scouts in covert and silent movement around a section of terrain with broken bricks, cans, pieces of wire, while simultaneously overcoming rubble, holes, destroyed walls on the way, moving along the fence, wattle fence, climbing into the windows of a training building, moving up stairs, corridors, attics, etc. In addition, train scouts in fast movement and overcoming obstacles in settlements and premises.

5. MOVEMENT OF THE SCORER ON AREA WITH DIFFERENT VEGETABLE COVERINGS

(meadows, crops, plantations, reeds and bushes)

When walking or running across terrain with different vegetation in the zone where the enemy does not see or hear the scout, move with long strides; the leg is most often placed from the heel to the entire foot or from above on the entire track at once. You need to look forward and downward, try not to put your foot on lying stones and branches in order to avoid minor bruises and injuries. Sowing, reeds, bushes encountered on the way, smoothly move away, shrug, or with the left hand, if the right one is holding a weapon (Fig. 48). After passing, gently lower the vegetation into place behind you.
When walking silently on tall grass (especially dry) and leaf fall, raise your leg higher and put it off your toe (Fig. 49).

When silently crawling over dry grass and leaf fall, move on semi-pendulums slowly, alternately moving your arms and legs forward, or on your side; in the latter case, first carefully rearrange the left arm, then move the body and rearrange the right leg.
Before passing a section of terrain with crops, reeds, bushes and grass as tall as a man, the scout, if possible, should first take a closer look at this section of terrain from a height (from a hill, tree, etc.) and outline profitable, hidden approaches and passages.
If the terrain is viewed by the enemy from a height, then the scout, moving along it, must be in a camouflage robe and disguise himself as the color of the terrain. You need to move so as not to move the tops of crops, reeds or bushes, since the movement of the tops at a great distance is noticeable from a height and unmasks the scouts. Therefore, you need to move crouching, on all fours or lying along paths, between crops, under bushes and between bushes (Fig. 50); when driving, be careful not to step on dry, noisy branches.

Instructions for teaching movement in terrain with different vegetation cover.

During training, do not spoil crops and plantations. Select an area close to crops and plantations, such as weeds with tall grass, small reed shrubs (close to roads, in ravines, on wastelands, etc.)
Movement training should be carried out in a column, in a snake, in a chain, in groups; with oncoming traffic - singly and in groups. Move low, bending over, crawling. carrying loads, ladders, planks, a soldier denoting a prisoner, and various heavy infantry weapons.
Conduct training for covert and silent movements and actions: at the same time, fighters must observe (one group after another or one fighter after another) from bushes, reeds, weeds, from a height and listen to the actions of the "enemy"; train scouts in quick open actions in the form of the fastest running, crawling and overcoming obstacles on the way.
Combine training in movement with fights on sticks with a soft tip, with an attack on the "enemy" and the capture of a prisoner.

6. MOVEMENT OF THE SCORER ON WOODWOOD-WOODLANDS

In a wooded swampy area, movement is hampered due to limited observation and the difficulty of the situation; limited roads, and sometimes their complete absence, due to the danger of a sudden encounter with enemy ambushes, obstructions and minefields.
To ensure covert and silent movement in the forest, the scout must:
carefully disguise yourself with branches and grass under the general background of the area;
avoid driving on dead wood and dry bushes:
if necessary, wrap the shoes with a rag or felt.

Movement in the forest

When moving in the forest, move carefully, do not step on dry branches, bark, cones; use thick trees, bushes, tall grass, bumps for camouflage, always carefully observe and listen, distinguish between natural and artificial noise. Quickly run across separate open areas of the terrain (from one tree or bush to another), as well as far-visible forest roads, paths and glades, and then move to a squatting position, lying down and continue to grow or crawl.

Swamp movement

Moving through the swamp (if it cannot be bypassed), the scouts should keep in a group, close to each other, so that, if necessary, they can provide assistance to a comrade.
The path of crossing the swamp must be chosen very carefully.
Before crossing the swamp, you need to establish whether there is a trail used by the locals, what is the depth of the swamp, how hard the top cover is. You must cross the swamp carefully and do not rush, so as not to fall into the bog. First, you need to carefully step at the very edge of the swamp. If it withstands, then you need to hit the surface with your feet several times and. making sure that the surface does not fall, carefully move forward, probing the path ahead of you with a stick. It is recommended to choose a path with bumps, bush rhizomes located close to one another. In especially dangerous places, you need to throw brushwood, poles, boards or wicker shields. In this case, it is advisable to shift poles and boards or wattle boards after passing through them.
To facilitate movement in the swamp, you can use sticks, such as when skiing (Fig. 51). Sticks are made as follows: tie two rings of flexible rods, tie them crosswise with a rope (bast, wire). Tie the made ring firmly to a stick with a notch or flyer on the cat.
In addition to sticks, the scout can use bogshoes, which are made in the form of a bunch of branches or in the form of a braid and tied to the legs (cassock 52) with ropes, bast, etc. so that they can be easily removed.

If the path of passage is chosen, mapped out and checked, then you need to go through it with quick small steps along the moss strip or jumps along ridges with bushes.
If the situation requires secretive and noiseless movement through the swamp, then move carefully with a step, bending low, feeling the grass, moss, etc., raking with your hands (cassock 53), or crawling over lying on your stomach (on your side).
The scout must remember that it is possible to pass through the swamp and carry with you a load (anti-tank rifle, heavy machine gun, boxes with explosives, etc.) in cases where the swamp is covered with solid moss, thick grass, mixed with sedge, or overgrown with bushes (willows , alder), as well as provided that the swamp areas are covered with spruce and alder forests.
It is difficult to walk through the swamp if it is covered with cotton grass (grass, the heads of which form fluff after flowering) and if puddles of stagnant water are often found on it among the moss. The presence of reeds together with sedge and a rare young birch forest also indicates a weak resistance of the surface cover.
It is very difficult to walk through a swamp if it is covered with a thin layer of cover, under which there is a howl, or with rare bushes of reeds.
When crossing the swamps, one should avoid places covered with bright lush greenery. These are "windows" into which you can fall.

Directions for movement in wooded and swampy areas

Learning to move in a wooded-swampy area should be carried out in a coniferous forest, deciduous, mixed, felled, in a forest in a swamp and with shrubs, along forest clearings, slopes, hills, forest mountains and ravines.
Work out the methods of movement according to the nature of the terrain. To move should be bent over, silently, secretly, I openly, step, run, and also crawl. Simultaneously overcome obstacles encountered (ditches, rubble, driftwood); to observe, climb and anchor on trees, throw grenades and use weapons.
In all cases, training requires fighters to disguise themselves with branches under the background of the terrain and wrap their shoes in rags in order to move silently.
Learning to move around wooded and swampy terrain is also carried out on swampy terrain with exploration of passable places with a stick; fighters conducting reconnaissance in dangerous places should be belayed with a rope.
To move through the swamps, bending down, bending low I by crawling. After such training, take time to wash and dry your shoes and uniforms.
When learning to move in a wooded and swampy area, as well as in other areas, combine the methods of movement with firing and hand-to-hand combat techniques.

7. MOVEMENT OF THE SCORER IN THE MOUNTAINS.

Features of mountain conditions

Acting in the mountains, a scout must be hardy, careful, impudent; I have special patience and attention in observing the enemy and the terrain; if necessary, he is obliged, hiding, to hunt down for hours and wait for the enemy; as needed, crawl hundreds of meters secretly and silently, despite the bad weather, overcoming fatigue.
Every scout of the Red Army must perfectly know the peculiarities of the mountain situation and take into account all the dangers that he may encounter when operating in the mountains. He needs to master the basic elements of movement in the mountains and overcoming mountain obstacles.
Training scouts and training them in mastering various aspects of mountain training, even outside the mountains, is a good means of general physical development, facilitating the performance of reconnaissance tasks in the mountains.
At all combat training classes, as well as during the physical training hours of scouts, if time and conditions exist, use any terrain opportunities, introducing elements of mountain training.
From the experience of the war, it follows that troops can operate in the mountains without special mountain equipment, subject to the widespread use of entrenching tools, improvised means and materials.
When scouts operate in highland areas, it is advisable to have special equipment for them (crampons, protective colored goggles, etc.).
The movement of a soldier in wooded mountainous and highland areas is influenced by a number of factors that every scout operating in the mountains must know and take into account.

Difficulty orienting

The difficulty of orientation arises in the absence of characteristic landmarks and in the presence of rich vegetation with sharp shadows; due to unexpected changes in atmospheric phenomena (decreased cloudiness, rains, snowfalls, sharp weather fluctuations at any time of the year, deterioration of visibility in fogs): due to the limited roads and a large number of paths of the same type.

Natural hazards

Natural hazards include: rockfalls caused by the destruction of rocks under the influence of wind, rain and careless movement on rocky places; talus, when piled debris of rocks, stones, etc., are torn from the surface of the slope; avalanches sliding down the slope at high speed; snow falls. In spring: earth landslides, thunderstorms, rains and storms. After the rain, the paths, slopes and slopes become slippery and the danger of breaking all kinds of rocks increases. Cracks in the mountains, often covered with snow, are especially dangerous.

Meteorological changes

In high-altitude regions, the air temperature drops after sunset even in summer. In the presence of ice and snow, reflected sunlight acts on the vision, as a result of which safety glasses are required: the rarefaction of the air entails shortness of breath and dizziness, but these phenomena disappear with training. The high-mountainous regions are also characterized by a rapid change in the water level in mountain rivers during rains and snowmelt; during this period, shallow streams turn into stormy, fast-flowing streams, and rivers are distinguished by difficult-to-pass wide branches.
Signs of worsening weather: a scarlet morning dawn, a drop in air temperature in the morning hours, a fogged sun, a crown around the moon, and a noticeable twinkling of stars.
Signs of unstable weather are: winds blowing from the valley to the mountains at night, and from the mountains during the day.
Signs of improving weather: scarlet evening dawn, lower temperatures in the valleys in the evening, evening fog in the valleys, calm, clear skies, morning dew, hazy peaks, cold nights in the valleys.
A sign of an approaching thunderstorm is the appearance of a mass of cumulus clouds 2 - 3 hours before the start of the thunderstorm. For shelter from thunderstorms, you need to use strong rocky ledges. In the forest, one should not stop under tall and lonely trees.
The scout should choose a place for rest and overnight stay in the mountains where he will be protected from strong winds, while taking into account the possibility of sudden floods, rockfalls and avalanches.

Possibilities for action

Mountain-wooded terrain, as a rule, is difficult to pass due to dense thickets, windbreaks and the scarcity of roads; in such an area there are usually small settlements with a low population density. The enemy operating in the mountains has a great opportunity to easily hide in the terrain, organize ambushes, traps, create natural barriers, obstacles and mine passable areas.
Despite the dangers, difficulties and harsh natural conditions, wooded and rocky mountains are conducive to active, sudden, bold and daring actions of scouts. Due to the diversity of the terrain, as well as the possibility of hidden movement and the occupation of high points in the mountains, a wide field of visibility and observation is created; the variety of all kinds of cracks, stones, bumps, bushes and trees makes it possible for the scout to easily hide from enemy fire; occupation of a higher place than the enemy, the use of narrow passages, thickets, rockfalls, etc. help the scout to easily evade pursuit and destroy the enemy.
Scouts operating in the mountains should take with them only what is essential to the mission. A preliminary careful study of the terrain and observation of it should be the scout's rule during all his movements and before taking action.
When operating in the mountains, scouts must have food concentrates with them for 1 - 2 days, and when operating in high mountain areas - special mountain equipment, warm clothing, footwear and a supply of concentrates for 3-4 days.
In order to avoid the dangers that are encountered when moving in the mountains, the scout must know and follow the precautions and insurance.

Basic elements of insurance and self-insurance

On dangerous sections, move in a bunch of three people on one rope. Each scout ties a rope around his chest, making a loop and securing it with a knot (fig. 54).

In order to prevent the rope loop from sliding off the chest, tie it up with an auxiliary piece of rope, passing one end under the loop at the back, around the neck, and the other under the loop in front; the ends of the rope are tied (fig. 55)
In order to prevent your feet from slipping on steep slopes, you need to tie your shoes with a rope or wire (Fig. 56).

In order to avoid falls and breakdowns when moving in a bundle on rocks, the fighter providing the belay must choose comfortable ledges, platforms or indentations, take a stable position for an emphasis and use the means at hand.
For self-belay, you can use a rifle, a shovel and a stick with a pointed end, having them always ready; (Fig. 57), in dangerous places during descents or transitions, you should use a rope for belay, throwing it over a tree, a ledge (Fig. 58) and over your shoulder; you can also use the belay through the lower back with good leg support (Fig. 59), it is recommended to climb by stepping on the slope; the fighter steps over, holding on to the rope, which is fixed and held by a comrade (Fig. 60).

Movement in the mountains

Movement in mountainous and wooded areas

In mountainous and wooded areas, the scout can move along mountain forest and dirt roads and trails, as well as off-road trails, and sometimes even in the most dangerous places, depending on the situation and the tasks facing him.
Move along mountain, forest and dirt roads along the sides of the road to the right or left in a small, even step, with as few stops as possible. When moving, examine the bushes, trees, cliffs, etc. in front of them. Bridges over ravines, embankments should be passed only after careful reconnaissance; to remove the guard silently, with cold steel; if necessary, move outside the bridge to cross ravines or bypass them.
Movement along mountain paths has to be done along grassy, ​​overgrown bushes and along forest slopes, among which there are stones, talus and various rocky fragments of rocks.
The speed of movement along the trails depends on the steepness of the slope, the degree of sharpness of the trail, the danger from the overlying slopes and the state of the weather.
When driving on mountain trails, stride should be uniform and of medium length. When lifting, put your leg on a full foot. If the path is clogged, try to keep your foot away from unsafe stones. Use firmly lying stones for heel support. The steeper the trail, the more help with the movement of your hands, while holding onto solid ledges of stones, branches of bushes and trees.
When moving off roads and paths, move along the edge of them or parallel to them along thickets, bushes, roadsides and between trees: choose the method of movement according to the nature of the terrain - move crouching, on all fours or crawling.
Take special care when driving in rain, snow and fog; carefully choose a place for placing a leg and transfer body weight to the other leg only when it is firmly placed. In this case, you can use a stick with a pointed end or a shovel for self-belay.
When moving in an unfamiliar mountainous and wooded area, to clarify the direction of the return journey, in some cases, you can use signs specially made with chalk or coal on rocks or large stones, as well as broken branches, specially laid stones or bunches of grass.
Moving in mountains with rich vegetation cover, scouts must listen to the slightest rustle and noise in order to distinguish between natural rustle and noise (created by animals) from artificial (created by the enemy). Pay special attention to trees, hollows and nests of large birds.
When moving along trails passing along the ridge of heights or over peaks that are under the supervision of the enemy, move outside the trails and along the reverse slopes.
To overcome ridges or peaks secretly: use small cracks and other depressions, if necessary, move by crawling.

Moving on grassy slopes, ravines and talus

Moving on grassy slopes (ascent) with a low steepness should be done "head-on", placing the legs "herringbone": the turn of the legs (the angle between the feet) is the greater, the steeper the rise. With a steeper ascent (over 40 °), one should make a zigzag or "ladder" movement, moving alternately either right or left sideways to the slope (Fig. 61).
If the slope is covered with separate large stones, bushes or talus, the scouts should not move one above the other.
When lifting, the body should be held freely, giving it slightly forward, the leg should be placed on the entire foot.
When steepness is high, climb on all fours, holding onto the grass and ledges of strong stones (Fig. 62).

When descending, walk on bent legs and strive to lean on the whole foot or on the heel.
When driving on a dry grassy slope covered with thick and soft grass, beware of slipping your feet on the grass; the danger increases on wet grassy slopes; to facilitate movement on such slopes and self-belay, use a sharpened stick, holding it with the sharp end to the slope, and on steep slippery slopes, you can use a shovel, cutting steps with it in order to ensure a secure foot position.
To facilitate the descent on steep slopes for the purpose of self-belay, also use a stick (shovel) or self-belay with a rope.
When crawling along grassy slopes, do not grab onto loose small stones, as well as bunches of grass in bushes. Go down, crawling with your back to the slope (Fig. 63) or lying on your stomach, feet down.
Move along the scree with testing the place for setting the leg, and then transfer the weight of the body onto it. On small talus, place your foot even more carefully and transfer body weight onto it only when the soil on it does not slip, or until the movement of the soil has stopped.
When descending short slopes with shallow scree (if the scree is thick enough and not on a steep ice or grassy slope), you can go straight down, using the slide slide to accelerate your movement.
When sliding down the talus, observe the overlying slopes.

Moving in places dangerous by rockfalls

Strive to bypass places dangerous with rockfalls, avoid transitions on weathered rocks and fragile stones. If it is necessary to move, walk carefully, in small steps, sometimes holding onto the ledges. A less dangerous time for crossing is morning and early evening twilight.
Areas prone to rockfalls are determined by the following features: the formation of gutters, smoothed edges of rocky ledges, the presence of rubble and dust on stepped slopes and rocky areas, fresh talus at the foot.
The scouts must move through places dangerous with rockfalls one by one, while the rest are in cover. If the stone is hiding, you must try to stop it and warn your comrades with the exclamation "stone".
If it is impossible to step aside at the beginning of a rockfall, you need to snuggle up to the slope, having previously protected your head with improvised material (duffel bag, knapsack, roll-up).

Moving in avalanche-prone areas

If the slope of the snow cliffs exceeds 25 °, it can be avalanche-prone. The presence of strong winds also contributes to the formation of avalanches.
There is a small chance of avalanches in the first two days after snowfall, especially in narrow gorges
Signs of avalanche danger are traces of past avalanches: torn or bent trees and bushes, removal of masses of snow, the presence of grooves, the same as during rockfalls.
In avalanche-prone places, move along convex sections of rocks, abounding in large stones; protruding rocks, trees, bushes and grass prevent the formation and movement of avalanches.
Move one by one on an avalanche slope, setting up observers who are charged with the duty to warn about the movement of an avalanche. You can also determine the movement of avalanches by ear; at the beginning of their movement, a loud rustle, hiss, and then a thunderous noise are heard.
It is necessary to cross avalanche-prone slopes obliquely or across during the warmest hours of the day, and near rocks or ridges on which there are no snow cornices. You should move in wide strides, trail to trail, disturbing the virgin snow as little as possible. Maintain a distance of 30-50 m between walking.
Ascent and descent along avalanche slopes should be done straight up or down, in order to lessen the disturbance of the integrity of adjacent layers.
When the signal "avalanche" is given, the scouts should (in the event that it is impossible to quickly return or take cover) to snuggle up to the slope of the mountain, if possible using protruding sections of rocks for cover, then strengthen using an ice ax, a small shovel or protrusions on the floor with a section of rocks, and cover head with a duffel bag.
In case of a dust avalanche, cover your nose and mouth with your hand so as not to suffocate from the snow dust.
In inclement weather (rain, storm, downpour, snowfall, etc.), the scout's actions in the mountains do not stop. You need to move even more carefully, observing all safety precautions and insurance. Act boldly, amicably and boldly, in groups of 3-6 people. In rugged mountains, scouts must operate along major roads and trails.

Moving on rocks

Before starting the movement on the rocks, look over the path and outline a more secretive and profitable direction of movement.
While overcoming the rocky section, I downloaded to see the path of movement and choose the most secretive and convenient pestles for movement.
When moving on steep rocks, maintain three points of support: while moving one leg, keep the body weight on the other leg and both arms; while moving the arm, keep the body weight on both legs and the other arm.
During movement, strive to put your foot on the entire sole: with your hands rest against the protrusions or grab irregularities with a brush: use protrusions, grooves and cracks for support in every possible way, and in the absence of such, fit snugly against the rock and slowly crawl up or down. Carry out movement on difficult terrain with reliable insurance.
Move along vertical crevices with a rope; when going down or up the crevice, use the protrusions and indentations for support with your feet, hands and back.
Walk on all fours or crawl along large inclined slabs and horizontal crevices.
Along the ridges in order to better camouflage, move along the slope slightly below the ridge.
Move on the rocks in a bunch of 2-3 people. When climbing, the most experienced fighter should move in front, while descending, an experienced fighter moves from behind, weak in the middle.
When climbing difficult rocks, take off some of the equipment and climb on a rope.
If you feel tired, choose a safe place to rest and continue driving after rest.
While moving on rocky areas, carefully and carefully observe and scout cracks, rocky caves, large fireplaces, and ledges behind which the enemy can hide.

Moving on ice and snow in the mountains

Move in the ice with the help of the entrenching tool, cutting out the steps. On gentle slopes, move "head-on" and put your feet "herringbone"; on steeper slopes, zigzag or cross the slope and move sideways.
On the ice, you can successfully move in special mountain boots or on crampons with the help of an ice ax.
When cutting down steps, take a stable position and periodically change fighters.
In the highlands, snow lies on the peaks even in summer, and the slopes are covered with granular snow and ice.
When driving on snowy slopes, you need to trample the steps sideways, with the toe of your boot, or cut them out with a spatula and move in the same way as on ice - "head-on" or "herringbone".
The support on a stick with a pointed lump or on a small shovel greatly facilitates the movement.
When descending, knock out the steps with the heel of your boot, and use a stick or shovel for belay.
On a glacier covered with snow, you should move in a bunch of three and probe for cracks and snow bridges ahead of you.
When crossing snow gutters, choose the narrowest places. To overcome snowy ridges by crawling. To bypass large cornices or cut passages in them.

Instructions for learning how to move in the mountains

The preparation of the scout for movement and actions in the mountains should be ensured by training in mountainous or very rugged terrain and on a training camp, where all the main methods of forthcoming actions are being worked out.
When quartering units and reconnaissance subunits at a distance from rough terrain at a distance of a day's march, they must use this terrain; in all other cases, training camps should be equipped, on which scouts in all elements of mountain training should be trained.
The fundamentals of the methodology remain the same as in the development of other techniques and methods of movement, overcoming obstacles and actions with weapons, i.e., a brief explanation, demonstration and practice by the soldiers of techniques or actions on the instructions of the commander. With complex training, it is necessary to control the implementation of the techniques and actions assigned to them by the fighters; short remarks are given by the commander on the move.
Mountain training sessions on rough terrain should be carried out on individual heights found on flat terrain, as well as during passage through ravines; make extensive use of river, forest cliffs, slopes, hills, trees, rubble, dense thickets, forest thickets: use improvised means, special hooks and equipment, manufacturing by the forces of the unit.
During training on very rough terrain, conduct the study of techniques simultaneously with the entire structure of the unit, in groups (one group after another) or "in line" (one fighter after another); at the same time, it is necessary to explain to the fighters how these methods are used in the mountains and what surprises and dangers may arise in this case. In the same classes, work out practical methods of insurance, self-insurance, the use of improvised means and assistance to a friend.
Learning the ways of tying knots, wrapping shoes with a rope, tying a homemade "cat" to shoes, tying fighters together can be practiced outside rough terrain, introducing these elements into classes in a training campus, learned techniques and methods.