Consider the structure of the car wheel and what it consists of. What differs the radial tire from diagonal - its design.

Wheels provide movement by converting rotation to the passing movement of the machine. They perceive and smooth blows from irregularities on the surface of the road. They depend on controllability, stability and smoothness.

The wheel consists of:

• rim disk - there are stamped, cast, forged and composite (for trucks);
• tires.

Building automotive tire

It happens chamber or tubeless. There is a rubber chamber in the chamber, which is filled with air. And the tire without a camera is called a tire. The tire consists of a frame (cord) and a tread, as well as sidewalls and sides.

The frame is the main part of the tire, its power base. It is performed from several layers of special fabric - Cord. It perceives pressure compressed air From the inside and the load from the road outside. Cord material can serve: cotton, metal wire, nylon, fiberglass and other materials.

The optimal solution is a breaker with cord threads, peeling from thin steel wires. Compared to textile, this cord has many times less stretching. But there are minuses: it is less tolerant to loads on a low-frequency coating. If when the tire is bonded, water falls into the breaker, especially with chemical reagents, it is quickly collapsed from corrosion. Alternative - the use of synthetic, which has advantages of textile yarns, but devoid of flaws of steel rods.

The protector (treadmill) is a thick layer of rubber with a specific pattern. It is located on the outer surface of the tire and directly comes into contact with the surface of the road. Tread pattern can be for good roads (Use fine drawing), universal and special for off-road (large tread pattern). In winter, use spikes in the protective.

In the tubeless tire there is no rubber chamber with air. The cavity between the tire and rim is hermetic, because It is directly filled with air. Therefore, the tubeless tire disk differs from the usual presence of sealing colors (side ring) on \u200b\u200bthe rim. This should be paid attention to. If you use tires with a camera, then any discs are suitable, the scurics will not interfere.

Diagonal and radial design

IN diagonal tires Cord threads are located cross, the angle of inclination is 35 - 38 °. That is, they connect the sidewalls of the tires diagonally. Such tires are found only for trucks and special equipment.

IN radial tires Cord threads are located at right angles in relation to sides. The main advantages are: good grip with expensive, low rolling resistance and large time Services. Radial tires More modern than diagonal. They are used by modern cars. With them, the car is stable on the road, more economical and more dynamic.

So that the protector kept the road well, he must be found to her irregularities - to be flexible enough. What cord framework almost does not hinder. But the deformation of the sidewall bus is not desirable - it worsens the control of the car. To solve this problem, an additional power ring is used from several cord layers. It is called a breaker, it does not allow strong deformations in the lateral direction. In order for the breaker to have the necessary rigidity, the threads are not laid radially, but diagonally.

Marking

On the sidewall tires you can see the inscription 185/60 R15. It means:

• 185 - its width in millimeters,
• 60 - tire height ratio to its width in percent,
• R is a radial design (with a radial arrangement of the threads),
• 15 - planting diameter in inches (one inch is 2.54 centimeters).

The error of many motorists is the error that the letter R in the label indicates a radius. This letter with a number 14 is not connected. It indicates that this tires - radial design, in contrast to the outdated diagonal. And the number 14 is the landing diameter on the rod of the wheel. 14 inches \u003d 356 mm.

Tires automobile consist of two main elements - tread and frame. The latter takes on basic power loads. And this is not only air pressure from the inside of the tire, but also the irregularities of the road leaf outside. In this regard, a special (cord) is used for its manufacture, which is located all over the perimeter of the wheel in several layers. The basis of Cord could be cotton, kapron and viscose, but most often it consists of a metal wire (the so-called metal-chopping). In this case, the surface of the base (wire) is covered with a thin layer of brass, a thickness of approximately 0.1-0.2 millimeters.

Compared to its counterparts, this design is the most durable and sustainable heating.

Tires automotive and their varieties

All tires that are installed on modern passenger cars and trucks are divided into two categories:

1. Radial.
2. Diagonal.

The radial tire has special fibers of Cord with a diagonal direction of connecting sides. In this case, in the adjacent layers of paint, the inevitable crossing of their paths appears (see photo).

In this regard, the number of applicable Cord layers must be even. Also, this type of tire is characterized in that the fibers connect the side directly, heading to them at an angle of 90 degrees.

Classification of radial tires

In turn, this type of wheels is divided into two more categories and can be both textile and combined. Both classes have similar material for the manufacture of the frame. Most often it is a synthetic nylon. Main differences are the type of breaker. On the textile it is made of and on the combined - from the metal cord. It is such a combination of materials that are called optimal specialists. At the same time, the strength of such a tire increases significantly, and the probability of formation of cracks on the rim and the micro-projector is reduced to zero.

Marking

Everything modern manufacturers Automotive tires of radial type indicate them on the sidewall letter R. In the marking it looks like this: 180/75 R14. Very often motorists confuse this symbol with the landing radius of the wheel. In fact, R14 speaks of the landing diameter, which this case equal to fourteen inches. The diagonal analogues are not marked with a similar symbol. In the designation of the sizer data, there are only numbers (for example, 6.50-15).

Why diagonal wheels go back?

Such wheels on this moment Virtually not produced and not installed on passenger cars and on SUVs. And all because the diagonal tires are exposed to large deformation in the tread area during movement. As a result, the grooves of the drawing are significantly compressed, and the protrusions begin to slip on the supporting surface. Due to this, the quality of their clutch with the road is significantly worsening, and, accordingly, the safety of driving is threatened.

Advantages of radial wheels

Among the main advantages of this type of tires should be noted their ability to operate on increased speeds and light weight. In addition, radial tires have a greater carrying capacity, less exposed to heat and in their structure are more elastic, compared with diagonal counterparts.

It should also be noted that, due to its small oven, such wheels are more secured in operation. In practice, cars with radial tires are more maneuverable and resistant to large speeds, and research is celebrated great quality The clutch both with dry and with a wet road cannon.

Since the automotive or winter mentioned - does not matter) only one type of loads perceive, the tensions of the threads in the framework they have significantly lower than that of diagonal. This allows you to use a smaller number of layers of material for the frame, due to which the quality of the heat sink increases. By the way, each cord here is absolutely independent. Due to this, it disappears the need to cross the fibers of the neighboring layers (hence we get less costly production). By the way, car chambers For tires this type not required. All of them are tubeless, and therefore apply on all modern cars.

It should also be noted that radial tires makes the use of supermodular types of cord for breaker production. Due to this, it turns out an excellent tread grip with an expensive, which we have already spoken earlier. And due to the rigidity of the breaker, the deformation of the tread is minimized, so the resource in such wheels is very large (at extremely measuring on a flat road). At the same time, such a wheel is less vulnerable to punctures, and they often can often be found on our roads, and rusty screws.

disadvantages

Operation of automotive tires showed that the main minus such tires is their excessively high elasticity. And this concerns not the entire tread, but only the lateral part of it. With frequent movement by irregularities or a rut, it can cause damage to the wheel. For the same reason, the radial tire is very sensitive and demanding to pressure inside the chamber. If this figure is highly understated, it is worth expecting premature formation of damage when driving on stones and borders. Another minus such a tire is its high cost.

Features of application

By virtue of their structural features, the radial tire almost displaced the production of its diagonal analogues, which can be found now only on trucks. And even despite such a "bouquet" of flaws, in their characteristics radial wheels Far exceed competitors, and therefore are used on all types of modern vehicles.

So, we found out what features a radial tire is characterized, as it is marked and where it is trying. When considering all the advantages and disadvantages of these wheels, it becomes obvious that already in soon Radial tires will be completely outpass from the world market for their diagonal fellow.

Tires are designed to provide reliable clutch Car with expensive. From them directly depends on the smoothness of the movement and handling of the machine, the quality of braking and smoothing the impetus arising from the irregularities of the road surface. Car tires Work in enough sophisticated conditions Operating, therefore, harsh requirements are presented to their design and device.

They should be simultaneously elastic and durable, have an increased wear resistance and to correctly perceive the normal, tangential and side load. Modern car tires, in general, identical in their device.

First of all, automotive tires can be chamber and tubeless. The chamber bus has an air cavity formed by a sealing chamber. This camera is an annular tube with a valve made of airtight elastic rubber. The size of such a chamber strictly corresponds to the size and shape of the tire.

In the boxless tire, the air cavity is formed with a tire and rim of the wheels. Here instead of the camera on inner side Tires are a special sealing layer with high gas-tightness. Thus, the cavity concluded between the tire and the rim remains hermetic, since it is filled with air.

If a chamber tire When proof quickly loses pressure, since the air instantly leaves through the valve hole in the wheel rim, then in the case of tubeless tires, the pressure during the puncture is stored for another period of time. All due to the fact that the air from the tubeless tire comes out only in the place of the puncture. For this reason, the tubeless tires provide the driver with increased safety when the car moves due to the lack of a sharp drop in the internal pressure in the tires. The tubeless tire is also easier chamber, it is characterized by a smaller heating during operation due to the optimal removal of heat through the open part of the rim.

The tire itself consists of several structural elements - frame, tread, breaker, sidewall and side rings. The power base of the tire is a hard frame that is made of several layers of special fabric - Cord. It is Cord who is designed to perceive the pressure of compressed air from the inside and the load acting on the tire outside the contact with the contact with road surface.

The Cord material can serve as threads of cotton, viscose, capron, nylon, metal wire or fiberglass, as well as high-strength steel cable. The strength of the tire is determined mainly, the strength of Cord. Cord threads of various thicknesses and densities carry on the main load during the operation of the tire, providing it with the necessary strength, elasticity, wear resistance, and the constant preservation of the specified form.

Depending on the framework of the frame, the car tires are with a diagonal and radial arrangement of cord threads. In the diagonal tires of the Cord threads in the adjacent layers of the frame are located between themselves at some angle, which ensures optimal distribution of effort during tire deformation and the best strength with sufficient depreciation.

In the design of radial tires, the cord threads in the frame layers are located radially along the tire profile in the direction from one side to another. This means that in all layers of the carcass frame tires, Cords are parallel to each other. The frame of such tires is more elastic, it is much easier to deform. Thanks to the framework of the radial tires, the radial tires are provided compared to diagonal adhesion with the road due to the greater area and more stable spots of contact, as well as low rolling resistance and higher durability. For these reasons for passenger cars Currently, radial tires are used, which is labeled with the letter R in the sidewall size.

The protector is a thick profiled rubber, which is located on the outer surface of the tire and directly contacts the surface of the road. The protector is made of synthetic and natural rubber, which provides proper adhesion with expensive, softening the effects of shocks and shocks to the tire frame. Thick protector, on the one hand, increases the tire mileage, and on the other, makes the tire harder, leads to its overheating, increases the resistance to rolling.

The standard tread thickness of tires intended for passenger cars varies in the range from 7 to 12 mm. On the tread surface there is a relief pattern, which can be road, universal or special, depending on the operating conditions of the car. Tread road tire It is distinguished by smoothness with frequent, small blocks, while the off-road bus, on the contrary, has a fairly coarse protector with rare large blocks in the middle of the tire and sides.

In the drawing of the tread, all car tires are divided into directed, symmetrical and asymmetric. Figure tread is provided big influence On the resistance coefficient of rolling wheel, silentness and wear of the tire, as well as the characteristics of braking and the clutch of the car with the road.

The greatest distribution Today we got automotive tires that have longitudinal transverse grooves in the drawing of the tread. Longitudinal grooves Provide a sufficiently high tire clutch with an expensive side direction, and transverse - optimal grip on wet and slippery roads in the longitudinal direction.

Between the frame and the tire protector is located the breaker - a special rubberordinal layer consisting of several layers of sparse cord, interfering with thickened layers of rubber. The breaker is designed to strengthen the design of the frame and at the same time improve the contact between the tread and the frame. It also provides a more uniform distribution of loads on the surface of the tire. Since the breaker perceives multiple deformations for stretching, compression and shift, then it is characterized by a higher operating temperature in comparison with other tire elements.

The frame walls also cover the sidewalls, which are quite a thin rubber, elastic layer. Sidewalls protect the frame from mechanical damage and moisture. They are made practically from the same rubber mixesas the protector itself.

Another essential element of the tire device is a board that serves to fasten the tire on the rim of the wheels and formed from the wings. Such a wing includes an onboard ring made of steel wire, a solid rubber harness, an airbag wrapper and amplifying ribbons. The onboard ring is used to give board the necessary strength, while the rubber profile harness ensures the design of the board and its monolith.

Tires for passenger cars in the quality of the materials used and individual elements of the design may differ slightly from the tires of other types. In particular, they compared with trucks, have a more elastic frame, greater dismemberment of the tread pattern and a smaller service life. Each tire design element provides a function to perform a function to achieve optimal characteristics Coupling a car with an expensive.

One of the main elements car wheel is a tire. It is installed on the disk and provides a stable contact of the car with a road surface. During the movement of the car, the tire absorb the emerging vibrations and oscillations caused by road irregularities, which ensures the comfort and safety of passengers. Depending on the operating conditions, the tires can be manufactured from various materials with complex chemical composition and certain physical properties. Tires may also differ in the tread pattern, providing a reliable clutch with surfaces with a different coefficient of friction. Knowing tire device, rules for their operation and reasons premature wearYou can provide long service life of rubber and driving safety as a whole.

Tire functions

The main functions of the automotive tire include:

• quenching the vibrations of the wheels from the irregularities of the road surface;
• ensuring a constant clutch of wheels with an expensive;
• reduction of fuel consumption and noise level;
• ensuring the cargo of the car in complex road conditions.

Automotive tire device

Automotive tire device

The construction of the tire is quite complicated and consists of a variety of elements: cord, tread, breaker, shoulder zone, sidewalls and side. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Cord

The tire base is a frame consisting of several cord layers. Cord is a rubberized layer of fabric from textile, polymer or metal threads.

Cord is stretched throughout the tire area, i.e. radially. There are radial I. diagonal tires. Radial tire received the greatest distribution, because It is characterized by the longest service life. The frame in it is more elastic, due to which heat generation and rolling resistance decreases.

The diagonal tires have a frame of several layers of Cord, located cross. These tires are distinguished nevable price And have a stronger sidewall.

Tread

The outer part of the tire, directly contacting the road surface, is called the "protector". Its main purpose is to ensure the clutch of the wheel with an expensive and protection of it from damage. The protector affects the level of noise and vibration, and also determines the degree of wear of the tire.

Type tread pattern and its purpose

Constructively, the protector is a massive layer of rubber having a relief pattern. The pattern of the tread in the form of grooves, furrows and protrusions causes the tire's ability to work in certain road conditions.

Breaker

The Cord layers located between the tread and the frame are called "Breker". It is necessary to improve the relationship between these two elements, as well as to prevent the tread delay under the action of external forces.

Shoulder zone

A part of the tread located between the treadmill and the sidewall is called the "Shoulder Zone". It enhances the lateral rigidity of the tire, improves the synthesis of the frame with the protector, takes part of the side loads transmitted by the treadmill.

Sidewalls

The sidewall is a layer of rubber, which is a continuation of the tread on the side walls of the frame. It protects the frame from moisture and mechanical damage. Tire marking is applied to it.

Board

The sidewall ends with a board that serves for its fastening and sealing on the rim of the wheels. At the heart of the side is a non-aggressive wheel of steel rubberized wire, giving strength and rigidity.

Types of tires

Tires can be classified by several parameters.

Seasonal factor

Figure Tread Summer and winter tires

The seasonal factor distinguishes summer, winter and all-season tires. Seasonality of the tire is determined by the tread pattern. On the summer rubber There is no microcreon, but there are brightly pronounced grooves for water flow. This ensures the maximum grip of the wheels with asphalt.

Winter tires from summer can be distinguished by narrow tread grocers, which allow rubber not to lose its elasticity and keep the car even on the garbage.

There are also the so-called "all-season tires", about the advantages and minuses of which you can say the following: they equally well show themselves both in the heat and in the cold, however, they have very medium operational characteristics.

The method of sealing internal volume

This indicator distinguishes "chamber" and "tubeless tires". Delicious tires - These are tires that have only a tire. In them, tightness is achieved at the expense of the device last.

Off-road tires

This tire class is different increased patency. Rubber is characterized high profile and deep grooves of the tread. Suitable for riding on clay and mud sites, cool slopes and other off-road. But on this rubber it will not be possible to develop sufficient speed on a flat road. Under normal conditions, this tire is bad "keeps the road", as a result, the safety of motion is reduced, and the protector is rapidly wear out.

Picture of tire tread

Tire tread pattern

According to the tread pattern, the tires with asymmetric, symmetric and directional patterns are distinguished.

Symmetrical pattern is most common. The tire parameters with such a tread are most balanced, and the tire itself is more adapted to operate on a dry road.

The highest operational properties have tires with a directional pattern, which gives the top to the coat resistance to the aquaplaning.

Tires with asymmetric pattern are implemented in one tire double function: controllability on a dry road and clutch reliability on wet road covering.

Low profile tires

This class of tires is designed specifically for the speed movement. They provide fast acceleration and reduce the brake path. But, on the other hand, these tires do not differ in the smoothness of the stroke and are characterized by noise when driving.

Slicks

Blinks are another class of tires that can be selected separate. What are the difference between the remaining tires? Absolute smoothness! The protector does not have any grooves or grooves. The slicks show themselves well only on a dry road. Used mainly in motor racing.

Worn automobile tires

During the movement of the car, the tire is subjected to constant wear. Tire wear affects her operational indicators, including on the length brake path. Everyone additional millimeter Tread wear increases the length of the brake path by 10-15%.

Important! Permissible depth The tread for winter tires is 4 mm, and for summer - 1.6 mm.

Type wear types and their causes

For clarity, species and causes of tire wear will be presenting in the form of a table.

Type of wear of the tire	Cause
Tread wear in the middle tires	Incorrect air pressure in the tire
Cracks and bulges on the side wall of the tire	Punch tire about border or pit
Tread wear along the edges of the tire	Insufficient tire pressure
Flat spots wear	Driving features: Sharp braking, drift or acceleration
One-sided wear	Incorrect

Check tire wear can be visually visually using the tire wear level indicator, which is a tread portion, differing from its base size and shape.

Digital wear indicator

Tire wear indicator can be.

Read, it turned out interesting. By the way there are also the tables. Today I want to talk about diagonal and radial tires. It is clear that the topic is beaten and a lot of information on the Internet on this issue. However, there are a lot of incommable articles written by the technical language, not quite understandable for the usual alignment. Today I will try to talk about their structure, a simple man. I will not pull, let's start ...

The first type (the location of the threads in the design diagonally) is now very rare can be found on the roads. "Why?" - Set the question. Yes, everything is simple, the benefits of radial types are much more, therefore many, and almost all manufacturers refuse the production of diagonal tires. Talk about the title.

Where did the name diagonal and radial tires come from? It comes from the structure of the rubber itself. The basis of any wheel is a frame that is made from the layers in which there are tissue threads. It is fabric threads that give the necessary strength and stability of the design. This is the base of the wheel. Next is the so-called top layer, on which the protector itself is constructed, the so-called breaker in which the metal power cord is implanted, this is the power part of any wheel. Differences lies in the lower first layer. Or rather in its direction in the design.

Tire structure

Diagonal tires

As it is clear from the title, diagonal - have diagonal layers of fabric threads in their design, and each next layer is addressed to the ethnicity of the previous one, in the twist. Due to the need to cross two adjacent pathways, the number of thread layers should be even, for example 4, 6 or 8. Usually there are 4 layers. Simple words: - Fissure layers overtaken with each other. I think it is understandable.

Now pluses and cons

pros

Diagonal has a simple design, and accordingly cheap price. The side walls in such tires are distinguished by increased strength, on such wheels you can close the side cuts, and without fearing to ride, rather than postponement. Also, diagonal types are better "swallowed" small pits, seams and road journeys.

Minuses

Under loads are exposed to strong deformation (crumpled), the protector is thinking that worsens the coupling and high-speed properties tires. Sustainability on high speeds Much lower than that of radial.

Radial tires

In radial - fabric threads in the structure of the wheel, do not intersect with each other. And go horizontally from one side to another. It should be noted that it is precisely such tires that can be in a chamber and non-chamber design. The upper part (breaker) performs a major role. Sometimes a layer of the breaker has in the structure of up to 25 layers of metal frame (which consist of steel or brass wire with a diameter of 0.1 to 0.2 mm). Metal CordIt has much high strength than textile, has low tensile, as well as better thermal conductivity. Thanks to all this this can be said that the radial type is perfectly holding its shape.

pros

It is perfectly held by the road, and accordingly they are safer at high speeds and high loads. Possess increased characteristics Clutch with expensive, both on wet and dry asphalt. Stability of damage and puncture in the tread zone.

Minuses

The cost is higher due to the complex structure. Side cord, soft, more susceptible to damage than the opponent. In the lateral cut, the radial bus is undesirable to use in everyday load. As a rule, it is removed to the spare tire.

Despite the fact that the diagonal tires are cheaper and perfectly hold the side blow, they practically disappeared from the market. Radial tires due to its durable tread frame, and resistance to high loads And speeds, as well as excellent coupling features, won this fight.

Now the guys look a useful video on the topic, there is a conversation about the wheels of motorcycles produced by Michelin, but information is supplied extremely clear, we look.

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