Conveyor. The evolution of the conveyor: from antiquity to modern production. Creation of a Ford conveyor See what “Conveyor production” is in other dictionaries

Henry Ford's first assembly line, introduced in April 1913, was used to assemble generators. Until this time, one worker could assemble 25 to 30 generators in a nine-hour day. This meant that it took about 20 minutes to assemble one generator.

The new line broke this process for 29 operations performed by individual workers with individual generator units, which were delivered to them by a constantly moving conveyor. The new approach reduced the assembly time of one generator to an average of 13 minutes. A year later, it was possible to split the production process into 84 operations, and the assembly time of one generator was reduced to 5 minutes.

Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 near Dearborn, Michigan. Since 1879, he was a mechanic's apprentice in Detroit and worked for an electrical company. He spent all his free time making a car. Every evening Ford tinkered in his barn. During testing, many malfunctions occurred in the car. Either the engine or the wooden flywheel failed, or the transmission belt broke. Finally, in 1893, Ford built a car with a low-power four-stroke engine. internal combustion, more like a four-wheeled bicycle. This car weighed only 27 kg.

Since 1893, Henry has worked as chief engineer of the Edison Illuminating Company, and from 1899 to 1902 he worked for the Detroit Automobile Company. In 1903, he founded the Ford Motor Company, which later became one of the world's largest automobile manufacturers. At its factories, Ford widely introduced standardization and introduced assembly line assembly. He outlined his ideas about the rational organization of labor in the books “My Life and Work” (1922, Russian translation 1924), “Today and Tomorrow” (1926), “Moving Forward” (1930).

Ford was not the only one involved in the automobile industry in the United States. In 1909, there were already 265 companies in this country that produced 126,593 cars. This is more than they had been produced in all European countries by that time.

In 1903, Ford created a racing car. Racer Oldfield won three-mile races on it. That same year, Ford organized a joint stock company to produce automobiles. 1,700 Model A cars were produced. The car had an engine power of 8 liters. With. and could develop maximum speed 50 km/h. Not much by today's standards, but already in 1906 the K model reached speeds of 160 km/h in races.

In the beginning, Ford Motor updated car models frequently. However, in 1908, with the advent of the Model T, the company's policy changed. The Model T was the first car assembled on an assembly line, similar to the carcass processing line at the Chicago Swift and Company slaughterhouses. The car was produced, for the sake of economy, only in black and remained until 1927 the only one produced by Ford. In 1924, half of all cars in the world were Ford Ts. It was produced almost unchanged for 20 years. In total, about 15 million “Tin Lizzies” were produced - that’s what the Americans called the car. Despite its unsightly appearance, the Lizzie engine worked conscientiously.

In addition, the car ensured success and comparatively low cost: production has become massive. From $850 it dropped to $290. Ford cars began to appear in Europe. They arrived in France, which at that time was the leading automobile power, in 1907. But Ford did not create its own production in this country, but it did build large factories in Dagenham (England) and Cologne (Germany). Production expanded steadily. At the end of 1912, only 3,000 cars were produced at the plant in Dagenham, a suburb of London. And in about 50 years - 670,000.

And the monument to Henry Ford was erected not in the USA, but in England.

Ford cars became cheaper. But in the 20s, Chevrolet, Plymouth and others began to crowd out the outdated model. Ford had to shut down its factories, fire most of its workers, and reschedule production.

In 1928 it appeared new model- "Ford A". This car is interesting because it became a prototype GAZ-A car, which was produced by the Gorky Automobile Plant. At that time, the Ford A was considered the best passenger car in the world.

Ford began producing trucks in 1917. After 10 years, a one and a half ton Ford-AA truck was put on the conveyor, on the basis of which the famous one and a half ton truck GAZ-AA was created in the USSR.

By 1939, the Ford Corporation had already produced 27 million cars, largely due to the absorption of other, small firms. And soon the production of passenger cars in the country was banned: the Second World War began. World War. On those released production areas Ford began making airplanes (8,685 bombers were produced during the war years). Only in 1946 did American automobile companies again begin to produce passenger cars, and of old, pre-war brands.

By the way, in our country, designers worked on drawings of new models already during the war years and immediately after its end they began to make new cars.

The Ford concern also did not forget about traffic safety. Beginning in 1955, its factories began to produce cars with a strongly concave steering wheel, then they used safety door locks, soft instrument panel trim, and even seat belts.

What helped Henry Ford achieve such success? First of all, the introduction of an assembly line into production. A conveyor is a conveyor for moving bulk, lumpy or piece goods. Ford used a conveyor belt in its production to assemble small car parts and even car bodies.

In industrial production, conveyors are an integral part integral part technological process. Conveyors allow you to set the pace of production, ensure its rhythm, being the main means of comprehensive mechanization of production lines. technological operations; At the same time, conveyors free workers from heavy and labor-intensive transport and loading and unloading work and make their work more productive.

The name of Ford is associated with the term “Fordism”, which is based on the assembly line principle and new methods of labor organization. Each of the workers along the conveyor performed one operation that required virtually no qualifications.

According to Ford, 43% of workers required training up to one day, 36% from one day to one week, 6% from 1 to 2 weeks, and 14% from 1 month to a year. Introduction assembly line along with some others technical innovations led to a sharp increase in labor productivity and a reduction in production costs, marking the beginning of mass production. At the same time, Fordism led to an unprecedented increase in the intensity of labor, making it meaningless, stultifying and exhausting. The workers have turned into robots. The forced rhythm set by the conveyor belt necessitated the transition to time-based wages for workers. The Fordist system, like Taylorism before it, became synonymous with the exploitation of workers inherent in the monopoly stage of capitalism. In an effort to suppress the discontent of workers and prevent them from organizing an organized struggle in defense of their rights, Ford introduced increased discipline at enterprises, instilled espionage and reprisals against labor activists.

From the story of a worker at the Ford car plant in Dagenham: “For many years, trade union activity was not allowed at Ford plants. In the book “My Life, My Achievements,” Henry Ford claimed to be a kind of social reformer and argued that his methods of organizing production and labor could transform bourgeois society into “a society of abundance and social harmony.” Ford touted his system as being pro-worker, especially paying his plants higher wages than the industry average.”

In the early 70s, some firms abandoned extreme forms of assembly line production in order to increase the content and attractiveness of labor, and, consequently, its efficiency. To achieve this, conveyor lines are shortened, operations on them are combined, workers are moved along the conveyor and the like.

Let's summarize some results. A giant leap in production occurred in 1913 when Henry Ford introduced assembly line in the automotive industry. Until this time, cars were built in much the same way as houses: that is, workers simply chose a location in a factory and assembled the car from top to bottom. The cost was high, and therefore only rich people at that time could afford to buy a car.

To make it accessible to the majority, according to Ford, it was necessary to increase labor productivity. This required:

limit the number of operations performed by each worker;
bring the work closer to those who did it, and not vice versa;
provide the most rational sequence of operations from all possible options.

The assembly line method made car prices affordable for millions of families. As a result, the number of registered cars rose from 944,000 in 1912 to 2.5 million in 1915 and 20 million in 1925.

Henry Ford was not an economist, but his innovative manufacturing strategy had a revolutionary impact on the production of industrial consumer goods and the standard of living of Americans.

In which it is divided into the simplest short operations, and the movement of parts is carried out automatically. This is an organization of operations on objects in which the entire process of influence is divided into a sequence of stages in order to increase productivity by simultaneously independently performing operations on several objects going through different stages. A conveyor is also called a means of moving objects between stages in such an organization.

Such a division of the production process into simple operations allows one worker to perform any one operation without wasting time on changing tools and transferring parts to another worker; such parallelism of the production process allows reducing the number of working hours required to produce one product. The disadvantage of this production system is the increased monotony of labor.

Eli Whitney is sometimes credited with the invention of the assembly line production method. It appeared in 1914 in the production of the Model T at the Henry Ford plant and revolutionized first the automobile industry, and then the entire industry.

In fact, the method of assembly line production of cars was first patented by Ransom Eli Olds(Ransom Eli Olds) at the very beginning of the 20th century, and already from 1901, the Oldsmobile model “Kevd Desh” was produced using his method - the first mass-produced car in history. The engineers who worked for Ford only added to the principles and methods of conveyor assembly, already patented by Olds, a running belt, also invented long before, at the end of the 19th century, and by the own admission of one of them (William Clunn), the conveyor belt served as the prototype for the conveyor assembly of cars. dismantling" of livestock carcasses at the slaughterhouse.

A conveyor line designed for human labor must be adjusted to different speed work depending on the ability of people to work - work proceeds relatively faster in the first 2-3 hours, after lunch and before the end of the working day, while in order to combat fatigue from the monotony of work, the optimal duration of each operation should be 50-60 seconds and rotation of workers should occur .

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what “Conveyor production” is in other dictionaries: conveyor production - The production process is divided into separate, relatively short operations, performed at specially equipped, sequentially located workplaces - production lines. Syn.: continuous production…

Dictionary of Geography continuous production - The production process is divided into separate, relatively short operations, performed at specially equipped, sequentially located workplaces - production lines. Syn.: continuous production…

- The production process is divided into separate, relatively short operations, performed at specially equipped, sequentially located workplaces - production lines. Syn.: conveyor production... Continuous flow production - (conveyor) - characterized by the fact that all operations are completely synchronized (aligned), and the transfer of materials and products from one post to another is carried out continuously using special vehicles - conveyors.... ...

Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Varieties: Piano, Royal (illustrated) ... Wikipedia Volkswagen - (Volkswagen) Volkswagen company , company history, company activities Volkswagen Company, company history, company activities, company management Contents Contents Definition History Post-war years 1950-1960s "Roaring" ...

Investor Encyclopedia

A post-industrial society is a society in which, as a result of the scientific-technical revolution and a significant increase in population incomes, priority has shifted from the primary production of goods to the production of services.... ... Wikipedia The Great Depression 1950-1960s "Roaring" ...

- (Great Depression) The Great Depression is a prolonged decline in the US economy, which was caused by a sharp drop in stock prices on the New York Stock Exchange on October 29, 1929. Definition of the Great Depression, the preconditions of the Great Depression in the US and its ... Modernization 1950-1960s "Roaring" ...

This term has other meanings, see Skoda (meanings). Škoda Auto Type Public company Founded 1895 ... Wikipedia

Kazan Aviation Production Association named after S. P. Gorbunov ... Wikipedia

Conveyor (English conveyer, from convey- to transport) - conveyor, machine continuous action for moving bulk, packaged, complex or piece goods.
Conveyors are mechanical continuous vehicles for moving various loads over short distances. Conveyors different types are used in all industries for loading, unloading and transporting materials during the production process.

It is generally accepted that the conveyor is an invention of the 20th century, brought to life by the requirements of mass production. However, almost all the basic principles of conveyor mechanization were already known in the 15th century. Lifting equipment existed in ancient times: lifting devices used in Egypt in the 16th BC. e.
Several thousand years BC. e. In ancient China and India, chain pumps were used to continuously supply water from reservoirs to irrigation systems, which can be considered prototypes of scraper conveyors. In Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, multi-bucket and screw water lifts were used - the predecessors of modern bucket elevators and screw conveyors. The first attempts to use scraper and screw conveyors to move bulk materials (for example, in flour milling) date back to the 16th - 17th centuries. At the end of the 18th century. Conveyors began to be systematically used to transport light bulk materials over short distances.

In the 30s of the XIX century. Conveyors with belts made of durable fabric were first used for the same purpose. In the second half of the 19th century. The industrial use of conveyors for the delivery of heavy bulk and piece goods began. The expansion of the areas of application of conveyors led to the emergence and operational development of new types of conveyors: belt with rubberized fabric belts (1868, Great Britain), stationary and mobile plate (1870, Russia), screw with spiral screws for large-piece materials (1887, USA), bucket with hinged buckets for delivering goods along difficult routes (1896, USA), belt with steel belts (1905, Sweden), inertial (1906, UK, Germany), etc. 1882 The conveyor was used to connect technological units in mass production (USA).

Somewhat later, floor foundry (1890, USA), overhead (1894, Great Britain) and special assembly conveyors (1912-1914, USA) began to be used.
Since the 80s of the XIX century. the manufacture of conveyors in industrialized countries gradually became a separate area of mechanical engineering. IN modern types Conveyors have retained their basic structural elements, which have been improved in accordance with the achievements of science and technology (replacing the belt drive with an electric one, using vibration technology, etc.).

The idea of a conveyor belt in mass production was fully embodied by automobile industrialist Henry Ford at the beginning of the 20th century. Trying to make it cheap mass car, accessible to the poor buyer, he introduced continuous production at his assembly plants. Ford himself did not at all claim to be the author of the idea of the assembly line. In his biographical book, My Life, he noted: “About April 1, 1913, we made our first experiment with the assembly line. This was when assembling the magneto. It seems to me that this was the first moving assembly line that was ever constructed. In principle, it is similar to the mobile tracks that Chicago butchers use when cutting up carcasses.”

The conveyor is indeed closely connected with the history of the production of fresh frozen meat.
This idea was first put into practice by the American Gustav Swift, the creator of the powerful meat industry in the United States. Swift, at the age of fourteen, began working for his brother, a butcher on Cape Cod.
He later started his own business and began trading cattle, gradually moving his goods to the West - first to Albany, then to Buffalo and finally in 1875 to Chicago. Here he thought about how to ensure year-round meat trade. And if you transport meat in refrigerators, then how should you slaughter and butcher the livestock before transporting the meat? Swift found a railroad company willing to transport refrigerated cars, invested in their construction and improvement, and began transporting meat cut in Chicago to the growing industrial cities of the East. Swift's business quickly took off.

Swift carefully thought through the entire technological chain from the purchase of livestock to the delivery of freshly frozen meat to the consumer. The most important link in this chain was the cutting of the carcass, for which the “dismantling line” was invented. Swift put forward a brilliant simple idea: the carcass must move towards those who cut it. In the Swift meat-cutting shop, the slaughter of a pig and the cutting of the carcass were dissected into numerous unit operations.

This is how Upton Sinclair described Swift's cutting line in his novel The Jungle (1906): “Then the crane would pick it up (the pig carcass) and convey it to an overhead cart, which rolled between two rows of workers sitting on a high platform. Each worker, when the carcass slid past him, performed only one operation on it.” At the end of the line the carcass was already completely cut up.

Ford's conveyor was Swift's "dismantling line" in reverse: the car's skeleton became covered in iron "meat" as it moved along the conveyor. Otherwise, the similarity was simply striking. Here is a description of how Ford's assembly line works: “When assembling the chassis, forty-five different movements are made and a corresponding number of stops are arranged. The first work group attaches four safety guards to the chassis frame; the engine appears at the tenth stop, etc. Some workers only do one or two small movements hand, others - much more.” Each of the workers sitting along the conveyor belt carried out one operation consisting of several (or even one) labor movements, the performance of which required virtually no qualifications. According to Ford, 43% of workers required one day of training, 36% - up to a week, 6% - one to two weeks, 4% - from a month to a year.

The introduction of conveyor assembly, along with some other technical innovations, caused a sharp increase in labor productivity and a decrease in production costs, marking the beginning of mass production. But the consequence of this was an increase in labor intensity and automation. Work on an assembly line requires extreme nervous and physical stress from workers. The forced rhythm of labor set by the conveyor belt necessitated a change in the form of remuneration for workers. Henry Ford noted: “...the result of following these basic rules is to reduce the demands made on the mental power of the workman and reduce his movements to the minimum limit. If possible, he has to do the same thing with the same movement.”

The entire 20th century was the time of the triumphal march of the conveyor belt principle of organizing production, which was transformed, enriched, but retained its solid core. The conveyor is the basis for the mass production of goods.
Ford, a pioneer in the use of conveyor belts, designed and created full cycle production, including steel and glass production.
The efficiency of using a conveyor in the technological process of any production depends on how well the type and parameters of the selected conveyor correspond to the properties of the cargo and the conditions in which the technological process takes place. Such conditions include: productivity, transportation length, shape of the route and direction of movement (horizontal, inclined, vertical, combined; loading and unloading conditions of the conveyor; cargo dimensions, shape, specific density, lumpiness, humidity, temperature, etc.). The rhythm and intensity of the feed and various local factors also matter.

High productivity, simplicity of design and relatively low cost, the ability to perform various technological operations on a conveyor belt, low labor intensity of work, ensuring labor safety, improving its conditions - all this contributed wide application conveyor It was used in all areas of the economy: in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, mining, chemical, food and other industries. In industrial production, conveyors are an integral part of the technological process. Conveyors allow you to set and regulate the pace of production, ensure its rhythm, being the main means of complex mechanization of transport and loading and unloading processes and in-line technological operations. The use of a conveyor frees workers from heavy and labor-intensive transport and loading and unloading work and makes their work more productive. Wide conveyorization is one of the characteristic features developed industrial production.

However, in automotive industry, which at one time was the first to use conveyor assembly, at the end of the 20th century. There has been a return to old production methods. Some companies began to entrust the full cycle of car assembly to one team of assemblers. This is due to the fact that with a high rate of movement of the conveyor, defects are inevitable, which are not always noticed and corrected at the end of the assembly cycle. Such flaws are noticeable only when the owner operates the car. Their discovery entails both monetary losses and damage to the prestige of the manufacturer.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

The conveyor is a continuous machine. This type of equipment is designed for moving bulk, lumpy or piece goods. One of the most important characteristics the operation of conveyors, of course, is its non-discontinuity.

Nowadays, the conveyor belt is perceived by everyone as quite ordinary engineering solution, Previously, a master walked around some complex unit and assembled it entirely alone, but now these units travel on a conveyor belt and dozens of craftsmen each apply their own parts to them. Yes, labor productivity has increased, everything is simple. But when the first products rolled off Henry Ford’s assembly line 100 years ago, it was a real revolution in production, in economics, in sociology, in philosophy.

A Brief History of Henry Ford's Discovery

Henry Ford, born into a poor farming family, by the age of 20 managed to change several jobs related to technology, and was miserably expelled from everywhere. The main reason was his passion for invention, which consumed all his time and energy. From the moment he left last company, who gave him an ultimatum, he decided to surrender to the realization of his dream. He continues to design cars that successfully compete with the most popular models in speed and reliability. But organize mass production I don't manage to get my cars right away - I don't have enough money. First car company the one he created was joint stock company, where Ford led only technical part and did not in any way influence either the organization of production or the company’s policy in the market. Ford believed that the current situation in the production and sale of cars did not correspond to the enormous potential of this sector of the economy, but he could not influence anything. Soon he leaves this company and organizes a new one. Despite the fact that now he also only owns part of the shares, he already feels like the absolute owner of the business, which is reflected in the name of the company - Ford Motor Company. But all his attempts to do business “in a new way” again encounter misunderstandings from his companions. The bone of contention is the company's pricing policy. Ford insists on lowering prices and increasing production; its partners see the future in the production of expensive luxury models. These discords led to the fact that after initial successes, the company’s business began to decline and Ford managed to buy back part of the shares from disgruntled partners, which made his vote decisive. His time had come, and since then Ford's word became law for every employee of the company.

So, mass production of inexpensive cars for the “middle” class. But how to achieve cost reduction? Henry Ford decided to bet on the conveyor belt, the idea of which, as they say, was in the air. In 1902, Ford's competitor, Oldsmobile, introduced special carts into production, on which assembled cars moved around the workshop. In 1911, similar experiments began to be carried out at General Motors automobile factories. Although Ford was not the author of the idea, he was still the first to understand what a huge future the assembly line had. In the spring of 1913, the new principle was tested in the workshop where the main element of the car ignition system - the magneto - was assembled. Initially, each worker, having completed his operation on the magneto, simply passed the mechanism to his neighbor on a long table, but this already gave a huge saving in time, when the table was replaced by a moving belt, it turned out that labor productivity increased compared to “pre-conveyor” times 4 times! During a year new system began to be used in the assembly of all components of Ford cars. In 1914, Ford Motor Company produced twice as many cars as in 1913, while maintaining the same number of workers.

Nowadays, the conveyor belt in production is the most high performance both quality and time savings. This system transformed the process of assembling complex products, which previously required high qualifications from the assembler, into routine, monotonous, low-skilled labor, significantly increasing its productivity. The placement of workers or machines on an assembly line is carried out taking into account the technology and sequence of assembly or processing of parts in order to achieve an effective division of labor.

Now let's look at the classification of conveyors

Depending on the direction of movement of objects, conveyors are divided into:

Horizontal_vertical_oblique.

Depending on the type of cargo:

Bulk_pieces.

Depending on the functions performed:

Transportation_assembly_sorting.

Depending on the placement of the conveyor itself or parts:

Floor_hanging.

Depending on the traction element:

Belt Conveyor

The belt conveyor is a structure consisting of support posts, drive and tension drums, drive equipment, intermediate support rollers and an annular belt along which loads directly move. Belt conveyors can be successfully used for transporting both bulk materials and packaged goods. In the first case, equipment with a trough-shaped belt is used, which is created using support rollers, in the second, conveyors with a regular flat belt are used.

Chain Conveyor

A chain conveyor is a type of conveyor in which the traction force is created by one or two chains. Chain conveyors, in comparison with belt conveyors, are capable of transporting loads with high temperature, heavy loads, and they have more productivity. However, they are bulkier, heavier, more expensive, and have higher operating costs. Conveyor chains contain large numbers of friction pairs, which require regular lubrication.

Rope conveyor

Rope conveyor. The basis of the conveyor operation of this type lies a circular wire rope that moves inside the U-shaped trough thanks to toothed drums and drive equipment. Metal discs are attached to the rope at equal distances from each other and move the load. Most often, rope conveyors are used to transport non-abrasive materials - for example, coal. Such equipment is installed in above-mine structures and is used to transport goods from the mine to the receiving site. In addition, conveyors of this type are often used at sawmills, where they are used to feed logs, and at pulp and paper industry enterprises without a traction element:

Gravity conveyor

Gravity roller conveyor. This type of conveyor moves goods using gravity and is mainly used for transporting packaged goods. The design of the equipment is an inclined frame on which a number of rollers are fixed. Packages with cargo move along the roller guides of the conveyor under the influence of gravity.

Inertia conveyor

Inertial conveyors are used to transport bulk, less often small piece goods over relatively short distances in horizontal or inclined (up to 20) directions. In inertial conveyors, cargo particles slide along a load-carrying body or fly in space under the influence of inertial force. Inertial conveyors are divided into 2 groups: swinging, characterized by significant amplitudes and low vibration frequencies, and vibration conveyors, with low amplitude and high frequency of vibrations.

Screw (Auger) Conveyor

Screw conveyor. The main working element of an auger or screw conveyor is a trough, inside which a metal auger rotates. The device operates on the principle of a meat grinder, turning the material under the action of a screw surface and delivering it to the place of shipment. It is most advisable to use screw conveyors for moving dry lumpy goods, and with certain changes in design - for sticky materials.

Depending on the load-carrying structure (with traction element):

Plate Conveyor

The plate conveyor is a continuous transport mechanism, used where for some reason it is impossible to use belt conveyors. The traction organ is presented in the form of parallel branches of metal chains, which are connected to each other by wooden or steel plates, which are a load-bearing fabric. Wooden plates can be used to transport packaged goods; steel plates are used for bulk and lumpy goods

Cradle conveyor

Cradle conveyors are similar in design to bucket conveyors, but instead of buckets they have hinged shelves, the so-called cradles. Cradles are loaded and unloaded manually or automatically using special devices.

Scraper Conveyor

gravity chain rope conveyor

Scraper conveyor. Scraper conveyors are an ideal option for transporting bulk unpackaged goods (grain, powder, shavings, etc.) in a horizontal position or with a slight inclination. The material moves along the chute using scrapers attached to an endless (circular) chain. Loads can be placed into the chute at any point on the conveyor; unloading is done through an opening at the end of the conveyor or through special holes in the chute.

Bucket conveyor

Bucket conveyor. Equipment of this type is used where there is a need to transport large quantities of bulk materials - coal, cement, sand, slag, crushed stone and others. A design feature of a bucket conveyor is metal buckets (cast iron or steel) mounted between two rows of an annular roller chain. The buckets are a single line, which is ensured by overlap. Each individual bucket is constantly in a vertical position, since it can swing freely on the suspension axis. The design of bucket conveyors allows cargo to be transported simultaneously both vertically and horizontally.

Depending on the location of the employee’s workplace:

· worker ( workplace the worker is on the conveyor - moves along with the conveyor),

· distribution (fixed place of work of the employee).

There are also types of conveyor

Pneumatic conveyor. The operating principle of such conveyors is to move goods using air flow. There are two main types of pneumatic conveying equipment available today. Conveyors of the first type move goods packaged in containers and rolled into a conveyor pipeline under the influence of a difference in air pressure created at the ends of the conveyor. In conveyors of the second type (air chutes), bulk materials are transported in suspension in a powerful air flow.

Conveyor with gravity overload. Conveyors of this type combine the features of scraper and bucket conveyors. Just like in bucket elevators, they have a double row of endless chains, between which buckets are attached - albeit with a V-shaped profile. In the lifting section, the buckets move with their wide part upward, and at the end of the vertical run, where the chains run along the sprockets, they tilt. The contents of the buckets are poured into a horizontal chute, where they are moved, as in a scraper conveyor. The load can be transported simultaneously in vertical and horizontal planes.

Elevator - Conveyor for transporting goods in buckets rigidly attached to a traction element in a vertical or steeply inclined direction

Escalator. The prototype of a modern escalator is an ordinary conveyor for moving various goods.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Moving tape

The appearance of the conveyor belt marked the completion of the industrialization process that began in the 18th century. Even then, the division of labor in industrial production began, but only the conveyor made it possible to bring it to its logical conclusion. A significant step in this direction was already the rationalization ideas of Winslow Taylor in 1880. But the moving conveyor belt, which set the pace, became a way out new level. The consequences for workers - monotony, tediousness, growing alienation from the product produced - were not immediately realized. Ford built on Taylor's ideas, but his focus was on the capabilities of the machine rather than the human.

But he reduced the working day to 8 hours, organizing production in 3 shifts, began paying workers twice as much, introduced a five-day week with two days off and a pension in case of a work-related injury.

Modernity

In the 1920s conveyor production has become widespread. A wave of rationalization has swept across many areas of industry. Since the 1970s. the monotony of the mechanical conveyor was replaced by much more flexible computer technologies. The conveyor has remained an important part of industrial production, but humans primarily perform management and quality control functions.

1783: Oliver Evans designed a mechanical mill, which already applied the principles of continuous production.
1832: The tunnel baking oven is patented in France.
1932: The Opel automobile plant is the first in Germany to introduce assembly line production.

Notes

2010.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Moving tape

Modernity

Read also