Carrying out a large number of works in heavy industry, mining, construction and agriculture is not complete without the use of such a type of trucks as dump trucks.

These laborers are found on rural roads and construction sites, in factory floors and quarries, they can be seen near coal mines and during the construction of highways.

Despite the fact that transportation by dump trucks seems to be the same, each of these trucks has its own characteristics and is designed to perform a certain type of work.

Description and purpose of dump trucks

A dump truck is a vehicle that is equipped with a self-dumping body. It is this feature that unites this species trucks. Their main purpose is the transportation of various inert goods.

Cargo can be semi-liquid and loose, bulk. Also, this technique is used to transport various fractions of rocks.

The use of a dump truck is justified when transporting earth and stone, ore and sand, crushed stone, gravel and coal, asphalt, various concrete mixtures, grain, potatoes and other agricultural products and building materials.

There are heavy dump trucks that are capable of transporting large rocks, and there are those whose carrying capacity does not exceed 2 tons. All of them differ in the features of their design, engine power and purpose.

On some models of dump trucks, it is possible to install additional equipment that significantly expands the capabilities of the car. Others, on the contrary, are designed to perform work in certain conditions, such as rear unloading, and cannot be upgraded. The advantage of dump trucks is:

• No need to use additional labor and equipment during unloading,
• Possibility of operation in specific conditions,
• An impressive amount of cargo.

Many dump trucks boast excellent off-road capability, while others are designed for road use only. There are models that, on the contrary, are not suitable for operation under normal conditions, but they successfully cope with work in certain industries.

Many mining trucks deliver to the job site on a platform. Due to their huge mass, they are not recommended to drive on asphalt roads. A small ZiL has been working in agriculture for several decades. Although it is not a fully off-road vehicle, it nevertheless successfully copes with field work.

Types of dump trucks

To date, a huge number of dump trucks for various purposes are being produced. They are the most widespread among other types of trucks, as their use makes it possible to significantly reduce the time and costs of unloading, and thus achieve maximum economic efficiency.

All dump trucks can be divided into several types:

• Quarry - used exclusively in the mining industry. For example, Western Star 6900XD mining dump truck, dump truck,
• Construction - their purpose is the delivery of necessary materials to the construction site, garbage disposal. This is IVECO AMT 453911 dump truck,
• Agricultural - used for transportation of products, soil preparation and other work in the agro-industrial complex. As a rule, these are ZIL, GAZ dump trucks and others with a carrying capacity of up to 10 tons.

An important factor is the method of overturning the body. Cargo dump trucks can have a body with a rear tipping, side, two or three-way, with a preliminary lift. Each type of this technique has its own characteristics that need to be considered in more detail.

In the career transport family, there are the most big dump trucks. They are designed to work where there are no roads. In view of large mass and large axial loads, their movement on ordinary roads is unacceptable.

They have found their application in open-pit mining, are used in the construction of large-scale structures (dams, canals, etc.). Such dump trucks have a 4x2 wheel formula, a short base and high-power diesel engines.

The short base significantly improves their maneuverability, which is important when working in cramped conditions on construction sites.

Also, these cars are often installed optional equipment, expanding the capabilities of the truck. A prime example this can be served by a model of a Russian dump truck produced on the basis of a car.

Equipped with a grab, this vehicle can independently load/unload bulk cargo, and work as a conventional crane. Such dump trucks have a 4x2 or 6x2 wheel formula, are equipped with diesel or carbureted engine can travel at speeds up to 90km/h

In agriculture, cargo transportation by dump trucks is usually carried out by relatively small vehicles with a carrying capacity of up to 10 tons. They often have to drive on country roads and fields, so it is very important for such cars to have a small mass.

Dump trucks with larger payloads can break up rural roads in a fairly short time, so they are rarely used.

Popular dump truck manufacturing companies in the Russian market

Currently on Russian market dump trucks of both domestic and foreign manufacturers.

Construction organizations are more interested in Kamaz dump trucks, although there are models designed specifically for the mining industry. But they make up a small part of the fleet of vehicles employed in this area.

The lion's share of work in the quarry is carried out by cars of foreign manufacturers. These are Belarusian dump trucks MAZ and BelAZ, and equipment manufactured at European, Asian and American factories.

Many manufacturers equip trucks specifically for mining operations. So, for example, a dump truck has a body for rock, which makes it possible to use it in mining. Among the variety of this technique, there are several brands that are most popular:

• Tonar,
• Kamaz,
• actros,
• ford,
• scania,
• BelAZ,
• Iveco,
• Western Star.

Among imported trucks, the products of Actros and FAW are in special demand. Many models of these manufacturers have optimal characteristics for use on construction sites.

Cars and dump trucks have an impressive body volume and powerful engine which makes it possible to intensively exploit them in difficult production conditions. Each of the manufacturers strives to occupy its niche in the market and provide the consumer with optimal equipment.

How to choose the right dump truck

When you have already decided on the type of truck and what tasks it will perform, you need to adequately assess your financial capabilities.

Cars from different manufacturers often differ only in the conditions for ensuring the comfort of the dump truck driver. This is of course an important factor, but the price of equipment with central lock or electric side window lifts increases significantly.

Therefore, many buyers seek to reduce the cost of the truck by limiting the number of options. So, for example, an all-wheel drive dump truck is much more expensive than its less comfortable domestic counterpart. When choosing, pay special attention to:

• Functionality,
• Reliability,
• profitability,
• Possibility of modernization
• Service maintenance.

Do not forget about the reliability and repairability of the dump truck. Availability nearby service center will minimize the downtime of equipment in the event of its failure. By matching your needs with the possibilities, you can purchase a dump truck that will effectively perform all the tasks assigned to it.

A dump truck is a truck of a self-unloading type, trailer or semi-trailer equipped with a body (usually a bunker) that tilts mechanically (usually with the help of hydraulic system) to unload the cargo, or is emptied forcibly (for example, using an auger).

Dump trucks are widely used for the transportation of bulk, bulk cargo, as well as others that can be unloaded by tipping from the body. Despite the fact that in terms of carrying capacity, dump trucks are inferior to similar trucks with a permanently located cargo platform, their use looks beneficial due to the reduction of time spent on the unloading process.

Truck classification

Dump trucks are divided into groups according to a number of characteristics. The main options for classifying this technique are discussed below.

Depending on the main functions performed, there are:

• construction dump trucks;
• mining dump trucks;
• agricultural dump trucks;
• underground dump trucks;
• highly specialized dump trucks (this group includes mineral trucks, concrete trucks and other vehicles).

Depending on the maximum weight of the transported cargo, dump trucks are distinguished:

• light load capacity (no more than 2 tons);
• medium load capacity (ranging from 2 to 6 tons);
• high load capacity (ranging from 7 to 14 tons);
• especially large load capacity (more than 14 tons).

By type of rolling stock are distinguished:

• conventional dump trucks (single, not equipped with a trailer);
• tipper road trains (these include dump trucks equipped with one or a pair of dump trailers);
• dump semi-trailers;
• dump trailers.

All dump trucks are divided according to their compliance with the requirements for operation on the roads into:

• intended for use on all types of roads;
• intended for limited use (only on roads that allow maximum load bridge up to 100 kN).

Another sign by which dump trucks are classified is their cross-country ability. Currently on the market are:

• ordinary road dump trucks (having a wheel formula 4x2 or 6x4);
• heavy off-road dump trucks (BelAZ, etc.);
• dump trucks with increased cross-country ability (having a wheel arrangement of 4x4, 6x6, etc.).

In addition, this technique is divided into groups according to the method of unloading the platform. The most common are single-sided rear-load trucks, but there are machines with single-sided side dumping, 2-sided side dumping, 3-sided rear dumping and side dumping.

According to their suitability for joint work with a trailer, dump trucks are divided into:

• single machines (which are not adapted for operation with a trailer);
• dump trucks-tractors (equipped with equipment that is required for operation with a trailer and an engine with a sufficiently high power).

Design features of dump trucks

The main components of a classic dump truck are the chassis with a cab and the dumping unit itself, which, in turn, consists of a platform, a hydraulic tipping device and a subframe.

The main function of the platform is to place the load. Therefore, it must correspond to its specifics, while possessing maximum versatility. Often the dump truck platform is equipped with removable side seals (for example, when using a grain delivery machine), an awning that provides reliable protection cargo from possible blowing, removable extensions, which are designed for more efficient use of the chassis load capacity.

It is the platform that is the most metal-intensive, labor-intensive part of the dumping plant, which, moreover, is subject to rapid wear. The platform must be equipped with rising or folding sides with locks (it is desirable that they have remote control), as well as the stop, which is responsible for the mechanical fixation of the body in the raised position.

Figure 1. Platform dump truck model ZIL-MMZ-555

Dump trucks equipped with a platform, the design of which provides for 3-sided and 2-sided unloading on 3 and 2 sides, have a serious advantage over those machines that can only unload back. This advantage lies in the possibility joint work with a trailer. Well, the carrying capacity of a road train, as a rule, is 1.5-1.8 times higher than the carrying capacity of a single dump truck. Actually, due to this, increased metal costs are leveled, as well as labor costs in the production of platforms with unloading on 2 and 3 sides.

The subframe is a welded structure, which is designed for mounting on the chassis of the base vehicle of parts and mechanisms of a tipper unit. The subframe is made of a pair of spars having a channel section, which are mounted on the frame, and transverse beams.

Figure 2. Subframe of the dump truck model ZIL-MMZ-555

The purpose of the hydraulic tipping device is to mechanize the process of unloading bulk, bulk, and semi-liquid cargo using the power of the power unit. To transfer power from the latter to the executive body, the role of which is played by the hydraulic cylinder, a hydraulic drive is used.

The main types of lifting mechanisms used on dump trucks

Unloading of existing models of dump trucks is carried out by lifting (tilting) the platform of the machine to the sides or back. However, in some cases, the methods of mechanized unloading of bulk cargo can be seriously different. Consider the most popular among such designs.

1. 1. Bunker body, characterized by a sloping floor. In this case, the unloading, which is preceded by the opening of the side board, is carried out by means of natural spilling of the cargo.
2. 2. Bunker body, providing pneumounloading of dusty and bulk cargoes. In this case, the compressor unit can be located on the machine itself or be stationary - located on the basis of the unloading point.
3. 3. Platform having a movable (conveyor) floor. For unloading, the cargo moves to the side or rear side of the platform.
4. 4. Telescopic body. The delivered cargo collides downward due to the shifting of the dump truck body links.
5. 5. Platform equipped with a movable shield. Having a hydraulic or mechanical drive, the shield that pushes the load moves in the direction from the front side to the rear.

Much more widespread are traditional dump trucks with lifting platforms. However, such machines are also divided into 3 different groups depending on the method of lifting the platform.

1. 1. Self-tipping dump trucks. The tilt of the platform is carried out due to its mass and the weight of the load. This technique characterized by maximum simplicity of design. The self-tilting technology was successfully implemented on the first trolley dump trucks. The principle of self-tipping finds practical application on vehicles with a small and medium load capacity, as well as on special construction transport vehicles with a short base - doomtors.
2. 2. Semi dump trucks. This group includes semi-trailers, trailers and individual models dump trucks, the unloading of which is carried out by tilting the platform using a stationary crane installed at the unloading point. Such machines are used for regular delivery of goods to permanently functioning reception points. Under such conditions, their operation looks cost-effective, since the design of the machine does not contain complex and expensive mechanisms that provide platform lifting and inevitably increase the weight of the entire structure. The main advantage of such a technique is the absence of loss of lateral stability, and the disadvantage is the limited scope of their application.
3. 3. Dump trucks with forced platform lifting. Machines of this group have the largest representation on modern market freight vehicles and road trains. The design of the vehicle includes mechanisms designed specifically for lifting the platform. In the vast majority of cases, its own engine is used as the energy source from which the lifting mechanism is driven. internal combustion vehicle. The most important advantage of this type of equipment is the ability to unload the machine at any chosen place, regardless of the presence of an energy source nearby.

Road dump trucks

The most widespread today are dump trucks designed for driving on roads. common use. The majority of manufacturers of trucks are engaged in the release of such machines. These vehicles are widely used in public utilities, the construction industry, agriculture, during repair work, transportation of minerals, etc. As a rule, the number of axles of road dump trucks is from 2 to 4, and the carrying capacity does not exceed 40 tons.

However, today you can see more powerful equipment. As an example, it is worth citing five-axle dump trucks from the European companies Terberg and GINAF, as well as machines manufactured under the Chinese brand Shacman, with a similar number of axles. In turn, such American manufacturers trucks such as Western Star, Freightliner and Kenworth launched dump trucks with seven axles. Due to the special design of these vehicles, the possibility of lifting up to 4 axles at the same time is realized. In this case, the dump truck moves along the road on wheels that maintain contact with its surface.

Figure 3. In most cases, the number of axles of road dump trucks is from 2 to 4

Mining trucks

Very often, when conducting open-cast mining of mineral deposits, mining (in other words, off-road) dump trucks are used. Due to their large size and weight, the movement of such vehicles on public roads is not allowed. Delivery of large specimens to the place of work is carried out in parts. The assembly of the machine together is carried out directly at the place of work. It has been proven that the most effective for heavy dump truck models is a scheme with a pair of axles with rear or all-wheel drive and unloading the platform back. In the 1970s, attempts were made to use three-axle mining trucks (for example, the WABCO 3200B and Terex Titan models), but these schemes were not widely used in quarries.

Figure 4. 3-axle mining trucks widespread have not received

Today, ultra-heavy off-road trucks are usually equipped with a hybrid powertrain. Diesel ICE runs the generator alternating current, which, in turn, provides power to the traction motors that rotate the wheels. Brake system in such machines combines the action of hydraulic elements and electric motors that produce electricity in braking mode. Specialists from such leading world manufacturers as General Atomics (Terex), Siemens (BelAZ, Liebherr, Hitachi), General Electric (BelAZ, Komatsu) are working together to create an electric drive for such dump trucks.

It is impossible not to mention the existence of a mining dump truck Caterpillar models 797B, which is distinguished by the absence of such "extra" components as electric motors and a generator. This was made possible thanks to the use of the largest internal combustion engine to date, of those used in trucks - CAT 3534B. This is a 24-cylinder, 117-liter power unit that generates more than 16,000 Nm of torque. However, the manufacturer is already planning to start production of a new generation of dump trucks, which will be equipped with a diesel-electric drive, created jointly with employees of Mitsubishi Electric.

Figure 5. Caterpillar 797B mining truck equipped with a powerful 117-liter internal combustion engine

The most appropriate is the use of such, without exaggeration, giant machines together with cable and hydraulic excavators, allowing loading the body in 3-5 cycles. Already today, there are excavators with buckets with a volume of more than 76 cubic meters on the market (and this is over a hundred tons of rock), and just a couple of years ago, a BelAZ-75710 dump truck was demonstrated at the BelAZ test site, capable of transporting up to 450 tons of payload!

Currently, more than twenty companies are engaged in the production of mining dump trucks. At the same time, dump trucks with a carrying capacity of no more than 40 tons occupy a large part of the market (which is approximately 95 percent).

Articulated dump trucks

An articulated dump truck (also called a land truck) is a vehicle that is characterized by high traffic, designed to deliver large volumes of bulk cargo and used as an alternative to conventional single dump trucks when working in the absence of a normal road surface. In particular, articulated haulers find use in earthworks, road construction, quarries where coal and ore are mined, etc.

Depending on the method of aggregation, there are:

• trailed articulated dump trucks (in other words, earth-carrying trucks) that are operated in conjunction with industrial models of tractors (for example, S-100 and S-80) or tractors with 2 or more axles;
• land trucks used in conjunction with single-axle tractors.

Figure 6. Volvo A25D dredger in action

For the transportation of goods, articulated dump trucks with rear, side and bottom unloading are used. Their active development in the Soviet Union started back in the fifties of the last century. These machines are not widely used as construction equipment, however, have become widespread in career development. Quite often today, 3-axle articulated dump trucks are used, made on the basis of special-purpose tractors. As a rule, such machines have 6 wheels at once. In addition, they are often equipped with a differential switch.

Dump trucks for underground work

The machines of this group are designed for the delivery and unloading of mechanically loosened or blasted rocks in cramped conditions typical for underground mines, in the development of mineral deposits, as well as in the construction of tunnels. One of the most pronounced distinguishing features characteristic of underground dump trucks are their small size. The compactness of these vehicles is a consequence of the limited free space in mine workings, where, in fact, they are most often used.

In addition, trucks designed for underground operation must meet high demands on their maneuverability. Carrying capacity of vehicles of this class is up to 40 tons. They are involved in work when performing large volumes of transport operations. This technique easily copes with overcoming the long climbs that inevitably occur when working underground. Dump trucks of the "dumper" type, characterized by the ability to rotate the seat and control mechanism at an angle of 180 degrees, without turning the entire vehicle, are successfully used when working in narrow faces.

The classic underground dump truck looks like a single-axle tractor equipped with a dump semi-trailer. To connect the main components of the vehicle, a double hinge is used, which allows the tractor to be rotated relative to the semi-trailer, thereby providing the necessary maneuverability of the machine. Used to transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels. cardan shaft and a gearbox that typically has 4 speeds for forward travel and a similar number of gears for reverse travel. The power unit of an underground dump truck usually has a 2-stage exhaust gas purification system, including a crystal neutralizer and a liquid bath.

Figure 7. Typical diagram of a dump truck designed for underground operation

The choice in favor of a certain model of an underground dump truck depends on the transverse dimensions of the mine. With a small cross-sectional area, dumpers are usually involved in the work, and with a large one (from 12 square meters) - cars of such brands as MoAZ, MAZ, etc. At present, serial production of MoAZ underground dump trucks with a carrying capacity of 20 tons and a speed of up to 40 km/h, and on a road with a slope of 10 degrees - up to 4-6 km/h, has been launched.

Figure 8. Waran dumper. The photo clearly shows the difference in the diameters of the wheels of the driving and steered axles of the machine

The most expedient is the operation of dump trucks in underground conditions with a cross-sectional area of ​​workings from 12 square meters, when adits with a slope of no more than 0.16 are used to connect them with the surface. On the modern market, there are dump trucks for underground operation of special small (no more than 1 ton), small (in the range from 1 to 2 tons), medium (in the range from 2 to 5 tons) and large (more than 5 tons) carrying capacity, which receive energy from electric, carburetor or diesel-electric drive.

When choosing the type and number of underground dump trucks, such important criteria as the profile, route layout, type and quality of the road surface, location of loading and unloading points, features specific to the transported goods, shift productivity transport technology. If it is necessary to transport significant volumes of rock mass over a long distance, powerful dump trucks (BelAZ, KrAZ, etc.) are often used.

Modern dump truck manufacturers

The most common global manufacturers today are the following companies:

• Astra;
• case;
• Bell Equipment (in Australia and Asian countries, dump trucks from this supplier are sold under the Hitachi brand, and in the United States of America and Canada under the DEERE brand);
• Hydrema;
• Caterpillar;
• Liebherr;
• Komatsu;
• Moxy;
• Volvo;
• Terex;
• MoAZ;
• ZSM "Baltiets".

Even people not familiar with modern manufacturers trucks, road dump trucks manufactured by a domestic manufacturer, the KamAZ company, are definitely familiar. The supplier offers two-, three- and four-axle models, which are equipped with powerful diesel power units. The photo below shows an 8-axle dump truck model KamAZ-6540, which has an 8x4 wheel arrangement and a payload capacity of 18.5 tons.

Figure 9. KAMAZ-6540 is a worthy representative of the domestic segment of the dump truck market

There are a lot of road dump trucks from Chinese manufacturers on the modern market. It is worth mentioning such brands as JAC, Foton, Feng FAW, Shaanxi, Howo. These machines are traditionally attractive for Chinese products cost. Among the companies listed above, the clear leader today is Howo. It was this manufacturer that was the first to start supplying its dump trucks to the Russian market. Cars are a bit more expensive Dong Feng However, the technical characteristics of this product are at a fairly high level.

Figure 10. Dump trucks manufactured under the Howo brand appeared on the Russian market among the first among Chinese vehicles

When it comes to mining dump trucks, each of us probably first of all comes to mind giant cars of the BelAZ brand. Cars from Belarus have been a real pride for decades Soviet automotive industry. With the creation of each new model, the dimensions and carrying capacity of dump trucks increased. Thus, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the specialists of this particular company created the largest dump truck today - BelAZ-75710. The carrying capacity of this vehicle is 450 tons!

Figure 11. The photo shows the largest dump truck in the world - a 450-ton BelAZ-75710

The American corporation Terex includes several companies involved in the production of reliable and powerful off-road dump trucks. These machines are equipped with a rigid frame, in the design of which there are no curved parts, where, as a rule, stresses are concentrated. Enough heavy load capacity Mining dump trucks of such world-famous manufacturers as Liebherr, Euclid, Komatsu distinguish themselves.

The famous manufacturer of special equipment Caterpillar installs a special system "Ejector" on the manufactured articulated haulers. The load in the body is pushed out by the movable wall, which is installed in it. This design allows you to unload the machine on the go, without resorting to the traditional emptying of the body by tilting it.

As an example of a non-standard application of the chassis of an earth carrier, one can cite the Swedish-made Archer self-propelled howitzer, many components and assemblies of which are borrowed from the articulated Volvo dump truck A30D. In the design of a self-propelled artillery mount, both the single-axle tractor itself and the chassis, as well as the frame of earth-carrying equipment, were used.

As for underground dump trucks, such eminent companies as Atlas Copco, Paus, DUX Machinery, Caterpillar, MoAZ, BelAZ, Sandvik are very successfully engaged in their production today.

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dump truck- this is a practical and convenient solution when it is necessary to carry out the transportation of bulk cargo (sand, gravel, soil). It is also convenient to take out garbage or snow from the construction site by means of a dump truck.

The main technical characteristic of the dump truck, which distinguishes it from other types of trucks, is a self-tipping body, which allows you to unload the machine in the shortest possible time and without the involvement of auxiliary units of special equipment, as well as labor.

The scope of dump trucks is quite wide. This machine has a relatively small size, due to which it is able to fit into a fairly limited space, which is especially important in urban work, in the construction of tunnels, mines. Technical indicators make the dump truck quite suitable for transporting large and heavy loads over long distances in a minimum period. Therefore, the dump truck is in great demand for road and agricultural work. If this type of special equipment is needed for some time, then renting dump trucks will be a more rational choice than acquiring them in ownership.

It is important to choose the actual dump truck model that is most convenient for specific work. , as well as several classifications related to them. All dump trucks differ in the following characteristics:

• load capacity;
• area of ​​use;
• type of axial load;
• body type;
• dimensions.

Mining trucks
These machines are used where high cross-country ability is required - in mining, mining. The dump truck has a load capacity of 40 tons, equipped with a rear unloading mechanism. The dump truck has excellent cross-country ability thanks to a pair of axles, as well as rear-wheel drive.

Dump truck that are involved in underground work
This dump truck is especially efficient in very limited space(mines, tunnels). Actually there this modification of the machine is used. The dump truck is intended for removal of the loosened or blown up breeds.

Articulated dump trucks
Articulated dump trucks have a higher cross-country ability than mining ones. used this car in construction, quarry work. The dump truck is equipped with an articulated frame, as well as three axles with all driving wheels.

Agricultural dump trucks
A characteristic feature of such a dump truck, which is used in the field Agriculture, it is considered the possibility of transporting bulky, but relatively light cargo (hay, feed).

Construction dump trucks
Construction requires dump trucks that are capable of transporting rather heavy bulk cargo (sand, gravel). The construction dump truck is equipped with rear unloading, sometimes it is double-sided.

Among other features, dump trucks can be equipped with a crane.

dump truck - a type of special self-unloading equipment designed to transport goods in an iron body mounted on a car chassis. The main design is a tilting body, but there is a rare option where the body is rigidly fixed to the frame, and the mechanism tilts the entire machine.

Tilt body can be mounted on the chassis truck, semi-trailer, trailer. The main purpose of the dump truck is the transportation of bulk, bulk and other similar goods that do not require containers, which can be loaded directly into the body, and unloaded by tipping the body.

Dump trucks are classified:

1. by body type:

Platform;
- sliding platform;
- bunker.

2. by unloading:
- forced unloading (for example, auger) or slope;
- using telescopic lifts.

3. in the direction of unloading:

Back or sideways;

Universal or double sided.

4. according to the place of application:

Mining dump trucks;
- road dump trucks;
- dump trucks for underground work.

5. by design type:
- biaxial;

Triaxial;

- multiaxial;

- dump truck with articulated frame.

6. by load capacity

Small - up to 2 tons,

Medium - 2-10 tons,

Heavy 10-30 tons,

Super heavy - from 30 tons and more;

7. by type of rolling stock

Truck – dump truck (one vehicle without a trailer),

Road train-dump truck (tipper truck together with a dump trailer, or a truck with a semi-trailer dump truck);

8. according to the possibilities of operation on various types roads

- the dump truck can only move on paved roads;

Improved off-road capability for off-road driving.

9. wheel formula chassis

Depending on which car chassis the body is installed on, there are formulas:

4x2, 4x4, 6x4, 6x6, 8x4, 8x8, 10x6, 10x10

10. according to the degree of preparation for work with a dump trailer or a semi-trailer dump truck.

There are versions of trucks that are not adapted to transport a trailer (mining dump truck) or, conversely, have the ability to connect several trailers (transportation of light bulk goods for agriculture).

Structurally, the dump truck consists of a self-propelled or transportable chassis. It has a lifting mechanism and the main working body - an iron platform with high sides. Basically, as a self-propelled chassis, the base of a serial truck with installed brackets for attaching the body and the lifting mechanism is used. The latter may consist of mechanical assemblies, or the most common scheme - hydraulic assemblies.

Also, there is a combined design, where hydraulic and mechanical units are combined. The hydraulic lift consists of a hydraulic pump driven by transfer box or an electric motor, a small distributor and a multi-section hydraulic cylinder.

Control scheme lifting mechanism may be based on electrical components or on manual switching of distributor levers.

Hydraulic equipment scheme

The body is an open, rectangular, all-metal tank with a flat or arcuate (concave inward) platform with blind or opening sides (side or rear). Unlike cargo bodies, in a dump truck, the side is suspended from above, on the upper hinges (apron suspension). This design, when unlocking the locking lock, opens itself when unloading under the influence of its own weight or spilled cargo. And when returning to the place of the body after unloading, the side rises to its original place, connects to the body and is locked by locks located below. The use of such simple mechanism allows you to save a lot of time when performing unloading work.

There are approximately the following body types:

A) Rectangular;

B) Semi-elliptical;

B) trough-shaped;

D) Bucket type;

D) Soviet type.

Rectangular body type has the largest usable volume. But it also has its drawbacks. Right angles of such a body are poorly self-cleaning.

The semi-elliptical shape was used for transporting concrete and mortar when concrete transport mixers were not widely used. Dump truck bodies with this shape are no longer produced due to their small volume, high center of gravity and lack of demand.

trough shape - golden mean between rectangular shape and semi-elliptical. It has no right angles, the walls are located at an angle, the useful volume is used to the maximum.

Another feature of the dump truck body is its high front side. It is often installed at an obtuse angle with respect to the platform, has a horizontal and a vertical aprons. This design allows you to protect the driver's cab from the load, and also prevents the weathering of bulk materials during the movement of the dump truck. An awning can be attached to the apron, which covers the transported cargo.

In mining dump trucks, shovel-type bodies without a tailgate are used.

Its role is played by the raised rear part of the platform. In the design of such bodies, large strength characteristics are initially laid down in order to withstand huge shock loads. In addition, loaded and transported rock, stones, crushed stone, with their sharp corners erase the steel sheets of the body, it is then that they have a large thickness. The scoop body has many disadvantages: large tilt angles up to 70-80 degrees (for conventional bodies 46-60°), heavy weight, suboptimal use of volume. But, the specifics of use, simple manufacturing, and robust construction offset these shortcomings.

Dump truck manufacturers have provided for the possibility of preventing wet cargo from freezing to the body. It contains special channels through which traffic fumes from a car engine.

October 30th, 2013

The BelAZ company has created the world's largest dump truck BelAZ-75710 with a carrying capacity of 450 tons, which is equivalent to three hundred Ford Focus, 37 double-decker buses or two and a half blue whales. By the way, the Airbus A380 - the largest passenger aircraft in the world - weighs much less, only 277 tons.

Let's take a closer look at this machine...

On September 25, the world's largest mining dump truck BelAZ-75710 was presented at the test site. The carrying capacity of the new machine is 450 tons. Before that, the most big trucks BelAZ-75601 (created at the Belarusian Automobile Plant in 2007) and the Swiss Liebherr T282B (appeared in 2003) were considered - both with a carrying capacity of 360 tons. The total weight of the car is 810 tons. Soon the car will be listed in the Guinness Book of Records.
The power plant of the record BelAZ-75710 includes 2 diesel engines with a total capacity of 8500 hp, designed to supply energy to electric motors that drive the giant wheels of the truck. Max Speed supercar is 64 km/h.

The BelAZ-75710 equipment includes a dead zone monitoring system, an air conditioner, an alarm about approaching a high-voltage line, and fire extinguishing systems. The largest mining truck in the world is designed to work in difficult conditions in open pits and deep quarries at temperatures from -50 to +50 degrees. 8 wheels of a dump truck equipped with tubeless tires allow a heavy machine to move easily on haul roads.

BelAZ-75710 was presented in the city of Zhodino, in honor of the 65th anniversary of the Belarusian Automobile Plant, known throughout the world for its heavy equipment and mining dump trucks. The appearance of big truck in the world is dictated modern conditions when the mining industry requires increasingly heavy and powerful machinery. IN last years The production of ultra-heavy-duty mining dump trucks has doubled and the growth trend continues. Taking into account the market demand, BelAZ will produce about 1,000 such vehicles per year.

In order to increase the pace of production at the Belarusian enterprise, a development program has been actively implemented over the past year and a half, within the framework of which new workshops with an area of ​​more than 30,000 square meters have been built. A lot of new equipment has appeared, and in the near future it is planned to install about 700 machine tools and special technological installations. Currently, BelAZ produces the widest the lineup mining trucks. No manufacturer in the world has such a number of models. In addition, the resource of cars has grown from 400 thousand to 1 million kilometers. In total, in its entire history, the Belarusian Automobile Plant has produced more than 500 different models with a carrying capacity from 30 to 450 tons. For all the time, 136 thousand machines were manufactured, which are operated in 72 countries of the world.

The Belarusian Automobile Plant, the construction of which began near the city of Zhodino near Minsk (then still as the Peat Engineering Plant) in 1948, today produces products whose world analogues can be counted on the fingers of one hand.

For more than half a century of history, the Belarusian automobile enterprise near Minsk has produced over 120,000 units of mining equipment. BelAZ trucks operate in almost 50 countries of the world. And the history of the plant began in a Soviet everyday way: in 1946, the authorities decided to build a peat machine-building plant (Decree of the Supreme Council of the BSSR 11.09.1946 No. 137/308). Literally 2 years later, Belpromproekt has already completed the development and approval of the plant project. So from the planning phase, the Belarusians moved on to the construction of buildings.

The Zhodino enterprise showed its first products in 1950, and already on next year The peat machine-building plant was redeveloped into the Dormash Road and Land Reclamation Machinery Plant. In 1958, the enterprise received a new name, under which it is still known - "Belarusian Automobile Plant". The first 25-ton dump truck MAZ-525 rolled out of the gates of the enterprise with a new name.

Further more. In the same year, the production of 25-ton dump trucks MAZ-525 was transferred to Zhodino from the Minsk Automobile Plant. And in 1960, the production of the first samples of the MAZ-530 dump truck with a carrying capacity of 40 tons was launched in the Minsk region. By that time, the thousandth MAZ-525 rolled off the assembly line in Zhodino.

But for an enterprise that bore the proud name of an automobile plant, one assembly of trucks under a license, of course, was not enough. Therefore, in 1960, it began to design dump trucks in principle new design for the development of mineral deposits in an open way.

However, already in April 1960, BelAZ created its own design service, which was headed by Z.L. Sirotkin, who arrived in Zhodino from Minsk together with a group of MAZ designers. The newly created department needed to solve a complex problem. Until recently, considered a model of new technology, the MAZ-525 ceased to meet the increasing requirements of operators. Powerful mining and coal quarries, large hydrotechnical construction projects, and construction industry enterprises needed more high-performance dump trucks, most adapted, first of all, to working conditions in quarries.
The design service and the management of the enterprise decide not to improve existing model dump truck, and create completely new car. This period can be called a milestone in the history of the Belarusian Automobile Plant. Factory designers studied the operating conditions and the required technical characteristics of the future dump truck, contours were born on the vertical of the drawing boards future car, the correctness of the adopted technical solutions was checked on test benches.

Probably, now it may seem incredible, but then, in the era of unprecedented labor enthusiasm of the first post-war five-year plans, it was an almost ordinary event: in less than one year, a fundamentally new mining dump truck with a payload capacity of 27 tons was created at a young plant under the name BelAZ-540, a prototype of which was released in September 1961.

The design of this vehicle included many new technical solutions for mechanical engineering, which subsequently ensured the highly efficient operation of the dump truck in quarry conditions. This is the first pneumohydraulic suspension used in the practice of the domestic automotive industry, which provided high smoothness of movement both in a loaded and empty state, a hydromechanical transmission, which was also used for the first time in the practice of our mechanical engineering for mass-produced vehicles, the original layout: the location of the cab next to the engine made it possible get the minimum base and minimum dimensions and thereby increase the maneuverability of the machine, increase its stability, the bucket-type platform made it possible to lower the center of gravity and also increase the stability of the car. Original solutions for steering and platform tipping systems, plumage and other components have become traditional when creating dump trucks of the next load capacity classes.

BelAZ-540 became the ancestor of a whole family of heavy dump trucks. In 1967, the enterprise mastered the production of a 40-ton BelAZ-548A dump truck, designed with the maximum possible unification of the main components and parts of the two machines.

1968 was the year of the birth of the BelAZ-549 prototype - a basic dump truck with a load capacity of 75-80 tons, the first sample with an electromechanical transmission. In 1977, prototypes of the BelAZ-7519 dump truck were produced - the basic dump truck with a load capacity of 110-120 tons. Six years later, the plant began mass production of BelAZ-75211, a basic dump truck with a load capacity of 170-220 tons.

By 1986, the plant could produce up to 6,000 units of such equipment per year, which accounted for half of the world's production.

They were not going to stop at BelAZ at this point. In 1963, a prototype of the second development of the plant's designers rolled off the assembly line - a BelAZ-548 dump truck with a payload capacity of 40 tons.

In 1966, the Belarusian Automobile Plant began serial production of the BelAZ-548A dump truck, a basic dump truck with a load capacity of 40–45 tons. The plant itself was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and received gold medal on international exhibition in Plovdiv for BelAZ-540.

The BelAZ-549 dump truck with a carrying capacity of 75 tons was another novelty of the Belarusian automobile enterprise. The first prototype of this machine with a carrying capacity of 75–80 tons was produced in 1968. With unique developments, the Belarusians seriously declared themselves to the entire Union, proving that such giants can be created even in a small republic.

The next stage of construction took place already in the 70s. In 1977, prototypes of the BelAZ-7519 dump truck with a payload capacity of 110 tons appeared - the base dump truck with a load capacity of 110–120 tons. So the Belarusian enterprise jumped over several weight categories in one jump.

In 1978, the plant mastered a new technique for itself - airfield tractors for towing aircraft with a take-off weight of 100 tons. Fortunately, the Belarusians already had a chassis for them. But in the race to increase the draft properties of BelAZs, it was too early to put an end to it. In 1982, prototypes of the 170-ton BelAZ-75211 dump truck, a representative of the 170-200 t load capacity class, rolled off the Zhodino conveyor.

In 1990, BelAZ completely made a splash by building a huge dump truck with a carrying capacity of 280 tons. The car turned out to be so serious that after its appearance, the ardor of engineers cooled slightly. In 1994, the Belarusians again turned to the “small” class: a prototype BelAZ-7555 dump truck with a payload capacity of 55 tons was created, the head model of a new family of dump trucks with hydromechanical transmission. It was followed, 2 years later, by the release of the 130-ton BelAZ-75131, which became the first in a new family of dump trucks with an electromechanical transmission.

However, by the crisis year of 1998, Zhodino realized that without a serious modernization of production, the plant's future prospects were vague. BelAZ began the reconstruction of the existing production, focused on updating mining equipment, developing new models, improving quality and technical level both individual components and systems, and manufactured equipment as a whole.

As a result, in 2000, the production association (the plant received this status in 1995) was awarded the Crystal Nika award under the International Partnership for Progress program, and to CEO BelAZ P.?L. Mariev was awarded the title of "Director of the Year", and later the title of "Hero of Belarus".

Flattered by the success, the Belarusians set to work with redoubled energy, and in 2002 built a BelAZ-7528 all-wheel drive articulated dump truck with a payload capacity of 36 tons, as well as a 77-ton BelAZ-7555G.

In the early 1990s, marked by the collapse of the USSR and a sharp decline in production, BelAZ did not stop producing any of the models of mining dump trucks, covering the load capacity range from 30 to 220 tons. Moreover, he included production program other special heavy transport equipment, the production of which has been mastered since the nineties of the last century: off-road dump trucks with hydromechanical transmission, construction and road machines and machines for mining maintenance transport work such as loaders, bulldozers, tractor-tows and sprinklers; underground machinery, machines for metallurgical plants, etc.

Progressive solutions included in the design of the first Belarusian mining dump trucks made it possible to further improve the units and systems of machines of all load capacity classes, introduce new components and materials, gradually modernize dump trucks with the creation of new modifications based on the use of diesel engines, transmissions and tires manufactured by various companies. Factory specialists have always paid special attention to the adaptability of equipment to operating conditions, creating options in each class of dump trucks in northern and tropical versions, for transporting light loads, etc.

The model range of equipment produced by the Belarusian Automobile Plant was also replenished with new generation vehicles - a 55-ton mining dump truck BelAZ-7555, a mining dump truck BelAZ-75131 with a payload capacity of 130 tons, which was designed taking into account more than 15 years of operating experience of its predecessor - a 120-ton dump truck, as well as the largest mining dump truck BelAZ-75600 with a payload capacity of 320 tons in the history of the domestic automotive industry.

In total, over the entire history, the management of the chief designer of the Belarusian Automobile Plant has developed more than 600 modifications of mining dump trucks with a carrying capacity from 27 to 320 tons, the company has produced more than 130 thousand units of mining dump trucks, which have been sent to more than 70 countries of the world throughout the history of the plant.

Significantly expanded the production line of BelAZ, and primarily due to the underground theme, the entry into its composition of the Mogilev Automobile Plant. The department of underground and road construction equipment, which provides design support for production at the branch in Mogilev, also joined the design service of the Belarusian Automobile Plant. The special design bureau of the UGK BelAZ develops the design of freight rolling stock manufactured at the Mogilev Carriage Works, which also recently became part of the BelAZ production association.

Only recently, BelAZ has developed and manufactured pilot batches of:

90-ton mining dump trucks BelAZ-75570 with a 6-speed hydromechanical gearbox; according to the test results, training ends series production, a pilot batch of mining dump trucks was shipped to Belogorsk by Rusal Transport Achinsk LLC;

45-ton mining dump trucks BelAZ-75450 with an increased service life of up to 600,000 km, the prototype of which was successfully tested in the Chelyabinsk region of Russia at OJSC Yuzhuralzoloto;

320-ton dump trucks BelAZ-75600. The first machine of this series passed acceptance tests in operating conditions at OAO Management Company Kuzbassrazrezugol in the Kemerovo region, which showed that the use of BelAZ-75600 dump trucks provides an increase in productivity by 35-40% and a corresponding reduction in the cost of transport operations. On the basis of the main components of a 320-ton truck, a BelAZ-75601 mining dump truck with a payload capacity of 360 tons was developed, a prototype of which was made for the anniversary of the UMC.

However, it would be wrong to say that by his birth career equipment, developed and produced at BelAZ for half a century, owes only to the Belarusian land. A huge amount of research and design work in the creation of machines with hydromechanical transmission in the 60s of the last century, BelAZ was able to carry out thanks to the wide cooperation of the plant with many organizations, including NAMI, the Electric Welding Institute, the Barnaul Transport Engineering Plant, the Yaroslavl Motor Plant and others.

The creation of the first model of a mining dump truck with an electromechanical transmission BelAZ-549 with a carrying capacity of 75 tons was carried out in accordance with the program of the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR with the participation of co-executors, including the Ural Turbo Engine Plant, the Dynamo plant, the Research Institute of Heavy-Duty Wheels (Dnepropetrovsk), the plant " Sibelektroprivod.

New generation equipment got a start in life at the largest mining enterprises, where prototypes were tested and the correctness of the adopted technical solutions was checked: at the Bachatsky and Neryungri coal mines, Olenegorsky, Lebedinsky and Balkhash GOKs, MMC Pechenganikel and other enterprises.

The scientific and technical center of BelAZ, established in 2005, which united the department of the chief designer, the department of underground and construction and road equipment, an experimental workshop and a testing laboratory, consolidated the creative forces of not only the workers of the plant, but also mining scientific institutions of the CIS countries, such as as Federal State Unitary Enterprise "TsNII-chermet im. I.B. Bardin", Krivoy Rog Technical University, Research and Design Institute "Yakutniproalmaz", St. Petersburg State Mining Institute, etc.

On the day of the celebration of the 50th anniversary, an exhibition of products manufactured by the enterprise was organized at BelAZ, where they showed both mass-produced equipment and new developments.

One of the new products of the enterprise was the largest mining dump truck in the BelAZ-75601 line of vehicles with a payload capacity of 360 tons.

It was designed as a machine of a higher technical level and load capacity class using the basic units of the BelAZ-75600 dump truck and component parts and assemblies from leading world manufacturers. On it are installed diesel engine MTU 20V4000 3750 hp, Siemens AC transmission, 59/80R63 4 meter tires.

And the main surprise of the exhibition of equipment was a machine of the future generation - a remote-controlled mining dump truck BelAZ-75137. This is a prototype that the company's specialists are only teaching to "walk". Further development dump truck design dictates the need to develop a fully autonomously controlled machine without human intervention. This development is designed to reduce the impact of the human factor while working in hard-to-reach mining areas with hazardous operating conditions, as well as eliminate the impact on the dump truck operator of harmful environmental factors.

The control system of this dump truck consists of an on-board control system and a working (remote) operator's station. The opto-electronic system installed on the dump truck ensures the safety of driving the car in all weather and climatic conditions, even in the dark.