The car is the most versatile and economical vehicle. The safety of a vehicle depends, first of all, on its serviceability. The management of the vehicle fleet is responsible for the serviceability of the vehicle.
In order to safely carry out transport and loading and unloading operations, the enterprise is set up in full accordance with the construction master plan, which provides for:
paved roads of a ring system of the required width with areas for loading, unloading and turning around vehicles;
storage areas near roads and lifting vehicles, leveled (with a slope of no more than 5o) and compacted, and in winter - cleared of ice and snow;
signal and restrictive inscriptions and signs for vehicles and pedestrians;
rational and safe intersections of vehicle traffic routes with other modes of transport and technological communications.
The width of the carriageway should be 3.5 m when vehicles are moving in one direction and 6 m when moving in two directions. The radii of curvature of temporary roads are taken to be at least 10 m, and when moving large vehicles - at least 12 m. Reinforced concrete slabs are used to construct temporary roads; in their absence, a sand-slag, gravel or crushed stone-soil covering is used.
If it is necessary to intersect with rail tracks, one should strive to keep their number to a minimum.
For the safety of transport operations, permitting, prohibiting, warning, and reminder signs with clear inscriptions must be posted at the facility, indicating the entrances and exits of vehicles, directions of movement, turns, sidings, parking during loading and unloading, speed of movement, boundaries of dangerous zones, pedestrian traffic areas, etc.
An analysis of the causes of industrial injuries in motor vehicles allows us to identify the main ones:
violations of traffic rules and operation of transport;
untrained or insufficient qualifications of personnel managing transport;
violations of driver safety requirements;
operation of transport in a faulty condition;
improper stowage and securing of transported goods;
influence of environmental factors (weather conditions, road condition, etc.). Incidents and accidents of motor vehicles that occur when transporting people are especially dangerous, as they usually entail serious consequences. Therefore, increased safety requirements are imposed on vehicles:
trucks, used for the transport of people, are equipped in accordance with the requirements of the rules traffic;
V waybill the driver of a car intended for transporting people must have the vehicle fleet mark “Suitable for transporting people” and the maximum possible number of passengers transported must be indicated;
the waybill is signed by the person responsible for the safe operation of the vehicle;
When transporting people, the driver must determine the route of the vehicle, indicating hazardous areas roads;
It is not permitted to transport people in the back of dump trucks, on trailers, semi-trailers and tanks, as well as in the back of on-board vehicles that are not specially equipped for this purpose;
For the safe embarkation and disembarkation of people from vehicles, specially equipped platforms or other devices (ladders, ramps, etc.) are used.
1.1. The operation of vehicles is accompanied by hazardous production factors caused by high speeds movement of the car, rotating parts of the car, repair and adjustment of components and systems of the car in cramped conditions without special devices, operation of the car in hazardous areas when loading and unloading materials, structures and equipment, moving a vehicle near pits, trenches, energy systems and other hazardous production factors.
1.2. Use of flammable materials as fuel for engines internal combustion creates the possibility of a fire both when the vehicle is moving and when it is being repaired.
1.3. Harmful production factors affecting the driver include leaded gasoline, noise, vibration, insufficient lighting, exhaust gases containing highly toxic substances (acrolein, carbon monoxide, etc.).
1.4. Elimination or reduction of the impact of the listed dangerous and harmful factors on the driver of a car is achieved by implementing a set of organizational, technical and sanitary measures set out in the manufacturer’s instructions and of this instruction.
1.5. Persons over 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination, special training and have a certificate of the appropriate class for the right to drive a car, who have undergone introductory and on-the-job training are allowed to drive a car.
Permission to work in a car is issued by order of the organization or enterprise.
1.6. The driver is obliged to comply with traffic rules, internal labor regulations and labor safety instructions.
1.7. As special clothing for truck and special purpose drivers. The car is provided with cotton overalls and combined two-fingered mittens.
In winter on suburban lines with a length of 50 km, an additional jacket and cotton trousers with an insulated lining ().
1.8. Persons guilty of violating labor safety rules may be subject to disciplinary administrative or criminal liability.
1.9. Cars of all types of brands and purposes, trailers, semi-trailers must be fully equipped. And their technical condition must comply with the Rules for the technical operation of rolling stock road transport and traffic rules.
1.10. The driver's cabin must meet the following requirements: wind and side windows should not have cracks or shadows that impede visibility;
side windows must move smoothly by hand or using window lifting mechanisms;
Dips, torn places, protruding springs and sharp corners are not allowed on the seat and backrest;
the seats and backrest must be properly adjusted to ensure a comfortable driving position for the driver;
Cab door locks must be in good working order, eliminating the possibility of their spontaneous opening while the vehicle is moving;
heating devices of the cabin and passenger elephant must be in good working order;
the cabin floor should be covered with a rug;
The vehicle controls must have proper seals that prevent exhaust gases from penetrating into the cabin of the car or bus.
1.11. Engine power supply and cooling systems must be free of fuel, antifreeze oil and water leaks.
1.12. Technical condition The steering system must ensure smooth and reliable control of the front wheels at all vehicle speeds in all road conditions.
The steering wheel lift when the front wheels are positioned corresponding to the vehicle moving in a straight line should not exceed 25 0.
1.13. The technical condition of the brakes must ensure safe stopping of the vehicle and simultaneous braking of all wheels. Length braking distance car at fully loaded on a flat, dry road with a hard surface at a speed of 30 km/h, the load capacity of trucks up to 9 tons without load should not exceed 9.5 m, and with full load – 11.5 m, buses without load – 11.0 m .
The hand brake on all vehicles must reliably hold a fully loaded vehicle on a slope of 11.5 0.
1.14. The technical condition of the tires must guarantee the safe movement of the vehicle. The air pressure in the tires must comply with the standards.
1.15. Wheel discs must be securely attached to the hubs. The locking rings must be in good working order and correctly installed in their places. Cracks and bent wheel rims are not allowed.
1.16. The technical condition of the vehicle's electrical equipment must ensure starting the engine using a starter, uninterrupted and timely ignition of the mixture in the engine cylinders, trouble-free operation of lighting and alarm devices, control devices, and also exclude the possibility of sparking in wires and clamps.
1.17. A complete list of malfunctions and defects for which the operation of the vehicle is prohibited is given in the Traffic Rules.
1.18. Each car must be provided with stops (shoes) for placing under the wheels, a first aid kit, and a sign emergency stop and a fire extinguisher.
1.19. When sent on a long journey, the car is additionally equipped with trestles, a shovel, a towing device, a safety fork for the locking ring, and in winter, snow chains.
1.20. Smoking and use of open fire on the premises and production premises establishments are permitted only in specially designated areas.
1.21. Refueling a car with fuel, regardless of the method, should only be done when engine not running.
1.22. Leaded gasoline can only be used as engine fuel. It is prohibited to use it for other purposes (cleaning clothes, washing parts, etc.).
1.23. Car washing is allowed only at specially equipped stations.
1.24. Cars on sites should be installed in groups of no more than 10 units each. The distance between cars must be at least 1 m, and between groups - 10 m.
1.25. In the vehicle maintenance and repair area, it is prohibited to wash parts and clothing with flammable liquids (gasoline, kerosene, solvents, etc.), install vehicles with fuel leaking from the tank, and also refuel vehicles.
1.26. It is prohibited to use open fire to warm up the engine in winter.
1.27. In order to prevent fire, it is prohibited:
allow accumulation on the engine, its crankcase, exhaust pipe and muffler for dirt and oil;
leave used cleaning materials contaminated with oil and fuel in the cabin and on the engine;
operate faulty vehicle power system devices;
use gasoline and other flammable liquids to wash the engine;
in case of malfunction fuel system supply gasoline to the carburetor directly from the container using a hose or other method;
smoke in the immediate vicinity of engine power system devices;
use open fire when identifying and eliminating faulty mechanisms, heat the engine with open fire.
1.28. A driver under the influence of alcohol, drugs or toxic substances is not allowed to work.
1.29. Failure to comply with the requirements of these instructions, the Technical Operation Rules and the Traffic Rules entails liability in accordance with the law.
2.Safety requirements before
start of work.
2.1. Before leaving the line, the driver is obliged to check the technical serviceability of the car, guaranteeing safety and uninterrupted operation on line. Special attention should pay attention to the serviceability of the brakes, steering, front and rear lighting, brake light, direction indicators, check for leakage of fuel, lubricant, oil and water (antifreeze), presence of fuel, lubricant and brake fluid, sufficient tire pressure, serviceability and availability of tools and equipment.
2.2. In gas-cylinder vehicles, it is necessary to check the gas equipment for leaks and serviceability at the control post.
2.3. Before leaving the line, the driver checks the serviceability of the vehicle by making a mark on the waybill.
2.4. Before releasing a car onto the line, the person responsible for the production of technically sound cars is obliged to check their readiness for work and make a note on the technical serviceability of the car on the waybill.
2.5. The driver is required to undergo a pre-trip medical examination with a note on the waybill.
2.6. Detected malfunctions of the gas equipment of the car are eliminated by qualified mechanics and adjusters at the gas equipment repair and adjustment site.
Before turning off the ignition, starting the engine or turning on the lighting of a gas-cylinder vehicle, it is necessary to check the connected space by opening the hood.
To heat the engine and power system of a gas-cylinder vehicle, eliminate ice formations and traffic jams, it is only allowed hot air, water or steam.
2.7. Before starting the engine, the car must be braked and the gear shift lever must be placed in neutral position.
2.8. The car engine must be started only using the starter. Usage starting handle permitted in exceptional cases. In this case, the following must be observed Additional requirements security:
do not grasp the handle;
at manual adjustment advance the ignition, set the ignition later.
turn the starting handle from bottom to top;
2.10. Before sending the driver on a long journey, the administration is obliged to provide instructions on the specifics of work and safety measures, check the availability of tools, spare parts, a first aid kit, protective equipment extinguishing the fire.
3.Safety requirements
while working.
3.1.When working on the line, the driver is obliged to:
follow traffic rules and instructions from traffic controllers;
maintain the speed of the vehicle in accordance with the requirements of traffic rules, taking into account the condition of the road, but not higher maximum speed installed for this vehicle;
monitor instrument readings and the serviceability of all mechanisms and systems of the vehicle;
If a malfunction occurs that threatens traffic safety and the safety of the vehicle, stop the vehicle. Continuation of movement is allowed only after the malfunction has been eliminated.
3.2. Before leaving the cabin roadway The driver must make sure that there is no traffic both in the same direction and in the opposite direction.
3.3. When a car is forced to stop on the side of the road or at the edge of the roadway for repairs, the driver is required to install a warning triangle or a flashing red light at a distance of 25–30 m behind the car.
3.4. When repairing a car on the line, the driver must comply with the safety rules established for the repair and maintenance of the car. If the driver does not have the necessary equipment and tools, repairs are prohibited.
3.5. It is prohibited to allow persons who do not have the right to do so (agents, loaders, escorts, passengers, etc.) to repair the vehicle on line.
3.6. Before lifting a part of the car using a jack, it is necessary to brake the car with the hand brake and install stops (shoes) under the wheels that cannot be lifted.
A wide pad must be placed on the ground surface under the jack.
3.7. When working on the line, cleaning materials contaminated with leaded gasoline must be burned behind the edge of the road away from the car, taking measures to prevent the spread of fire. In this case, the driver should not leave until the burned materials burn out.
3.8. During parking, drivers, loaders and other persons are prohibited from resting or sleeping in the vehicle while the engine is running.
3.9. The vehicle speed near work sites should not exceed 10 km/h on straight sections of the construction site and 5 km/h on turns.
3.10. While on the territory of an enterprise or warehouse, the driver is obliged to move from one place to another only along pedestrian paths, ladders or floorings away from sources increased danger (lifting mechanisms, work at height, power plants and power supply wires, etc.).
4. Safety requirements
in emergency situations.
4.1. In case of accidents, trains, etc. traffic accidents, accompanied by accidents with people the driver. The person who committed the accident or caused the accident, as well as the driver who discovered this incident, regardless of the purpose of the vehicle and the work performed, are obliged to provide first aid, inform the health authorities and the police, provide a vehicle for transporting victims, etc. in accordance with the rules of movement on streets and roads.
4.2. If a fire occurs, you must stop the vehicle and immediately begin extinguishing it using a fire extinguisher in the cabin.
4.3. Sand, soil, felt felt or other blankets can also be used as fire extinguishing agents, with the help of which it is necessary to isolate the combustion site from air access.
4.4. In the event of a fire in the parking area or the territory of the enterprise, the driver is obliged to evacuate the car in accordance with the developed evacuation plan.
4.5. The driver is obliged to report all accidents, breakdowns and other incidents during the work shift to his immediate supervisor.
5. Safety requirements
upon completion of work.
5.1. Place the car in the designated place, disengage the clutch, and move the gear shift lever to the neutral position. Turn off the engine and shut off the fuel.
5.2. When accepting gas-cylinder vehicles from the line, it is necessary to check the gas equipment for leaks and serviceability at the control post.
5.3. When preparing a gas-cylinder vehicle for overnight parking or maintenance, it is necessary to close the valve on the cylinder and exhaust all the gas in the power system, then turn off the ignition.
5.4. Car washing should be done in specially designated areas. When the hose washer is open, there should be no open electric wires and live equipment.
The car is firmly entrenched in the image of the modern resident. Every year a car becomes more and more important in a person’s life, and it is no longer possible for him to travel by urban means of transport. By car you will be able to travel exactly when it is convenient for you and not depend on the schedule of buses and trolleybuses.
Statistics show that now in Russia every seventh resident drives. The forecast says that in ten years every third person will drive a car. At the same time, as a result of road accidents in 2009, 26 thousand 084 people died in Russia. Not a little, I tell you. No one is immune from getting into an accident, but this risk can be reduced. It is enough to comply basic rules vehicle operation and road traffic. You need to approach problems prepared: have necessary tools in the car, a first aid kit.
Object of study is a car.
Subject of research safety when operating a car.
Purpose of the study identify the rules for proper use of a car in order to ensure your safety.
Safety regulations
Exhaust gases are toxic! If you must start the engine in a garage or other building, provide good ventilation or be sure to open the gate.
When coasting, do not turn off the ignition - it may work anti-theft device in the ignition switch, blocking the steering column shaft. Your car may become uncontrollable!
Gasoline, antifreeze and antifreeze liquid are toxic, so take precautions when filling your car with technical fluids.
Installed in the exhaust gas system catalytic converter. Please note that when the engine is running, it heats up to temperatures above 6000C. Therefore, to avoid a fire when parking, make sure that there is no dry grass or flammable materials under the bottom of the car.
It is prohibited to operate a vehicle with the emergency oil pressure drop warning light on: it should light up briefly (no more than 2 seconds) only when starting the engine. The same applies to warning light discharge of the battery, since sometimes the cause of its fire may be a short circuit in the wiring, leading to a fire in engine compartment car.
Do not work under a jacked-up vehicle. Be sure to place supports under the body.
When lifting the car with a jack, be sure to set the parking brake and place it under the wheels with opposite side suitable stops.
It is prohibited to smoke or use open flames when refueling a vehicle.
It should be borne in mind that even cars of the same model, produced almost simultaneously, have pronounced individual characteristics of behavior on the road. It is recommended to use the full speed and dynamic capabilities of the car as you “get used” to it, comprehend its character, and only after the car has traveled the first 2000-3000 km in compliance with the restrictions specified in the subsection “Running in the car.”
Before driving, warm up the engine at idle speed, since running a cold engine at high speeds will reduce its service life. When turning on the starter, the manual transmission shift lever must be in the neutral position, the automatic transmission selector lever must be in the “N” (“neutral”) or “P” (park) position.
Do not allow the engine to run at speed crankshaft, at which the tachometer needle is in the red zone of the scale.
It is forbidden to start moving the car from the place “on the starter”. Move away in a car with manual transmission gears are only possible in first gear with the parking brake lever fully released, smoothly releasing the clutch pedal.
Do not exceed the lifting capacity specified in technical specifications vehicle: overload leads to increased wear tires and suspension parts, to loss of directional stability.
Avoid driving on roads with low quality coverings on higher speeds. “Breakthroughs” of the suspension, which, as a rule, accompany movement in such modes, lead to damage and deformation of the vehicle’s chassis components. In this case, damage and deformation of the body may also occur.
Check the air pressure in your tires regularly: low pressure leads to increased tire wear. A difference in tire pressure of 0.2-0.3 atm causes deterioration in vehicle handling.
Regularly check the condition of the protective rubber covers ball joints, equal joints angular velocities and steering rod joints. Damaged covers must be replaced, as water and dirt will quickly damage the mechanisms.
For refueling use fuels and lubricants And operating fluids recommended by the manufacturer.
Regularly check the condition of the battery terminals and the fastening of the wires on them. Loose or oxidized terminals can damage the electronic devices car.
Remember that battery terminals have different diameters: the positive terminal is larger than the negative terminal. Make sure that the wires are connected in accordance with the polarity indicated on their tips and terminals.
When charging the battery directly on the car from external source current, be sure to disconnect it from the generator (disconnect the wire from the “+” terminal of the battery).
Driving style and seating position affect safety, so do the following:
Be sure to buckle up seat belt, even if you drive a car in the city;
Make sure that all passengers, even rear seats, fastened with seat belts. Passengers, no belted safety, in the event of an accident they endanger themselves, the driver and other passengers;
To transport children under 12 years of age, use special child seats in which the child is securely secured to the seat, and the seat to the car;
Adjust driver's seat so that you can reach any control;
Adjust the position of the steering wheel so that all instruments in the combination are visible, and your hands on the steering wheel are in the most comfortable position;
Make sure all pedals move freely;
Don't drive while intoxicated. The use of alcohol, drugs and certain medications negatively affects a person’s senses, reaction speed, driving abilities and increases the risk of creating emergency situation and injury;
Do not drive if you feel tired. Stop to rest frequently (at least every two hours);
Drive at a speed appropriate for traffic, weather and road conditions. Remember: the car's handling and braking qualities largely depend on the adhesion of the tires to road surface. Sections of roads with freshly laid asphalt are very dangerous. On a wet road, aquaplaning may occur, in which case complete loss of controllability is possible;
During daily use
Currently, cars at the manufacturing plant are equipped with the minimum possible set of tools (jack, wheel nut wrench and screwdriver), with which you can only replace a wheel or a burnt-out lamp.
Tools and accessories
1 - first aid kit (car), approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia dated April 1, 2002 No. 106;
2 - funnel for filling with gasoline;
3 - spare wheel;
4 - warning triangle;
5 - fire extinguisher;
6 - set of tools:
Two screwdrivers - with a Phillips and a flat blade;
A set of combined (or in as a last resort open-end) keys from “8” to “24”;
Pliers;
Candle key;
Cross-shaped wheel wrench (it is more convenient than a standard wrench);
Hammer;
A piece of insulated wire about a meter long;
7 - portable lamp;
8 - wheel stop;
9 - pump or compressor (with pressure gauge);
10 - mounting blade;
11 - wires for starting the engine from an external source;
12 - tow rope.
Spare parts:
1 - bottle of brake fluid;
2 - hose for bleeding hydraulic drives;
3 - insulated wire about a meter long;
4 - a set of all lamps used on the car (half of all lamps installed on the car, excluding repeating ones);
5 - set of fuses;
6 - generator drive belt;
7 - drive belt for the power steering pump and air conditioning compressor;
8 - engine control system relay;
9 - ignition coil;
10 - spark plugs (possibly not new, but working);
11 - high voltage wires with tips (you can have one, the longest one).
Going on a long journey
IN long journey, especially if the route is unfamiliar, you have to rely only on yourself and the spare parts in the trunk. Below is full list necessary spare parts, tools and Supplies, which may be useful. You can change it according to your own reasons. But even if you don’t know how to repair a car at all, don’t reduce the number of spare parts or tools. IN emergency situation, of course, you can stop a passing car or go to any car depot or roadside car service, but this particular spare part or such tool may not be there, and the spare parts store may have a day off.
Safety requirements for vehicle maintenance and repair
All inspections, maintenance and repairs are carried out only on a stationary vehicle. To do this, it is necessary to carry out preparatory operations to prevent spontaneous movement of vehicles: install the car, put the gear shift lever (speed selector for cars with automatic transmission gear) to neutral, brake the car parking brake, place stops (shoes) under the wheels of the drive axles.
General safety requirements for vehicle maintenance and repair
When maintaining and repairing vehicles, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the relevant state standards, Sanitary rules for the organization of technological processes and hygienic requirements for production equipment, Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport, Rules for the technical operation of rolling stock of road transport, Rules on labor protection in road transport and Rules fire safety for automobile transport enterprise common use RF.
Maintenance and vehicle repairs must be carried out in specially designated places (at posts) equipped with the necessary devices, lifting and transport mechanisms, instruments, fixtures and equipment necessary to carry out the work. Cars sent to maintenance or repair stations must be cleared of dirt, snow, ice and washed.
A vehicle installed on a floor-mounted maintenance or repair station must be securely secured by placing at least two wheel chocks and braked with the parking brake. In this case, the gear lever must be set to the position corresponding low gear. On vehicles with gasoline engines the ignition should be turned off, and on vehicles with diesel engines— shut off the fuel supply. On steering wheel The vehicle must display a warning sign that reads “Do not start the engine. People are working."
When servicing a vehicle on a lift, a warning sign must be posted on the lift control mechanism with the inscription “Do not touch! People are working under the car."
In the working position, the lift plunger must be securely fixed with a stop that prevents spontaneous lowering of the lift.
In maintenance areas with in-line movement of vehicles, there must be light and sound alarms that warn those working on the service line about the moment the vehicle begins to move from post to post; in addition, emergency stop signals must be installed at each post.
Maintenance and repair of the vehicle is permitted with the engine not running, except in cases where engine operation is required in accordance with technological process maintenance or repair.
During work related to cranking and cardan shafts, it is necessary to additionally check that the ignition is turned off for cars with gasoline engines or the fuel supply is shut off for cars with diesel engines, put the gear shift lever in the neutral position and release the handbrake lever. After execution necessary work should be tightened hand brake and engage low gear again.
Parts and assemblies filled with liquids should be removed from the vehicle only after these liquids have been completely removed (drained). If the removal of units and parts involves great physical stress and creates inconvenience in work, it is necessary to use devices (pullers). Units weighing more than 20 kg (engines, gearboxes, rear and front axles) must be removed, transported and installed using lifting and transport mechanisms equipped with devices (grips) that ensure complete safety works It is prohibited: to lift loads weighing more than is allowed for this lifting mechanism; remove, install and transport units when wrapping them with cables and ropes without special grips. Springs should be removed and installed after unloading them from the weight of the vehicle by installing special stands (traces) under the chassis (body).
When working with highly located units (parts) of a vehicle, stable stands or stepladders should be used to ensure the safety of work in accordance with the requirements of the state standard.
Workers performing work while lying under a vehicle must be provided with deck chairs. It is prohibited to work without sunbeds on the floor or ground.
Prohibited:
- lift the car using tow hooks;
- work and be under a car raised with a jack without installing special safety stands (traces);
- work under the raised body of a dump truck without support;
- place the raised, loaded body of a dump truck on supports.
When repairing the underbody passenger car On a rotating stand, the car is securely strengthened, fuel is drained from the fuel tanks and water from the cooling system, the engine oil filler neck is tightly closed and the battery is removed. If it is necessary to purge the power system, use an air pump connected to a compressed air distribution system equipped with a moisture separator. In this case, the air pressure in the distribution system should not exceed 0.5 MPa. Brake system The vehicle must be tested on a stand. Testing at a special site is allowed. Moreover, its dimensions must be such as to ensure the safety of people and vehicles even in the event of a brake failure.
IN field conditions When lifting and placing the car on a jack, the jack should only be placed on solid ground. If it is necessary to install the jack on loose, viscous soil, special boards should be laid under it to ensure its stable position.
Safety requirements for cleaning and washing vehicles, units and parts
Cars, units and parts must be washed in specially designated areas. The manual washing station is located in an area isolated from open live conductors and live equipment. Lighting sources, wiring and power engines in the washing area must be sealed.
At hand wash The washer is provided with special clothing. The ramps, ladders and paths along which the washer moves must have a rough surface. With mechanized washing workplace The washer is located in a waterproof cabin. Electrical control washing installation units must be low voltage (12 V). Meals allowed magnetic starters and control buttons for washing installations at voltages up to 220 V, subject to the following conditions: devices for mechanical and electrical blocking of magnetic starters when opening cabinet doors; waterproofing starting devices and wiring; grounding of casings, cabins and equipment.
The concentration of alkaline solutions used for washing should be no more than 5%. Parts of engines running on leaded gasoline may be washed only after neutralizing tetraethyl lead deposits with kerosene or other neutralizing liquids. After finishing washing alkaline solution units and parts must be washed hot water. Do not use flammable liquids for cleaning.
When working with synthetic detergents To protect hands and prevent splashes of the solution from contacting the mucous membrane of the eyes, workers must use personal protective equipment: goggles, respirators, gloves. Hands up to the elbows should be pre-lubricated with protective creams and pastes (silicone, IER-2, etc.). It is forbidden to use AM-15 for hand washing, as it leads to degreasing of the skin. Work with open flames is prohibited in the washing station area.
Sanitation of cars should be carried out in rooms or at special areas intended for cleaning and washing cars. Cleaning and washing operations must be performed daily.
Chemical treatment of vehicles transporting food products must be carried out according to a schedule drawn up by the administration of the ATP and agreed with local sanitary authorities.
Disinfect vehicles transporting meat and meat products, bread and bakery products, it is necessary at least 1 time per week.
Daily processing specialized vehicles engaged in the transportation of food products (meat, offal, fish), consists of washing them with warm water and soap or a warm 1% solution of soda ash or a hot 0.15-0.2% solution of caustic soda, rinsing with hot water and wipe dry with a rag. Bread vans must first be cleared of crumbs.
Cleaning and washing work must also be carried out before weekly disinfection. Disinfect with a clarified 3% solution of bleach (for bread vans - a 2% solution) or a 2% solution of chloramine.
Bodies upholstered inside with galvanized iron are disinfected by wiping the surface with a rag soaked in a disinfectant solution, and bodies not upholstered in iron are disinfected by abundantly moistening the surface with a disinfectant solution. Then leave for 2-5 minutes, rinse with hot water from a hose, dry and ventilate until the smell of chlorine is completely removed.
Blankets used to cover products are washed with brushes with warm water and soap or a warm 1% solution of soda ash, then with hot water and dried.
Equipment used in cleaning and washing operations is also washed with a washing solution, rinsed and immersed for 30 minutes in a 2% clarified solution of bleach or for 1 hour in a 2% solution of chloramine. It is then washed with hot water and dried.
General provisions.
1) Gas installation The vehicle operates under an excess nominal pressure of 16 kgf/cm 2 or 200 kgf/cm 2 and therefore requires careful adherence to safety regulations.
2) Liquefied petroleum gas comes out into the air in the form of a liquid, evaporates intensively, removing heat from environment. Therefore, contact with liquid gas on the human body can cause frostbite.
Do not allow liquefied gas to come into contact with unprotected areas of the body to avoid frostbite.
3) Persons who have undergone appropriate training, passed exams on the design of gas equipment, safety rules and received a special certificate in the established form are allowed to drive, maintain and repair a gas-cylinder vehicle operating on liquefied petroleum or compressed natural gas.
4) If gas leaks from a cylinder or gas equipment, evaporated petroleum propane-butane gas, which is 1.5 times more dense than air, poorly dissipates in the air, can form an explosive gas-air mixture, especially in enclosed spaces with pits, basements, etc. .P.
Compressed natural gas Lighter than air, in case of leaks it rises, accumulating in the room or going into the ventilation.
5) Therefore, the main safety requirement when operating a car on gas is to regularly thoroughly check the tightness of gas equipment and immediately eliminate the causes of detected leaks.
6) Check the tightness of gas equipment using a foam-forming, non-flammable (soap) solution or a leak detector.
BASIC SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
1) Elimination of leaks should be carried out in the absence of gas in the system, being careful to prevent the formation of a spark when working with the tool.
It is prohibited to tighten nuts and connections, replace components and parts of the power system of gas-cylinder vehicles under pressure, or knock on fittings and gas pipelines.
2) Fill the gas cylinder only at a car gas station. gas station(AGFS, CNG filling station). Constantly monitor the presence and serviceability of the rubber gasket that seals the connector of the car’s refueling device with the AGZS refueling unit.
It is prohibited to be near the valves while filling cylinders.
3) Do not smoke or use open fire in the vehicle interior, in the engine compartment, or in the Site premises.
4) Do not store cleaning materials and work clothes with the smell of gas odorant in the car, and special places must be allocated for this in the Site premises.
5) Make sure that the car is always equipped with a powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.
6) Long-term storage of a car in a garage should only be carried out when closed valves multivalve after gas has been exhausted from the system.
7) Before starting the engine after a long period of parking, in order to avoid an explosion of accumulated gas, you must open the hood, trunk and hatch of the engine compartment.
8) Stop the engine by turning off the ignition. When placing the vehicle for repairs or long-term parking it is necessary to produce gas from the system, for which, with the engine running on the seeker in idling mode (outside an enclosed space), close the flow valve of the multivalve and wait until the engine stops.
9) Carry out maintenance or repair of gas equipment, as well as other components (units) of the car only after gas has been exhausted from gas system supply, with the multivalve flow valve closed.
10) Repair a cylinder or multivalve only after draining the gas from the cylinder and purging it with air or neutral gas.
11) Fill the cylinder with gas in compliance with the rules of the gas filling station.
12) To avoid damage to the seals, close the fill and flow valves of the multivalve, as well as the manual valve of the gasoline EMC only by hand, without using any tools. There were cases of thread failures resulting in fire and death.
13) It is not allowed to operate a vehicle with an expired cylinder test (re-examination) period. The cylinder is subject to periodic inspection within the time limits specified by the “Rules”, which is carried out at special testing points that have permission from the Gosgortekhnadzor authorities. The date of the next test and the mark are placed on the cylinder plate with the corresponding mark in the “Passport”.
14) Before checking the electrical equipment on the car, make sure that there is no accumulation of gas in engine compartment vehicle and surrounding area. Perform maintenance or repair of electrical equipment only with the battery disconnected. Avoid loose terminals and bare ends of live wires to avoid sparks or short circuits.
15) Do not check the operation of the gas EMC or the starting EMC of the reducer-evaporator by applying voltage directly from the battery with the control unit connected, as this may damage it.
16) In the event of a fire, if possible, close the flow valves on the cylinder, release the gas at high engine speeds, and turn off the ignition. Extinguish the flame with a powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, sand, rags, and clothing.
17) Adjustment of gas equipment in the engine compartment while the engine is running is carried out with extreme caution: attention should be paid to ensuring that clothing, hands and other parts of the body are not allowed to get into the area of the rotating parts of the engine.
In addition, the following measures must be observed for gas-diesel vehicles and buses:
To avoid pops and explosions of the gas-air mixture in the air filter or muffler, it is prohibited to operate gas-diesel vehicles at faulty systems gas supply restrictions;
It is necessary to monitor the fuel level in the fuel tank and avoid running out of fuel diesel fuel from fuel tank in gas-diesel mode. Otherwise, there may be a moment when the ignition dose misses ignition and the unburned gas-air mixture in the muffler ignites;
Leaving or entering the vehicle park is carried out in diesel mode with the flow valve closed.
exploit gas car on gas when external mechanical damage gas cylinder equipment, as well as in case of faulty gas equipment and gas leaks from the system;
Starting the engine and running it simultaneously on gas and gasoline;
Continue driving if you smell gas;
Operate a gas-cylinder vehicle after the next test (re-examination) of the cylinder has expired in accordance with the “Rules”;
Filling a gas cylinder with the engine running;
Filling a cylinder with liquefied gas to more than 80% of its total volume;
Carry out repairs to gas equipment, as well as any repairs to other components (units) of the vehicle with the engine running, as well as without exhausting gas from the power system or with the multivalve flow valve open;
Eliminate leaks in connections under pressure;
Repair a cylinder or multi-valve if there is gas in the cylinder;
Carry out welding or other types of work with an open flame without removing the liquefied petroleum gas cylinder from the vehicle;
Release gas from the power supply system or cylinder indoors;
Check the tightness of connections with an open flame;
Park or store a car with a gas leak.
a) When carrying out repair, installation and adjustment work, it is prohibited to use oily hoses, twisted or flattened rubber tubes.
b) Units gas equipment Can only be removed when cool.
c) It is forbidden to release compressed air from cylinders indoors. The air must be released into the atmosphere through a special exhaust device equipped with a noise suppressor.
d) Rubber gaskets must be placed under each cylinder mounting clamp.
e) Before installation of gas pipelines high pressure must be blown out with compressed air.
f) When carrying out electrical installation work, it is necessary to observe following rules:
· weight batteries must be disabled;
· fixed wires should not rotate relative to the terminals of the devices;
· wires in the engine compartment should not touch heated engine parts;
· do not allow the metal parts of the gas equipment to touch the current-carrying terminals of devices and wire tips;
· wire insulation must not be damaged;
· wires should not be located on sharp edges and edges of gas equipment parts.
Related information.
