Not so long ago I heard - about economical tires, supposedly very eco-friendly progressive and fuel saving. Is this really so and how are we saving fuel? It should be noted that in Europe there is now a fairly promoted trend in the car market. Interesting information read on ...

These economical options do exist, and they really save fuel. They are now produced by many manufacturers, but only three companies have achieved the most impressive results - Michelin, Goodyear, Nokian. It was these giants who first thought about this parameter and began to struggle with tire rolling.

What is rolling resistance?

As the tire rotates, it experiences many loads, and upon impact, it deforms, absorbing a significant part of the energy that the engine generates. A wheel with a tire is soft, and therefore it is more difficult to roll it than, say, a completely metal one, which does not deform or puncture. But completely metal will make the movement of the car very uncomfortable, the suspension will "die" very quickly, and the braking of such a car will deteriorate significantly. Therefore, the task is not to abandon the rubber tire, but the task is to reduce rolling while driving, that is, to make it tough, but comfortable. And completely in rubber wheel you will not be able to defeat this power - it is not possible.

Why win at all?

It's simple, the less the power, the less power is needed for the engine to roll these wheels, and accordingly the consumption in fuel, that is, gasoline or diesel, will decrease. And the units can be delivered less powerful.

How are economical tires made?

It should be noted that this is a very difficult task. Manufacturers should not degrade but improve rubber performance (braking, aquaplaning, etc.) and also reduce rubber rolling. Changes - it is calculated to the millimeter, the optimal diameter is selected, as well as the optimal composition rubber compound which is less deformed. The compositions of the mixtures are kept in the strictest confidence (each company has its own unique composition), because it is in it that 70% of the improvement in this parameter is improved.

As I already wrote such firms as Michelin, Goodyear, Nokian have achieved maximum results. These manufacturers have moved away from carbon for their wheels in favor of silicon, which not only reduces rolling, but also improves cut and puncture resistance.

How much fuel can you save?

The fuel economy of such wheels can be significant up to 0.5 - 0.6 liters per 100 km. Take a look at the table.

How to define them when choosing?

Very simple - each manufacturer has its own abbreviation on wheels.

This is usually a graph from A to G, where A is the lowest impedance busbar, the most economical. These abbreviations are not always applied to the tire cord, sometimes they are printed on stickers on the wheel.

For Michelin, the abbreviation ENERGY Saver may be used.

Michelin energy saver

Goodyear uses its abbreviation - where LRR (low rolling), ULRR (ultra low), ELRR (extremely low). These abbreviations can be found on the wheel cord.

Here is such a useful parameter that you also need to know. Other manufacturers are also trying to reduce this parameter and apply markings to rubber or decals, so look carefully when buying.

That's all, read our AUTOSITE

1) Alternative cost

A. Value of goods expressed in money

B. Value of an item expressed in another item

B. Cost of goods expressed in production costs

2) What is called production

A. The process of creating goods

B. Satisfaction of needs

C. Resource extraction.

3) Inflation, unemployment are inherent

A. Traditional Economy

B. Market economy

B. Centralized Economy

4) The demand elasticity curve will not shift if

A. Changing consumer tastes

B. Changes in consumer income

B. Change in the number of outlets

5) What is the form of restriction of consumer freedom

A. Lack of competition in the market

B. The consumer has all the necessary information

B. Market saturation different kinds goods.

6) The increase in demand for jeans may be due to

A. Increase in the price of denim

B. Summer vacation is approaching.

B. Reducing the price of accessories

7) Choose a couple of replacement products

A. Coffee and coffee drink

B. Car tires and gasoline

B. Books and notebooks

8)The bank receives income

A. from intermediation between sellers and buyers of securities

B. from investing money in the production of a certain type of product

B. from the difference between the% received from the borrower and the% that is paid

depositor

9) What product is inelastic demand

A. Champagne

B. Medicines

10) What product offer is elastic

A. Fresh mushrooms

B. Dried mushrooms

B. Furniture

11)In which economic system the role of the consumer is not significant

A. In traditional

B. In the team

B. In the market

12)The cost of living index says:

A: How People's Needs Have Changed

B. What is the growth of real income of the population.

B. What is the share of compulsory consumer spending for goods

13)What is the name of the loan, when under the agreement in the budget of consumers

a finance lease, the lessor undertakes to purchase the property from a specified seller under an agreement and lease it to the recipient for an agreed payment for temporary use for specific purposes.

A. Mortgage

B. Acquisition loan

14) How are the costs of the company called, which do not depend on the volume of production.

A. Permanent

B. Variables

B. Transactional

15) Determine how long it will take a consumer to buy an excavator worth 400 million rubles from a leasing company. If the inflation rate is 50% per year, and the consumer pays 40 million rubles a month.

16) Determine the bank's margin if the interbank loan is 120% per year, and the bank issued a loan to an entrepreneur in the amount of 100 million rubles with the condition that it be returned in a month in the amount of 120 million rubles.

17) Determine the coefficient of elasticity of demand for the car. If the value of demand and the price of the goods changed in the following pattern: with 48 million rubles per car, the sales volume amounted to 150 thousand units, and with a decrease in the price of 36 million rubles, the sales volume increased to 300 thousand units.

18) The essence of the laws:

1. Alternative cost
2. The law of diminishing returns
3. Elasticity of supply and demand
4. The law of diminishing marginal utility

Choose a couple of substitutes: Car tires and gasoline Fountain pens and ink Jeans and T-shirts Oil and margarine. Chapter 1. Principles of Economics. 3. The market system of the economy. 29.

Picture 31 from the presentation "Supply and demand in the economy" to the lessons of economics on the topic "Supply and Demand"

Dimensions: 960 x 720 pixels, format: jpg. To download a free picture for an economics lesson, right-click on the image and click "Save Image As ...". To show pictures in the lesson, you can also download the presentation "Supply and Demand in Economy.ppt" for free with all pictures in a zip-archive. The archive size is 464 KB.

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Supply and demand

"The amount of demand" - The dependence of the amount of demand on the price level is called the scale of demand. Explain the reasons for your answer. The amount of demand. Part II. Write your answer next to the product name. Point elasticity. Reasons for changing demand. The law of demand is explained by the action of the effects: The law of demand. Arc elasticity of demand.

"Monopoly and Competition" - Optimum point and profit of the monopolist. Monopoly. Firm behavior under monopoly conditions. Pm. The reasons for the emergence and existence of monopolies. Social losses of market monopolization. Reasons for education and basic forms 3.2. Firm Behavior Under Monopoly 3.3. Oligopoly.

"Opportunity" - Suggest a way out of the situation. Economic. What does economics study? What are the two meanings of the word "economy"? The hierarchy of the theory of needs according to A. Maslow. Exercise "Paper clips". Everything that is appreciated by people as a means of satisfying needs. Consequences of limited resources: Why are economic resources (factors of production) always relatively limited?

"Supply and demand in the economy" - Supply: price change. Demand. 5. D. 6. 13. Number of buyers Income of buyers Prices for other goods Preferences Expectations. –Changes in other factors at a constant price–. Non-price factors. Determine the function of the proposal. 8. Factors influencing the offer. Offer. Market.

"Aggregate supply" - the amount of costs. Change in resource prices. Aggregate supply. Non-price factors of aggregate supply. Macroeconomic equilibrium. The aggregate supply depends on: Changes in the labor market, capital, land and other natural resources. Changes in technology and productivity. Demand shock.

"Costs and Profits of a Firm" - An Economic Approach to the Concepts of Costs and Profits. Full partnership - Limited partnership - Limited liability company - Joint-stock company- Corporation - Holding - Company -. Exercise # 1. Types of Firms. Calculation of accounting and economic profit (thousand rubles). Definitions. Firm.

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Tires play important role in the handling and safety of the car, however, with age, they lose their qualities and must be replaced with new ones. Therefore, every driver must be able to determine the age of tires and produce them. timely replacement... Read about why it is necessary to change old tires, how to determine their age and replacement time, in this article.

Car Tire Life Standards

Tires are one of the few vehicle components that not only undergo wear and tear during operation, but also naturally age. Therefore, the replacement of tires is carried out not only in connection with their critical wear or damage, but also when the service life exceeds the permissible ones. Too old tires lose their quality, elasticity and strength, and therefore become too dangerous for the car.

Today in Russia there is a contradictory situation with the service life of tires. On the one hand, the so-called guarantee period service life (service life) of car tires, equal to 5 years from the date of their production. During this period the tire must provide the declared performance characteristics, while the manufacturer is responsible for his product throughout the entire period of operation. The term of 5 years is established by two standards - GOST 4754-97 and 5513-97.

On the other hand, there are no such laws in Western countries, and manufacturers car tires declare that the service life of their products reaches 10 years. At the same time, in the world and in Russia, there are no legislative acts that would oblige drivers and owners Vehicle produce mandatory replacement tires at the expiration of the warranty period. Although in Russian traffic rules there is a norm about the residual tread height, and, as practice shows, tire wear usually occurs faster than the end of their service life.

There is also such a concept as the shelf life of car tires, but Russian legislation does not establish the boundaries of this period. Therefore, manufacturers and sellers usually rely on the warranty period, and say that the tire is subject to the right conditions can lie for 5 years, and after that it can be used like new. However, in a number of European and Asian countries, the maximum shelf life is 3 years, and after this period the tire can no longer be considered new.

So how long can you use your tires fitted on a car? Five, ten, or more? After all, all these figures are recommended, but no one obliges the driver to replace tires, even after fifteen years, the main thing is that they are not worn out. However, manufacturers themselves recommend replacing tires that are 10 years old, and in most cases tires become unusable after 6-8 years of operation.

What is the reason for the indicated service life and storage of car tires? It's all about the rubber itself, from which the tires are made - this material, with all its advantages, is subject to natural aging, which leads to the loss of basic qualities. As a result of aging, rubber can lose its elasticity and strength, microscopic damage appears in it, eventually turning into noticeable cracks, etc.

Aging of tires is primarily a chemical process. Under the influence of light, temperature differences, gases, oils and other substances contained in the air, the elastomer molecules that make up the rubber are destroyed, and the bonds between these molecules are also destroyed - all this leads to a loss of elasticity and strength of the rubber. As a result of rubber aging, tires resist wear worse, they literally crumble and can no longer provide the required performance characteristics.

It is because of the aging process of rubber that manufacturers and the national GOST establish a warranty period for the operation of tires. Domestic standard sets the period after which the aging of rubber does not yet have a negative effect, and tire manufacturers establish a real service life at which aging is already noticeable. Therefore, you should be very careful about tires over 6-8 years old, and tires that have celebrated their 10th "anniversary" must be changed without fail.

To replace a tire, you need to determine its age - it is quite simple to do this.

Methods for checking tire age

On car tires, as on any other product, the production date must be indicated - it is by this date that one can judge the age of the tires purchased or installed on the car. Today, tire manufacturing date stamping is based on the 2000 U.S. Department of Transportation standard.

Every tire has an oval crimp, in front of which is the abbreviation DOT and an alphanumeric index. Numbers and letters are also embossed in the oval - it is they that speak of the date of production of the tire. More precisely, the date is encrypted in the last four digits, which mean the following:

• The first two digits are the week of the year;
• The last two digits are the year.

So, if the last four digits are 4908 in the oval crimp, then the tire was produced in the 48th week of 2008. By Russian standards, such a tire has already exhausted its resource, and by world standards it should be replaced.

However, other designations of the production time can be found on tires. In particular, in the oval crimping, there may be not four, but three numbers, and there is also a small triangle - this means that given tire was produced between 1990 and 2000. It is clear that now such tires can no longer be used, even if they were in storage or installed on a car that has been in the garage for many years.

Thus, a single glance is enough to determine the age of a tire. However, not all car owners know this, which is used by dishonest sellers who present old tires as new ones. Therefore, when buying rubber, you need to be careful and be sure to check the production date.

Determine when to replace tires

When is the time to change tires? There are several cases when you definitely need to buy new tires:

• Age 10 years or more - even if this tire looks good outwardly, there is no visible damage in it and its wear is low, it should be removed and sent for recycling;
• The age of the tire is 6-8 years, while its wear is approaching critical;
• Critical or uneven wear, large punctures and tears, regardless of the age of the tire.

As practice shows, tires, especially in Russia with its road features rarely "live" up to ten years of age. Therefore, tire replacement is most often done due to wear or damage. However, in our country, not entirely new tires often go on sale, so every driver should be able to determine their age - only in this case you can protect yourself and your car.

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