The Bogdan Corporation, known today primarily as a manufacturer passenger vehicles, started her business by selling manufactured cars Russian manufacturers. The company grew and expanded the range of products sold. In 1996, KIA was added to the list of brands sold, and three years later Bogdan became a distributor of Hyuindai. The entire model range is Bogdan.
First steps in production
In 1998, with the acquisition of the Cherkasy Bus enterprise, Bogdan had its own production facilities. With this acquisition, the next important step in the company's development became possible. Just a year later, it was possible to establish the production of Bogdan buses, which were sold on the domestic market, and by 2003 they began to be sold outside Ukraine.
At the turn of the century, the assembly of cars from the Volzhsky Automobile Plant from vehicle kits was organized. At the same time, as part of the trend towards developing its own production capacity, the Lutsk Automobile Plant was acquired, where six years later it was established modern production buses and trolleybuses.
This was preceded by the conclusion of an agreement with Isuzu Motors Limited that the Bogdan company received the right not only to produce at its facilities Isuzu buses, but also to sell them on the territory of Ukraine under its own brand “Bogdan”, and for export – under the brand “Isuzu”.
Creation of a corporation
The date of final registration of the legal status of the company as an industrial financial corporation is considered to be February 22, 2005, when the merger of more than twenty separate divisions and legal entities voluntarily united and became part of the Bogdan corporation.
The new association got a good start from the measures taken by the government to protect the domestic automaker. Introduction of a tax on imported cars served as a good incentive for the development of both large-scale assembly of cars and full cycle production within the country.
2007 was marked by the launch of production of tourist-class buses "Bogdan". At that time, the export line of products to the CIS and neighboring countries amounted to half of production volumes.
On next year large-scale production of trucks was established, and factories were opened in Ukraine in Cherkassy, one producing trucks and commercial equipment and a second plant with a production line passenger cars with a capacity of 120 - 150 thousand units per year. Progress has also been seen in mass production modern trolleybuses.
In 2009 they come to life own developments serial batch of passenger cars commercial vehicle Bogdan 2310 pick-up. The changes also affected the name, now it is PJSC Automobile Company Bogdan Motors and the capitalization of LuAZ ended, after which all assets transferred to OJSC LuAZ. This company produced the excellent all-terrain vehicle LuAZ 969.
The export of passenger cars began in 2010. Founded with the Czech company Cegelec joint venture for the production of trolleybuses for the EU. In 2011, the production of small-class buses was planned Hyundai base, and also concluded a number of contracts for the distribution of passenger cars Lifan brands And Great Wall.
We have been to LuAZ more than once. The same administrative building, the same Christmas trees at the entrance, the same buildings with brickwork, but outside the entrance we were met by a completely different plant. Now there is no hint of passenger car production, SKD assembly of cars and trucks has not been carried out in Lutsk for many years.
The plant completely changed its profile and changed beyond recognition. Over the past 10 years, classical music has been created in Lutsk bus production, designed to produce 8-9-10 meter, 12 and 18 meter buses and trolleybuses. And today, Automobile Assembly Plant No. 1 “Bogdan Motors” is, without exaggeration, the best bus plant in Ukraine. It could well have been one of the best in Europe, but just a couple of years of growth in the car market were not enough.
Hard times
The 2008 crisis caught Lutsk Automobile Plant in the midst of reconstruction and construction of the 2nd stage of bus production, which according to plans was supposed to be completed in 2009. In Lutsk, they managed to build 99% of the newest EISENMANN painting complex, designed for painting 12-meter bus bodies. Within the framework of this complex, even a cataphoresis line was built, consisting of 6 consecutive chambers and baths, into which the entire 12-meter bus body can be placed. Frankly, I have only seen a similar line at AUTO-Consulting bus factories at the newest MAN-Neoplan plant in Turkey, launched in 2014.
Exactly to this plant German manufacturer moved all bus production from Europe. After such a line, bus bodies come out with such a degree of anti-corrosion protection that they are safely guaranteed for 10-12 years.
But in Lutsk the 2nd stage was never launched, although they managed to complete all installation and construction work. For its rhythmic operation, a load of 300 buses per month is required, and Bogdan Motors Auto Assembly Plant No. 1 produced only 144 units in 2015. With such volumes, the buses will be “golden”. The line was mothballed until better times. But they all don't come.
But the plans also included a 3rd stage. With its commissioning, 6.5 thousand buses per year would be produced in Lutsk. But it never got to the point of construction.
Now the plant operates in the 1st stage areas and can produce a maximum of 2.2 thousand cars per year (with 3-shift operation). Capacity is limited throughput painting complex of 7 chambers. But they haven’t worked 3 shifts at the car plant for a long time.
Director of the Automobile Assembly Plant No. 1 subsidiary Nikolai Dzhula, from memory, names each buyer of the 144 buses and trolleybuses produced last year. He also remembers the specifications of each model.
How Bogdan buses are made
Of 36 thousand m2 production areas barely half are currently employed. But in Lutsk they still make buses with clean slate metal The production process begins in the procurement workshop, where equipment for laser cutting of metal was purchased. But blanks from pipes and angles are still processed on old machines.
The press production where the Volynyanka body was stamped was completely shut down, and the last large press was removed from the plant a year ago. Only a few small pressing machines were left to produce buses.
After the mechanical procurement shop, parts and blanks arrive at the body shop. Here, using special equipment, the floor, sides, and roof of the future bus are molded. By the way, the equipment at Automobile Assembly Plant No. 1 is made entirely independently. The slipways allow you to maintain the geometry in accordance with the modifications.
In the paint shop, the bus body sequentially passes through 7 chambers along the line, where, according to technology, it is subjected to the following operations: degreasing, drying, priming, putty, preparation for painting, painting, drying at a temperature of 60 degrees and final acceptance. It is the capacity of this workshop that determines maximum power plant capacity of 2,200 buses per year.
The painted body is then transported to the assembly shop, where, depending on the dimensions, it enters the appropriate assembly line. "Car Assembly Plant No. 1" can simultaneously produce 8 and 10-meter buses, 12-meter long buses and trolleybuses and special vehicles big class up to 18 m long.
Lines assembly line designed for large volumes. Today, only a few people pass through them. For example, on the line of 12-meter vehicles, we counted only 5 frames of future trolleybuses - this is a batch for Odessa.
A batch of Bogdan A221 buses for Kyiv was on the small class bus line and production was being completed school buses A069 under old contracts.
According to the technology, after assembly, each bus must make a test ride and go to the site for final delivery to the customer. Here it will be checked for leaks in a separate chamber, headlights, toxicity, condition will be adjusted paint coating and, if necessary, correct defects. Here the bus is finally given the go-ahead to carry passengers and the final act is signed.
Plant prospects
Euro-5 standards, which came into force in Ukraine on January 1, 2016, changed the model policy of the enterprise. As the director of the enterprise, Nikolai Dzhula, told us, the first Euro-5 buses in Lutsk were produced back in 2014 for Vinnitsa. Thanks to cooperation with IVECO, Automobile Assembly Plant No. 1 already has two Euro-5 modifications in its lineup: the 10-meter model Bogdan A145.32 and the city 12-meter model A701.32. The plant is also considering the option of installing Cummins Euro-5 engines.
The supply of city buses is limited by the budget capabilities of cities and depends on the results of tenders. In Lutsk they are ready to produce buses for the whole of Ukraine, but somehow it turns out that not everywhere officials give preference to Bogdans. Factory workers perceive every lost tender very painfully. In conditions where there are already few orders, this means weeks of plant downtime.
The situation with 8-meter buses is even more complicated. The plant does not yet produce Euro-5 in this class. In the workshop we only saw a prototype Bogdan A221.15 with a gas engine. But for some reason they don’t make a special bet on the gas version in Lutsk, unlike their colleagues from Cherkasy Bus. According to plant director Nikolai Dzhula, the first Indian Ashok Leyland vehicle sets with Euro-5 engines are expected to be delivered on June 15. After some time, the 8-meter Euro-5 bus will be offered to carriers.
Bogdan Motors places special hopes on European market. In cooperation with the Polish company Ursus, the plant managed to win a tender for the supply of 38 Bogdan-Ursus T70116 trolleybuses to the city of Lublin. This contract gave the plant an understanding of the quality level and requirements for urban transport in Europe. The acceptance process was very tough, but the plant managed it. And the trolleybuses were far from simple. Lublin "Bogdans" are equipped autonomously, which allows you to build new routes even where there is no contact network. These trolleybuses have a “squat” system at stops, which allows you to enter the cabin more comfortably, since the trolleybus tilts a few centimeters on the right side and approaches the stop curb. And also these “Bogdans” have an energy-saving door opening system, which allows you to open at a stop only those doors that passengers are going to use - this allows you to more effectively maintain the temperature in the cabin.
In addition to trolleybuses, the first 12-meter electric bus Bogdan A701.00 was also transferred to Lublin for trial operation. It has a power reserve of 120 km. The body for it was made using stainless steel - it is 2.5 times more expensive than from ferrous metal. The electric bus has been traveling along the route in Poland for more than a year and has received a European certificate.
As plant director Nikolai Dzhula recalls: “According to the terms of the contract, we had to produce an electric bus in 2 months, and negotiations lasted almost six months. When we handed over the electric bus, I then told our partners that we had been bargaining longer than we were making the car.”
And the key to such speed was personnel. The automobile plant managed to retain the design team and attract the best specialists from Lvov. This potential has saved the enterprise more than once. Over the 10 years of the bus era, 20 models and 35 modifications were produced in Lutsk. And the Bogdan bus brand is known not only in Ukraine, but also in Poland, Georgia, Belarus and Russia.
Ironically, those trolleybuses that were written off in Lublin after the “Bogdanov” were delivered there were bought by Lutsk. Old Yelch people also drive past the car plant. Instead of our own “Bogdanov”...Probably the rise of “ Automobile assembly plant No. 1" will come when local authorities in all cities understand that they need to buy vehicles of their own production.
P.S.
The history of this enterprise has seen both ups and downs. During this time, he had to change his activity profile four times. At the Lutsk Automobile Plant (now Bogdan Motors), somewhere in a dark corner, they discovered a wonderful historical exhibition. The factory workers not only saved it, but also restored it if possible. There is even the only surviving prototype of the ZAZ-969 (not LuAZ, but ZAZ).
And in the transport workshop of Bogdan Motors they found a convertible truck based on the Turkish Otoyol bus chassis. As long as an enterprise honors and remembers its history, it is alive. Here they are trying to use the name LuAZ less and less, replacing it with simply “automobile plant” or “Bogdan automobile plant”. A release passenger cars in Lutsk it is no longer possible to restore either the Luaz-1301 or even the primitive TPK-967 - the plant was completely reoriented to bus production, there is no passenger conveyor, and the last presses and stamps used for the passenger car program were removed from the plant a year ago. Now there are only buses.
With the advent of the Bogdan corporation, the largest-scale modern history Ukrainian automobile project - the construction of a completely new automobile plant in Cherkassy with a capacity of 120,000 cars per year. At the same time, all bus production from Cherkassy was supposed to move to Lutsk on the area of the LuAZ plant, where it was created modern plant for the production of buses with a capacity of 7,000 units per year.
These rotations are called “castling”, by analogy with chess. Ukraine has never seen such large-scale relocations of car factories. But in 2005, the car market was on the rise and was growing by 30-40% per year.
The Bogdan Corporation was successful in all its endeavors, and exported its buses of the same name to Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Belarus. In 2005 alone, the volume of bus production increased by 78% and reached 2008 units. And the assembly passenger cars in Lutsk exceeded 30,000 units.
After the announcement in 2005 in Russia of special benefits for automobile manufacturers, the Bogdan corporation decides, together with partners, to build another automobile plant in Nizhny Novgorod region, where cars and trucks and buses. The Ukrainian delegation, which arrived on December 20, 2006, to lay the first stone in the construction of a new enterprise and then announced grandiose plans. “Investments in the construction of the plant will amount to 470 million US dollars. Full localization of the project will additionally attract another 300 million US dollars,” said Oleg Svinarchuk, president of the Bogdan Corporation. Nizhny Novgorod(RF) at the ceremony of laying the first stone of the plant.
According to the project, passenger cars were to be produced at the enterprise's welding, painting, and assembly facilities Chevrolet Lanos And Chevrolet Aveo in the amount of 160,000 cars per year, as well as 6,000 Bogdan-Isuzu buses of small, medium and large classes. It is also planned to produce 8,000 bus chassis, as well as diesel engines for medium-duty trucks and buses. Production capacity will amount to 60,000 engines per year.
But Ukrainian investments were not really allowed back then. Russian market. The construction of a car plant in the Russian Federation never began, but the construction of a new enterprise in Cherkassy was underway full swing. The Bogdan Corporation increased its sales every year and introduced new product after new product. In 2007, according to AUTO-Consulting, it already became operator No. 2 in the Ukrainian car market.
True, strategists even then had concerns about the conditions under which Ukraine joined the WTO that were too unfavorable for production workers. However, given the crazy growth rates of the car market, it seemed that “the worst could not happen.”
But it still happened. Ukraine joined the WTO in 2008 and immediately lowered import duties on cars in the middle of the year. At that moment there was a holiday in the Bogdan corporation - the opening of a brand new and long-awaited automobile plant in Cherkassy.
On June 20, 2008, something extraordinary happened for automotive industry Ukrainian event. The newest automobile plant "Bogdan" was put into operation in Cherkassy, having a full production cycle including welding, painting and assembly. Investments of the Bogdan corporation in the construction of a new automobile plant in Cherkassy exceeded $330 million. The enterprise was supposed to produce two models of passenger cars Lada cars(2110, 2111) and three Hyundai car models (Tucson, Elantra and Accent). The capacity of the enterprise was determined by the latest Eisemann painting complex, with a capacity of 120 thousand bodies per year. And the total number of personnel in all departments has reached more than 14 thousand!
Even the then President of Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko, came to open a new plant in Cherkassy. Here is one of his quotes: “I am convinced that today we are witnessing the birth of the first Ukrainian car. We will come to our own brand, to our own configuration. I have no doubt about it." Viktor Andreevich was disingenuous then. Firstly, his own car brand had already celebrated its 10th anniversary, and secondly, on the same day he signed a decree on joining the WTO without a transition period. This “black” decree of Yushchenko is still remembered in Bogdan.
New plant immediately began producing cars under the Bogdan brand and even developing his own versions on the Lada platform.
But in the fall the financial crisis of 2008 struck. Sales in all markets began to fall, and in Ukraine they simply collapsed. The devaluation of the currency was aggravated by a sharp decrease in duties on foreign cars and the lack of support from the state. The next “surprise” came from Hyundai, which decided not to produce its cars in Cherkassy. The plant was left with only one partner - Russian AvtoVAZ.
Meanwhile, the corporation's foreign currency loans, which at that time had reached $500 million and were invested in the construction of automobile factories, immediately turned into a heavy burden and did not allow for development. In April 2009, the Bogdan corporation ceased distribution of the KIA brand, and the Cherkasy Bus plant left the Bogdan orbit.
But the Bogdan corporation finds a way out and decides to organize full-scale car production Chinese company JAC. Moreover, deliveries of these models are planned not only to Ukraine, but also to Russia, Kazakhstan, and subsequently to Europe. Bogdan quickly launches full-scale production of JAC, as well as the assembly of another brand - Great Wall.
The corporation's portfolio is replenished Chinese Lifan.
Bus factory in Lutsk it is also looking for new niches and actually “cutting” a window to Europe. Joint production of Bogdan trolleybuses opens in the Czech Republic and Poland. On the eve of the Euro 2012 championship, the Bogdan corporation signs a memorandum with MAN on the production of tourist and airport buses.
In 2012, the time came for trade wars with Russia, from which all Ukrainian manufacturers suffered. The fatal blow came from the so-called recycling collection, which all importers were obliged to pay, despite the operation of the Free Trade Zone. Ukrainian cars immediately became uncompetitive in comparison with products Russian factories. Bogdan began to lose the large Russian market and cut production again.
And then there was Maidan, the annexation of Crimea, the war in Donbass, the devaluation of the hryvnia by 3 times and the severance of all business contacts with Russia. The Cherkassy plant assembled the last sets and finally stopped in the summer of 2014.
The new collapse of the Ukrainian market to 46 thousand cars at the end of 2015 left no chance for the plant to survive due to domestic market. The Russian market turned out to be closed, and transit to Kazakhstan and Central Asia was problematic.
But even in such conditions, the corporation’s management did not lose heart. In the most difficult conditions, they relied on their own production of military equipment. IN as soon as possible in Cherkassy they are creating a whole family of Ukrainian Bars armored vehicles. They were developed from scratch by our own design bureau, which was preserved. A year later, Bars successfully passes tests. In addition, the Bogdan Corporation is mastering the production of all-wheel drive ambulances, kungs for army equipment and other equipment dual use.
Lutsk plant Bogdan Motors was also able to stabilize the situation and successfully delivered trolleybuses to Poland, was the first in Ukraine to produce an electric bus, and switched to new environmental standards Euro 5, and recently even announced a new recruitment.
As we can see, over 12 years the history of the Bogdan Corporation has seen its ups and downs, but the main thing is that key enterprises have survived and even found their place in the new realities of the market. Yes, the volumes are no longer the same, and new cars don’t roll out of the factory gates every minute – as they used to. But Bogdan is not used to relying on the past and looking for those to blame, and they still rely only on their own strengths. The corporation is confident that the revival of Ukraine will begin with industrial production, with the creation of jobs and the production of its own products. But not every state can produce cars. Ukraine can still do this.
And the corporation’s management is still looking for new solutions and will definitely find them. There will be more better times from the Bogdan corporation. There will also be new “Bogdans” traveling on the roads. And there will be thousands of new jobs. The Bogdan Corporation is accustomed to difficulties. But only those who walk can master the road!
| Full title: | OJSC "Cherkasy Bus" (Corporation "Bogdan") |
| Other names: | Cherkasy Automobile Repair Plant (CHARZ), OJSC "Cherkasy Automobile Repair Plant" |
| Existence: | 1966 – 2006 (CHARZ), 2006 - present day (Bogdan) |
| Location: | (USSR) Ukraine, Cherkassy, st. Rozhdestvenskaya, 292 |
| Key figures: | Oleg Svinarchuk - president of the corporation |
| Products: | Cars and trucks, buses, trolleybuses. |
| The lineup: |
Particularly small: A-064/A-065/A-068; A-069 Small: A-091, A-092, A-09280, A-301 Average:\ , A-40100\40160 , A-60110 Particularly large urban ones: A-231 Trolleybuses: E-231, T-50110\T-60111\T-70115 School transport: A-301 Special transport: S-092, A-092 |
From repair to production.
In February 1964, the construction of the Cherkasy Automobile Repair Plant (CHARZ) began. From the very beginning it was assumed that this plant would be engaged in the overhaul of PAZ-652 buses, the design capacity of the plant base was 1.5 thousand units per year. In 1966, by decision of the State Commission, the plant was put into operation, and by 1972 the enterprise reached its full design capacity, which continued until 1993. In 1993, its repair activities were discontinued, during which time more than 25 thousand PAZ buses of models 672 and 652 were repaired.
Thanks to the reconstruction of the auto repair plant, which was carried out in 1971-1972, the plant was able to produce GO-14 products for the military-industrial complex. A new workshop was built, in which by 1993 1,235 units of these products had already been produced. Since 1992, the plant management decided to master the technology of converting IZH-2715 vans into a cargo-passenger version.
In 1994, in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated June 15, 1993, the privatization of the enterprise began. Where Open was created on the basis of the enterprise Joint-Stock Company"Cherkasy Automobile Repair Plant". The range of products began to increase, which was facilitated by large-scale reorganization production. And in 1996, on the basis of the Gazelle car, the production of a minibus was mastered and a method was developed for converting an all-metal car to cargo version for five to seven seats and for a minibus with twelve seats. For the repair and maintenance of main gas pipelines, based on the chassis of the KrAZ-260 G vehicle, we began the production of emergency mobile workshops. We also established the production of trailers for passenger cars, mastered the AMG-1 mobile repair workshops, and began re-equipping IZH and UAZ vehicles.
Reorientation and a new stage of development.
A new stage of development of the plant began in 1998. This year he is part of the owned by the concern"Ukrprominvest", industrial and investment holding "Bogdan". Now the plant is changing its profile orientation and is starting to produce a small city bus called A-091 “Bogdan”. This bus developed on the basis of the ISUSU NQR 71P chassis. For this purpose, the workshops produced major renovation and new equipment was installed.
Starting from November 12, 2000, the company began to engage exclusively in the assembly of “Bogdanov” and the company was renamed “Cherkasy Bus”. All projects that were developed at the plant in 1998-1999 were implemented at other facilities.
Since December 2000, a painting complex with a total area of 1080 sq.m. was put into operation. In the first quarter of 2003, a new workshop for the production of fiberglass products with a capacity of 150 tons of products per year was launched, gasification and reconstruction were also carried out production premises, a new welding shop was commissioned, high-tech new equipment was purchased and installed.
Already in February 2003 she saw the light new model small city bus A-092 "Bogdan", in the same year they began preparations for the release of a new big bus"Bogdan" A-231 and small city bus "Bogdan" A-062.
In 2009, the Bogdan Corporation mastered five types new products, the new fifteen-meter city trolleybus “Bogdan” T-801.10, is also among this five. The trolleybus was tested at the Kurenevsky DEPOT of the Kyiv municipal enterprise "Kievpastrans".
If we talk about product exports, then since 2006 its volumes have increased significantly. For comparison: in 2005, 26.5% of buses were exported, and in 2007 - 35.6%. Details of a new investment agreement regarding the construction of an industrial complex on a land plot in the Borsky district are being discussed between the Bogdan corporation and the government of the Nizhny Novgorod region Russian Federation, this land plot belongs to the Bogdan corporation.
Our days.
The Bogdan Corporation began its existence in February 2005; twenty companies are part of it, including OJSC Cherkasy Bus, JSC Automobile Company Bogdan Motors, Hyundai Motors Ukraine. Today, the corporation continues to produce more and more new Bogdan models; for example, at the Lutsk Automobile Plant, on May 29, 2008, a new model of the T-501 trolleybus was presented. In 2009, 624 trolleybuses and buses were produced. The products of Cherkasy Bus OJSC have proven themselves well in many neighboring countries - the Czech Republic and Bulgaria, Armenia and Georgia, Belarus and Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, and many other countries.
When choosing a car, a person pays attention, first of all, to price category. Cars in the low price category have high demand in the automotive markets of our country and neighboring countries. Bogdan 2110 also belongs to such demand options.
In December 2009, the Bogdan company (Ukraine) began delivering the machine to automobile markets our country. These cars quickly occupied the market segment vacated after the production of VAZ 2110 cars was discontinued Russian company. Let's figure out what Bogdan 2110 is? Owner reviews called it the “improved ten.” Indeed, there are many similarities in the Bogdan 2110 and VAZ 2110 cars. The characteristics specified in technical passport, indicate the presence of a system electronic injection fuel, mechanical five-speed gearbox gear shift, engine capacity is 1600 ml. The engine is available in two versions - with eight and sixteen valves. Bogdan is a car for consumers with a budget of 300-400 thousand rubles. This price category also includes cars of the Priora brands of the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, some ZAZ models, as well as Deo Nexia.
Low gasoline consumption (only about 7.2 - 7.5 liters per 100 km), sufficient ground clearance, comfortable and spacious interior, ergonomic design - all this distinguishes the Bogdan 2110. Customer reviews also testify in favor of the Ukrainian transformation of the well-known “ten” (the Lada 2110 received such a nickname among the people). This car has a front axle drive, due to which it is characterized by good handling. It is also characteristic of him good dynamism. This model equipped with a spacious trunk of 450 liters. is 16.5 cm. The engine has variations with power 80 and 89 Horse power. The volume of the fuel tank is 43 l.
Body type of this car- sedan. He has five seats and is equipped with four doors. One may wonder how the Bogdan 2110 differs from the Lada (VAZ 2110). Reviews from the owners are similar in their opinion that the Bogdan is more playful compared to the Lada. Drivers also note that there is often a creaking noise in the cabin, which, in principle, can easily be eliminated by lubricating the hooks. In the guise of Bogdan in comparison with the VAZ 2110 appeared new part- this is the company's icon, however, it does not evoke positive responses, since its design is not fully thought out and leaves much to be desired.
According to the manufacturers, 170 and 180 km/h are the maximum speed that the Bogdan 2110 develops. Reviews from the owners of this car indicate that it is higher than stated and is 200 km/h. Acceleration time of the car to a speed of 100 km/h in accordance with technical characteristics is 13.5 and 12.5 seconds for engines modifications 21101 and 21104, respectively.
Thus, Bogdan 2110 is a car worthy of attention. Its advantages, in addition to those listed, are also the availability of spare parts, ease of repair and budget cost. The car has a nice appearance and, as they say, it is suitable for all occasions: at a feast, in the world, and with good people.
